Journal articles: 'Economic development – Malawi'

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International Monetary Fund. "Malawi: Economic Development Document." IMF Staff Country Reports 17, no. 184 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484307311.002.

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Tchereni, B. H. M., T. J. Sekhampu, and R. F. Ndovi. "The Impact of Foreign Debt on Economic Growth in Malawi." African Development Review 25, no. 1 (March 2013): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12015.x.

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ADAMOLEKUN, LAPIDO, NOEL KULEMEKA, and MOUFTAOU LALEYE. "Political transition, economic liberalization and civil service reform in Malawi." Public Administration and Development 17, no. 2 (May 1997): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-162x(199705)17:2<209::aid-pad931>3.0.co;2-n.

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Cammack, Diana, and Tim Kelsall. "Neo-patrimonialism, Institutions and Economic Growth: The Case of Malawi, 1964-2009." IDS Bulletin 42, no. 2 (March 2011): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00214.x.

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Simukonda, PHM. "Integrated rural development in Malawi and socio‐economic change: The Karonga project." Development Southern Africa 11, no. 3 (August 1994): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359408439752.

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Tobin, Richard J., and Walter I. Knausenberger. "Dilemmas of development: burley tobacco, the environment and economic growth in Malawi." Journal of Southern African Studies 24, no. 2 (June 1998): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079808708582.

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Ericsson, Magnus. "The mining industry of Malawi." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 5, no. 2 (January 1987): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041048709409298.

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Cromwell, Elizabeth, and James Winpenny. "Does economic reform harm the environment? A review of structural adjustment in Malawi." Journal of International Development 5, no. 6 (November 1993): 623–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380050606.

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Friedland, Elaine A. "The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference and the West: Co-operation or Conflict?" Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 2 (June 1985): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000185.

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The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (S.A.D.C.C.) was established in 1979 to eliminate the economic dependence of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe upon the Republic of South Africa, and to create regional self-reliance –that is, economic development and regional co-operation. To attain these goals, S.A.D.C.C. seeks financial and technical assistance from all possible public and private sources, inculding international commercial banks and industrial corporations.

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Dorward, Andrew, and Jonathan Kydd. "The Malawi 2002 food crisis: the rural development challenge." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 3 (August 3, 2004): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000229.

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The recent food crisis in Malawi has drawn stark attention to the failures of development policies over the last forty years to create wealth and develop a robust economy or the markets on which such an economy must depend. Current market liberalisation policies have achieved at best mixed success in addressing the generic problems inhibiting smallholder agricultural development: low returns to farmers' and service providers' investments, with high risks from natural shocks, price variations, coordination failure and opportunistic behaviour. Post-independence institutional mechanisms in Malawi were more successful in addressing some of these problems, in particular those of coordination risk, although external and internal difficulties led to increasing costs and declining effectiveness of these mechanisms, and to their collapse. They do provide, however, important lessons about the different failures of both market intervention and market liberalisation policies. We suggest and discuss a set of critical elements needed for economic development and wealth creation in poor rural areas, and propose four basic principles to guide the search for, and design and implementation of, effective rural development strategies and policies.

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Segal, Edwin S. "Projections of Internal Migration in Malawi: Implications for Development." Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 2 (June 1985): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000197.

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Most of the world's developing nations are primarily rural and agricultural. Therefore, governments have tended to place a policy emphasis on development in those sectors, usually as a result of employing the relatively straightforward argument that they should focus on the needs of the largest proportion of the inhabitants. The movement of population is generally seen in the light of rural–urban migration, although there is some evidence and opinion that this is not per se as massive as usually estimated. In addition, Rakesh Mohan has developed an economic model that suggests a close linkage between the success of rural development policies and an expansion in urbanisation, based on the assumption that the former increase both demand for and awareness of urban goods and services, resulting in a greater propensity for people to move to those places where these resources are most readily availabe. Thus, the more it has to turn its attention to the urban consequences.

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THIERFELDER, CHRISTIAN, W. TRENT BUNDERSON, ZWIDE D. JERE, MUNYARADZI MUTENJE, and AMOS NGWIRA. "DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE (CA) SYSTEMS IN MALAWI: LESSONS LEARNED FROM 2005 TO 2014." Experimental Agriculture 52, no. 4 (November 20, 2015): 579–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479715000265.

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SUMMARYConservation agriculture (CA) was introduced to farmers in Malawi to address soil degradation, declining crop productivity and the need to adapt to climate variability and change. This research from 2005 to 2014 aimed at analysing the effects of CA on longer-term productivity and profitability compared with conventional systems as practiced in two communities of Central Malawi. CA treatments outyielded conventional ridge tilled control plots in Mwansambo and Zidyana on average by between 22 and 31%, respectively. An economic analysis from 2011 to 2014 found that, on average, income was 50 and 83% greater in CA systems than in conventional systems. The crops were produced with 28 -39 less labour days ha−1 compared with the conventional practice, leading to greater net benefits. Despite the higher returns with CA, there are still challenges with residue retention, weed control, adequate rotations, management of pests and diseases as well as other socio-economic constraints. At the same time, there are opportunities to address these challenges through site-specific and adaptive research using innovation systems approaches.

