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1
Yan, Li, Sun, and Wu. "Primary Pollutants and Air Quality Analysis for Urban Air in China: Evidence from Shanghai." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082319.
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In recent years, China's urban air pollution has caused widespread concern in the academic world. As one of China's economic and financial centers and one of the most densely populated cities, Shanghai ranks among the top in China in terms of per capita energy consumption per unit area. Based on the Shanghai Energy Statistical Yearbook and Shanghai Air Pollution Statistics, we have systematically analyzed Shanghai’s atmospheric pollutants from three aspects: Primary pollutants, pollutants changing trends, and fine particulate matter. The comprehensive pollution index analysis method, the grey correlation analysis method, and the Euclid approach degree method are used to evaluate and analyze the air quality in Shanghai. The results have shown that Shanghai's primary pollutants are PM2.5 and O3, and the most serious air pollution happens during the first half of the year, particularly in the winter. This is because it is the peak period of industrial energy use, and residential heating will also lead to an increase in energy consumption. Furthermore, by studying the particulate pollutants of PM2.5 and PM10, we clearly disclosed the linear correlation between PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Shanghai which varies seasonally.
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Semenova, Nelli, and Ludmila Aristova. "SHANGHAI PORT: FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT." Eastern Analytics, no. 3 (2020): 154–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-03-154-178.
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For a decade, the Shanghai port has retained the world’s leading positions not only in terms of economic indicators, but also in terms of equipping the port facilities with the latest achievements of science and technology. Due to its advantageous geographical position since ancient times, it has been an important port for external transport and internal trade of China. Shanghai was historically destined to become the world’s largest transshipment base. But natural factors bear fruit only in the presence of a competent and planned economic policy. The economic success of the port in recent years has been preparing for many decades. Anthropogenic factors, namely the reform and restructuring of the economic system, attracting foreign capital, advanced foreign technologies and management methods, accelerated the development of the port. Technological progress, globalization and political will have made the port the world’s largest industrial port complex. This article is devoted to the analysis of modern achievements and the prospects for the further development of the port of Shanghai.
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Wang, Xiaowei, and Rongrong Li. "Is Urban Economic Output Decoupling from Water Use in Developing Countries?—Empirical Analysis of Beijing and Shanghai, China." Water 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071335.
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Water issue is one of the challenges of urban sustainability in developing countries. To address the conflict between urban water use and economic development, it is required to better understand the decoupling states between them and the driving forces behind these decoupling states. The transformed Tapio decoupling model is applied in this paper to study the decoupling relationship between urban industrial water consumption and economic growth in Beijing and Shanghai, two megacities in China, in 2003–2016. The factors driving decoupling are divided into industrial structure effect, industrial water utilization intensity effect, economic development level effect, and population size effect through Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method. The results show that: (1) the decoupling states of total water consumption and economic growth in Beijing and Shanghai are mainly strong decoupling and weak decoupling. In comparison, Shanghai’s decoupling effect is better than Beijing; (2) regarding decoupling elasticity, Beijing is higher than that of Shanghai in tertiary industry and lower in primary industry and secondary industry. As a result, Beijing’s decoupling level is worse than Shanghai in tertiary industry, while better in primary industry and secondary industry; (3) The common factors that drive the two megacities’ decoupling are industrial structure effect and industrial water utilization intensity effect. The effects of economic development level and population size mainly present weak decoupling in two megacities, but the decoupling state is optimized year by year. Finally, based on the results, some suggestions for achieving the sustainable development of urban water use are proposed.
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Hills, Stephen, and Belton M. Fleisher. "Education and Regional Economic Development in China: The Case of Shanghai." Comparative Economic Studies 39, no. 3-4 (September 1997): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.1997.14.
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Krupa, Kazimierz W. "Ekonomiczne i technologiczne strefy rozwoju Chin (kwantyfikacja, stratyfikacja, metodyka)." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 17 (January 1, 2011): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.17.8.
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As a result of the new economic policy, fourteen Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) were established in twelve coastal cities between 1984 and 1988. The first ETDZs were Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Minhang (Shanghai), Hongqiao (Shanghai), Caohejing (Shanghai), Ningbo, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and Zhanjiang. Unlike Special Economic Zone (SEZ), an ETDZ is located in the suburban area of a major city. Special policies are adopted within the ETDZ. An administrative committee, normally selected by the local government, oversees economic and social management in the zones on behalf of the local government. The category ‘SEZ’ covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. The second wave of expansion of ETDZs was led by the establishment of Pudong New District in Shanghai in 1990. This decision was aimed at elevating the status of Shanghai, making it the “Dragon Head” of the Yangtze River Delta Region, which comprises of Shanghai and parts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Prior to the establishment of this new district, the Pearl River Delta Region – comprising nine cities in Guangdong – was the forerunner of China’s open door policy. However, unlike Guangdong, which lies at the south-eastern coast of China, Shanghai’s economic development will have more impact on China’s vast hinterland. Between 1992 and 1993, a total of eighteen state-level ETDZs were established – Yingkou, Changchun, Shenyang, Harbin, Weihai, Kunshan, Hangzhou, Xiaoshan, Wenzhou, Rongqiao, Dongshan, Guangzhou Nansha, Huizhou Daya Bay, Wuhu, Wuhan, Chongqing, Beijing and Urumchi. Two special projects were added later. Founded in 1993, the Ningbo Daxie Development Zone is an investment by China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC), and comes under its management. The other special project is the Suzhou Industrial Park, which was founded in 1994, and is a joint cooperation between the governments of China and Singapore. After 2000, in an effort to fuel the development of the Central and Western regions, the central government also endorsed the establishment of a further eleven national ETDZs in inland regions. Up till now, China has a total of fifty-four state-level ETDZs – thirty-two in coastal regions, and twenty-two in the hinterland. The region of Hong Kong has a role and status of innovation. The planners in this unique part of East Asia expect that some new concepts can help the former British colony to embrace a new economic model: a model in which design, marketing and branding play the crucial role in economy.
