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1
Gajadar, B. "Economic adjustment programmes and the export sector of Guyana 1962-83." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233750.
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Efforts to diversify the colonial economy in Guyana after 1966 were unsuccessful. With the oil shock of 1973, and falling commodity prices after 1975, the economy became unstable. This instability is expressed in large balance of payments deficits, deficit financing, lower export levels and a rise in inflation. Policies to restore economic stability involved the implementation of stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes between 1977-84, with the participation of the IMF and World Bank. The objective is to investigate factors affecting economic stabilisation of both domestic prices and the balance of payments Emphasis is placed on the study of aggregate supply, which examines . the behaviour of exports and inflation. These two factors are linked to the balance of payments. The assumption is made that exports are influenced by supply variables, such as domestic output, international prices, labour costs and movements in the exchange rate. The analysis of exports reveals that their response is delayed and inelastic to changes in price and other factors. This is consistent with estimates for primary commodity exports from small low income countries. The partial adjustment/adaptive expectations model provides satisfactory evidence for the behaviour of commodity exports, except in the case of sugar. For sugar an export supply function is estimated. The analysis of inflation reveals that external influences are more dominant than domestic factors in the inflationary process. The results suggest that the supply response for all commodities is slow in the short run, but may be faster in the long run. This implies that the implementation of appropriate stabilisation policies may be able to improve the deficit in the balance of payments, but that lags may exist in the adjustment process. The constraining factors would be increased labour costs in the export sector and higher import prices for industrial inputs.
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Wixe, Sofia. "Regional diversity and economic performance." Doctoral thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-34097.
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This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four individual papers. In each paper the relationship between some form of spatial diversity and economic performance is analyzed. Diversity is treated as a potential source of externality effects, mainly in the form of knowledge spillovers. The first paper studies the impact of a broad range of spatial externalities on the productivity of manufacturing plants. While finding positive effects of specialization and competition, there is no support for positive spillovers of either related or unrelated industry diversity. The second paper argues that relatedness should be framed at the level of individuals and consequently should be measured in terms of, for example, education and occupation rather than industry belonging. The results show that educational- and occupational related diversity matter for regional productivity growth, while related industry diversity is positively related to employment growth. The third paper analyzes the importance of neighborhood related diversity, in terms of both industries and education, and internal human capital for firms’ propensity to innovate. The findings support that education and skills are strongly related to firm innovation. Additionally, firms in metropolitan regions are more innovative in neighborhoods with more related diversity in industries, while firms in rural regions seem to benefit more from related diversity in education. In the fourth paper, the location factor of interest is segregation, which may be regarded as inverse diversity. The results show that neighborhood segregation has a negative effect on individual employment. However, it is not the spatial separation of individuals with different backgrounds that causes lower employment but rather the distress of segregated neighborhoods.
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Bobb, Kamau Imara. "The Duality of Innovation: Liberation and Economic Competitiveness." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07182005-142553/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.<br>Dr. Susan Cozzens, Committee Chair ; Dr. Reginald DesRoches, Committee Member ; Dr. Monica Gaughan, Committee Member ; Dr. Bhaven Sampat, Committee Member ; Dr. Philip Shapira, Committee Member.
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Kizilaslan, Atay. "Immigration, diversity and economic growth evidence from U.S. States /." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07102006-121330/.
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Gatykaev, Ruslan, and Bogdan Voronetskyy. "The role of ethnic diversity in influencing economic growth." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41135.
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Bae, Jung Dae. "Essays on the Economic Implications of Immigration and Diversity." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586366017558288.
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Moran, Dominic. "Investing in biological diversity : economic valuation and priorities for development." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317651/.
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By all informed scientific accounts the world's biological diversity is currently in a critical condition. Biodiversity is vital for the continued existence of the global biosphere and, by extension, human wellbeing and development. It is inconceivable that a discipline predicated on the issues of scarcity and choice has nothing to contribute in terms of an understanding of either the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss, or in proposing solutions to the crisis. This thesis examines some of the economic parameters of the issue. Alongside the acknowledged root problems of market and institutional failure lies the question of economic valuation. Valuation of biodiversity puts conservation on a more level playing field with the economic forces which threaten its demise. Provided economic values can be appropriated (i.e. converted to flows of real economic resources) it becomes worthwhile for countries to invest in valuable biological assets. But the practice of economic valuation and the quantification of biodiversity are in their infancy and the complexity of the latter hinders the precise application of the former. Much of this thesis focuses on the use and development of the contingent valuation method (CV) as a flexible approach to valuing biodiversity. The method has a useful role to play in resource allocation, and, for valuing biological resources. Faced by the irreducible complexity of life which is the essence of biodiversity, CV does have its limitations. It is possible to conclude that existing valuation methods are a vital part of a "holding operation" alongside other surrogate approaches to setting priorities for global conservation. Nevertheless, the development of an interface between economic (preference-based) values, and biological values, which together can comprehensively inform conservation decisions remains the objective for the future.
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Luus, Martin. "Economic specialisation and diversity in South African cities / by Martin Luus." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/803.