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Madise, Nyovani Janet, and Mabel Mpoma. "Child Malnutrition and Feeding Practices in Malawi." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 18, no. 2 (January 1997): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659701800205.

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The 1992 Malawi and Demographic Health Survey data are used to assess the association between breast-feeding practices, socio-economic and morbidity variables, and the nutritional status of children under the age of five years using multilevel models. About 27% of under-five children in Malawi are underweight, and nearly 50% are stunted. The results of this study suggest that socio-economicfactors, morbidity, and inappropriate feeding practices are some of the factors associated with malnutrition in Malawi. High socio-economic status, as measured by urban residence, the presence of modern amenities, and some maternal education, is associated with better nutritional status, whereas morbidity within two weeks before the survey is associated with low weight-for-age Z scores. Breast-feeding is almost universal and is carried on for about 21 months, but the introduction of complementary food starts much too early; only 3% of Malawian children under the age of 4 months are exclusively breastfed. Children aged 12 months or older who were still breastfeeding at the time of the survey were of lower nutritional status than those who had stopped breastfeeding. The analysis also showed a significant intra-family correlation of weight-for-age Z scores of children of the same family of about 39%.

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Sauer, Johannes, Hardwick Tchale, and Peter Wobst. "Alternative Soil Fertility Management Options in Malawi: An Economic Analysis." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 29, no. 3 (February 12, 2007): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v29n03_05.

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15

Good, Kenneth. "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 3 (September 1987): 505–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00009952.

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The nine member-states of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (S.A.D.C.C.) – Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Botswana, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland – are notable for their collective weakness relative to South Africa, and their very wide economic and political heterogeneity.1 Only four, or at most five, have economies whose annual G.D.P. exceeds $2,000 million: two of these, Angola and Mozambique, are under more or less constant attack from South Africa or its surrogate forces, while Tanzania is actually the most remote, physically and economically. At the same time, Malawi, Swaziland, and Lesotho – who are not in the so-called ‘Frontline’, unlike the other six – have rather close political relations with Pretoria, Malawi most substantively since as early as 1966 and Swaziland since 1982.2 Botswana is more independent politically, with a modest G.D.P. and very small population.

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Forssman, Linda, Per Ashorn, Ulla Ashorn, Kenneth Maleta, Andrew Matchado, Emma Kortekangas, and Jukka M. Leppänen. "Eye-tracking-based assessment of cognitive function in low-resource settings." Archives of Disease in Childhood 102, no. 4 (August 22, 2016): 301.1–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310525.

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BackgroundEarly development of neurocognitive functions in infants can be compromised by poverty, malnutrition and lack of adequate stimulation. Optimal management of neurodevelopmental problems in infants requires assessment tools that can be used early in life, and are objective and applicable across economic, cultural and educational settings.Objective and designThe present study examined the feasibility of infrared eye tracking as a novel and highly automated technique for assessing visual-orienting and sequence-learning abilities as well as attention to facial expressions in young (9-month-old) infants. Techniques piloted in a high-resource laboratory setting in Finland (N=39) were subsequently field-tested in a community health centre in rural Malawi (N=40).ResultsParents' perception of the acceptability of the method (Finland 95%, Malawi 92%) and percentages of infants completing the whole eye-tracking test (Finland 95%, Malawi 90%) were high, and percentages of valid test trials (Finland 69–85%, Malawi 68–73%) satisfactory at both sites. Test completion rates were slightly higher for eye tracking (90%) than traditional observational tests (87%) in Malawi. The predicted response pattern indicative of specific cognitive function was replicated in Malawi, but Malawian infants exhibited lower response rates and slower processing speed across tasks.ConclusionsHigh test completion rates and the replication of the predicted test patterns in a novel environment in Malawi support the feasibility of eye tracking as a technique for assessing infant development in low-resource setting. Further research is needed to the test–retest stability and predictive validity of the eye-tracking scores in low-income settings.

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Goncharov, Victor I., C. R. D. Halisi, and Yevgeny Tarabrin. "Recommendations: Southern African Development Coordination Conference and African Security." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 17, no. 1 (1988): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700500870.

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The overwhelmingly dominant regional power of southern Africa, South Africa, attempts to contain the political, economic, and military interdependence of neighboring states, irrespective of ideological preference. The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) founded in 1980, is the response of the other states in the region to South Africa’s ambitions to maintain regional hegemony. Its nine member state are Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and an independent Namibia is expected to join. The specific objectives of SADCC, as stated in the 1980 Lusaka Declaration, are the reduction of economic dependence in general (not only on South Africa); the forging of links to create a genuinely meaningful and equitable system of regional integration; the mobilization of resources to support national, interstate, and regional policies; and concerted action to secure international cooperation for the purpose of economic liberation.

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Taulo, John L., Kenneth Joseph Gondwe, and Adoniya Ben Sebitosi. "Energy supply in Malawi: Options and issues." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 2 (April 13, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i2a2192.

