Dissertations / Theses: 'Economic development – Malawi'

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Chitera, Felix. "The Impact of Domestic Debt on Economic Growth in Malawi." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33689.

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Domestic debt has over recent years increasingly grown to be a significant portion of the financing budget for the government of Malawi. As such, this study investigated the impact that domestic debt has on economic growth in Malawi. The research employed classical time series estimations techniques covering unit root and cointegration analysis based on annual data from 1984 to 2015 to examine the long-run and short-run relationship between domestic debt and economic growth in Malawi. The findings of the study show that in the long-run domestic debt has a positive impact on economic growth in Malawi, while a negative long-run relationship was established between inflation and economic growth. High inflation was found to stifle economic growth. In addition, the study established that government consumption expenditure and population growth also have a negative impact on economic growth. The study therefore recommends that the government needs to use domestic debt in moderation for as long as it positively impacts economic growth and that an effective monetary policy exists that reins in inflation. Furthermore, the study recommends that government needs to control government expenditure and take acceptable steps that will manage population growth.

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Chikafa, Kondwani Watson. "The efficacy of agricultural subsidies as social protection measures in rural Malawi." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021173.

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Social protection measures are poverty reduction interventions implemented to assist in reducing poverty shocks of communities. This study considered the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) that has been implemented in Malawi with the aim of reducing poverty amongst subsistence farmers by providing them with subsidized farm inputs. The study was conducted in the rural area of Lilongwe District, under Traditional Authority Kabudula. The study mainly focussed on the outcomes of implementing the FISP and it entails whether or not the poverty reduction intervention is really achieving its goals. Thus, the study greatly evaluates the effectiveness of subsidizing farm inputs in reducing poverty amongst households in rural communities characterised by subsistence farming. This study was mainly qualitative in nature and data was collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Some quantitative data for specific trends of national indicators was collected through document. Mainly, content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data and descriptive statistical analysis with the aid of Microsoft Excel was engaged to analyse the quantitative data. The study found that that FISP assist in household food security only in the short term. Among the reasons cited, the package size received by households has become smaller with sharing tendencies that have been devised to help households that do not receive the inputs or qualify to receive them. This practice is compromising the agricultural productivity in terms of quantities as it lasts only in the short-term before the next harvest. When households’ food reserves are depleted, households become food insecure and poverty sets in again. The study thus reveals that FISP implementation is not operating as a sustainable programme as its intended goal is not being achieved in the long-term. The study also found that coupled with the fact that there is no clear policy guidelines on graduation and that there is continued benefitting of the same beneficiaries, FISP is nowhere close to its phasing-out stage in social protection perspective.

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Lembani, Martina Esinala. "Assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of targeting methods in public works programmes in Malawi: the case of MASAF and CARE managed programmes in the central region of Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7748_1183469275.

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This research was aimed at assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of community based targeting and self-targeting methods in the selection of beneficiaries in Safety nets programmes in Malawi. These methods have been chosen because they have been largely used for selecting beneficiaries in Safety net programmes. The focus was on assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of these methods where effectiveness refers to the ability of the methodology to reach out to the poorest while efficiency is a measure of the costs that are associated with the identification of these people. In order to objectively assessed the challenges associated with these methods, the study concentrated on Public Works Programmes, which targets relatively high number of people compared to the other programmes and have used both methods for identifying beneficiaries.

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Waldorff, Pétur. "Conceptions of poverty and development in a Malawian village setting." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99612.

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This thesis is the result of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Phalombe District in Malawi, Southern Africa, where I studied agricultural development projects in the village of Kachala. The focus of this investigation is on people's perceptions and ideas of development co-operation and the meanings of development and poverty in general. Perceptions of development and poverty among villagers in Kachala are compared to those of development agents working for development organizations in the area. These perceptions are also compared to the definitions of development and poverty found throughout development literature. This research demonstrates - through examples from Phalombe District and elsewhere - how notions of development are relative, diverse and context-specific, and therefore not static and universally applicable. Finally, participatory development ideals and the structurally unequal donor-recipient relationships, at the core of the current development system, are discussed. This thesis illustrates how the common portrayal of development as an oppressive, disempowering industry, characterized by top-down interventions, does not always apply.

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Palfreman, David Andrew. "Key economic issues in fisheries development : lessons from projects in Vanuatu, Malawi and Ecuador." Thesis, University of Hull, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384927.

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Phiri, Phillip H. W. "The Economic Role of Range Livestock Production in Kasungu Agricultural Development Division (KADD), Malawi." DigitalCommons@USU, 1997. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6554.

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This study was conducted to determine the effects of seas on and auction and produce marketing systems on prices received by farmers for livestock sales and the effect of price on cattle numbers sold in KADD. Livestock population, carrying capacity, and stocking rate were estimated. Data were analyzed using pie charts, regression methods, and analysis of variance. There was no significant difference (P=.06) between cattle prices per kilogram during the wet season and after harvest. During the wet season, significantly more cattle were sold than after harvest (P< .001) to purchase food and farm inputs, and pay school fees and medical bills. Market price was only a secondary factor. Carrying capacity and stocking rate were estimated at 15.00 kg metabolic mass per hectare and 12.00 kg metabolic mass per hectare, respectively. Most households primarily sold male cattle because females are retained for breeding.

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Potts, Deborah. "Urbanization in Malawi with special reference to the new capital city of Lilongwe." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317532/.

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This thesis examines the process of urbanization in Malawi, with special reference to the new capital city, Lilongwe. At independence Malawi inherited an extremely underdeveloped urban system. It is argued that colonial Nyasaland's involvement in the migrant labour system and its reluctant membership of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland were contributory factors, both of which related to Nyasaland's economically and politically subordinate position in Southern Africa. Analysis of the static and dynamic nature of independent Malawi's urban system shows it to be very simplistic. It is emphasized that the growth of the truly 'urban' population in most of the small centres in the urban hierarchy has been slow, and that institutional hindrances and government perceptions of the urban process may dissipate the impact of policies designed to promote their development. The major aspect of urban policy since 1964 has been the development of Lilongwe, which the government emphasized had two objectives: to create a new capital replacing the colonial creation of Zomba, and to develop a growth centre to promote greater regional equality and act as a counterattraction to the commercial 'capital' of Blantyre. President Banda's key role in the: instigation of this project is empahasized, and it is suggested that the second objective was rhetorically promoted as a justificatory expedient. The results of original research on urban policy implementation and private sector investment in Blantyre and Lilongwe support the contention that government commitment to Lilongwe as a growth centre is weak, and also draws attention to problems inherent in applying such strategies in small, underdeveloped economies such as Malawi's. Lilongwe's economic development has not been in theoretical accordance with that of a growth centre. Nevertheless although it is proposed that a new capital programme per se cannot be used as a surrogate for a regional development policy, major infrastructural developments in Lilongwe have allowed it to provide a degree of economic competition to Blantyre. These are argued to be mainly associated with government commitment to its development as the capital city rather than its weakly developed growth centre role.

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Mbaluko, Kasuzi Cornex. "Impact of the youth enterprise development fund (YEDF) of Malawi: the case of Karonga District." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021051.

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The youth are generally in the peripheral of most development endeavors. This research dealt with factors influencing financial sustainability of youth enterprises funded under the Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Karonga, a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The study was conducted through a descriptive and analytical survey. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Questionnaires were analyzed and presented using graphs and in form of percentages. Findings from the questionnaires, interviews and FGDs were analyzed for content and presented in narrative form according to the thematic areas in relation to the variables. This research has revealed that repayment rates of YEDF beneficiary enterprises in the district are at 31 percent and that those that have finished paying back the loans stand at 15 percent. The research shows that political influence and inadequate capacity building skills in business management are some of the major reasons for the low repayment of the YEDF loans. The leaders and members in most groups had no prior experience and capacity for running a business. The challenges have negatively affected the revolving nature of the fund. The study recommends that YEDF should be independent of political influence, group members be given more training to enable them understand key business and financial management skills and, strengthening monitoring and evaluation of these groups by the YEDF officers.

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Johansson, Mattias. "Development from Tobacco? : A study of the Malawian tobacco industry and its impactson sustainable development in Malawi." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160855.

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The aim and purpose of this report is to describe how the domestic tobacco industry is affectingsustainable development in Malawi. This is done by describing the environmental and socio-economic effects ofthe cultivation and selling of tobacco leaves. Together with an outlook on the future developments of the industry,this information is used to describe how the Malawian tobacco industry corresponds to sustainable developmentand how it can be changed to improve sustainability in the country. The report is based on a literature study andtwo interviews. Theories on sustainable development and developmental concepts form the theoreticalbackground for the report. The conclusion of the report is that the situation regarding the Malawian tobaccoindustry is a complex one, where direct economic benefits are the main motive, but various socio-economic andenvironmental effects combine to make the situation unsustainable in a number of aspects. The suggestion of thisreport is to turn away from the current high dependence on tobacco to a more diversified agriculture, wheredifferent types of food crops substitute tobacco as the main source of income, while at the same time providingmore food in a country where poverty and malnutrition are problematic issues.

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Kubwalo, Max. "Factors affecting the development of non-traditional export: a case study of the cut flower industry in Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7415_1254489589.