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Yu, Wence, Hao Chen, and LiQiang Yang. "Overall Planning of Shanghai New Trade Zone from an Ecological Economic Perspective." Open House International 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2017-b0009.
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Since the reform and opening up, the economy of China has rapidly developed. The system, structure, mode, and pattern of the foreign trade in China must be adjusted accordingly to adapt to new economic normality. In this study, the main types of free trade areas worldwide were analyzed, and the necessary conditions for their successful development were examined on the basis of an ecological economic perspective. The Shanghai free trade area is a typical representative of a new type of Trade Zone in China. It introduces the principles of sustainable development, people oriented, green, low-carbon and other eco free trade zones. The planning characteristics of Shanghai free trade zone were studied from the point of view of planning economy and land use. Taking Shanghai Yangshan land free trade zone as an example, the planning research was carried out in terms of functional zoning, environment, transportation and facilities. In summary, this study provided theoretical and technical references for the construction of free trade areas and for the formulation of significant policies.
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Lu, Jiayi, Dongqi Sun, Jiali Yu, Jiaming Li, and Fangqu Niu. "“Local versus Nonlocal” Enterprise Linkages of Global Cities: A Comparison between Beijing and Shanghai, China." Complexity 2020 (July 2, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8918534.
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Two global cities of China, Beijing and Shanghai, have completely different development statuses with their hinterlands. There is a large economic development gap between Beijing and its hinterland, Hebei Province, while Shanghai has formed a highly integrated region with its hinterland, the Yangtze River Delta. According to the Outline of Collaborative Development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, enterprise linkages between Beijing and Hebei should be strengthened in order to narrow the economic gap between the center and the hinterland. On this basis, this paper proposes two hypotheses. (1) The economic gap between Beijing and Hebei has not really changed, because more enterprise linkages of Beijing are nonlocal. (2) The gradual narrowing of the economic gap between Shanghai and Jiangsu as well as Zhejiang is due to the fact that more enterprise linkages of Shanghai are local. We have used enterprise data on business registration from the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of China and have selected two indicators, namely, the number of headquarters-branches offices and the amount of enterprise investment, to examine the enterprise linkages between Beijing/Shanghai and their hinterlands as well as the hinterworld, and have verified these two hypotheses. The results show that nonlocal enterprise linkages based on the hinterworld are the main form in Beijing, while local enterprise linkages based on the hinterland are the main form in Shanghai. In addition, we have analyzed the mechanisms of formation of the enterprises linkages of the two cities and have put forward some policy suggestions.
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Zhang, Hongjun, and Kehui Deng. "Textual Research on the Historical Position of Cotton Textile Industry in Shanghai Area in Yuan Dynasty." Asian Social Science 16, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n6p27.
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The Yuan Dynasty was the real beginning of Shanghai, which was also one of the important hub areas of cotton planting and cotton textile spreading from the frontier to the inland in ancient China, but its specific situation and historical position were rarely studied. On the basis of carding the cotton textile technology, cotton output and the development of cotton commodity economy in this period, this paper reveals that the cotton textile industry in Shanghai played an important role in improving people's clothing and raw materials, improving local people's material living standards and promoting the economic development of Jiangnan areas and even the whole country in the Yuan Dynasty. It also laid a good foundation for the later development of Shanghai China's great historical development process, especially in economic development, has an indelible and non-negligible historical position.
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Hua, Miao Jian. "International Migration in China: A Survey of Emigrants from Shanghai." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300210.
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Migration trends have been largely unexamined in China, due to restrictive government policies and lack of data. This article presents the results of two surveys on emigrants from Shanghai, the largest source of emigrants and the only province with official migration records since 1958. Using information from the 1990 census, passport applications, and a survey of emigrant families in one city ward, the study concludes that migration policies, structural economic and social factors, and individual characteristics and needs shape migration patterns in Shanghai.
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Wang, Hefeng, Yuan Cao, Xinxia Liu, and Yantao Yang. "Evaluation and zoning of various urban land spaces based on restrictive indicators: the case of Shanghai, China." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2016-0052.
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Purpose Using Shanghai as an example, the purpose of this paper is to perform grade evaluation and zoning for different land use spaces by GIS by identifying the major restrictive factors in current socio-economic development. Design/methodology/approach Based on short plate theory, 11 major restrictive indicators that will restrict socio-economic development in Shanghai are identified, and urban land is divided into four subspaces and the restrictive grade evaluation of urban land subspace is achieved with GIS spatial analysis; then, land development zoning is processed according to the results of the evaluation. Findings In all, 11 major restrictive indicators that will restrict socio-economic development in Shanghai are identified. The restrictive grades of the agricultural production, urban construction and ecological protection subspaces are mainly common, weak and weaker, and the relatively strong restrictive grade of industrial development subspace is mainly concentrated in the more developed industrial districts (counties). The areas of the common and good regions of constructive development and ecological development zones account for 87.4 and 98.3 per cent of each total area, respectively, and urban land still has significant development potential in Shanghai. Originality/value This paper proposes various urban land space evaluations and zoning strategies based on restrictive indicators and perspectives, enriching the ideas and methods of urban land use evaluation.
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Wuren, Gaowa, Xiaoming Yang, and Jiangang Xia. "To Explore the Urban Landscape Lighting Development in China — Taking the City of Shanghai as an Example." Acta Oeconomica 65, s2 (December 2015): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.65.2015.s2.19.
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Landscape lighting is a symbol of modern urban development and service capabilities, and it is also the important content of urban competitive power. This paper used the descriptive statistics, basic statistical tests and Granger causality test to analyze the historical data and the data from the Shanghai Landscape Lighting Survey. It draws conclusion that Shanghai’s landscape lighting has formed unique and sustainable development mode with governmental, cultural, economic, social and ecological attributes, which is led by the government, and market and society join together in the construction and operation.