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Inadequate energy supply is one of the major problems confronting Malawi and limiting its social, economic and industrial development. This paper reviews the current status of energy supply and demand in Malawi; examines the major sources of energy, current exploitation status and their potential contribution to the electricity supply of the country; discusses key issues facing the energy sector; and identifies broad strategies to be implemented to tackle the energy supply challenges. Using secondary data for its critical analysis, the paper also presents modelling of long-term energy demand forecast in the economic sectors of Malawi using the Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED) for a study period from 2008-2030. Three scenarios namely reference (REF), moderate growth (MGS) and accelerated growth (AGS) were formulated to simulate possible future long-term energy demand based on socio-economic and technological development with the base year of 2008. Results from all scenarios suggest an increased energy demand in consuming sectors with biomass being a dominant energy form in household and industry sectors in the study period. Forecast results reveal that energy demand will increase at an annual growth rate of 1.2% and reach 5160 ktoe in 2030 under REF scenario. The growth rates for MGS and AGS are projected at 1.5% each reaching 4639 ktoe and 5974 ktoe in 2030, respectively. The final electricity demand of about 105 ktoe in the base year will grow annually at average rates of 13.8%, 15.3% and 12.6% for REF, AGS and MGS, respectively. Over the study period 2008-2030 the annual electricity per capita will increase from about 111 kWh to 1062, 1418 and 844 kWh for the REF, AGS and MGS, respectively. The final energy intensity will decrease continuously from about 13.71 kWh/US$ in the base year to 3.88 kWh/US$, 2.98 kWh/US$ and 5.27 kWh/US$ for the REF, AGS and MGS, respectively in the year 2030. In conclusion, the paper outlines strategies that could be utilized to ensure adequate supply of modern energy which is a key ingredient for achieving sustainable social and economic growth.

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Hill, T. R., E. L. Nel, and P. Illgner. "Partnership for Success—Community-Based Economic Development: A Case Study of Ngolowindo Cooperative, Malawi." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 25, no. 4 (August 2007): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c8p.

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Africa has a disproportionate share of the world's poorest countries and within this context economically weak states generally lack the ability to provide the ideal level of support and opportunities for their citizens. This paper examines how, in Malawi, a community-based economic development initiative, with the aid of a supportive NGO, has significantly improved rural livelihoods and facilitated market access in the formal market economy. Active government and NGO support for small scale irrigation farming coupled with their encouragement of community development led to the emergence of the Ngolowindo agricultural cooperative which serves as a useful model and example of locality-based development in Africa. After providing a context for the study in terms of both contextual literature and details specific to the Malawian context, the paper examines how the cooperative emerged, how it operates, what role the supporting NGO plays, and how products are sold. The study concludes with an overview of key findings and an examination of the lessons for local development in Africa.

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Johnson, Jessica A. "After the mines: the changing social and economic landscape of Malawi–South Africa migration." Review of African Political Economy 44, no. 152 (March 29, 2017): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2016.1273826.

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Hirschmann, David. "Institutional development in the era of economic policy reform: Concerns, contradictions and illustrations from Malawi." Public Administration and Development 13, no. 2 (May 1993): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230130203.

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House, William J., and George Zimalirana. "Rapid Population Growth and Poverty Generation in Malawi." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 1 (March 1992): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0000776x.

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There has been a long controversy over the likely impact of population dynamics on economic growth and development. As long ago as 1789 the Reverend Thomas Malthus argued in his famous ‘Essay on the Principle of Population’ that food production would not keep pace with the population's natural proclivity to grow in an unchecked fashion. In the absence of prudential checks, the result would be starvation, vice, and misery, with a tendency for economies to stagnate at a subsistence or poverty level of income.

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An, Danming, Natalie D. Eggum-Wilkens, Sophia Chae, Sarah R. Hayford, Scott T. Yabiku, Jennifer E. Glick, and Linlin Zhang. "Adults’ Conceptualisations of Children’s Social Competence in Nepal and Malawi." Psychology and Developing Societies 30, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333617747345.

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Adults in Nepal ( N = 14) and Malawi ( N = 12) were interviewed about their views regarding social competence of 5- to 17-year-old children in their societies. Both Nepali and Malawian adults discussed themes consistent with those expected in collectivistic societies with economic challenges (e.g., respect and obedience, family responsibilities, and social relationships). There were also unique themes emphasised in each country, which may correspond with country-specific religious beliefs or social problems (e.g., rules and self-control, and sexual restraint). Results provide novel information regarding adults’ perceptions of children’s social competence in Nepal and Malawi, and may help guide the development of measures of social competence.

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Banda, Lloyd George. "Tourism development and economic growth nexus in Malawi - A time-series data analysis, 1985-2015." International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 1, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51483/ijth.1.2.2021.12-20.

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Biruk, Crystal. "‘Aid for gays’: the moral and the material in ‘African homophobia’ in post-2009 Malawi." Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 3 (August 18, 2014): 447–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000226.