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Malawi has a narrow export base comprised mainly of tobacco, tea and sugar as the main sources of foreign currency. Cut flowers were identified as one of the export products that could help wean the country's economy off its high dependency on tobacco leaf exports. The decreasing price of tobacco at the auction floors coupled with new anti smoking legislations worldwide has made alternative crops exports critical. The main objective of this research was to ascertain the state of the Malawian cut flower industry by
examining the developmental trajectory followed by the Malawian export cut flower industry over the last ten years
identifying the various factors inhibiting the growth of the Malawian export cut flower industry
recommending appropriate interventions and strategy to support vigorous growth of the sector in future.

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Mulonya, Rodrick K. A. R. "The political economy of development aid: an investigation of three donor-funded HIV/AIDS programmes broadcast by Malawi television from 2004 to 2007." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002926.

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Development aid in most of the developing countries can sometimes compromise the principles of public service broadcasting (PSB). This may be true when reflected against the tension between donor financed programmes in Malawi and the mandate of Television Malawi (TVM). Although the donor intentions are noble, the strings attached to the funding are sometimes retrogressive to the role of PSBs. A case in point is how donors dictate terms on the HIV/Aids communication strategies at TVM. Producers receive money from donors with strings attached on how the money should be used and accounted for. If producers deviate they are sanctioned through withholding funding, shifting schedules and reducing the funding frequency. The donors also dictate who to interview on what subject, how to conduct capacity building. Some scholars have researched much on the impact of commercialisation of the media. This study is a departure from these traditional interferences; it interrogates the interest of philanthropy tendencies by international donors in the three chosen HIV/Aids programmes broadcast by TVM. The study investigates the extent of pressure exerted by donors on the producers of HIV/Aids programmes in Malawi. Thus, the study seeks to illicit specifics in the power relationship between the donor and the producer hence the study employs the political economy of development aid as applied to the public service broadcasting and communication for development. The study employed qualitative research methods and techniques (in-depth interviews, case study and document analysis). The study reveals how donor ideologies dominate the Aids messages-content output of the texts constructed. The study argues that cultural alienation of the Malawian audiences retards efforts of donors in combating HIV infection rate.

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Munthali, Spy Mbiriyawaka. "An institutional analysis of community and home based care and support for HIV/AIDS sufferers in rural households in Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002719.

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Standard economic models often emphasize inputs, outputs and an examination of the structures in order to conduct an economic performance evaluation. This study applies the Institutional and Development Framework (IAD) in the broader context of New Institutional Economics (NIE) in order to examine the transaction costs of delivering Community and Home Based Care and Support (CHBC) to HIV/AIDS sufferers. For purposes of unveiling the empirical reality guiding decision making processes in the CHBC service delivery, comparative qualitative research techniques of normative variable and concept formation have been adopted to draw out the relative institutional influences from the HIV/AIDS national response partnerships. The study identifies the conflict between the predominantly standardized and more rigid formal management techniques adopted by key members of the national response and the informal cultural techniques familiar to the rural communities, and a lack of motivational incentives in the CHBC structures as the key factors against CHBC capacities to draw external funding for service delivery. CHBCs are also weakened by incoherent governance structures at the district level for facilitation of funding and information flow exacerbating the community vulnerability. Rationalization of the institutional arrangements and a clarification of roles from district to community levels, a shift of focus to facilitation of informal techniques and an integration of performance enhancing incentives are the critical policy insights envisaged to spur CHBCs to work better.

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Mchakulu, Mphatso Grace. "Rural Malawi households' environmental concern and consciousness about appropriate energy consumption practices amidst prevailing socio-economic conditions." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77847.

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Malawi rural households’ dependence on fuelwood as a form of energy and as a source of income is contributing to alarming rates of deforestation in the country with detrimental consequences for climate change. This study targeted two of the rural areas in the southern part of Malawi, worst affected by climate change in recent years. The study aimed to generate empirical evidence of households’ energy consumption as a consequence of their way of life, and to gather evidence of their practical- and discursive consciousness concerning sustainable consumption practices and climate change as pre-requisites to facilitate and promote behavioural change. This research was conducted in three sequential phases. Phase 1 entailed a quantitative survey that involved 231 non randomly selected households from two rural areas, namely Balaka and Phalombe, in the south of Malawi. Questionnaires were completed in interview format, facilitated by trained research assistants following a pre-test in a nearby village. Phase 2 entailed focus group discussions with selected members from phase 1, to allow opportunity for discussion of main topics. Phase 3 involved the contribution of government officials and important role players to share their views about environmental issues, the issue of indiscriminate deforestation and use of energy sources by communities. Results show that biomass, including fuelwood, is still the predominant source of energy that most rural households use for diverse activities because other sources of energy are either inaccessible, or too expensive. Negative consequences such as respiratory problems caused by smoke inhalation are therefore common among females and children who are constantly exposed to toxic substances that are present in the air in their homes and immediate surrounds. The wood that is used, is mostly collected by females who perform this tedious task almost daily, collecting from nearby woodlots and forests, further aggravating deforestation. Households’ practical consciousness of sustainable energy consumption practices seem fairly good and their discursive consciousness, specifically with regard to the effect of climate change on rainfall patterns, micro- and macro factors that are responsible for climate change, are fairly impressive. This may be attributed to first-hand experience of the environmental challenges that they have experienced in recent years. Unfortunately, lack of knowledge concerning the implications of their behaviour in terms of the economic growth of the country, as well as nearby countries’ well-being, confirm the complexity of the phenomenon that may be difficult for them to comprehend. Concerted effort is thus required by local- and Governmental bodies to educate and empower communities socially and economically, also to supply safer sources of energy to replace what they are obliged to use presently. Rural households are struggling financially and will not be able to adapt their behavioral practices without the premeditated support of government and relevant role players who have an interest in environmental issues and who have the well-being of Malawi citizens at heart.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
Unrestricted

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Ng'ombe, Chikondi Dalitso. "Analysis and management of risks in a foreign investment climate : foreign companies operating in Malawi." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1029.

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Thesis (MDF (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The risk of operating in a foreign investment climate is a subject of interest to most investors looking for opportunities to expand their international footprint. There are many organisations that provide risk assessments of the levels of threat of specific risks in foreign countries. However, most focus on political or what is commonly known as country risk or they provide a summary of ranking providing a comparison of different countries’ investment climate attractiveness. The make-up of the variables used in coming up with the ranking or a view on a particular country do not usually provide a level of detail that allows an analyst to understand the qualitative issues that give a country a particular rating assessment or ranking. This research has tried to address this gap by coming up with a detailed qualitative model that provides understanding of the key sources of information required for each major category of risk. The research also attempts to integrate as many aspects of the business environment that could affect a country. A particular case of Malawi has been chosen to demonstrate the level detail and understanding the investors need to reach before making a decision on whether to invest in a country. The research focuses on three major areas. The first is to provide a good understanding of what is currently available for analysts to use in determining risk factors of a particular environment or risk category. The second is to illustrate the uses and limitations of the options available in the form of assessment reports or assessment models. The third is to develop a model and demonstrate its use in the context of Malawi’s investment climate.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meeste van die beleggers op soek na geleenthede om hul internasionale voetspoor uit te brei, stel ook in die risiko belang wat besigheid in ’n buitelandse beleggingsklimaat inhou. Talle organisasies verskaf risiko-assesserings van die bedreigingsvlakke van spesifieke risiko’s in die buiteland. Die meeste van hulle kyk egter na politieke of landspesifieke risiko’s of hulle verskaf ’n opsomming waarin die ranglysposisies van die aanloklikheid van verskillende lande se beleggingsklimate vergelyk word. Die samestelling van die veranderlikes in hierdie ranglysposisies of oorsig van ’n spesifieke land verskaf gewoonlik nie voldoende detail aan die ontleder om die kwalitatiewe kwessies te verstaan wat aan ’n land ’n spesifieke assessering of ranglysposisie gee nie. Hierdie navorsing fokus op hierdie gaping deur ’n breedvoerige kwalitatiewe model te verskaf vir ’n beter begrip van die vernaamste inligtingsbronne wat vir elke groot risikokategorie vereis word. Hierdie navorsing poog ook om soveel aspekte van die sakeomgewing te integreer wat ’n land kan beïnvloed. Die spesifieke geval van Malawi is gekies om die vlak van detail en begrip te demonstreer wat beleggers nodig het voordat hulle ’n beleggingsbesluit ten opsigte van ’n land kan neem. Die navorsing lê op drie belangrike areas klem. Die eerste is om ’n goeie begrip te bied van die inligting wat tans aan ontleders beskikbaar is om die risikofaktore van ’n spesifieke omgewing of risikokategorie te bepaal. Die tweede is om die gebruike en beperkings te illustreer van die opsies wat in die vorm van assesseringsverslae of assesseringsmodelle beskikbaar is. Die derde is om ’n model te ontwikkel en die gebruik daarvan in die konteks van Malawi se beleggingsklimaat te demonstreer.

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Selemani-Meke, Elizabeth. "An assessment of the implementation of continuing professional development programmes for primary school teachers in Malawi: a case of Zomba rural education district." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/501.