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Ma, Haili. "Yueju – The Formation of a Legitimate Culture in Contemporary Shanghai." Culture Unbound 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2011): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.124213.
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This article presents a case study of the development of a local cultural form – Shanghai Yueju – caught up in the rapid urban redevelopment of post-socialist China. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of ’habitus’ and ’distinction’, it analyses the processes of the reformation of taste and class in a Chinese city. It explores the following question: can high levels of financial investment revive Yueju and allow it to gain market success and cultural distinction? The question is examined in the context of Shanghai’s swift urbanisation process, throughout which the government has reinforced its control over not only economic but also social and cultural capital. It suggests that ignoring Yueju’s rootedness in a local habitus of long history and focusing only on its economic organisation has had a damaging effect on the vibrancy and viability of this cultural form. This case study of Yueju in Shanghai suggests that economically driven cultural development could lead to the erosion of local culture and restricting its social and cultural innovation.
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Mitter, Rana. "In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation. Edited by Christian Henriot and Wen-Hsin Yeh. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xii +392 pp. £50.00. ISBN 0-521-82221-1.]." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 1109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004310763.
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Henriot and Yeh have produced a rich and highly readable volume on Shanghai during the 1937–1945 Japanese occupation period. Many of the path-breaking essays are based on primary sources from newly accessible Shanghai archives.The volume is divided into three sections, broadly on economic, political and cultural history. In the first section, Christian Henriot and Parks Coble both demonstrate that the Shanghai capitalists left in the city were caught in a tight situation: they had little choice but to co-operate with the Japanese, who wanted to make Shanghai into another economic powerhouse in their Co-Prosperity Sphere but who were also exploitative and driven by military rather than commercial needs. On the other hand, the exiled Nationalists considered Chinese businessmen who co-operated with Japan to be collaborators, rendering them vulnerable to assassination during the war and condemnation after it. Frederic Wakeman explores the way in which smuggling became part of the economic and cultural landscape in supplying wartime Shanghai, and Sherman Cochran looks at a “fixer,” Xu Guanqun, who played for high stakes selling medicines across enemy lines, demonstrating that the neutral “island” of the foreign concessions in Shanghai from 1937 to 1941 was hardly an impermeable one. Allison Rottmann completes this section by rethinking the rural narrative of Communist Revolution, showing that Shanghai helped to supply and shape the politics of the central China base area.
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Farzaneh, Hooman, and Xin Wang. "Environmental and economic impact assessment of the Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) in Shanghai, China." APN Science Bulletin 10, no. 1 (2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30852/sb.2020.1006.
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National action on climate change and international negotiations are interlinked and mutually reinforcing. The international negotiations in the past years have stimulated national action, especially on Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) meaning development with the minimal output of emissions. This research will try to develop effective science-policy interaction to discuss the opportunities where LEDS can be used to support energy system, environmental, and economic development planning strategies in the city of Shanghai, China. In this paper, we argue that the urgency of bold and timely LEDS coupled with the social, environmental, and economic opportunities. With this in mind, we elaborate an interest-oriented approach to mobilizing multiple benefits of the Shanghai Master Plan as one of the essential LEDS in this city and argue that multiple benefits assessments can be important drivers of ambitious and effective social policy.
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Yang, M. L., K. B. Chuah, VM Rao Tummala, and E. H. Chen. "Project management practices in Pudong, a new economic development area of Shanghai, China." International Journal of Project Management 15, no. 5 (October 1997): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(96)00084-1.
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Mostafa, Anirban, Francis K. Wong, and Chi Mun Hui. "Relationship between Housing Affordability and Economic Development in Mainland China—Case of Shanghai." Journal of Urban Planning and Development 132, no. 1 (March 2006): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9488(2006)132:1(62).
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Deng, Zhongqi, Yu Zhang, and Ao Yu. "The New Economy in China: An Intercity Comparison." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402097787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020977870.
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Today, the world is witnessing an enormous new economic wave, which has become an important and growing contributor to economic development. However, few studies compare the overall development of all new economic sectors in different cities or countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the literature on the 21st century new economy in China, which is viewed as a crucial development direction. Accordingly, the new economic situation in 2018 in 15 major cities of China is evaluated by constructing an index system and adopting some new big-data technologies, whereby a new economy comprehensive index (NECI) for each city is obtained. This study finds that the cities ranked from high to low in the NECI are Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, Nanjing, Chongqing, Suzhou, Zhengzhou, Wuxi, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Xi’an. Among them, Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen belong to the first hierarchy. The findings provide a nuanced perspective on the intercity comparison of the new economy, and the index system presented in the study is urgently-needed for policy makers. Finally, based on the case study of Chengdu the study offers rich insights to city administrators in terms of how to promote the new economy.
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Huasheng, Zhao. "China’s View of and Expectations from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Asian Survey 53, no. 3 (May 2013): 436–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2013.53.3.436.
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China’s interests in and expectations from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and Central Asia often overlap. China is currently developing cooperative institutions in areas such as security, energy, and economic development, among others. Subsequently, China finds itself in-between the SCO and Central Asia’s most difficult questions and dilemmas.
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Liang, Xiaodan. "The design and development of sustainable office building base on the upgraded target in Shanghai." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 04032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123604032.
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Shanghai, which is the heart of economical centre in china, is developing even faster. The office building is perhaps the most important kind of building type along with the economic development trend. This paper study the design and development of the representative sustainable office building cases in different developing stage in Shanghai from the perspective of architectural design. And conclude the effective sustainable design and management ways by the cases to summarize some references and suggestion of sustainable office. And then the reflecting on the pre-preparation, the controlling of process and the technology selection in the whole design of the sustainable office building in Shanghai.