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ABSTRACTIn recent years, ‘African homophobia’ has become a spectacle on the global stage, making Africa into a pre-modern site of anti-gay sentiment in need of Western intervention. This article suggests that ‘homophobia’ in post-2009 Malawi is an idiom through which multiple actors negotiate anxieties around governance and moral and economic dependency. I illustrate the material conditions that brought about social imaginaries of inclusion and exclusion – partially expressed through homophobic discourse – in Malawi. The article analyses the cascade of events that led to a moment of political and economic crisis in mid-2011, with special focus on how a 2009 sodomy case made homophobia available as a new genre of social commentary. Employing discourse analysis of newspaper articles, political speeches, the proceedings of a sodomy case, and discussions about men who have sex with men (MSM) as an HIV risk group, I show how African homophobia takes form via interested deployments of ‘cultural’ rhetoric toward competing ends. This article lends a comparative case study to a growing literature on the political and social functions of homophobia in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Mponya, N. K., Z. L. K. Magombo, L. Pungulani, J. M. Brehm, and N. Maxted. "Development of a prioritised checklist of crop wild relatives for conservation in Malawi." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.12.

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The national increase in human population in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) demands for more food; while increase in the impact of climate change, demands for resilient agricultural production systems, and both call for improved agricultural productivity. Plant breeders will need adaptive traits to improve crop productivity and resilience. Crop wild relatives (CWR) have the potential to offer the much needed diversity for crop improvement, but their diversity is inadequately conserved. Lack of knowledge about their occurrence in Malawi, limits their systematic conservation and utilisation. Developing a CWR national inventory helps to define conservation priorities and actions. The objective of this study was to match checklists of crop genera and national flora, using their taxonomic and genetic relatedness information. This resulted into the first comprehensive annotated checklist of 446 CWR taxa in Malawi, which was prioritised by a set of criteria previously agreed with national stakeholders based on socio-economic importance of the related crop, potential use of the wild relative in crop improvement and threat status. The inventory comprises of 277 CWR taxa, identified as priority for conservation in Malawi; of which 78% were native. These belong to 56 genera and are related to 54 food, fodder, spices and beverage crops; and include taxa related to crops of regional and global importance. Eighty-seven taxa of highest priority for conservation were further identified, 12.6% of which have confirmed uses in crop improvement on pests and disease resistance, drought tolerance and yielding ability. The inventory will facilitate effective conservation and availability of these taxa for their use in crop improvement. Key words: Annotated checklist, national inventory, systematic conservation

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Holm, Rochelle H., Tikhala Chakalamba, Bwighane Ngasama, and Fanuel Kapute. "Geographic and occupational mobility of small-scale fishers of Lake Malawi: an exploratory study of water, sanitation, and hygiene access, Malawi." Water Policy 23, no. 4 (June 18, 2021): 897–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.058.

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Abstract The livelihood of small-scale fishers on the world's freshwater lakes cuts across the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which covers water and sanitation, and SDG 8 on economic growth. The aim of this study was to examine the nature and extent of fishers' mobility patterns and access to improved sanitation facilities, safe drinking water, and handwashing practices while at work and home for two fishing camps in Malawi. The study used key informant interviews, questionnaires, water quality testing, and an observational checklist, followed by interviews on fishers' occupational migration. Many fishers (85%; 51/60) live and work in fishing camps with their families. Most fishers only went on day trips, but 8% of their working days were away from the fishing camps. Only eight fishers had safe (0 cfu/100 ml) drinking water at home. Most fishers reported drinking (97%) from and going to the toilet (92%) in the lake during fishing. Historical trends in cholera cases did not correlate with higher periods of migratory behavior of fishers observed in this study. Improving the livelihoods of small-scale fishers requires attention to their culture, the economics of the industry, and geographic criteria while at work and within fishing communities along the shores of Lake Malawi.

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de Hoop, Jacobus, Valeria Groppo, and Sudhanshu Handa. "Cash Transfers, Microentrepreneurial Activity, and Child Work: Evidence from Malawi and Zambia." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 3 (November 2, 2019): 670–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz004.

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Abstract Cash transfer programs are rapidly becoming a key component of the social safety net of many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The primary aim of these programs is to help households improve their food security and to smooth consumption during periods of economic duress. However, beneficiary households have also been shown to use these programs to expand their microentrepreneurial activities. Cluster-randomized trials carried out during the rollout of large-scale programs in Malawi and Zambia show that children may increase their work in the household enterprise through such programs. Both programs increased forms of work that may be detrimental to children, such as activities that expose children to hazards in Malawi and excessive working hours in Zambia. However, both programs also induced positive changes in other child well-being domains, such as school attendance and material well-being, leading to a mixed and inconclusive picture of the implications of these programs for children.

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Calantropio, A., F. Chiabrando, J. Comino, A. M. Lingua, P. F. Maschio, and T. Juskauskas. "UP4DREAM CAPACITY BUILDING PROJECT: UAS BASED MAPPING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B5-2021 (June 30, 2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b5-2021-65-2021.