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This study assessed the implementation of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Programmes for primary school teachers in Zomba Rural Education District in Malawi. The study arose from a concern that, despite the Government of Malawi putting in place structures to facilitate the implementation of CPD for primary school teachers, research has shown that teachers have not improved their classroom practice. As a result, there has been poor learner performance at all levels of the primary education system to the extent that learners scored the lowest in the 2005 international examinations for the Southern Africa Development Community. From the literature, it appears that no thorough and conclusive studies to look into the issues behind the implementation of CPD programmes in Malawi have been conducted. Hence the researcher was motivated to assess how the CPD programmes are implemented with the view to explore better ways of implementing CPD programmes for teachers that can result in teacher change. The study was placed within the post-positivism paradigm and used a mixed method research design that incorporated concurrent procedures in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data while qualitative data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, CPD observations and document analysis. A total of 798 teachers filled the questionnaires. This figure represented 47% of the total number of teachers in the district. The researcher conducted 34 focus group discussions with teachers from various schools. She also held interviews with 34 head teachers and CPD programme facilitators (12 Primary Education Advisors and 3 CPD facilitators from organizations). Other interviews were held with the District Education Manager, the Coordinating Primary Education Advisor, the Coordinator of the New Curriculum, and the Coordinator for the Department of Teacher Education and Development. Further, the researcher made 3 CPD observations. The study revealed weaknesses in the implementation of CPD programmes for teachers in the district. Generally the study noted that there was much emphasis on the transmissive model of CPD implementation, to the neglect of transitional and transformative models such that the personal, social and occupational aspects of professional learning were not holistically considered in the programme designs. Specifically, the duration of the programmes was found to be inadequate for meaningful assimilation of new knowledge and skills; the expertise of facilitators was sometimes questionable; and the use of the cascade mode left teachers unsure and with knowledge gaps. Further, the study noted that the monitoring and support mechanisms for the programmes were weak; the consultation processes for teacher inputs in the CPD programme designs were dismal; and the welfare of teachers at the CPD venues was poorly handled.. At school level the study revealed that the teaching and learning environment compounded the problem of teachers’ difficulty in implementing what they learnt from CPD training. Large classes, inadequate teachers, lack of teaching and learning resources, limited infrastructure, lack of accommodation for teachers, lack of support from colleagues and learner absenteeism were some of the factors hindering implementation of CPD programmes at school level. The study has put forth recommendations for the effective implementation of CPD programmes for teachers in the district. Furthermore, based on the findings of the study and an extensive literature search, the researcher has suggested an alternative model for CPD implementation that can result in teacher change. Overall there is need for collaborative effort among stakeholders in education to ensure effective delivery of CPDs and their subsequent translation into practice at classroom level.

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Kapindu, Redson Edward. "The role of poverty reduction strategies in advancing economic and social rights: Malawian and Ugandan experiences." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1086.

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"Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) were born out of the policies of the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). They were introduced 'in the wake of the failure of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) to reduce the incidence of poverty'. PRSPs have been linked with the IMF and WB Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief initiative. In order to have access to debt relief, countries have had to draw up PRSPs and start moving towards their effective implementation. PRSPs are now meant to be the national guide informing almost every facet of the human development framework. They are being used as benchmarks for the prioritization of the use of public and external resources for poverty reduction. Further, multilateral as well as bilateral donors and lending institutions are using them as an overarching framework from which policies and actions of developing countries are to be gauged and decisions on further assistance or loans made. In that light, PRSPs have become pivotal to the social fabric of the countries concerned as they affect the daily undertakings of the people through, among other things, their allocative and redistributive roles. ... The PRSPs of Malawi and Uganda are not premised on the human rights based approach to poverty reduction. They largely address issues of economic and social rights from a benefactor and beneficiary perspective rather than from a claim-holder and duty-bearer perspective. Further to that, these policies are largely premised on the requirements of the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs) that have received heavy criticism for not factoring in human rights considerations, when implementing their policies towards developing countries. This problem thus calls for a harmonisation of PRSPs with the obligations of the states as well as the BWIs to ensure the full realisation of these rights. ... This study is divided into six chapters. Chapter two is a concise analysis of the PRSP processes in Malawi and Uganda. It addresses issues of participation and national ownership, among others, and locates the role of the BWIs in the process. Chapter 3 is a general overview of the international legal obligations that the two governments have in the area of economic and social rights. Chapter four provides an overview of the scope of the rights to health and housing. Chapter five is a critical analysis of the extent to which the PRSPs of the two countries act as effective tools for advancing the rights to health and housing in the two countries. Chapter six concludes the discussion. It makes necessary recommendations in order to strengthen the human rights based approach to poverty reduction within the framework of the PRSPs, with a view to ensuring the progressive realisation of economic and social rights." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Baker G. Wairama at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/llm1.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Kašlík, Jan. "Identifikace a analýza dopadů poslední hospodářské krize na vybrané země Afriky (Nigérie a Malawi) a Latinské Ameriky (Brazílie a Belize) v letech 2007 - 2014." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201970.

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This thesis studies the identification and analysis of the impact of the latest economic crisis of 2008 on selected countries of the world with the purpose of identifying the relevance of channels through which the financial and economic crisis has spread to these countries. The thesis focuses on two regions of the world: Africa and Latin America. In both of these regions two countries are chosen to be analyzed more closely. These are Nigeria and Malawi for Africa, Brazil for South America and Belize for Central America. The possible channels of transmission of the crisis were identified to be private capital flows, international trade and commodity prices, remittances and international aid. In the analysis of the chosen countries, it was identified that the most important channels were international trade, commodity prices and capital flows. On the other hand the least impactful channels were remittances and international aid. These were rather stable during the crisis and in the case of aid even played a countercyclical role.

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Boone, Ryan F. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Child Health: The Case of Malawi." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/579.

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This paper analyzes the impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme. The goal of this paper is to help improve the design of cash transfers. First of all, I analyze whether the cash transfer positively affects child health variables despite occurring in a region with poor supply side health institutions. I find significant results for many child level variables, such as frequency of illnesses, but insignificant improvements in anthropometric measurements. Secondly, I examine whether female-headed households invest more in child health than male-headed households. The results show that the impacts of the cash transfer did not depend on the sex of the household head. This result provides some evidence that females do not always have systematically different preferences for expenditure on children than males. The paper uses the imperfect randomization of the cash transfer in combination with difference-in-differences regressions, propensity score matching, and Lee Bounds tests in order to ensure the robustness of the results.

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Bae, Kyung Tae. "Family Characteristic and Savings Behavior in Malawi." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1062.

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The paper examines effects of individual characteristics, household characteristics and impact of having a child in a household on usage of formal savings services in Malawi. The result of the paper suggests that individuals with certain characteristics do increase their chance of having at least one formal savings account and total amount in the saving account. Typically, males and household head have positive correlation. In addition, having a stable income occupation increases individuals’ usage of formal savings services. Lastly, there is negative effect on formal savings account if an individual has a child under 3 in the household. Data used in this paper is collected through field experiment in over 320 villages in Malawi.

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Davies, Simon. "Essays on remittances in rural Malawi." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500687.

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After discussing the Malawian context and summarising the remittance research, I focus on remittances in rural Malawi. I follow remittances from the giver’s motivations through to the receiver’s view of remittances and how the receiver uses them and finally to their impact as a means of moderating the effect of negative shocks on the receiving household. Results show that parents remit to respondents for altruistic purposes, or for insurance motivations (e.g. to help out the respondent if they are sick). Respondents remit to parents for altruistic motivations and inheritance. There is strong bi-directionality in the remittance flows. Children remit to respondents as an “insurance premium”, and for inheritance motivations. Altruism motivates respondents to give to their children. There is strong evidence of co-insurance between respondents and their siblings with both insurance payouts and premiums being paid. Respondents and their siblings also remit to each other for altruistic motivations. There is strong evidence of “mental accounting” amongst both male and female headed households. Remittances exhibit a much lower MPC than salary and farming income. Male and female headed households differ in their use of income from different sources, however one result is consistent: remittances are used for education. Probit models indicate that households are more likely to receive remittances from local areas if someone in the household is sick (local remittances insure a health shock). Households that suffer from drought are more likely to receive remittances from more distant areas (other districts, a city, abroad). Drought has a major negative impact on consumption levels but distant remittances insure affected households who suffer from these. Local remittances, which make up most remittance flows, are unable to insure these community shocks. Only around 10 per cent of households receive remittances from outside their home district however. Remittances help to insure household consumption against health shocks, but only food consumption is insured.

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Malik, Kasvi. "Examining the Relationship Between Received Remittances and Education in Malawi." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1096.

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This thesis examines the relationship between received remittances and education using random samples from panel survey data from households in rural Malawi collected between 2008 and 2010. Past research as well as that conducted in this paper point to the fact that remittances and education share an important correlation. The results of this study indicate that on a microeconomic level, remittances have a highly significant and positive impact on household education. Other remittance-related factors such as the distance from agent, the remittance amount, and the type of account held by an individual also have a significant impact on the highest level of education attained by an individual, whereas the account type, age, gender, and marital status are important determinants in the probability of an individual ever having attended school. The results from this study raise questions as to whether the “brain drain” can actually have a positive impact on developing nations. The study also discusses policy implications for money transfer operators in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Breitwieser, Audrey. "Escaping the Poverty Trap: Formal Savings and Asset Accumulation in Rural Malawi." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1436.