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According to Naudé and Krugell (2003a) South Africa's cities are too small, dispersed,
and over concentrated. In South Africa, households in the country's urban areas have
average incomes almost thrice as high as the households in rural areas. More than 70% of
South Africa's GDP is produced in only 19 urban areas (Naudé and Krugell 2003b). In
Naudé and Krugell (2003a) it is stated that the rank-size rule shows that South Africa's
urban agglomerations are too small and the cities mainly offer urbanization economies
rather than localization economies. The main focus of this study will be looking at the
specialization and diversity of South African cities. The aim is to determine whether
certain cities should specialise in certain sectors, which they are currently involved in or
should they add to their city and become more diverse and specialize in other sectors in
order to promote economic growth. Many believe that a city which is more diverse would
grow faster than a city specialising in a certain and thus be more beneficial to the
economy than a specialized city would. This paper would like to address this
phenomenon with regard to South African cities<br>Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Langmead, Kiri. "Exploring the performance of democracy and economic diversity in worker cooperatives." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2017. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/23233/.
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Adopting the lens of diverse economies theory, this thesis explores the role of democratic praxis in supporting a shift from the perceived dominance and homogeneity of capitalism towards performative post-capitalist praxes of economic diversity and interdependence. Through a reflexive account of an 18-month ethnographic study it makes four contributions to knowledge. First, that democracy in worker cooperatives constitutes interconnected ways of thinking, being and acting. Central to this praxis of democracy is an understanding of the organisation as a conversation and product of individual-collective alignment that, when supported by and expressed through democratic practices, create spaces for ongoing and constitutive deliberation. Second, that this praxis of democracy lays the epistemological and ontological grounds necessary for the emergence of post-capitalist worlds. These grounds constitute the development of an anti-essentialist position, post-fantasmatic and weak theoretical stance, and learning to be affected vision on the world. Third, that these grounds and democratic praxis itself enable ongoing thinking-actions of re-appropriation and negotiation, through which members deconstruct capitalist homogeneity, foster economic diversity and interdependence, and cultivate post-capitalist subjectivities. Finally, the thesis contends that these understandings were enriched by reflexive engagement with the emotional and relational experience of research, and the epistemological and ontological congruence of research methodology, theoretical framework and organisational practice. Through the first three contributions the thesis adds a UK perspective to a narrow body of empirical literature exploring direct democracy in small worker cooperatives. More specifically, it adds to debates on the purpose and practice of workplace democracy in relation to the development of diverse economies thinking and practice. By reframing feelings of anxiety, frustration and contradiction as analytical starting points, the fourth methodological contribution furthers understandings of the role of emotion in organisational ethnography. Beyond these contributions, this thesis opens opportunities for shared learning both between researchers, and cooperative practitioners. In relation to the former it brings to the fore the ethical challenges of researching with close-knit communities and highlights the need for spaces of silence and slowness in maintaining a researcher’s ethical sensibilities. In relation to the latter, it offers an account of the imperfections, joys and struggles of democratic praxis, and makes visible both the possibility and messy reality of post-capitalist worlds. Most significantly, it reframes the contradictions inherent to cooperatives’ dual social-economic characteristic, not as risks of degeneration, but as creative moments that help worker-members to constantly reassess their practice, and their place within, against and beyond the capitalist economy.
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Hietanen, Markus, and Oskar Steinholtz. "A Cost of Integration? : Exploring the Short-Term Effects of Birthplace Diversity on Economic Growth." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377774.
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Increased global migration has spurred a vibrant current of research into the economic effects of cultural diversity. Birthplace diversity has become an important indicator used to measure cultural diversity caused by bilateral migration. We detect a lack of studies that explore the short-term effects of birthplace diversity on economic growth. Using a panel dataset including data from 110 countries between years 1990 and 2014, we explore the short-term effects of birthplace diversity on GDP per capita growth. We anticipated that birthplace diversity would carry short-term costs that would negatively affect economic performance, and that the positive effects of birthplace diversity found in previous studies would materialize only in the long-run. Our results provide only weak support for our hypothesis. In the long run our results do indicate a small positive effect of increased birthplace diversity among immigrants on GDP per capita growth, and an increase of the relative size of the immigrant stock correlates with lower GDP per capita growth in the short run, in a more pronounced and negative way.
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Crook, Carolyn. "Biodiversity prospecting agreements evaluating their economic and conservation benefits in Costa Rica and Peru /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58978.pdf.
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Stewart, Kara M. "An Examination of Economic Diversity on the Effectiveness of the Reach Out and Dance Program." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1320338751.
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Kolo, Philipp [Verfasser]. "New Approaches to the Dynamics, Measurement and Economic Implications of Ethnic Diversity / Philipp Kolo." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042470111/34.
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Jones, Melissa Kay. "Diversity and Economic Development in Urban Neighborhoods: A Case Analysis of Columbia City, Seattle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31561.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the ways racial and socio-economic diversity potentially affect economic development in Columbia City, one of Seattleâ s most diverse neighborhoods. Case studies of diverse metropolitan neighborhoods have not considered the impacts of diversity on economic development directly, and quantitative studies regarding diversity and economic development have produced conflicting results. Therefore, this exploratory research will attempt to answer the question, how do neighborhood actors perceive the relationship between racial and socio-economic residential composition and economic development in a diverse, urban neighborhood? For this study, the author conducted 22 semi-structured interviews with neighborhood stakeholders including nonprofit leaders, government officials, business owners, and residents. The author used the interpretive approach to analyze the interviews. Results derived from the perspectives, accounts, experiences, opinions, and understanding of neighborhood informants suggest an important connection between diversity and economic development.<br>Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Nathan, Max. "The economics of cultural diversity : lessons from British cities." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/187/.