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Liu, S. Q. "Urban water supply management in Shanghai." Water Supply 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.039.
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Shanghai is the largest city in China with fast growth of population and economics during the last two decades. Management of water resource and water supply systems is one of the most important strategies for its sustainable urban development. In order to meet the increasing requirements of water demand, studies on policies and technologies for water resources development and water supply management have been implemented in the last few years. New water resource projects, water saving policies and water quality improvement have been adopted and played important roles for Shanghai's long-term rapid development.
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Potter, Pitman B. "Socialist Legality and Legal Culture in Shanghai: A Survey of Getihu." Canadian journal of law and society 9, no. 2 (1994): 41–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100003653.
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AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of attitudes among independent business operators (getihu) in Shanghai toward basic tenets of legal reform in the People's Republic of China. Based on a survey questionnaire administered during the summer of 1993 with the assistance of the Law Institute of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, this paper suggests that the getihu are generally receptive to official norms about equality, justice, and private law relations. Despite having doubts about the efficacy of these norms, the getihu seem motivated by factors of disenfranchisement to accept them as useful in their struggle to get ahead. This suggests that the linkage between legal reform and economic development in China is not automatic, but will depend on the particular conditions of legal and economic actors. This has implications generally for the importance of local conditions in causal links between forms of private law and economic development.
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finnane, antonia. "china on the catwalk: between economic success and nationalist anxiety." China Quarterly 183 (September 2005): 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005000378.
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in the post-mao era china competed successfully for a place in the international trade in textiles and apparel, but its economic success has not been matched by recognition of chinese fashion design on the world stage. one reason for this lies in the obstacles posed by the existing hierarchy of fashion capitals, which has proved notoriously difficult to subvert. shanghai may mean fashion in china, but unlike paris, it does not mean that to the world at large. yet the chinese fashion industry is also bedevilled by problems of its own. a high degree of national self-consciousness on the world stage is evident in international fashion shows featuring rather predictable pastiches of chinese culture. it may be the case that state-sponsored nationalism militates against both a more interesting approach to cultural heritage on the part of designers and a more receptive climate for chinese fashion on international catwalks.
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Liu, ying, and Fedorovskaya Natal'ya Aleksandrovna. "The peculiarities and problems of cultural tourism in the free economic zones of China." Культура и искусство, no. 2 (February 2021): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2021.2.35006.
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Many cities in China currently have a reputation of international centers of tourism. For example, Beijing simultaneously draws attention as a city of centuries-old history and a modern cultural center. Other cities, such as actively developing free economic zones (Shenzhen, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hong Kong, etc.) initially did not have cultural uniqueness that would form the cultural brand of the territory and turn them into a remarkable cultural center. This hinders the development of cultural tourism in these territories. The goal of this article consists in determination of the peculiarities and problems in the development of cultural tourism in the free economic zones of China, using the example of Shenzhen, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Tianjin. It is established that such peculiarities and problems is directly related to the fact that initially these zones had more of an economic orientation. On the one hand, this provides financial resources and makes these territories potentially promising for the development of cultural tourism; while on the other hand, it sets back the cultural component, focusing on the different forms of tourism, namely economic shopping tourism. It is emphasized that the key characteristics of the development of cultural tourism consist in creation of infrastructure for the cultural tourism and availability of resource for cross-cultural communications and multicultural tourism. Among the relevant problems of the development of free economic zones, the author notes the slower development of cultural tourism compared to the economy and economic tourism; lack of perception by the local authorities of the value of cultural tourism and integration of its resources into the development of free economic zones, insufficient scientific reflection on cultural tourism in these territories of China.
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Chen, Wei, and Da Jian Zhu. "Research on Decoupling Relationship between Shanghai Industrial Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.986.
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With the highly speedy development of China's economy, carbon emissions simultaneously increasing rapidly. China has taken a series of energy saving measures and decomposes the control indicators and allots them to the different regions. As the fastest developing city in China, ShanghaiCO2 emissions has reached the level of developed countries. In this paper, the authors use the decoupling methods of OECD and Tapio to analysis the relationship between Shanghai industrial economic growth and carbon emissions. The results shows that exist the relative decoupling between the two indexes but the essence is limit of the CO2 emissions growth rate.
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Chen, Ivy Siok Ngoh, Sherriff Ting Kwong Luk, and Leslie Sai Chung Yip. "Shanghai GM's Marketing Strategy for the China Market." Asian Case Research Journal 09, no. 02 (December 2005): 145–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927505000666.
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Demand for passenger cars in China had been growing at more than 10% annually. Changing buyer expectations, increasing competition and an inefficient distribution system were challenges that car manufacturers faced as they sought to expand into China. This case describes the socio-economic developments in China, the competition and government policies affecting the passenger car industry. This case explores how Shanghai General Motors (SGM) adapted their brand and channel strategies to respond to these changes in the environment.
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Wang, Ying, Yunqing Wang, and Wenjie Pan. "Estimating Productivity of Manufacturing Sector in Shanghai: A Comparative Study." International Business Research 13, no. 10 (September 11, 2020): 3952. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n1039-52.
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The manufacturing sector is the foundation of a nation’s industrial structure, and its productivity is closely related to the quality of economic development. The paper uses DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models to measure Manufacturing TFP (Total Factor Productivity) and the factors affecting its growth in Shanghai since 1996, and compares Shanghai’s TFP growth with other major manufacturing provinces in China. The results show that Shanghai has no significant advantages over other provinces under the combined action of the internal and external factors. Turning to the development mode driven by the “two-wheel” of both technological progress and technical efficiency is an important way to increase the productivity of manufacturing sector in Shanghai.
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Wang, Ying, Yunqing Wang, and Wenjie Pan. "Estimating Productivity of Manufacturing Sector in Shanghai: A Comparative Study." International Business Research 13, no. 10 (September 11, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n10p39.