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Formal savings accounts can be an effective device for households to accumulate assets over time and thus have more funds available to better afford an expensive one-time payment, in the form of either addressing an economic shock or paying for an important life event. I explore this relationship using a field experiment in rural Malawi conducted from 2008-2010, and find that adoption of a formal savings account has no effect on the frequency of economic shocks that a household experiences, nor does it affect how households respond to shocks. However, I find that account adoption does significantly increase the frequency of a household’s expenditures on the life event of payment of secondary school fees. These findings indicate that, given enough time, adoption of a formal savings account allows a household to better accumulate its excess income, and therefore better afford expenditures that involve a decision by the household, as economic shocks tend to be exogenous and payments surrounding life events endogenous. These results support the effectiveness of a policy that extends formal financial services to rural, poor populations who may not have access to such services, as households can use excess funds to finance important life events that help future generations to escape a poverty trap.

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Zoundi, David Aimé. "Three essays in the economics of gender and development." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69588.

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Cette thèse de doctorat explore les obstacles à l'égalité des sexes dans les pays en développement. Elle est composée de trois essais. Le premier essai (chapitre 1) explore les racines de l'inégalité des sexes en faveur des garçons dans l'éducation. Il analyse l'effet de l'interaction entre la culture et les conditions économiques des ménages pauvres sur les probabilités de décrochage scolaire des garçons et des filles, en utilisant des données du Malawi. L'adéquation du Malawi à cette analyse découle de la coexistence sur son territoire de deux coutumes différentes de résidence post-maritale pour les couples : les coutumes patrilocales et matrilocales. Les résultats des estimations montrent que l'inégalité entre les sexes en matière d'éducation est enracinée dans l'interaction des conditions économiques du ménage et de la coutume patrilocale - lorsqu'un couple marié s'installe près de la famille du mari ou avec elle après le mariage. L'essai conclut que les politiques publiques qui rendent inutile le recours aux coutumes traditionnelles par les parents pour organiser leur vie familiale peuvent éliminer les inégalités entre les sexes favorisant l'éducation des garçons. Les deux derniers essais analysent la question de la polygynie—lorsqu'un homme peut avoir plusieurs épouses simultanément. Cette institution du mariage a disparu dans le monde entier mais reste confinée dans un groupe de pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, notamment dans la région du Sahel. La théorie économique prédit que l'augmentation de l'éducation des femmes entraîne la disparition de la polygynie. Cependant, les preuves empiriques ne permettent pas encore d'établir ce lien de causalité, mais plutôt une corrélation négative entre l'éducation et les probabilités de polygynie des femmes. Le deuxième essai examine l'effet de l'éducation sur les probabilités de polygynie des femmes, en utilisant principalement les données de l'Ouganda. Pour l'identification, nous utilisons une approche d'estimation qui aborde conjointement les problèmes de sélection de l'échantillon et d'endogénéité de l'éducation. Nous estimons un modèle à trois équations comprenant une équation de la polygynie (principale), une équation du mariage (sélection) et une équation de l'éducation (endogénéité). Les résultats de l'estimation confirment la prédiction de la théorie économique selon laquelle l'augmentation de l'éducation des femmes entraîne la disparition de la polygynie. Le troisième et dernier essai fournit des preuves sur la cause du regroupement de la polygynie dans les pays sujets à la sécheresse. Les preuves montrent que dans les économies villageoises dépendantes de l'agriculture pluviale, la rupture des accords informels de partage des risques suite à des chocs tels que les sécheresses augmentent la valeur de la famille nombreuse, tant en taille qu'en composition, comme levier des stratégies de résilience. Nous constatons que la polygynie permet aux ménages de renforcer leur résilience face aux effets négatifs de la sécheresse sur le rendement des cultures. Ces trois essais contribuent à faire progresser nos connaissances sur les obstacles à l'inégalité des sexes en Afrique subsaharienne. Il attire principalement l'attention sur l'importance pour les pays en développement d'investir dans la scolarisation des filles (essai 2) et de promouvoir des politiques publiques qui rendent moins attrayant pour les parents le recours aux institutions traditionnelles pour soutenir leurs moyens de subsistance (essai 1). En outre, des politiques telles que celles qui encouragent les petits exploitants agricoles en tant que stratégie de développement peuvent contribuer à la persistance de la polygynie dans les communautés sujettes à la sécheresse si elles sont menées sans sevrer la population rurale de sa dépendance à l'égard de l'agriculture pluviale. Dans ces contextes, la promotion de stratégies de résilience et d'adaptation indépendantes de la taille des ménages peut conduire à la disparition de la polygynie et du mariage d'enfants (essai 3).
This Ph.D. thesis explores barriers to gender equality in developing countries. It is composed of three essays. The first essay (chapter 1) explores the roots of gender inequality favoring boys in education. It analyzes the effect of culture interaction with poor household economic on the school dropout probabilities of boys' and girls', using Malawi data. Malawi's suitability for this analysis stems from the coexistence in its territory of two different customs of post-marital residence for couples: patrilocal and matrilocal customs. Estimation results show that gender inequality in education is rooted in the interaction of household economic conditions and the custom of patrilocality—when a married couple settles near or with the husband's family after marriage. The essay concludes that public policies that make it unnecessary for parents to rely on traditional customs to organize their family life can eliminate gender inequality favoring boys' education. The last two essays analyze the issue of polygyny—when a man can have multiples wives simultaneously. This marriage institution has disappeared globally but remains confined in a cluster of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in the Sahel region. Economic theory predicts that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. Still, empirical evidence is yet to establish this causal link, settling instead for a negative correlation between education and women's polygyny probabilities. The second essay examines the effect of education on women's polygyny probabilities, using primarily Uganda data. For identification, we use an estimation approach that jointly addresses sample selection and education endogeneity problems. We estimate a three-equation model comprising a polygyny (main) equation, a marriage (selection), and an education (endogeneity) equation. Estimation results confirm economic theory's prediction that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. The third and final essay provides evidence on the cause of the clustering of polygyny in drought-prone countries. Evidence shows that in village economies dependent on rainfed agriculture, the breakdown of informal risk-sharing arrangements following covariate shocks such as droughts increases the value of having a large family, both in size and composition, as a lever of resilience strategies. We find that polygyny allows households to build resilience to the adverse effects of drought on crop yields. These three essays contribute to advancing our knowledge of the barriers to gender inequalityin sub-Saharan Africa. It mainly draws attention to the importance for developing countries to invest in girls' schooling (Essay 2) and promote public policies that make it less attractive for parents to resort to traditional institutions to support their livelihoods (Essay 1). Additionally, policies such as those promoting smallholder farmers as a development strategy can contribute to the persistence of polygyny in drought-prone communities if done without weaning the rural population of its dependence on rainfed agriculture. In these settings, promoting resilience and adaptation strategies independent of household size can lead to polygyny and child marriage's disappearance (Essay 3).