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This thesis examines the economic effects of cultural diversity; it focuses on recent experience in British cities, and on links between migrant and minority communities, diversity and innovation. Like many western societies Britain is becoming more culturally diverse, a largely urban process driven by net immigration and growing minority communities. Despite significant public interest we know little about the economic impacts. This PhD aims to fill these major gaps. First, I explore connections between diversity, immigration and urban outcomes. I ask: does diversity help or hinder urban economic performance? Initial cross-sectional analysis finds positive associations between ‘super-diversity’ and urban wages. Using panel data and instruments to establish causality, I find that net immigration helps raise native productivity, especially for high-skilled workers, but may help exclude lower-skill natives from employment opportunities. De-industrialisation and casualization of entrylevel occupations partly explain the employment results. Next I investigate links between co-ethnic groups, cultural diversity and innovation. I explore effects of co-ethnic and diverse inventor groups on individual members’ patenting rates, using patents microdata and a novel name classification system. Controlling for individuals’ human capital, I find small positive effects of South Asian and Southern European co-ethnic membership. Overall group diversity also helps raise individual inventors’ productivity. I find mixed evidence of effects on majority patenting. I then explore the case of London in detail, using a unique survey of the capital’s firms. I ask: does organisational diversity or migrant/ethnic ownership influence firms’ product and process innovation? Results show small positive effects of diverse managements on ideas generation. Diverse firms are more likely than homogenous firms to sell into London’s large, cosmopolitan home markets as well as into international markets. Migrant entrepreneurship helps explain the main result. Together, these papers make important contributions to a small but growing literature on diversity, innovation and economic development
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Siegel, Paul B. "The relationship between changing economic structure and performance: diversification, diversity, growth, stability, and distribution impacts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40017.
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Van, Rensberg Thomas M. "The Spanish dehesas : an ecological economic analysis of Holm oak (Quercus ilex) woodlands and bird diversity." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399245.
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Jechoutek, Karl G. "Religious competition, Creole identities, and economic development : foundations of competitive diversity in early Victorian Cape Town." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11389.
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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 242-276).<br>What kind of economic development trajectory can be expected in cosmopolitan cities that display a high degree of cultural, religious, ethnic and social diversity? Much can be gleaned from examining defined periods in their history that show a rapid transition in religious/cultural and socio-economic terms. Cape Town, a city that prides itself on its deeply rooted diversity and hybridity, and aspires to global status as a creative urban hub after having emerged from the rigidities of apartheid, appears not to be able to manage a breakthrough to sustained long-term development. An examination of the city's transformational period during the early decades of the nineteenth century may explain why this is so. Competitive diversity in religion, culture and business provided the template for a highly individualised development path with a short time horizon. This work uses the analytical tools of human development theory, cultural value analysis, the linkages between religion and economics, rational choice theory, urban development studies, and the study of identity formation and creolisation to construct a lens for the review of religious and socio-economic discourse in Cape Town during the first half of the nineteenth century.
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Castelhano, Michael Joseph. "Staple Crop Diversity and Risk Mitigation - Potatoes in Bolivia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35254.
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Rural areas of most developing nations are dependent on agriculture. In the most remote areas, sometimes referred to as the â less favored areasâ (LFAs), the economic importance of agriculture is paramount. An important obstacle to development in these areas is that agriculture is at the mercy of nature, which may not be particularly friendly. These areas have remained remote due to natural shortcomings causing economic development to occur slower than more advantaged areas elsewhere. Cochabamba Department, in central Bolivia, is home to some of these LFAs. Most Cochabamban producers are located in the â high climatic riskâ (CIP-WPA) Andean highlands. Farmers in LFAs surrounding Cochabamba city produce (among other things) potatoes for market and home consumption; the potato is the main source of food and income for most residents. Previous studies and anecdotal evidence have shown that Andean potato farmers may plant upwards of 10 varieties of potatoes on small amounts of land (Brush, 92). Because of the low rates of improved crop variety adoption in many LFAâ s, efforts are needed to understand farmer objectives and needs with respect to variety characteristics. The goal of this study is to determine how exposure to risk factors impacts potato planting decisions through demand for potato variety characteristics. The main source of data for this project is a survey of 145 farm households implemented during the last quarter of 2007 in 3 communities of Cochabamba. These data were used to estimate an econometric model that evaluated the role of household, regional and variety characteristics in farmer decision making. Decisions about planting each variety were modeled with a Tobit framework and estimated by the Heckman method (as suggested by Cameron and Trivedi), with the impact of individual variety characteristics restricted to be the same for each variety. Several hypotheses were confirmed such as the importance of yield, though many results were different than expected. Blight tolerance was found to be negatively correlated with selection, although most farmers report taking some kind of action to decrease damage from blight. Possible explanations for this negative correlation are discussed in this paper, and strategies for overcoming these obstacles are suggested.<br>Master of Science
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Gittens, Thomas W. (Thomas Wilton) Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Political change in the Commonwealth Caribbean, 1960-1980; the dynamics of interaction of the economic, social and politico- ideological levels in Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Barbados." Ottawa, 1988.