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Abstract. UP4DREAM (UAV Photogrammetry for Developing Resilience and Educational Activities in Malawi) is a cooperative project cofounded by ISPRS between the Polytechnic University of Turin and the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) Malawi, with the support of two local Universities (Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Mzuzu University), and Agisoft LLC (for the use of their photogrammetry and computer vision software suite). Malawi is a flood-prone landlocked country constantly facing natural and health challenges, which prevent the country's sustainable socio-economic development. Frequent naturals shocks leave vulnerable communities food insecure. Moreover, Malawi suffers from high rates of HIV, as well as it has endemic malaria. The UP4DREAM project focuses on one of the drone project's critical priorities in Malawi (Imagery). It aims to start a capacity-building initiative in line with other mapping missions in developing countries, focusing on the realization and management of large-scale cartography (using GIS - Geographic Information Systems) and on the generation of 3D products based on the UAV-acquired data. The principal aim of UP4DREAM is to ensure that local institutions, universities, researchers, service companies, and manufacturers operating in the humanitarian drone corridor, established by UNICEF in 2017, will have the proper knowledge and understanding of the photogrammetry and spatial information best practices, to perform large-scale aerial data acquisition, processing, share and manage in the most efficient, cost-effective and scientifically rigorous way.

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Zulu, Leo Charles. "Neoliberalization, decentralization and community-based natural resources management in Malawi: The first sixteen years and looking ahead." Progress in Development Studies 12, no. 2-3 (June 28, 2012): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499341101200307.

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This article reviews the paradoxical gap between theory/policy and reality from 16 years of community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) in Malawi’s fisheries, forestry and wildlife sectors, focusing on influences of imported neoliberal blueprints. The article argues that CBNRM has created shifting institutional hybridities melding neoliberal principles and modern institutions with neo-patrimonial institutions, producing more challenges than opportunities. Recent gains and bias toward revenue generation have not been matched by practical measures for ecological sustainability. Synthesis of trends, challenges, lessons and opportunities through an institutional choice lens contributes to understanding of relative costs and benefits of CBNRM in delivering ecological and socio-economic goals.

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Munthali, Simon M. "Traditional and modern wildlife conservation in Malawi – the need for an integrated approach." Oryx 27, no. 3 (July 1993): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300028003.

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Traditional wildlife conservation has remained effective in Malawi for more than a century despite great cultural changes. The modern approach, based on a system of protected areas controlled by the government, has been less effective. It has failed to gain the support of local people and the result has been much illicit encroachment into protected areas. For the future, a solution needs to be found that integrates modern and traditional conservation with rural economic development.

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Mtika, Mike Mathambo. "Social and Cultural Relations in Economic Action: The Embeddedness of Food Security in Rural Malawi Amidst the AIDS Epidemic." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 2 (February 2000): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a31190.

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In its prescription of how food security among rural households can be attained and how problems such as AIDS can be addressed, the neoclassical utiliarian view envisions individual house-holds making atomistic decisions in the use of their resources, goods, and services (entitlements). In exploring the effect of illness and death on household food security in rural Malawi amidst the AIDS epidemic, I find that the embeddedness view explains more convincingly how rural households secure their food supply and deal with illness and death. This view suggests that individual households' use of their entitlements indeed contributes to household food security and the fight against illness and death, but that such use is shaped by the entitlement system that embodies collective beliefs, rules, expectations, and obligations. Social and cultural relations between households, anchored in the entitlement system, enable households to share their entitlements through reciprocity and redistribution, thereby contributing to collective food security and diffusing the burden of illness and death across households. Rural Malawians are thus not isolated actors envisioned by the utilitarian view but social actors who constantly engage in negotiations with each other, sharing their entitlements, and thus collectively securing their food supply and diffusing burdens. Food security then gets compromised when burdens reach a threshold that fractures social and cultural ties thus disabling households from sharing entitlements. AIDS is a threat to food security in rural Malawi because of its potential to make the spread of illness and death burdens so extensive that households would be unable to share their entitlements.

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Wachter, Keri, Julie R. Talbot, and Rebecca L. Weintraub. "Use of the case method to show the link between health and economic development in rural Malawi." Lancet Global Health 2 (May 2014): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(15)70054-9.

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Adolfsson, Johanna Sofia, and Ole Jacob Madsen. "“Nowadays there is gender”: “Doing” global gender equality in rural Malawi." Theory & Psychology 30, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319879507.

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This article analyzes the intersection of psychology with global development policy and practice, reviewing how gender as a concept is negotiated and understood amongst men and women in rural Malawi. We argue that gender, considered from a psychological perspective, has been narrowed down to meet the standards of global policy actors. By empowering individuals to “self-actualize,” policy implementers expect social and economic spin-off effects such as lower birth rates, higher education levels, and poverty reduction. The focus on individuals acts to obscure the broader structural power inequities, is especially prevalent in rural Malawi. To explain this, we use Haslam’s idea of “concept creep,” on how psychological concepts tend to affect other institutional traditions. The everyday understandings of gendered life described here show how gender is a fluid concept that shifts according to cultural, social, and ideological norms.

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Revoredo-Giha, Cesar, Luiza Toma, and Faical Akaichi. "An Analysis of the Tax Incidence of VAT to Milk in Malawi." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 8003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198003.