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Steenkamp, Daniel. "A review of "sustainability vision" as corporate strategy in Africa, in the context of the opportunities provided by the prevalence of malaria." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70390.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Companies are confronted with a global market that is becoming increasingly saturated. With free trade agreements allowing more competition into the traditionally lucrative Western markets and economic recessions impacting the spend-ability of these markets, there is mounting pressure to consider other market opportunities. Statistics reveal that the traditional bottom of the economic pyramid actually contains a potentially very profitable market, with a purchasing power parity of $12.5 trillion. To address this market, prospective companies will have to rethink conventional business strategies, moulded to the specific target market requirements. The gradual shift in focus to the bottom of the economic pyramid, also serves to emphasise the need of sustainable development of impoverished communities. By raising communities out of poverty, they are liberated to partake in trade, respond to opportunities and experience growth in self esteem. Whilst aid organisations play an important role in establishing this freedom, rethinking business processes could result in more sustainable impact on communities. This feeds into the concept of creating a sustainability vision, where the corporate vision should readdress not only the product but also the markets they seIVe. It should direct the company toward the solution of social and environmental problems and meet the unmet needs at the bottom of the economic pyramid. In the context of Africa's geographical, political or social milieu, it is evident that the continent offers unique challenges for engaging in trade. There are various attempts to address these, but Africa is still deemed one of the most difficult environments in which to establish operations. Africa also offers unique opportunities though, for those companies willing to rethink the conventional. Two companies saw the opportunity in malaria, a disease associated with impoverished communities. Africa has the perfect breeding ground for the P. fa/ciparum strain of malaria, which is incidentally also the most lethal. The strain has developed resistance against current medication, which makes it extremely difficult to cure and control. It is estimated that malaria costs African governments up to $12 billion per year and results annually in a penalty of 1.3% less economic growth per person than could be expected in the absence of malaria. The two companies, on different ends of the supply chain, have been reviewed in the light of the defined sustainability vision principles and the context of their strategic operations. Though not without critique, and admittedly still in the early phases of some of their processes, they have demonstrated that the concept of a sustainability vision in the African context is viable and that it is feasible to create wealth whilst serving the poor.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maatskappye word voortdurend gekonfronteer met markte wat neig om versadig te word as gevolg van vryhandelsooreenkomste wat kompetisie stimuleer en ekonomiese resessies wat vrye kontantvloei - en gevolglik koopgewoontes - be·invloed. Daar is dus groeiende druk om voorheen ongekarteerde markte te ondersoek. Kontra verwagting toon nuwe statistieke dat die tradisionele basis van die ekonomiese piramide 'n potensieel baie winsgewende mark inhou, met koopkrag van $12,5 triljoen. Om hierdie mark te betree, word van maatskappye verlang om konvensionele besigheidstrategiee in heroorweging te neem en dit te vorm na gelang van die spesifieke konteks van hul teikenmark. Die stelselmatige skuif in fokus na die basis van die ekonomiese piramide het die noodwendige gevolg om die belang van ontwikkeling in agtergeblewe gemeenskappe te benadruk. Deur gemeenskappe te verlos uit die juk van armoede, word self-waarde gestimuleer en hulle die geleenlheid gegun om deel te neem aan aktiewe handel, wat ekonomiese groei tot gevolg he!. Welwillendheids-organisasies speel 'n belangrike rol in die opsig, maar besighede het die potensiaal om 'n meer blywende ekonomiese impak te maak. In die lig hiervan, word die konsep van 'n volhoubare visie benadruk, waar dit gestel word dat 'n maatskappy se visie beide die produk en die teikenmark in herwoorweging moet neem. Dit moet die organisasie lei om sosiale- en omgewingsprobleme aan te spreek en voorheen onvoorsiene behoeftes op die basis van die ekonomiese piramide te bevredig. Teen die agtergrond van Afrika se geografiese, politieke en sosiale milieu, is dit duidelik dat die kontinent unieke uitdagings bied vir voornemende handel. Verskeie pogings word aangewend om dit die hoof te bied, maar Afrika word steeds gesien as een van die moeilikste kontekste om besigheid in te doen. Afrika offer wel ook unieke geleenthede vir maatskappye wat bereid is om hul konvensionele banderings in herwoorweging te neem. Twee maatskappye het die geleentheid raakgesien in malaria, 'n siekte wat normaalweg met agtergeblewe gemeenskappe geassosieer word. Afrika bied die perfekte teelaarde vir die P.falciparum variant van malaria, wat toevallig ook die mees dodelike variant is. Die malaria variant het weerstand opgebou teen tradisionele voorskrif-medikasie. met die gevolg dat dit besonder moeilik is om te voorkom en te beheer. Gesaghebbende bronne skat dat malaria Afrika-regerings tot $12 miljard per jaar kan kos, en jaarliks lei tot 1,3% minder ekonomiese groei as wat verwag sou word in die afwesigheid daarvan. Twee maatskappye is geevalueer in die lig van die ge'identifiseerde volhoubare visie beginsels en die konteks van hul operasionele bedrywighede. Hoewel hulle benadering nie sonder kritiek is nie, en sommige strategiee nog die toets van tyd moet deurstaan, stel hulle goeie voorbeelde van die potensiaal om rykdom te skep, terwyl die gemeenskap in nood ook gedien word. Dit benadruk die potensiaal vir 'n volhoubare visie, ook in die Afrika konteks.

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Chisala, Thokozile Thabu Lwanda. "Public officials and practitioner engagement on development policy in Malawi." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20849.

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October 2015 A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in 25% fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Management (in the field of Public and Development Management)
Over the last forty to fifty years the industry that supports international development cooperation, has become more complex in its pursuit of multifaceted development objectives. Studies suggest that history, politics and a power differential between aid recipients and the foreign aid workforce undermine the development policy process locally. This study explores local engagement on development policy in Malawi, between public officials/aid recipients and donor-agency practitioners/foreign aid workforce; and the role of the 2008 Paris Declaration (PD) on Aid Effectiveness in this engagement. The two significant findings are that, while there are some adverse effects of history, politics and power in engagement on development policy, there is also evidence of replicable outcomes that can bolster the policy process. Secondly, the democracy model in practice in Malawi is struggling to deliver development policy dividends. The study concludes that both the state and donor agencies working in Malawi should mutually leverage global commitments, domestically, and use them to negotiate an increase in development aid committed to improving the development processes, for greater national ownership. The study specifically recommends the adoption of deliberative democratic development processes. This nuanced approach may improve Malawi’s ability to yield development policy dividends

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Merafe, Itumeleng. "Monetary policy and financial market stability: does inflation targeting make a difference?" Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20846.

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Masters in Management: Finance and Investment, Wits Business School
Since the early 1990s an increasing number of countries are adopting inflation targeting and although it has been lauded as a successful monetary policy regime this paper seeks to determine whether or not inflation targeting is sufficient to bring about financial market stability. We compare 10 emerging market economies, 6 that have adopted inflation targeting and 4 that have not in order to ascertain whether or not there is a significant difference between these groups of countries based on 2 financial market stability indicators, the first being the volatility of equity markets and the second being currency volatility. From these results, there is no evidence that inflation targeting has had any impact on the stability of financial markets and in some instances, non-targeters have outperformed targeters in terms of the improvements in stability

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Banda, Hastings Lisuntha. "Children's participation in development : a study of Chata area developmnet programme of world vision." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3364.

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Participation in development is not a new concept as over the years, facilitators of development have realized that meaningful development can only be achieved when the people concerned take part in decision making and implementation of activities affecting them. This study was done to examine the extent to which child participation is being achieved in a development programme area, facilitated by World Vision Malawi, a Non Governmental Organization. The study was done in Chata Area development programme (ADP) located in T/A Chimutu in Lilongwe district. Children are defined as any person below the age 18. The study used mixed methods approach in which quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. Through random and purposive sampling, 110 children and 105 adults were interviewed using a questionnaire. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also done to supplement information collected through the questionnaires. Analysis of the quantitative data collected was done using Scientific Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) tool while the qualitative data was analyzed manually using common themes that emerged from the findings. The findings of the study show that despite the many development activities in Chata area participation of children has been limited. Adults look down upon children as a minority group which cannot meaningfully participate in development activities. Furthermore, the study found such factors as cultural and traditional practices, gender, level of education and other household characteristics to be the major barriers to children‟s participating in development activities. Surprisingly, the findings further indicate that much as the programme has been engaged in advocacy activities, these have focused more on creating awareness on child protection only rather than child participation. The study argues that if children will have to sustain the development gains in communities such as Chata, then they equally need to participate in the development process to enhance their future capacities in related development activities. On the overall, therefore, the study recommends that there is a need to create awareness on the adults to change attitude when they look at children and begin to create room for children to participate in the development process in an age appropriate manner. There is a need to create systems and structures that will enable children be included in the decision making process while building their capacity and self esteem.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

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Gomo, Tapiwa. "The Millennium Development Goals and communication for development: a study of Malawi and Zambia." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20767.

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A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg September 2015
The year 2000 witnessed a significant convergence of global policy positions. These positions range from the neoliberal regime which gained traction in the mid-1990s, participatory development models of the 1980s, and the technocratic approach to development of the late 1990s. Despite their ideological differences, these policy positions found co-existence in the (MDGs) and have framed how poverty is globally understood and how it should be addressed, including the use of communication especially the media to promote or fast track poverty reduction projects. This thesis is a critical analysis of the extent to which the United Nations (UN) Communication for Development strategy of 2007 has been used in Kamaila Village in Zambia and Mwandama Village in Malawi to implement MDG-related projects. The two villages were chosen because they have been exposed to different models of poverty reduction activities. The Mwandama Village project is part of the Millennium Village Project where a holistic approach is applied to address poverty, while the Kamaila Village is a beneficiary of a water project which is considered to be important to kick-start village-driven poverty reduction activities. Even though the two villages have been used as units of analysis, the main goal of this study was to examine the two policy documents as texts – the MDG and the UN Communication for strategy – how the discourse and narratives that inform them and their relationship with power, shape social practices and behaviour at national and village level. The study also sought to establish how language operates within the context of power relations by applying theories of global governance, knowledge and power, hegemony, participatory and media communication. The methodology used to gather data consists of a critical discourse analysis on the policy documents and qualitative interviews with different respondents from the villagers, the UN system, NGOs, media and governments. Through a combination of these theoretical frameworks and methodologies, this study has shown that the narratives and discourses that inform the MDGs are influenced by western actors who use the power of money to pursue their neoliberal interests under the guise of reducing poverty. The link between political power, the poverty reduction ideas and interests of elite actors saturates and remotely controls available policy spaces for participation with external knowledge and rules, starting from the UN system down to the villages thereby enabling neoliberal ideas to control the flow of knowledge and the construction of discourses. Despite attempts to harness local modes of social communication to transmit the neoliberal notions of poverty in the villages, individual villagers have discursively devised ways of maintaining their own ‘traditional’ ways of life. This highlights that poverty reduction discussions must not be too obsessed with controlling or changing people’s minds and behaviour but seek to understand the grassroots’ lifestyles as a baseline for informed intervention. Ignoring this baseline knowledge is one of the many reasons development has failed dismally since the 1950s because it is driven by capital interests from the top to bottom with less or no intentions to address poverty. In addition, the ability of media messages to influence practices and behaviour remains a contested arena. But as this study established, the strength of messages to alter social practices has its limitations because behaviour is a manifestation of several factors such as environment, context, biology, genealogy and culture, some of which are not linked to communication. However, communication within the context of the villagers is part of their way of exchanging or transmitting ideas and knowledge in producing and reproducing their culture and not to eliminate it. This thesis makes scholarly contribution through the use of a critical approach to international policy formulation, and participation within a globalised world. While several studies have analysed the link between communication and poverty reduction privileging the neoliberal construction of these themes, this study has demonstrated that the grassroots are not unthinking; they have a well-being, cultural context and communication ecology which needs to be understood first and respected. These findings expose the tensions between the neoliberal interests-driven elite view of poverty and the local way of viewing well-being.