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Harnoss, Johann-Daniel. "Essays on the economics of immigration and birthplace diversity." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010008/document.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la mesure et à l'analyse des effets de la diversité liée aux lieux (pays) de naissance d'une population. Nous montrons que la «diversité des lieux de naissance» est une dimension nouvelle de la diversité d'une population, qu'elle est conceptuellement et statistiquement distincte de la diversité ethnolinguistique ou génétique et que, contrairement à celles-ci, elle est corrélée positivement avec la productivité à long terme. Cet effet est plus important pour les immigrants qualifiés dans les pays riches. Nous montrons également que l'effet productif de la diversité est plus grand pour les immigrants qui sont proches culturellement des natifs du pays d'accueil - mais pas trop proches - et qui sont originaires de pays plus riches. Encore, étudions le lien entre la diversité des lieux de naissance et les attitudes vis-à-vis de l'immigration. Nous utilisons le World Values Survey pour 72 pays et montrons que les natifs qualifiés augmentent leur soutien à l'immigration lorsque la diversité des immigrants qualifiés est élevée. Les résultats sont robustes à l'utilisation du European Social Survey. Enfin, nous analysons le lien entre la diversité des lieux de naissance et les attitudes vis-à-¬vis de la redistribution en Europe. En utilisant des données de 29 pays Européens, nous constatons que les autochtones ont tendance à réduire leur soutien aux politiques de redistribution lorsque l'immigration est élevée. En outre, cet effet varie le long de la répartition des compétences des natifs et converge vers zéro pour les personnes éduquées; il est de plus robuste à l'utilisation de mesures plus précises des niveaux de compétences sur le marché du travail<br>This thesis deals with the economic analysis of population diversity, specifically diversity in terms of people's countries of origin. We propose an index of birth-place diversity for the work force of 195 countries in the years 1990 and 2000. We show that birthplace diversity is a new dimension of population diversity that is conceptually and empirically distinct from ethno-linguistic and genetic measures of diversity and, unlike these, is positively correlated with long-run economic output. This effect is larger for skilled immigrants in richer countries and robust in a SLS setting. We also find the productive effect of diversity to be larger for immigrants who are culturally close (but not too close) to natives and those who come from richer origin countries. We also investigate the link between birthplace diversity and attitudes to immigration. Using the World Values Survey with data for 72 countries, we find that skilled natives increase their support for immigration when diversity of skilled immigrants is high. results are robust to using the European Social Survey and also persist in a SLS model. We also find evidence for negative preference effects of immigrant diversity for more ethnocentric individuals. Lastly, we analyze the link between birthplace diversity and attitudes to redistribution in Europe. Using data for 29 European countries, we find that native workers tend to lower their support for redistribution of income when immigration is high. In addition, this effect varies along the skill distribution of natives, converges towards zero for highly educated individuals and is robust to using more detailed measures of labor market skill
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Spencer, Lindsay C. "Pottery technology and socio-economic diversity on the Early Helladic III to Middle Helladic II Greek mainland." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349177/.
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This thesis examines the various forms of ceramic technology being practised on the Greek mainland during the Early III to Middle Helladic 11 periods(henceforth the LEMH, or Late Early to Middle Helladic period, from 2200-1700 B. C. ). Cross-cutting conventional chronological units, the remit of this thesis encompasses a coherent phenomenon of material culture and settlement patterning that has often been stereotyped as simple,unsophisticated and even stagnant. In order to challenge this, and to understand the range of production behaviors being practiced within these LEMH communities, I examine the ceramic assemblage from two significant LEMH settlements: Lefkandia and Asine. I utilise a methodology that allows me to isolate specific technological attributes of the ceramics(namely fabric, forming, firing, surface treatment and decoration),in addition to petrographic and chemical analyses that ensure that the ceramics I discuss are locally produced. I then undertake a detailed analysis of the diachronic changes in manufacturing technology employed at these sites over the duration of the LEMH period. Extensive comparative assemblages from published material are then examined, allowing a wide corpus of local LEMH ceramic technologies to be identified. The results of these analyses are interpreted using a theoretical model widely informed by recent ethnoarchaeological work about(i) the 'fixedness' of certain manufacturing traits and the nature of human interaction that allow for their transmission across time and space and (ii) the socio-economic structures needed to support certain forms of ceramic production. The interpretation of my results shows a technological divergence between communities of the central Greek and those of the the southern mainland, with the former region displaying traits suggestive of specialised ceramic production,while the latter region appeared to maintain a strong tradition of household based production. This unexpected emergence of a strongly coherent regional production tradition in central Greece not only belies many suppositions about the complexity of systems of craft production during the LEMH, but may contribute to explaining the consumption of a much more homogeneous body of material culture in the central Greek region during the LEMH.
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Hémet, Camille. "Birds of a feather cannot always flock together : essays on the socio-economic impacts of local diversity." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0041/document.