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The manufacturing sector is the foundation of a nation’s industrial structure, and its productivity is closely related to the quality of economic development. The paper uses DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models to measure Manufacturing TFP (Total Factor Productivity) and the factors affecting its growth in Shanghai since 1996, and compares Shanghai’s TFP growth with other major manufacturing provinces in China. The results show that Shanghai has no significant advantages over other provinces under the combined action of the internal and external factors. Turning to the development mode driven by the “two-wheel” of both technological progress and technical efficiency is an important way to increase the productivity of manufacturing sector in Shanghai.
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Guo, Yixiao. "Beijing Subway and the Political and Economic Development of China." Public Administration Research 8, no. 1 (April 28, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v8n1p23.
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This research paper analyses the main purposes the Beijing subway system, which served from 1969 to now as a tool of political defense as well as a transportation system. The notion to construct the system arose in 1953, but the first section of today’s Line 1 did not open until September 1969. Today, the Beijing subway system is the world’s busiest in terms of annual ridership and the world’s second longest subway system, ranking only behind Shanghai’s. (Xinhua News Agency, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-12/30/c_1122188643.htm.) The political and economic development and trends in China in the second half of 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, such as the Cultural Revolution and the 2008 Olympics, affected the subway system’s development greatly. This paper examines Chinese documents with the aim of providing a general understanding of the development and purpose of the Beijing system, through political, economic and technical analysis, among others, of its history.
There exists almost no document, ¬¬either in English or Chinese, that analyzes the development of Beijing’s subway system. However, this topic should be considered important, as it provides an alternative way of viewing the development of China and its governing principles throughout its late-20th century and current-day history.
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Portyakov, V. Ya. "Shanghai Experimental Free Trade Zone." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-3-6.
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In 2013 the People’s Republic of China has entered the second stage of foreign economic openness. If at the first stage, which started in the late 1970s as an integral part of the overall reform policy, China focused primarily on attracting foreign equipment and technologies, knowledge, and capital, at the new stage, the sending abroad Chinese capital, goods, services, and technologies becomes at least an equal task. One of the most important elements of this stage is the creation of experimental free trade zones (EFTZ), designed to help China master the most advanced world rules and regulations for conducting trade, investment activities, and international financial transactions. The first such zone was created in 2013 in Shanghai. At the very end of 2014, EFTZ were established in Tianjin, Fujian and Guangdong. This event was followed by the creation of zones in 7 more provinces of the PRC (5 of which are in the inner and Western regions of the country). In 2018, Hainan island was declared a free trade zone, and in the summer of 2019 EFTZ were established in six other regions of China. China’s experimental free trade zones have been in existence for more than six years. They have accumulated a variety of operational experience, which is also being implemented in national practice and is partially reflected in this article. The article focuses on the Shanghai EFTZ. The article shows changes in its format and describes features of zone’s development at the initial stage of 2013‑2015, in the dynamic period of 2016‑2017 and in the context of complex external economic conditions (2018‑2019). This text was prepared on the basis of original Chinese‑language sources, including official statistical materials of Shanghai. Useful information was also obtained during a visit to the Shanghai EFTZ in April 2019, organized with the assistance of the Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Shanghai.
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Po-Sheng, Ko, Wu Cheng-Chung, Mai Ying-Shih, and Xu Zhongrong. "A Study of Three Sectors Employment Effects Resulting from Foreign Direct Investment- Empirical Analysis on the Data from Shanghai." International Journal of Business Administration and Management Research 4, no. 2 (June 23, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijbamr.2018.4.2.19.
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With the development of China's reform policy, China's economy has integrating into the global economy. As a result, more and more foreign capital continues to flow into China. Since 1990, foreign direct investment (FDI) was mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta region, and Shanghai enjoyed strong economic strength, thanks to its abundant human resources and convenient transportation network; as these are excellent qualities for attracting foreign investment, Shanghai became one of the major cities attracting FDI. FDI has had a tremendous impact on many aspects in Shanghai, including employment. Therefore, Shanghai was chosen as the research object of this paper. This paper is organized as follows. Firstly, a theoretical analysis of the employment effects of FDI is presented. Secondly, after combining the actual utilization of FDI and employment in Shanghai, an empirical analysis of the effects of FDI on employment's quantity, employment's distribution and employment quality is carried out by collecting relevant data and establishing regression models. This study finds that while FDI does exert a positive influence on the quantity of employment in Shanghai's tertiary industry, it is not conducive to primary and secondary industries. In addition, FDI has shown positive and negative impacts on the quality of employment. Lastly, some suggestions are proposed to enhance the positive role of FDI on employment.
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Pollard, David. "Shanghai's Role in the Economic Development of China." China Information 12, no. 3 (December 1997): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x9701200353.
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Zhang, Hong Lei, Xue Hua Zhang, Chi Yin Huang, and Yue Fei Wang. "Carbon Efficiency Evaluation for Four Provincial-Level Municipalities Using the DEA Model." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 1949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1949.
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Along with the development of society and economy, researchers begin to focus on the quality of economic development from simple pursuing economic growth rate. There are many indexes to measure the economic development quality, and carbon efficiency is one of the most important indexes. This paper constructing DEA model to calculate carbon efficiency indexes directly, through the carbon efficiency evaluation, can reflect the quality of economic growth objectively and then provide scientific basis for relevant government departments to make environmental economic decisions. Therefore, this study selects the four provincial-level municipalities of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing) as a case to evaluate carbon efficiency.
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Yi, Xiangyu, Jinchao Li, Yunna Wu, and Wenjun Chen. "Power energy system sustainability performance evaluation and improving path of two regional economic circle in China." E3S Web of Conferences 122 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912203004.