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Mgawanyemba, Gamaliel Dalitso. "Community-based organizations in socio-economic development : the experience of Kasungu district in Malawi." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2759.

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Community-based organizations are considered as one of the major institutions involved in community development apart from the state and non-governmental organizations. The idea of local participation is the one that has resulted into their emergence as participation is considered to be an essential part of human growth. With the advent of democracy in 1994, and the coming in of the HIV and AIDS pandemic in Malawi, there has been a mushrooming of community-based organizations in the country. Now that its over fourteen years since their emergence in Malawi, its high time a study was conducted to establish contributions the community-based organizations are making in the development if the country, identify the challenges they are facing and find possible solutions that can help improve their effectiveness. This thesis presents findings of such a study done in Kasungu district in Malawi.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

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Kumchedwa, Brighton Kalembeni. "Artisanal fishery in socio-economic development of rural communities in Malawi : a case study of enclave villages of Lake Malawi National Park." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6307.

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Fishing, and artisanal fishing in particular, plays a key role in the provision of rural employment and more importantly, household food security in the developing nations. The importance of artisanal fishery is shown in Malawi where artisanal fishery produces between 85-95% of the total fish production, and about 70% of the animal protein in human consumption comes from fish. About 43,000 people are employed directly in artisanal fisheries and approximately 100,000150,000 are indirectly employed within the artisanal fishery. Owing to increasing human population in the developing countries coupled with the common property, open-access nature of the fish resource, the resource has not been able to cope with the ever-increasing socio-economic demand placed on it. The resource is so degraded that it is has started to decline beyond capacity to sustain itself. This study was an attempt to examine and understand the artisanal fishery as it contributes to the socio-economic well being of the rural population particularly, the enclave communities of Lake Malawi National Park. The present study used structured interviews, focus group interviews, key informant interviews and personal observation to collect socio-economic information of the fishery. These research tools revealed that among the enclave communities income levels are low and unsustainable due to declining productivity of fishing. The decline may be a result of increasing human population, weak community-based institutions, limited agriculture, poor infrastructure with regard to processing and marketing of fish, limited supplementary and alternatives economic activities, and the fishing methods. Documentary information was used to contextualize artisanal fishery, to examine and understand the common-property and open-access nature of the fish resource as it relates to the exploitation Of fish among the enclave communities. Integrated development that brings together conservation and socio-economic development is the only option that will increase the income of the enclave communities to sustainable levels and achieve the Park's conservation objectives. The socio-economic intervention options should include provision of basic social facilities such as education, health, safe water etc, increase the economic power of the enclave communities through irrigation, adding more value to the fishery, engaging in aquarium trade, community-based eco-tourism and beekeeping. These options would lead to socio-economic sustainability among the enclave communities and would bring about the conservation objectives of the Park.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

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Bokho, Chrispin P. "Assessment of the effectiveness of Area Development Commitees (ADCs) in Decentralization : a case of Ntchisi District in Malawi." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14353.

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Decentralization is an approach Malawi government is using to accelerate development. In order to achieve this, local structures like ADCs were instituted to improve community participation and enhance demand driven type of development. This study examined the effectiveness of the ADCs in decentralization. The study was conducted in TAs Chilowoko and Kalumo in Ntchisi district. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. Through random sampling, 97 respondents were interviewed using a household questionnaire. Two focus group discussions and 14 key informant interviews were also done. Analysis of the quantitative data collected was done using Scientific Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) tool while the qualitative data was analyzed manually using common themes that emerged from the findings. The results show that the community members do not commonly know ADCs and that they do not have autonomy to enhance community participation in decision making. ADCs do not have the autonomy to operate as custodians of development. ADCs are also facing many challenges that include lack of operational resources, incentives, transport and political infringement. On the overall, therefore, the study recommends that there is need to create awareness on the existence of the ADCs and other local structures to the community members. Secondly, there is need to review the National Decentralization Policy, Local Government Act and the Guidebook on decentralization in Malawi
Development Studies
M. A. (Development Studies)

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Gartner, Candice. "Tourism, Development, and Poverty Reduction: A Case Study from Nkhata Bay, Malawi." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3923.

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Development agencies and policymakers are increasingly advocating tourism as a viable and legitimate poverty reduction strategy in least-developed countries (LDCs). However, the rhetoric surrounding tourism development mechanisms in the context of LDCs far outweighs the empirical evidence. Much of the tourism literature has examined impacts of tourism in LDCs, but little research has examined development processes and their impacts on poverty, comprehensively defined. This study examines the development processes by which tourism affects poverty, analyses the effects of tourism employment on poverty conditions, and explores ways that tourism can contribute to poverty reduction. These objectives are addressed using a multi-methods research approach and case study situated in Nkhata Bay, Malawi. The research findings demonstrated that tourism development mechanisms of employment, local sourcing, and philanthropy were most prevalent in Nkhata Bay, while mechanisms such as direct sales, the establishment of small enterprises, taxes, and infrastructure were less apparent. Further analysis revealed that while tourism employment had positive effects on monetary and employment conditions of tourism employees, these effects did not reflect improvements in other facets of poverty. The main conclusions of the study are that tourism is not an indelible force for poverty alleviation, as it can have alleviating, perpetuating, and exacerbating effects on poverty. However, while tourism offers limited poverty reduction potential as a national economic development strategy, tourism facilitates alternative sources of development finance, such as philanthropy, which can support alternative development processes on a local level, and may be more effective in harnessing the potential of tourism to deliver poverty reduction objectives.

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Yakobe, Andrew U. "Fishing hub :establishing a sustainable fishing infrastructure as a catalyst for socio-economic development on Lake Malawi." Thesis, 2001. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/30393.

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This document is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree: Master of Architecture (Professional) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2020. School of Architecture & Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Overfishing, habitat degradation, climate change and poor fish preservation infrastructure are the main factors that are leading to the depletion of fish species in Lake Malawi. Lake Malawi is of great significance because it is a World Heritage Site due its biodiversity, notably its various fish species. According to The Guardian Development Network (2018) “fish stocks in the Lake Malawi have dwindled by 90% over the past 20 years.” This is alarming because fishing is one of the main ways of sustaining human existence across Lake Malawi and extending into the inland settlements where fishing is a source of food, income, and recreation It is the author’s observation that the Department of Fisheries in Malawi together with various other institutions are struggling to resolve fish depletion and its negative impacts on impoverished lakeshore settlers’ livelihoods because of lack of adequate fishing infrastructure suitable for such sensitive regions that promote sustainable fishing practices around fishing villages. The absence of such facilities further threatens the extinction of the popular Chambo fish (Tilapia) which accounts for 1% of fish consumed from Lake Malawi (Malawi Government Economic Report, 2017). This research investigates and proposes a Fishing Hub which is a fish conservation facility centered on Chambo fish, which also addresses social, economic and ecological aspects that are at the core of fish depletion. It further explores the notion of regional and nature inspired design by interrogating the natural environment and existing built fabric along and around the lakeshore to produce a hybrid architectural language of balance; that is suitable to Lake Malawi as a response to building in sensitive ecosystems. The Fishing Hub is a sustainable ecosystem of water and land synergy that allows for fish reproduction and consumption whilst achieving socio-economic development on the lakeshore, at Nguwo fish landing site. The intervention formalizes the existing unregulated fish markets without taking away the agency of the locals, improve post-harvest infrastructure, aids to control water pollution, and most of promotes sustainable industrial fishing that also integrates collective small scale business networks of the community. This transformed space becomes a beacon of educative sustainable fishing practices that also gives an opportunity for tourists to experience the lakeshore culture. Inevitably this will become a harmonized ecosystem and a catalyst for socio-economic development on Lake Malawi.
PH2021

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34

Yakobe, Andrew U. "Fishing hub: establishing a sustainable fishing infrastructure as a catalyst for socio-economic development on Lake Malawi." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/30393.