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La diversité reflète le fait que les membres d’une communauté diffèrent selon certaines caractéristiques, liées à l'origine ethnique, au statut socio-économique ou à la culture. L’essor du commerce et l'intégration économique placent les sociétés modernes face à des niveaux de diversité croissants. Cette thèse évalue l’impact social et économique de la diversité locale. elle montre comment la diversité d’un quartier influe sur les conditions de vie et les perspectives d'emploi de ses habitants. Ce travail contribue à la littérature de trois façons: il examine des questions inexplorées à un niveau très local, révèle les mécanismes sous-jacents et fournit de nouvelles méthodes pour aborder la question de l'endogénéité. Le chapitre 1 montre que la diversité des origines a un effet négatif sur la qualité des biens publics locaux, du fait d’actes de vandalisme liés à un manque de pression des pairs, et du fait de l'échec de l'action collective qui permettrait une gestion efficace de la propriété. Aucun effet robuste sur la sécurité publique n’est à noter. Le chapitre 2 révèle que l'effet du chômage sur la criminalité a une dimension spatiale. Pour les crimes économiques, le taux de chômage des quartiers environnants a un effet plus fort que celui du voisinage immédiat, l'inverse étant vrai pour vandalisme. Le chapitre 3 montre que les personnes vivant dans un quartier plus diversifié ont des perspectives d'emploi inférieures, cet effet étant plus lié à la dimension culturelle qu’ethnique de la diversité. Le chapitre 4 développe un modèle rationalisant le recours des minorités ethniques à l'économie informelle en réponse à des conditions défavorables sur le marché du travail<br>Diversity reflects the extent to which members of a given community share different characteristics, usually pertaining to ethnicity, socio-economic status or even culture. As a result of trade development and economic integration, modern societies have to cope with increasing levels of diversity, both in terms of origins and social statuses. The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the social and economic impacts of local diversity. More precisely, this thesis shows how neighborhood level diversity affects individuals’ living conditions and employment prospects. This work contributes to the existing literature in three ways: it examines unexplored issues at a very local level, gives new insights about the underlying mechanisms and provides new methods to address the endogeneity issue. Chapter 1 shows that diversity in terms of origins has a negative effect on the quality of local public goods, due to vandalism, not deterred by social policing, and due to collective action failure to ensure effective property management. However, it has no robust effect on public safety. Chapter 2 reveals that the effect of unemployment on crime has a spatial dimension: for economic crimes the effect of unemployment rate in surrounding neighborhoods is stronger than that of the immediate neighborhood, while the reverse holds for vandalism. Chapter 3 shows that people living in a diverse neighborhood face lower employment prospects, but that this effect is more related to cultural (e.g. language) diversity than to ethnic diversity. Chapter 4 develops a model rationalizing the fact that ethnic minorities turn to the informal economy in response to adverse labor market conditions
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MacDonald, Kevin Craig. "Socio-economic diversity and the origins of cultural complexity along the Middle Niger (2000 BC to AD 300)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272785.
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Van, der Kevie Jéan. "The effect of diversity on teams in selected manufacturing organisations / J. van der Kevie." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4621.
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This study investigates employees' perceptions of diversity and its impact on the workplace, as perceived by employees themselves. The focus will specifically be on external diversity factors such as culture, race and gender and to what extent these factors can possibly be linked to differences in perceptions of the influence of diversity in the workplace.
We know that equality and diversity programmes should be aligned with an organisation's core strategic objectives. Not only is this alignment critical to achieving equality and diversity goals, but it also enables organisations to benefit from the business opportunities that diversity offers.
To better understand the role and importance of diversity and gain insight into social systems, quantitative measures of diversity were examined by means of questionnaires.
A major consideration for managers is the wide scope of behaviours, attitudes, and values of the diverse staff across socio–cultural boundaries, which are bound to affect organisational processes. Thus, it is crucial for managers to distinguish how staff of different socio–cultural backgrounds could be interacting within the organisation, and identify how perceptual effects may be manifested in multicultural group relationships.<br>Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Botha, Nicola. "Plant- and arthropod diversity of vegetable gardens along a socio-economic gradient within the Tlokwe Municipal Area / Nicola Botha." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8651.
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Globally urbanization has increased to such an extent that more than half of the human population currently resides in cities. In the years to come, urban expansion will especially take place in developing countries through efforts to improve economic growth and poverty alleviation. This may have a negative effect on native biodiversity within and surrounding urban environments. However, residential areas with a high proportion of gardens form a significantly large part of urban environments and these domestic gardens contribute to the maintenance and preservation of biodiversity in cities. Although the preservation of biodiversity in these gardens is important in the overall conservation of urban green spaces, little is known about how these gardens can possibly contribute to conservation purposes in urban areas.
Bearing in mind that anthropogenic activities are possible drivers of urban biodiversity, it is vital to quantify socio-economic aspects within urban ecological research. In developing countries, such as South Africa, the inclusion of socio-economic aspects are especially important because there is a wider gap between poor and wealthy households. There are also a larger number of people that are dependent on their gardens for subsistence purposes, such as vegetable gardening. In the Municipal Area of Tlokwe, South Africa, there exists a definite socio-economic gradient from the poorer western to the more affluent eastern part of the city. Five socio-economic status (SES) classes, primarily based on % unemployment, were used in this study.