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The power energy system is the foundation of the sustainable development of the human society and has an important impact on the economic, environmental and security of human society development. This paper first establishes the input and output evaluation index system of sustainable development capability of power energy system from the economic, social, environmental and security dimensions, and then uses the CCR-DEA model considering the undesired output and Malmquist index to dynamically measure the sustainable development efficiency of the power system in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta from 2005 to 2016 and decompose the corresponding items. The future development situation was analyzed through scenario analysis. The results show that: (1) Beijing and Shanghai is better than that in other provinces and cities in the same region, showing an upward trend; (2) The changes in the efficiency of sustainable development of power energy systems in Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces are mainly caused by technical efficiency changes. That in Tianjin, Hebei and Jiangsu are from two aspects: technical efficiency and scale efficiency; (3) The sustainable development capacity of the power system in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic circle is higher than that of the Yangtze river delta power system, and this gap has the tendency of further widening according to the strategic development plan of the two regional power energy systems; (4) In the future, China's regional electric energy system development plans should draw on the energy development strategic plan of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, especially the Xiong'an National New District, so as to achieve coordinated and sustainable development of power energy systems in various regions.
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Ma, Renfeng, Bo Hou, and Wenzhong Zhang. "Could Marine Industry Promote the Coordinated Development of Coastal Provinces in China?" Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041053.
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The marine economy, as an important driving force for economic development in coastal countries and regions, is now generally accepted by the academic world. This article examines the economic impact of the marine industry on China’s coastal provinces and cities and focuses on the narrowing development gap the marine industry faces in the coastal provinces and cities to promote the coordinated development of China’s coastal zone. It will further analyze the spatial and temporal differentiation of the marine industry along with what has driven China’s regional economic growth from 2006 to 2015. The research has proven that the marine economy certainly has a tremendous impact on provincial economic growth in coastal provinces (cities) and that even its degree of promotion is different in different cities. Further findings state that the contribution rate of the marine economy to the provincial economy in Tianjin, Shanghai, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, and Hainan is higher than the national average rate. Related findings are conducive to gain a better understanding of how development can be balanced and what best scientific decision-making practices can be utilized by policy-makers and planners in China.
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Cohen, Myron L. "Family Management and Family Division in Contemporary Rural China." China Quarterly 130 (June 1992): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000040777.
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Field-work in north, south and west China villages reveals that prior to the establishment of the People's Republic family organization at all three sites was characterized by the same customary arrangements concerning ownership of property, economic ties among family members, family management and family division. During the collective era and the present period of family fanning changes in these aspects of family life have been along similar lines. I was in a Hebei village for four months during 1986–87, and in 1990 carried out three-month periods of field-work in villages in Shanghai county and on the Chengdu Plain in Sichuan.
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Mengkewuliji, Mengkewuliji. "DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN AND CHINA-UZBEKISTAN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS (2013-2020): A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 148 (2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.148.7.
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This paper explores the development of trade and economic relations between China and Kazakhstan, and China and Uzbekistan since the introduction of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative in 2013 until the economic slowdown in 2020. The author also compares the different ways in which China–Kazakhstan and China–Uzbekistan trade and economic relations were developed. The research reveals a significant role of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative in the rapid growth of bilateral cooperation between China and Kazakhstan, and China and Uzbekistan in the spheres of trade, infrastructure development, finance and energy. Kazakhstan and China put the emphasis on infrastructure development and trade, including the manufactured products. Uzbekistan and China focused on trade in energy resources. China's investment in both Central Asian countries grew equally, however Kazakhstan received more Chinese loans than Uzbekistan. China provided loans to both countries only on condition of their cooperation with Chinese companies operating in Central Asia. New transit routes were built within the framework of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative. China, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan implemented joint highways projects such as the Kabul and Trans-Caspian corridors. While China and Kazakhstan developed continental infrastructure projects such as "Western China-Western Europe", China and Uzbekistan focused more on local programs such as the construction of the Kamchik tunnel. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan pursued different energy policies toward China. Kazakhstan was developing equal cooperation with China and Russia in energy sphere. Uzbekistan tried to pursue a policy of energy independence, and when it failed, it began to work more closely with China. Other significant differences between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan included their positions regarding the financial structures of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. During discussion of the SCO Development Bank project, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan supported Chinese and Russian projects respectively.
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An, Ying, Guang Ming Li, Wen Qing Wu, Wen Zhi He, and Xiang Shi. "Information Technology Based Municipal Solid Waste Management in Shanghai, China." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.911.
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The amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) are increasing dramatically in metropolis, such as Shanghai in China, due to rapid economic development and urbanization, and it has brought a significant challenge to ecological situation of the city. It is concerned to establish an innovated management system for MSW reducing, recycling, and reusing (3Rs). Thus, information technologies are introduced with the objectives to establish an integrated, and cost-effective solid waste management system. In this system, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is applied to collection, transportation, and disposal of MSW. Meanwhile, source separation is also combined as a best practice for management of trash and recyclable materials. The paper infers that the establishment of information management system of MSW will offer opportunities to MSW management by reducing secondary pollution and improving efficiency of collection and transportation.
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Mekhdiev, Elnur, Irina Pashkovskaya, Elena Takmakova, Olga Smirnova, Khadiya Sadykova, and Svetlana Poltorykhina. "Conjugation of the Belt and Road Initiative and Eurasian Economic Union: Problems and Development Prospects." Economies 7, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7040118.
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The study addresses the problems arising in association with the conjugation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Belt and Road initiative. The hypothesis is that the conjugation is economically effective, and this is proven by the statistical analysis of trade and investment dynamics and buttressed by empirical observations. Based on this, the recommendations for the EAEU are given. The paper dismantles the problems arising in the sphere of security and peacekeeping and proposes a number of steps for ensuring peace and stable development in the region, implementing the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) mechanism. The article highlights the main plans of the China–EAEU partnership and puts forward alternative cooperation strategies for the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The authors develop the most attractive plan for the EAEU and propose the best strategy for its implementation.