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Dairy is a key investment sector for the Government of Malawi. On 1 October 2016, the Malawi Revenue Authority announced that milk, which until then had been exempted from value added tax (VAT), was going to be taxed at the standard rate of 16.5 percent. The measure has been met with strong opposition and thus, was short lived (eliminated in May 2017). The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the effect that such a tax would have on its incidence, on the different stages of the supply chain, and ultimately on its economic and social sustainability. The paper investigates these implications by developing a multimarket model applied to the Malawian dairy supply chain. The results indicate that 24.3 percent of the VAT revenues would be borne by consumers and the remaining 75.7 percent would be borne by the domestic dairy industry (i.e., processors and smallholder farmers). This was due mainly to the value of the price elasticity of consumers’ demand for pasteurised milk. The results highlight the vulnerability of inclusive value chains to economic policies that may affect consumers’ demand.

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Haundi, Tiyamike, Gift Tsokonombwe, Steven Ghambi, Theresa Mkandawire, and Ansley Kasambara. "An Investigation of the Socio-Economic Benefits of Small-Scale Gold Mining in Malawi." Mining 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining1010003.

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In the recent years, there has been a surge in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in various districts of Malawi. Reports of a gold rush have emerged in various districts, including Mangochi, Lilongwe, Balaka, and lately in Kasungu. There has been persistence by many indigenous communities participating in ASGM activities, yet little is being done by the government to formalize and support the sub-sector. The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of artisanal small-scale gold mining in Malawi and expose the shortfalls so that key stakeholders and policy makers are well informed. A quantitative approach which used semi-structured questionnaires was used and the data was analyzed using Microsoft excel and Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study shows that ASGM is characterized by people with low literacy levels, who use traditional tools (low-tech) and use methods fueled by lack of capital, and deficiency of basic knowledge of mining and geology. The study found that the government could achieve substantial socio-economic development from the sector by: (1) revising the current artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) legislation so that it embraces the customary practices whilst safeguarding the environment and improving the tax collection base; (2) providing support in form of mining related training and education to these communities; (3) leading in transfer of modern technologies for improved extraction; (4) supporting ASM cooperatives in securing credit facilities from financial institutions; and (5) closing the existing knowledge gap for ASM related issues through introduction of mining desk officers in district councils.

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Blunt, Peter, and Merrick Jones. "Managerial Motivation in Kenya and Malawi: a Cross-Cultural Comparison." Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 1 (March 1986): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00006790.

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Managers are increasingly seen as having a critically important rôle to play in development and nation-building,1and doubts concerning the appropriateness of transferring western ideas and practices to third-world countries are assuming urgent significance. Questions are posed about the impact of social and cultural factors on the management of organisations, and about relationships, between managerial thinking and behaviour and the national stage of economic growth. For example, A. Gladstone asserts that management is a key determinant in development in Africa's new nations, and notes that there has been little research and analysis concerning the evolving state of the managerial art in Africa, both in terms of what exists and what is needed … while management training for Africans has developed considerably, is this training the most appropriate? To what extent should traditional African management be discarded… are the various modern Western approaches relevant and effective in the setting up of African enterprises?2

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Takane, Tsutomu. "Disparities and diversities among female-headed households in rural Malawi after 20 years of economic liberalization." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30, no. 3 (November 2009): 358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00379.x.

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Power, Joey. ""Eating the Property": Gender Roles and Economic Change in Urban Malawi, Blantyre-Limbe, 1907-1953." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 29, no. 1 (1995): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485781.

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Power, Joey. "“Eating the Property”: Gender Roles and Economic Change in Urban Malawi, Blantyre-Limbe, 1907–1953." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 29, no. 1 (January 1995): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1995.10804373.

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Mgomezulu, Wisdom Richard, Abdi-Khalil Edriss, and Kennedy Machila. "Impact of Gliricidia Fertilizer Tree Technology on Smallholder Farmers Economic Livelihood in Malawi: Case of Kasungu District." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p162.

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Agriculture plays a huge role in farmer’s livelihoods in Africa. With the adverse effect of climate change on agricultural productivity, developing agricultural technologies that are adaptive to climate change is one of the perquisites for agricultural development. Gliricidia intercropping is one of the climate smart agricultural innovations; that is being promoted by most researchers. Gliricidia intercropping has many benefits. Despite evidence of such benefits, there exists some missing literature on the impact of Gliricidia intercropping on farmer’s economic livelihoods. The study used cross sectional data collected by ICRAF in Kasungu district which sampled 406 households and employed a Propensity Score Matching method to analyze the effect of Gliricidia intercropping on smallholder farmer’s incomes. Results showed that among the observable factors used to match participants and non-participants, hired labour, age, education level, soil type, perception of soil fertility and access to extension services significantly affected participation in Gliricidia intercropping. The Average Treatment Effect on the Treated showed that Gliricidia intercropping improves the economic livelihoods of farmers by increasing household monthly income by MWK 38,565.83 ($54) at 1 percent significant level. The study went further to conduct sensitivity analysis using the Rosenbaum bounds, and found that unobserved heterogeneity has to increase the odds ratio of participating in Gliricidia intercropping by 10-60 percent before it can negate the estimated ATT. The study then recommends promoting the adoption of Gliricidia intercropping by capitalizing on the factors that influence participation or adoption of Gliricidia intercropping in order to improve smallholder farmers’ incomes and hence their livelihoods.