The ultimate aim of this study was therefore to determine the plant- and arthropod diversity within urban domestic gardens along a socio-economic gradient. Vegetable gardens within domestic gardens were selected to quantify plant- and arthropod biodiversity. Biodiversity of adjacent lawns were also sampled for comparative purposes. The study also attempted to determine to what extent socio-economic aspects of city residents may be possible drivers of biodiversity within the gardens. Various other factors that might have an effect on the plant and/or arthropod diversity were included such as soil characteristics, specific management factors of the gardens and other land-uses surrounding domestic gardens.
Arthropod diversity was surveyd by means of pitfall traps and suction sampling in eight 0.25 m2 squares along an 8 m transect in each representative garden. Arthropods were identified up to morphospecies level. Vegetation was surveyed along the same transect and total species composition was determined. Plants were identified up to species level. The plant and arthropod surveys were conducted in both the vegetable gardens and lawns of all SES classes. For the soil samples a 1:2.5 water analysis was conducted. A social survey was conducted in all representative gardens by means of a questionnaire and a SPOT 5 satellite imagery was used to determine the land-use types in the areas surrounding the participating gardens. All the above mentioned factors were compared between the different SES classes.
Diversity indices for the arthropods, multivariate statistical analyses and ANOVA analyses were applied to test for meaningful variables between socio-economic status classes as well as vegetable gardens and lawns.
From the results it was evident that the more affluent SES classes had significantly higher arthropod diversity values, whilst the lower income classes had higher plant diversity. The factor analysis between the plants and arthropods with the surrounding land-uses revealed two significant factors. Firstly, arthropod diversity was influenced by domestic gardens in the surrounding landscape and there was a positive correlation between these two variables. This indicates that a high percentage of surrounding domestic gardens were possible drivers of arthropod diversity. No correlations were evident between plant and arthropod diversity. Secondly, the other significant factor showed that one SES class had a significantly higher percentage of woodlands and grasslands as opposed to two of the other classes that had a significantly higher percentage of built structures within the surrounding area. Differences were also apparent between the SES classes concerning management regimes, financial stability and level of education. The two more affluent SES classes had obtained a higher level of education and income and had management practices that were uncommon in the three poorer SES classes.
This study proposes that domestic gardens are a means to conserve biodiversity in cities. Vegetable gardens in domestic gardens will also be able to harbour a larger diversity of plants and arthropods than the lawns. The socio-economic status of residents also had a significant effect on biodiversity and therefore it should be included in studies on urban domestic gardens. This study also provides additional knowledge to the fundamentals of the field of urban ecology and the importance of using domestic gardens as an urban green space for conservation purposes.<br>Thesis (Master of Environmental Sciences)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Gaika, Lindiwe. "Adequacy of existing protected areas in conserving biodiversity at global and regional levels in relation to socio-economic conditions." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9646_1254305009.
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<p>At a meeting of worl leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, it was recognized that because of the tremendous increase in the size of the global populations (which now is estimated to exceed six billion), there were concerns that global biodiversity was at risk if insufficient land were not put aside for conservation within formal Protected Areas. The primary aim of this study was to compare investment in Protected Areas in relation to socio-economic conditions at global and regional levels.</p>
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Van, Zyl Tobey Zanelda. "Managing diversity for a sustainable competitive advantage in the changing European business environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5031.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study project is to investigate how organisations operating in the European Union (EU) can sustain a competitive advantage amidst the changing European business environment. Due to stiff global competition, organisations are searching for new markets to gain access to lower cost or higher quality inputs and pre-empt competitors that
may seek similar advantages. No global competitor can afford not to operate in the EU. The EU is the largest trade bloc in the world with 463,7 million inhabitants as opposed to 282 million inhabitants in the United States of America (USA).
The strategic management model described by Thompson and Strickland is adapted and used as a framework for the analysis of the external European business environment. A PESTE analysis reveals that European integration has resulted in momentous political, economic, societal, technological and environmental developments. These have in turn dramatically altered the competitive dynamics on the external European environment. In a competitive
analysis of the impact of the major driving forces on Porter's Five Forces the profit making attractiveness of the European environment will be identified.
Generic key success factors are identified from the PESTE analysis, driving forces and Porter's Five Forces. Operational effectiveness, the ability to innovate and the European management skill in the management of diversity will provide a sustainable competitive advantage in the European environment.
The management of international diversity is an essential element of the European management model. The ability of the European manager in the successful management of a diverse range of consumers, business environments, communications and behavioural styles across different states, is considered Europe's strong suit. A sustainable competitive advantage for organisations in the complex European environment lies in the ability to integrate the inherent diversity. Firstly, the ability to integrate diversity inherent in the fragmented operating structures throughout the various countries will maximize the key success factor of operational effectiveness. Secondly, the ability to integrate the workforce diversity by capturing the inherent value of diverse pockets of knowledge and experiences will achieve synergies. It will also improve the ability to innovate. The latter is the second generic key success factor.
The standardized USA approach in managing of international diversity appears to be detrimental to the USA MNCs' competitiveness in developing countries with consumer bases of millions of people. They will have to develop a new mindset and adopt new business models to achieve global competitiveness. It would further appear that the lack of experience in management of international diversity in USA organisations has minimized the ability to innovate. Multinational organisations in the USA are therefore starting to outsource
components of their innovative value chain to tap ideas from external sources.