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Abstract:

This document is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree: Master of Architecture (Professional) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2020. School of Architecture & Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Overfishing, habitat degradation, climate change and poor fish preservation infrastructure are the main factors that are leading to the depletion of fish species in Lake Malawi. Lake Malawi is of great significance because it is a World Heritage Site due its biodiversity, notably its various fish species. According to The Guardian Development Network (2018) “fish stocks in the Lake Malawi have dwindled by 90% over the past 20 years.” This is alarming because fishing is one of the main ways of sustaining human existence across Lake Malawi and extending into the inland settlements where fishing is a source of food, income, and recreation It is the author’s observation that the Department of Fisheries in Malawi together with various other institutions are struggling to resolve fish depletion and its negative impacts on impoverished lakeshore settlers’ livelihoods because of lack of adequate fishing infrastructure suitable for such sensitive regions that promote sustainable fishing practices around fishing villages. The absence of such facilities further threatens the extinction of the popular Chambo fish (Tilapia) which accounts for 1% of fish consumed from Lake Malawi (Malawi Government Economic Report, 2017). This research investigates and proposes a Fishing Hub which is a fish conservation facility centered on Chambo fish, which also addresses social, economic and ecological aspects that are at the core of fish depletion. It further explores the notion of regional and nature inspired design by interrogating the natural environment and existing built fabric along and around the lakeshore to produce a hybrid architectural language of balance; that is suitable to Lake Malawi as a response to building in sensitive ecosystems. The Fishing Hub is a sustainable ecosystem of water and land synergy that allows for fish reproduction and consumption whilst achieving socio-economic development on the lakeshore, at Nguwo fish landing site. The intervention formalizes the existing unregulated fish markets without taking away the agency of the locals, improve post-harvest infrastructure, aids to control water pollution, and most of promotes sustainable industrial fishing that also integrates collective small scale business networks of the community. This transformed space becomes a beacon of educative sustainable fishing practices that also gives an opportunity for tourists to experience the lakeshore culture. Inevitably this will become a harmonized ecosystem and a catalyst for socio-economic development on Lake Malawi.
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Magomero, Christopher Julio. "The development role of traditional authorities in view of the decentralization in Malawi." Diss., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/628.

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Chiefs in Malawi have traditionally been part of the government machinery since colonial days and continue to play a crucial role in development administration even more so in decentralized structures. They are able upon to mobilize communities in rural areas to initiate and implement community development projects with minimal supervision. Malawi Social Action Fund 1 (MASAF 1) project management approach, which centered on community ownership of projects and registered enormous successes, is a case in proof of this. However, distribution of power and roles between chiefs and local government authorities in view of decentralization demand more research and policy debate if chiefs are to be effectively utilized and for the decentralization process to work effectively. Whilst the local authorities derive their power from the control of 5% of revenue collected in the districts, which they are allocated, chiefs derive theirs from the legitimacy they have over their subjects for being in constant touch with the community.
Development Studies
M.A. Social Science (Development Studies)

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Chauya, Ivy Violet. "The effectiveness of community development groups in poverty reduction with regards to individual community members : the case of Likasi area development programme in Mchinji district, Malawi." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18928.

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The study assesses effectiveness of CDGs on poverty reduction among individual members. This is based on the concept of sustainable development with context, structures and strategies as factors affecting poverty reduction. Quantitative and qualitative research designs were used. These involved 120 participants, 5 FGDs and 5KIIs. Participants were purposively and randomly sampled. Results reveal CDGs as a potential strategy in effective community development benefiting group members for poverty reduction. Such benefits include; social, economic, physical, human or environmental. However, group composition and processes pose challenges for benefits to trickle down to some members. Structural arrangement requiring leaders and other influential people like educated members to be in the forefront of interventions has proved challenging to the approach. This happens when self interests are at play leading to deprivations of some members to access benefits. Monitoring membership diversity focusing on group composition and operations is recommended for groups to effectively reduce poverty.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

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Munthali, Spy Mbiriyawaka. "An institutional analysis of community and home based care and support for HIV/AIDS sufferers in rural households in Malawi /." 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1590/.

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Chirwa, Themba Gilbert. "The macroeconomic drivers of economic growth in SADC countries." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24941.

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This study empirically investigates the key macroeconomic determinants of economic growth in three Southern African Development Community countries, namely: Malawi, Zambia, and South Africa, using annual data for the period 1970-2013. The study uses the recently developed Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds-testing approach to co-integration and error correction model. In Malawi, the study finds that investment, human capital development, and international trade are positively associated, while inflation is negatively associated with economic growth in the short run. In the long run, the results reveal that investment, human capital development, and international trade are positively and significantly associated, while population growth and inflation are negatively and significantly associated with economic growth. In Zambia, the short-run results reveal that investment and human capital development are positively and significantly associated, while government consumption, international trade, and foreign aid are negatively and significantly associated with economic growth. The long-run results reveal that investment and human capital development are positively and significantly associated, while foreign aid is negatively and significantly associated with economic growth. In South Africa, the study results show that in the short run, investment is positively and significantly associated, while population growth and government consumption are negatively and significantly associated with economic growth. In the long run, the results reveal that economic growth is positively and significantly associated with investment, human capital development, and international trade, but negatively and significantly associated with population growth, government consumption, and inflation. These results all have significant policy implications. It is recommended that Malawian authorities should focus on strategies that attract investment: in addition there is a need to improve the quality of education, encourage export diversification, reduce population growth, and ensure inflation stability. Similarly Zambian authorities should focus on creation of incentives that attract investment, provision of quality education: moreover they need to improve government effectiveness, encourage international trade and ensure the effectiveness of development aid. South African authorities are recommended to focus on policies that attract investments, the provision of quality education, and trade liberalisation: concomitantly there is also a need to reduce population growth, government consumption and inflation.
Economics
Ph.D. (Economics)

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Yedgenov, Bauyrzhan. "Essays on Fiscal Policy, Institutions and Economic Growth." 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/128.

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Chapter 1 revisits the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth by addressing the endogeneity. We use an instrumental variable approach based on two geography variables, namely a Geographic Fragmentation Index (GFI) and country size. We find that both instruments are strong and valid in the first stage regression and that a ten percent increase in decentralization measured by the expenditure or revenue share of subnational government in total government expenditures or revenues increases GDP per capita growth by approximately 0.4 percentage points. Moreover, we find that the results are more pronounced in the case of developed countries with a higher magnitude of the impact of revenue decentralization and lower impact of expenditure decentralization, while for a sample of developing countries both decentralization measures are insignificant. Chapter 2 explores the role of the tax structure and its key elements on the volatility of output growth. We account for both embedded automatic stabilizers measured by progressivity of the tax system and discretionary policy by accounting for the actual levels of revenue and its composition measured by tax mix ratio or the ratio of direct taxes to indirect taxes. We find that higher reliance on direct taxes versus indirect taxes is a significant stabilizing factor for output volatility for the whole sample of all countries and the subsample of lower income countries. For the subsample of high-income countries, we find a significant stabilizing impact of progressivity in the income tax structure, especially when there is higher reliance on personal income tax revenue. Chapter 3 reexamines the causal link between institutional quality and economic development using "Malaria Endemicity" as an instrument for institutions. This instrument is superior to the previously used instruments in the literature which suffered from measurement error. Because the Malaria Endemicity measure captures the malaria environment before the discovery that mosquitoes transmit the disease and before the successful eradication efforts that followed, it is exogenous to both institutional quality and economic development. We find Malaria Endemicity a valid strong instrument which yields larger significant effects of institutions on economic development than those obtained in the previous literature.

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Musumba, Mark. "Three Essays on Economic Development in Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-08-11504.

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To achieve economic development, regional authorities have to address issues that relate to climate change, efficient information flow in the market place, and health care. This dissertation presents three essays on current issues of concern to economic development in Africa. Climate change is examined in terms of its effects on the Egyptian agricultural sector; transmission of world price to small scale growers is examined in Uganda; and the benefits of insecticide-treated bed nets use is examined in Africa. In essay I, to address the impact of climate change on the Egyptian agricultural sector under alternative population growth rates, water use and crop yield assumption; the Egyptian Agricultural Sector Model (EASM) is updated and expanded to improve hydrological modeling and used to portray agricultural activity and hydrological flow. The results indicate that climate change will cause damages (costs) to the Egyptian agricultural sector and these will increase over time. Egypt may reduce these future damages by controlling its population growth rate and using water conservation strategies. In essay II, I use vector autoregressive analysis to examine the transmissions of price information to Uganda coffee growers; using monthly coffee price data on retail, futures, farmgate and world prices from 1994 to 2010. Improved transmission of world prices to farmers may increase their decision making to obtain a better market price. Directed acyclic graphs reveal that there is a causal flow of information from the indicator price to the London futures price to the Uganda grower?s price in contemporaneous time. Forecast error variance decomposition indicates that at moving ahead 12 months, the uncertainty in Uganda grower price is attributable to the indicator price (world spot price), own price (farmgate), London future and Spain retail price in rank order. In essay III, the cost of malaria in children under five years and the use of insecticide treated bed nets is examined in the context of 18 countries in Africa. I examine the direct and indirect cost of malaria in children under five years and the benefit of investing in insecticide treated mosquito nets as a preventative strategy in 18 African countries. The results indicate that the use of mosquito treated nets reduces the number of malaria cases in children; and this can induce 0.5% reduction in outpatient treatment costs, 11% reduction in inpatient treatment costs, 11% reduction in productivity loss, and 15% reduction in disability adjusted life years (DALY) annually.

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Mazibuko, Jacob Brighton. "Enhancing project sustainability beyond donor support : an analysis of grassroots democratisation as a possible alternative." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2366.