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Huang, Peng, Yao Guang Guo, Xiao Yi Lou, Xue Wu Yuan, Shuang Jie Xu, Dong Xue Xiao, Ping Zhai, Lei Xu, Zhao Hui Wang, and Jian She Liu. "Survey of Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Systems of Songjiang District in Shanghai, China." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.511.
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Due to the relatively unprogressive economic and social development of Songjiang rural areas of Shanghai city in China, the degree of rural domestic sewage treatment was relatively weak and hysteretic. The rural sewage treatment systems of Songjiang district were investigated through field survey. Finally, the systems of soil infiltration-constructed wetland and combinatorial biofilter, with obvious advantages, were proposed to popularize in Songjiang rural areas more suitably.
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Zhao, Xin. "An Analysis on the Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Facilities in Shanghai Expo." Advanced Materials Research 280 (July 2011): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.46.
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The energy conservation and emission reduction is a necessary part for China’s economic and social development, of which the energy conservation of the building is an important aspect. Taking the energy-saving examples from Shanghai Expo which just ended, this paper analyzes the energy conservation and environmental protection facilities in the architecture design in China.
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PO, RONALD C. "A Port City in Northeast China: Dengzhou in the Long Eighteenth Century." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 1 (September 21, 2017): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186317000244.
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AbstractIf we were asked to recall a coastal city of early modern China, most of us would choose Shanghai, Canton, Xiamen, or Macau. These port cities became famous for facilitating trans-regional sea trade that linked the Qing Empire to the rest of the world. Attentive observers know that all of these cities are located on the Southeast China coast, by which we mean the coastal areas south of Shanghai. Taking Shanghai as the dividing line between the northeastern and southeastern coastlines, the port cities of the south are far more likely to be familiar to us than are those of the north. I consider this phenomenon (i.e. the focus on the coast of early modern China) to be a “Southeast China centrism.” And although we might all concede that some southeastern seaports were vital to transoceanic interactions, it is shortsighted to ignore the northern port cities and the role they played in connecting China with the maritime world. In this article I investigate the importance of Northeast China's port cities by focusing particular attention on the less familiar coastal seaport of Dengzhou. By detailing and examining the political and economic importance of this port city in the early modern period, I will show that Qing China's northeastern coast was no less important than the southeast. Even if China's northern port cities might not have been as economically vibrant as those in the south, we should not overlook their functions and histories. Indeed, they also attained unique patterns of political and economic development throughout the long eighteenth century.
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Hu, Chenhui, and Haining Jiang. "Causal Nexus between Sci-Tech Talent and Economic Growth in the Pan-Yangtze River Delta of China." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 6707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126707.
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Spatial coupling analysis, cointegration, and the Granger causality test model were adapted from a geographical perspective to analyse the relationship between sci-tech talent and economic growth, as well as their spatial differences in the Pan-Yangtze River Delta from 1998 to 2019. The results demonstrate that the sci-tech talent centre of gravity and economic centre of gravity are close to each other, showing as two parallel chains, and there is higher spatial overlap and variation consistency between centres of gravity. Sci-tech talent and economic growth are in a long-term relationship of equilibrium, showing a better fitting cointegration equation, in which the latter affects the former. Shanghai has the greatest elasticity, with a 2.119 coefficient of sci-tech talent, while Zhejiang has the smallest elasticity with a coefficient of 0.859. There are differences in the causal nexus between sci-tech talent and economic growth. Economic growth has a unidirectional effect on sci-tech talent in Shanghai and Jiangsu while sci-tech talent has a unidirectional effect on economic growth in Zhejiang. There is a bidirectional effect between sci-tech talent and economic growth in Anhui. There is also a unidirectional effect from economic growth to sci-tech talent in the entire Pan-Yangtze River Delta.
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Kuhrt, Natasha, and Filippo Costa Buranelli. "Russia and the CIS in 2018." Asian Survey 59, no. 1 (January 2019): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.44.
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Russia’s “Asian pivot” remains focused on China, despite energetic Russian diplomacy in 2018 vis-à-vis Japan and India. The benefits of the enlargement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to include Pakistan and India remained unclear, and the overlapping memberships of regional organizations highlighted the challenges for security and economic cooperation in Central Asia.
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Xie, W., N. Li, J. D. Wu, and X. Q. Liu. "Evaluation of indirect loss from hypothetical catastrophes in two regions with different economic development levels in China." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 14, 2012): 3325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3325-2012.
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Abstract. This study evaluates and compares the indirect economic loss (IEL) resulting from two hypothetical catastrophes occurring in China – in developed Shanghai and in less-developed Sichuan – to provide new measures of disaster reduction. IEL was divided into indirect economic loss due to the disruption of production process (IEL I) and indirect economic loss induced by the disturbance of industrial lines (IEL II). An input-output model was used to assess these two types of IEL. The study showed that (1) developed regions may be more vulnerable with respect to IEL; (2) IEL II is the primary factor contributing to total IEL; (3) decision makers need to focus on IEL II beside IEL I which is usually the main disaster-reduction target after a disaster; and (4) tradeoff between economic growth and disaster prevention is needed to achieve regional sustainable development.
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WONG, CHACK KIE, and NAN SHONG PETER LEE. "Popular Belief in State Intervention for Social Protection in China." Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 1 (January 2000): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940000581x.
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The paper starts with a brief discussion of recent developments of economic restructuring of the State Owned Enterprises in China and their related reforms in social insurance and social assistance. It then reports the findings of an attitude survey of residents in Shanghai in 1996 towards the social and economic consequences of economic reform. It reveals that, despite the fact that most people feel better off with the reforms, there is still a need for the state to play a role in social protection.