European organisations exercise a global strategy approach that reflects the aspirations of a global approach, while the necessity for local adaptations of business activities is at the same time acknowledged. A literature review clearly indicates that the experience of EU organisations in international markets creates a competitive advantage.
European integration opens up unexploited opportunities for EU organisations to streamline value chain efficiencies and increase operational effectiveness. The practical research project performed at the Henkel Group in Dusseldorf, Germany, has revealed a strategic fit of the Henkel Group with the changing external environment. Recommendations have been made to
align the fragmented Henkel Travel Management processes with the strategic Henkel goal.
Increasing operational efficiencies in line with best practices shall contribute significantly to improved operating margins.
USA organisations have on average already achieved optimal levels of efficiencies through their global approach in streamlining their value chain activities. They are now focused on increasing innovation to sustain their growth. Organisations in Europe should invest in improving their innovation ability. This major opportunity to obtain a competitive advantage
is highly unexploited. Market leadership can be achieved when managers stimulate innovation by accessing diverse pockets of workforce knowledge from different cultural contexts within the EU.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie werkstuk is om ondersoek in te stel op welke wyse organisasies wat in die Europese Unie opereer 'n kompeterende voordeel kan behou te midde van die veranderende Europese besigheidomgewing. Weens stewige globale kompetisie soek organisasies na nuwe markte vir toegang tot laer koste of hoër kwaliteit insette en die voorspring van kompetisie wat soortgelyke voordele inhou. Geen globale mededinger kan bekostig om nie in die Europese Unie te kompeteer nie. Die Europese Unie is die grootste handelsblok ter wêreld met 463,7 miljoen inwoners teenoor 282 miljoen inwoners in die Verenigde State van Amerika (VSA).
Die strategiese bestuursmodel soos beskryf deur Thompson en Strickland is gewysig om as 'n raamwerk vir die analisering van die eksteme Europese besigheidsomgewing te dien. 'n PESTE analise openbaar dat Europese integrasie drastiese politieke, ekonomiese, sosiale, tegnologiese en omgewingsveranderinge teweegbring. Dit het op sy beurt weer gelei tot n
dramatiese impak op die kompeterende faktore in die eksteme Europese omgewing. In 'n mededingingsontleding van die impak van die belangrikste dryfkragte op Porter se Vyf Kragte sal die winsgewindheid van die Europese omgewing ook hieruit aangedui word.
Generiese sleutelsuksesfaktore word afgelei uit die PESTE analise, dryfkragte en Porter se Vyf Kragte. Operasionele doeltreffendheid, die vermoë om te innoveer en die Europese vaardigheid in die bestuur van internasionale diversiteit sal 'n volgehoue mededingingsvoordeel in die Europese omgewing verseker.
Die bestuur van internasionale diversiteit is 'n kern element van die Europese bestuursmodel. Die vermoë van die Europese bestuurder om 'n diverse groep van verbruikers, besigheidsomgewings, kommunikasie en gedragstyle oor verskillende lande heen suksesvol te hanteer, word beskou as Europa se sterkpunt. Die volgehoue kompeterende voordeel van organisasies in die komplekse Europese omgewing is opgesluit in die vermoë om diversiteit
inherent daarin te kan integreer. Eerstens sal die vermoë om die diversiteit inherent in die gefragmenteerde operasionele strukture regoor die verskillende lande heen te integreer, lei lot optimisering van operasionele doeltreffendheid as 'n generiese sleutelsuksesfaktor. Tweedens
sal die vermoë om die diversiteit van die werkers te integreer deur die inherente waarde van diverse kennis en ondervindinge vas te vang, sinergiee bewerkstellig. Dit sal ook die vermoë om te innoveer bevorder. Laasgenoemde is die tweede sleutelsuksesfaktor. Hul standaard benadering in die hantering van internasionale diversiteit blyk nadelig te wees vir die VSA se multinasionale organisasies wat in ontwikkelende lande meeding om
verbruikersmarkte van miljoene. 'n Paradigmaskuif word benodig om 'n wêreldwye
mededingingsvoordeel te bereik. Dit blyk voorts dat die gebrek aan ondervinding in die hantering van internasionale diversiteit ook die innoverende vermoë benadeel het.
Multinasionale organisasies in die VSA het begin om komponente van die innoverende waardeketting uit te kontrakteer om innovasie van eksterne bronne af te verkry. Europese multinasionale organisasies pas 'n globale benadering toe wat die aspirasies van 'n globale strategie kombineer met die aanpassing van besigheidsaktiwiteite uniek tot die plaaslike omstandighede. 'n Literatuurstudie wys duidelik uit dat die ondervinding van Europese Unie organisasies in internasonale markte tot 'n mededingingsvoordeel lei.
Europese integrasie skep geleenthede vir organisasles in die Europese Unie om
waardekettings regoor Europa te kannoniseer en om operasionele doeltreffendheid te veseker.
Die praktiese navorsingsprojek wat by die Henkel Groep in Dusseldorf, Duitsland afgelê is, het 'n strategiese passing met die eksterne omgewing aangetoon. Aanbevelings is gemaak om die gefragmenteerde prosesse van Henkel Travel Management met die strategiese doelwit van die Henkel Groep te vereenselwig. Verbetering van operasionele doeltreffendheid ooreenkomstig beste standaarde sal bedryfswins aansienlik verbeter.