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Green, D. A. G. "The administration of a rural development project: Part 2—Historical background and economic perspective to higher education for rural development in Malawi." Agricultural Administration 23, no. 2 (January 1986): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-586x(86)90032-4.

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Tambulasi, Richard I. C., and Happy M. Kayuni. "Can the state perpetuate the marginalisation of the poor? The socio-economic effects of the state's ban on minibus ‘callboys’ in Malawi." Development Southern Africa 25, no. 2 (June 2008): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350802090659.

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Njoroge, Martin W., Sarah Rylance, Rebecca Nightingale, Stephen Gordon, Kevin Mortimer, Peter Burney, Jamie Rylance, Angela Obasi, Louis Niessen, and Graham Devereux. "Cohort profile: The Chikwawa lung health cohort; a population-based observational non-communicable respiratory disease study of adults in Malawi." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): e0242226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242226.

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Purpose The aim of this article is to provide a detailed description of the Chikwawa lung health cohort which was established in rural Malawi to prospectively determine the prevalence and causes of lung disease amongst the general population of adults living in a low-income rural setting in Sub-Saharan Africa. Participants A total of 1481 participants were randomly identified and recruited in 2014 for the baseline study. We collected data on demographic, socio-economic status, respiratory symptoms and potentially relevant exposures such as smoking, household fuels, environmental exposures, occupational history/exposures, dietary intake, healthcare utilization, cost (medication, outpatient visits and inpatient admissions) and productivity losses. Spirometry was performed to assess lung function. At baseline, 56.9% of the participants were female, mean age was 43.8 (SD:17.8) and mean body mass index (BMI) was 21.6 Kg/m2 (SD: 3.46) Findings to date The cohort has reported the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms (13.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9–15.4), spirometric obstruction (8.7%, 95% CI, 7.0–10.7), and spirometric restriction (34.8%, 95% CI, 31.7–38.0). Additionally, an annual decline in forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] of 30.9mL/year (95% CI: 21.6 to 40.1) and forced vital capacity [FVC] by 38.3 mL/year (95% CI: 28.5 to 48.1) has been reported. Future plans The ongoing phases of follow-up will determine the annual rate of decline in lung function as measured through spirometry and the development of airflow obstruction and restriction, and relate these to morbidity, mortality and economic cost of airflow obstruction and restriction. Population-based mathematical models will be developed driven by the empirical data from the cohort and national population data for Malawi to assess the effects of interventions and programmes to address the lung burden in Malawi. The present follow-up study started in 2019.

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Abegunrin, Layi. "Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC): Towards Regional Integration of Southern Africa for Liberation." A Current Bibliography on African Affairs 17, no. 4 (June 1, 1985): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001132558501700405.

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Southern Africa has become a battleground between two ideologically and fundamentally opposed constellation of states, Pretoria and Lusaka constellations. The conflict between the two basically concerns the domestic racial policies and the future of South Africa. The Pretoria constellation was launched on July 22, 1980, and is led by P. W. Botha, the South Africa's Prime Minister. The Botha's axis is a designed strategy which essentially aims at using South Africa's economic power and wealth to manipulate its neighboring nine black ruled states; and to exert subtle pressure to ensure that they cohere with the white minority regime of South Africa. This ambition of the Pretoria constellation is a vital part of the total strategy of survival of the Botha government. This particularly involves the use of the economy as an instrument of maintaining ultimate political power and control based on the maintenance of the basic structures of apartheid. This has in turn motivated South Africa's opposition to the policies of economic and political liberation of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) states. The second, the Lusaka constellation and also known as the “Southern Nine” was launched on April 1, 1980. It consists of the nine Southern African States of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The declared aim of the Southern Nine is to form an alliance which would pursue an economic strategy that would reduce or eliminate their economic dependence on South Africa. To this end, the Southern Nine and the South African-occupied territory of Namibia unanimously adopted a Programme of Action aimed at stimulating inter-state trade with the ultimate objective of economic independence from South Africa.

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Margolies, Amy, Aulo Gelli, Roshan Daryanani, Aisha Twalibu, and Carol Levin. "When Communities Pull Their Weight: The Economic Costs of an Integrated Agriculture and Nutrition Home-Grown Preschool Meal Intervention in Malawi." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 42, no. 1 (March 2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572120986693.