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Han, Wei, and Yushi Jiang. "Economic validity analysis of housing reverse mortgages in China." China Finance Review International 9, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 498–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-07-2018-0111.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the investment and pension functions of housing reverse mortgages (HRM) with redemption option and raise the participation initiative of the Chinese elderly for the HRM model and enhance their cognition of this financial product. Design/methodology/approach Based on the perspective of the financial decisions of the elderly, this study designs an analysis model of the economic validity of HRM, and takes Shanghai (a pilot city for HRM loans in China) as an example, using data from the Shanghai real-estate index and market interest rates from January 1998 to December 2018, as well as the contract data of HRM, for empirical analysis. Findings The results show that the HRM with redemption option has the characteristics of European call option and can obtain the value of implicit option from the perspective of the elderly. Considering the present value of the accumulated pension income, the present value of the redemption option and the present value of the final housing value, the elderly can obtain investment income from HRM with redemption option. Therefore, for Chinese seniors, the HRM with redemption option has economic validity. Research limitations/implications From the perspective of the demand of the elderly, participation in the HRM with redemption option can increase the life expectancy annuity for various pension expenditures and improve economic status while meeting the demand of inheritance motivation. Practical implications This study helps to clarify the financial decision-making process for elderly people who participate in HRM. On the one hand, it helps policy makers to optimize the implementation mode of HRM and promote the healthy and rapid development of HRM; on the other hand, it is conducive to raising the awareness of Chinese elderly people on this financial products and enhancing their enthusiasm for participating in HRM. Originality/value Few studies have directly analyzed the financial decision process of the HRM model from the perspective of the demand of the elderly. This study enriches the research viewpoint and method of HRM and accumulates data about the Chinese experience with HRM.
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Wu, Xianbo, and Xiaofeng Hui. "Economic Dependence Relationship and Spatial Stratified Heterogeneity in the Eastern Coastal Economic Belt of China." Complexity 2021 (May 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6645451.
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In this paper, the method of mutual information is used to study the economic dependence among the provinces in Chinaʼs Eastern Coastal Economic Belt from 2015 to 2020, and the core structure of the dependence is depicted. The results show that, first of all, there is a wide range of economic dependence among the provinces in the Eastern Coastal Economic Belt, and the dependence changes with the different states of economic development. Secondly, the phenomenon of geographical clustering is not obvious. Most provinces maintain a strong economic dependence relationship with the economically developed provinces, and this dependence relationship is relatively stable, while the economically underdeveloped provinces are often on the edge of the dependence structure. Finally, the economically developed provinces maintain strong economic dependence with each other, such as Jiangsu (No. 7), Shandong (No. 9), and Zhejiang (No. 12), and Beijing (No. 1), Guangdong (No. 3), and Shanghai (No. 10). However, the former three provinces are more in the core position of this structure, that is, the other provinces maintain the stronger dependence relationship with these three provinces.
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Xu, Yin, and Xiaoqun Xu. "BECOMING PROFESSIONAL: CHINESE ACCOUNTANTS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY SHANGHAI." Accounting Historians Journal 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.30.1.129.
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This paper examines the experience of Chinese accountants transforming themselves into a profession during the early 20th century. It delineates how the experience was shaped by an intersection of economic development, the political culture and the nationalist movement in semi-colonial Shanghai. Chinese accountants responded to the daily manifestations of these larger historical forces by combining their professional self-interests with a nationalist agenda and by adapting to the changing political environment. The history and legacy of this experience provides a point of reference for observing the re-emergence of the accounting profession in China since the end of the Maoist era.
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Jiang, Hang, Jan-Yan Lin, and Peng Jiang. "Using Grey Relational Analysis with Entropy to Predict the International Financial Center of China." Journal of Systems Science and Information 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2017): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2017-088-09.
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Abstract The establishment of the China Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ) has significantly promoted international trade, financial development, and economic growth. Building international financial centers (IFCs) satisfies the demand for FTZs to facilitate financial development, as well as promoting economic growth. Thus, successfully predicting the next IFC in China under the FTZ framework is an important issue. In this study, we applied grey relational analysis combined with entropy method to predict potential IFCs among seven FTZ cities. According to the results, our interesting findings include: 1) the “total stock turnover”, “total value of imports and exports”, and “Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)” are key indicators for determining future IFCs; 2) among seven cities, Shenzhen and Tianjin are highly likely to become the next IFCs, while Shanghai is already an IFC.
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Köll, Elisabeth. "Banking in Modern China: Entrepreneurs, Professional Managers, and the Development of Chinese Banks, 1897|ndash|1937. By Linsun Cheng. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xvi+277 pp. £47.50; $65.00. ISBN 0-521-81142-2.] A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's Finance Capitalism. By Zhaojin Ji. [Armonk, New York and London, England: M.E. Sharpe, 2003. viii+325 pp. $69.95. ISBN 0-7656-1002-7.]." China Quarterly 179 (September 2004): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004370608.
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The unstable banking sector presents great challenges to the economy in contemporary China: state-owned banks carry large portfolios of non-performing loans and China's increasingly affluent population produces a rising flow of deposits, but foreign banks are still seriously restricted in their ability to take deposits. Two recently published monographs on the history of banking in modern China put current economic and financial reforms in context by explaining the historical development of modern Chinese banks, their management, and political manoeuvres, especially in the old and new financial capital of China, Shanghai.In Banking in Modern China, Linsun Cheng focuses on banking institutions from the founding of the first modern Chinese bank in 1897 to the beginning of the Japanese invasion and occupation in 1937. During those 40 years, China encountered many political and economic crises impacting on the growth of banks. Whereas earlier studies have to some extent acknowledged the achievements of modern Chinese banks during the Republican period, Cheng's contribution lies in the documentation and analysis of these banks' financial performances, managerial structures, and business practices based on previously inaccessible archival records and bank documents held in Shanghai and Nanjing.