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This research, has relevance in the wake of dwindling aid channelled to the third world rural poor. This study has explored ways of breaking away from benevolence and economism. The research explores four objectives that are focussed on scanning the boundary, in terms of challenges and possible solutions. This provides some in-depth understanding of challenges that face the process of establishing self-sustaining institutions of development. In the last two objectives, the research explores some programming alternatives that would enhance the establishment of democratic and participatory organisations that maximise social capital and grassroots democratisation. A list of guidelines specific to institutions has been drawn. The results of the survey reveal that sustainability cannot be predicted due to the uncertainties and ambiguities associated with project success. The hypothesis that participation and grassroots democratisation facilitates project success has been validated and there was greater project success in participatory organisations, given the baseline context.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

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Maartens, Francois. "Malaria risk in the Lubombo spatial development initiative area : a perceptual analysis and representation using geographical information systems." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4177.

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Tourism is the world's largest earner of foreign currency. It brings an estimated R20 billion a year into the South African economy, second only to the manufacturing and mining industry in its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). An estimated 1.7 million overseas and African tourists visited South Africa in 1999. Of the 1.7 million approximately 500 000 or 30% of these tourists visited KwazuluNatal. Forty seven percent of the foreign tourists visited the Zululand and Maputaland area, which falls within a malaria transmission zone. An estimated 8 million domestic tourists from outside or within this province travelled to one or more destinations within KwaZulu-Natal on an annual basis. The Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative is a tri-Iateral initiative between the governments of Swaziland, Mozambique and South Africa to develop the Lubombo region into a globally competitive economic zone. The geographical area targeted by this initiative is broadly defined as eastem Swaziland, southem Mozambique and north-eastem KwaZulu-Natal. Accelerated development with regards to agriculture and tourism is the main objective of the Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSD!). The Lubombo corridor has the potential to develop into an intemational tourist destination but malaria is hampering the growth and development of the region. Perceived malaria risk by tourists is believed to be an important factor that has a negative influence on the tourism industry in the study area. The risk factor, as defined in this study, is the possibility of contracting malaria whilst visiting a tourism facility in the area. It is therefore essential to understand perceptions relating to malaria and malaria risk in the LSDI area. Malaria control plays a pivotal role in the Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSD!). The objective of the malaria control component of the LSDI is to put in place a malaria control programme that will protect the economic interest of the Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSD!) and stimulate development. Malaria control activities have been taking place in the three countries since 1999. Residual house spraying is the method used to control malaria in the Lubombo corridor. Major reductions in both malaria cases and parasite prevalence have been recorded. Swaziland's malaria incidence reduced by 64%, South Africa's malaria incidence plummeted by a staggering 76% and Mozambique saw a parasite prevalence reduction of40% in the first year of residual house spraying in 1999. This study focuses on the scientific study of malaria incidence and distribution as well as on both tourists and tourism operator's perceptions of malaria risk. It considers the factors that drive people's perceptions of risk and investigates how tourists and tourism operators respond to malaria risk. It draws conclusions about how malaria impacts on tourism in the LSDI and recommends how malaria control can play a positive role in tourism development in the area.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

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McCord, Gordon C. "Essays on Malaria, Environment and Society." Thesis, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D83R10TP.

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The body of work presented here seeks to illuminate the complex relationship between human society, development, and environment for the case of malaria. While malaria profoundly affects human society and prospects for prosperity, public health measures and anthropogenic environmental change alter the intensity of transmission differentially around the globe. Using global maps of malaria risk, the first chapter finds that the elimination of the disease during the course of the 20th century occurred in places where the strength of transmission was weaker due to suboptimal ecology, and that this result holds even after controlling for income levels. The next chapter employs GIS datasets on population, urbanization, malaria risk, and malaria endemicity to spatially estimate the cost of fully deploying ecology-appropriate anti-malaria interventions in Africa; the cost of curbing malaria is found to be small (around $4 per person at risk per year), especially given its high disease burden and subsequent social and economic costs. I next construct a spatial month-to-month ecological index of malaria transmission strength, and use a climate change model to predict changes in ecological transmission strength of malaria and estimate the implied changes in incidence and mortality given current technology and public health efforts. The final chapter uses the malaria ecology index as an instrumental variable to estimate the effect of child mortality on fertility behavior. The large effect of child mortality indicates that malaria has an indirect effect on society beyond morbidity and mortality: high malaria burdens increase fertility rates, thus slowing the demographic transition. These chapters span the fields of epidemiology, public health systems, climate science, economics and demography in order to holistically model the relationship between malaria and human systems; such understanding of coupled human-natural systems will be vital to policy making for sustainable development.

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Qureshi, Nadine. "Malaria : a cause and effect of poverty : frequently asked questions." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14674.

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Hiscock, Julia. "Malaria Hysteria: An Investigation of Africa's Deadly Disease Burden and International Intervention." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15240.

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Malaria is a daunting epidemic killing millions of people annually and no region is harder hit than Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Each year there are more than 247 million malaria cases in SSA, resulting in more than 600,000 deaths. Despite a comprehensive understanding of the parasite and its transmission, worldwide eradication campaigns have failed to adequately control or eliminate the disease. This paper provides a meta-analysis of historical and current approaches to malaria eradication throughout SSA, highlighting past success and perceived failure to avoid repetitive progression down a path of narrowly focused eradication efforts. Through consideration of the economic costs associated with malaria, as well as a critique of current international elimination strategies, this analysis suggests sizeable and widespread returns to pursuing eradication measures. However, this paper finds that current methods are not sufficient to eradicate the malaria burden and multi-dimensional and all-encompassing approaches are essential to making malaria history.

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Gooch, Elizabeth. "Essays Estimating the Impact of Historical Public Health Crises on Development and the Human Condition." 2014. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/105.

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The lead essay measures the long-term impact of famine severity during the 1959-1961 Great Chinese Famine on contemporary per capita GDP and rural household income in China. Empirical results present a consistently negative relationship between famine severity and per capita GDP in 2010 supported using an instrumental variable approach. The instrumental variable (IV) based on the sequence in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took over continental China, exploiting the relationship between a local community's demonstration of loyalty to the new CCP regime, the radicalism of leadership during the Great Leap Forward social and agricultural reform starting in 1958, and the consequences of the Great Famine. The second essay utilizes the interaction of malaria prevention and the historical geographic distribution of malaria endemicity to estimate the average global impact mosquito-control has had on population growth. The differential benefit mosquito-control health campaigns may have had with respect to the initial malaria prevalence provides useful counterfactual groups for empirical analysis as well as possible evidence for the divergence in population development between the temperate and tropical regions of the world.

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Dickinson, Katherine Lee. "Indian Toilets and Tanzanian Mosquito Nets Understanding Households' Environmental Health Decisions in Developing Countries." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/593.

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Lopes, Nuno Guerra. "Business plan: antimalarial solutions." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/12427.

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JEL Classification: L65, M13
Malaria is an infectious disease that have caused huge losses to the human being, mainly for those who live in malaria endemic regions. In one hand, public entities spend millions in methods to avoid the transmission, in the treatment of infected people or in the eradication of the disease. In the other hand, half of the human population is at risk and there is half million deaths yearly, being considered one of the most dangerous diseases. Additionally to those who live in endemic regions, millions of travellers visit endemic regions yearly, causing an increase of the problem. As follows, the awareness around this infectious disease has been increasing, mainly due to the increase of the tourism around the world. The incorrect use of the existing medicines has induced to increasing the parasite resistance, reducing the efficiency of those medicines. In this way, it is imperative the development and launching of new medicines that could solve this problem. This problem was detected and both pharmaceutical companies and other entities are increasing their efforts in research and development, in order to find new antimalarial medicines that may decrease the malaria burden. However, the investment needed to the development of new medicines is excessively high, which means that not all the companies and entities are capable of performing those activities. Considering what was said above, the main objective of this Business Plan is to analyse the economic and financial viability of the development of a new antimalarial medicine.
A malária é uma doença infeciosa que nos últimos anos tem causado enormes prejuízos para o ser humano, principalmente para aqueles que vivem nas regiões endémicas. Por um lado, todos os anos as entidades governamentais gastam milhões de euros em meios para evitar o contágio, no tratamento dos pacientes ou na erradicação da doença. Por outro, esta doença é das mais mortíferas no mundo, estando cerca de metade da população em risco de contágio, havendo centenas de milhar de mortes por ano. Para além das pessoas que vivem diretamente em contacto com a malária, milhões de viajantes visitam aquelas zonas anualmente, aumentando ainda mais o problema. Desta forma, a preocupação em torno desta doença tem vindo a aumentar, um pouco devido ao aumento dos fluxos de turismo mundial. Devido ao uso indevido dos medicamentos existentes, o parasita da malária tem vindo a ganhar resistência aos mesos, sendo estes medicamentos menos eficazes. Desta forma, torna-se urgente o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos que possam fazer face a este cenário. Ao perceber este problema, tanto empresas farmacêuticas como outras entidades têm vindo a multiplicar esforços para que, através de investigação e desenvolvimento, apareçam novos medicamentos que atenuem as perdas provocadas pela malária. No entanto, o investimento necessário para desenvolver novos medicamentos é demasiado elevado e nem todas as entidades têm a capacidade para o fazer. Posto isto, o principal objetivo deste Plano de Negócios é o estudo da viabilidade económica e financeira do desenvolvimento de um novo medicamento que possa combater a malária.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic development – Malawi'

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