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Background: Community-based preschool meals can provide an effective platform for implementing integrated agriculture and nutrition programs. However, there is little evidence on the costs and cost-efficiency of implementing these types of multisectoral interventions. Objectives: Assess the economic costs and cost-efficiency of implementing an effective integrated nutrition-sensitive intervention through a preschool platform in Malawi, including community-level contributions. Methods: The Strengthening Economic Evaluation for Multisectoral Strategies for Nutrition (SEEMS-Nutrition) framework and methods were applied to assess financial and economic costs of the intervention. A mixed-methods approach was used to measure and allocate costs for program activities and inputs using financial expenditure data combined with micro-costing. All costs were allocated to input and expenditure categories using the SEEMS-Nutrition framework. To facilitate comparisons with existing school meals programs, activities were also mapped against a standardized school feeding supply chain framework. Results: The total annualized cost of the program was US$197 377, inclusive of both financial and economic costs. The annual economic cost of the program ranged from US$160 per preschool child to US$41 per beneficiary. The principal drivers of cost by program activity were training (46%), school meals provision (19%), monitoring and evaluation (12%), and establishing and running community groups (6.5%). Notably, community contributions accounted for 25% and were driven by food donations and volunteer labor. Conclusions: Cost per beneficiary estimates of implementing an integrated agriculture–nutrition intervention through an early childhood development platform compare favorably with similar interventions. Further research is needed that applies a standardized economic evaluation framework to such multisectoral interventions.

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Niassy, S., R. Musundire, S. Ekesi, and A. van Huis. "Edible insect value chains in Africa." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2018.x005.

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This special issue was organised in the context of the 22nd meeting of the Association of African Insect Scientists (AAIS), in Wad Medani, Sudan in 2017. The aim was to ‘support impactful research that will yield genuine edible insects products and sustain value chains that enhance food and nutritional security and support sustained livelihoods in Africa’. The issue is composed of contributions from the following countries: Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. The issue attempted to strengthen the traditional inventory and perception studies and emphasise on contributions that explore entrepreneurial developments of insects use as food and livestock feed. The issue also looked at emerging R&D and innovations to enhance the use of insects to improve food and nutritional security and as a major sector in economic development in Africa.

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Kenyon, Lawrence, Margaret Brown, and Patrick Khonje. "First Report of Banana Bunchy Top Virus in Malawi." Plant Disease 81, no. 9 (September 1997): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.9.1096a.

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Banana plants of the Cavendish subgroup (Musa AAA, locally known as “Kabuthu”) with classical banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) symptoms were observed to be widespread in Thiwi Valley, Salima Agricultural Development Division, Malawi. The symptoms included marginal yellowing of the younger leaves, dark green, dot-dash streaks along the veins, petioles, and midribs, and shortened internodes. The aphid vector of this virus, Pentalonia nigronervosa, was abundant on bananas in this area (H. Thindwa, personal communication). Young leaf and midrib samples from apparently healthy plants and plants with symptoms were transported to the United Kingdom for testing. In a triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with poly- and monoclonal antibodies specific for BBTV (1), the samples from symptomatic plants gave positive reactions (OD infected ≥ OD healthy + 3SE healthy). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification tests were performed for confirmation with oligonucleotide primers BBT1 and BBT2, which are homologous to conserved regions in BBTV DNA component 1. All ELISA-positive samples produced a PCR amplification product of about 349 bp, whereas the healthy control samples did not. The sizes of the DNA fragments produced following restriction enzyme digest of the PCR product suggest that the Malawi virus falls within the South Pacific group of BBTV isolates (2). The presence of both the virus and its vector has the potential for causing great economic damage to this important banana-growing region, and recommendations have been made to eradicate all plants with symptoms. References: (1) R. G. Dietzgen and J. E. Thomas. Australas. Plant Pathol. 20:161, 1991. (2) M. Karan et al. J. Gen. Virol. 75:3541, 1994.

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Simukonda, Pacharo H. "The labour supply conditions for the transformation of peasant agriculture in Africa: Lessons from a Malawian experience." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 212–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v3i2.2608.

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In implementing rural development projects, African states expect that the otherwise poor peasantry would respond positively by maximising use of the productivity-enhancing technologies available to them, in order to improve their income status. The basic requirement is that the producer must supply significantly higher levels of productive labour-time, mainly from subsistence production and other traditional activities. The Malawi experience suggests that this process revolves around the critical role of both the physical and psychological dimensions of labour-time application. Therefore, the transformation of peasant commodity-surplus producers is unlikely to be effectively achieved, unless attainable commodity income is sufficient to at least support both customary production and subjectively defined socio-economic goals.

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Mmari, Donald Eliapenda. "The challenge of intermediary coordination in smallholder sugarcane production in Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000652.

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AbstractOrthodox approaches to development view the market as a key institution for driving economic transformation and for fostering innovation and competitiveness. The working of markets alone, however, does not always lead to improved outcomes such as increase in productivity or production efficiency in the context of smallholders. The role of non-market institutions, therefore, remains important. This paper examines the role of intermediary coordination in addressing constraints to efficiency and productivity of smallholder sugarcane producers in Tanzania. It also makes a contrastive analysis of a different organisational arrangement for smallholder sugarcane producers in Malawi. The key proposition is that while intermediary organisations of cane outgrowers in Tanzania have played a significant role in promoting effective market linkage, an increase in productivity required for competitiveness is limited by the lack of effective horizontal coordination.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic development – Malawi'

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