Organisasies in die VSA het gemiddeld reeds optimale doeltreffendheid bereik deur die globale benadering in die rasionalisering van waardeketting aktiwiteite. Hulle fokus nou op die verbetering van innovasie om groei te verseker. Organisasies in Europa behoort te investeer in die verbetering van hul innoverende bevoegdheid. Hierdie kritiese geleentheid om 'n mededingingsvoordeel te verkry is hoogs onbenut. Markleierskap kan verkry word deur stimulasie van innovering met die inkorporering van diverse kundigheid uit die verskillende kulturele agtergronde van werknemers in die Europese omgewing.
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Islam, Mohammad Redwanul. "Exploring rural adolescents’ dietary diversity, ultra-processed food consumption, and relevant socio-economic correlates: a cross-sectional study from Matlab, Bangladesh." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387328.
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Background: Bangladesh is home to 36 million adolescents with the majority living in rural areas. Adolescence presents an additional window of opportunity to correct nutritional deficits among rural Bangladeshi adolescents. A high-quality, diverse diet is pivotal in this regard. Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is an emergent threat to public health. This study aimed to explore dietary diversity (DD) and UPF consumption in terms of gender and socio-economic stratification among rural adolescents in Matlab, Bangladesh. Methods: Adopting cross-sectional design 1441 adolescents were surveyed. Dietary diversity score and ultra-processed food consumption score (UFCS) were constructed through 24-hour recalls. Means and consumption proportions were compared across gender and socio-economic strata. Binary and ordinal logistic regression models were fitted to isolate socio-demographic variables associated with inadequate DD and higher UFCS respectively. Results: 43% of the adolescents had inadequate DD. Pro-boy gap in DD was evident, so was heavy reliance on rice and scant consumption of nutrient-rich foods. UPF consumption was low. Belonging to the richest and to food secure households were associated with lower odds of inadequate DD. Girls were more likely to have inadequate DD but less likely to have higher UFCS. Gender modified the effect of socio-economic status on UPF consumption. Conclusions: The diet of adolescents in Matlab lacked diversity, putting them at significant risk of nutritional deficiencies. Improving their DD requires pragmatic policies and tailored programs to tackle affordability and food insecurity issues, address social norms and intra-household dynamics that favor boys, and sensitize the adolescents to importance of consuming diverse diet.<br>15-year Follow-up of MINIMat Trial
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Lubbe, Catherina Susanna. "Comparison of the urban domestic garden flora along a socio-economic gradient in the Tlokwe City Municipality / Catherina Susanna Lubbe." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6589.
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Urbanisation has increased tremendously over the last 60 years so that more than 50 per cent of the
world population now live in cities. This is especially true for in developed countries, but it is expected
that developing countries will take the lead in future urban population growth. This increasing trend of
urbanisation has severe consequences for the environment, as it fragments and changes natural areas
and alter environmental conditions. This has compelled scientists from many different disciplines to
focus on the inclusion of humans into ecology as a driving force of change to create a better
understanding of urban ecosystems.
The diversity of fauna and flora in the urban environment provides a myriad of ecosystem goods (such
as food and fuel) and services (e.g. cleaning the air and reducing noise levels). Apart from these tangible
benefits, urban green space also provides recreational, educational and social benefits to urban
inhabitants. A surprisingly substantial proportion (21‒36 %) of the total urban green space that
produces these ecosystem goods and services is located in private yards. This portrays the importance
of the flora of this land-use type, but very little is known about garden flora and its potential for
conservation. The determinants of diversity and species richness in gardens were found to be different
than for semi-natural ecosystems, because of the high anthropogenic influence. One of these is the
socio-economic status of the inhabitants. People with higher socio-economic status were found to
harbour more diverse species assemblages in their gardens than those of lower socio-economic status.
This phenomenon was termed the “luxury concept”.
In the Tlokwe City Municipality (TCM), the legacy effects of apartheid created a steep socio-economic
gradient as a result of the inequitable distribution of economic, natural and social resources. The aims of
this study were to gain information on the flora that is present in the domestic gardens of the TCM and
to determine if socio-economic status (SES), a management index (MI) and demographic factors
influences the distribution of plant species between these gardens. A total of 835 plant species were
recorded from 100 domestic gardens and the majority were of alien origin. This large number of species
included some Red Data species, invasive alien species and also many utilitarian species. This portrays
gardens as important ex situ conservation habitats, but simultaneously it could also threaten the
integrity of our natural ecosystems through the distribution of alien invasive species.
The gamma, alpha and beta diversity were determined across five SES classes to describe the patterns of
domestic garden plant species diversity in the TCM. In accordance with other studies, correlations
showed that the SES of the inhabitants affected the plant species distribution in the study area. This was
especially true for the distribution of alien species that are cultivated for their ornamental value. More species were found in areas of high SES than those of lower SES. The other aspect that influenced the
distribution of plant species in these gardens were the MI, although this was to a lesser extent than the
effect of SES. The confirmation of differences along the SES gradient could be utilised by urban planners
and policy makers to correct this imbalance through the provision of urban green spaces where it is
needed most.<br>Thesis (M. Environmental Sciences and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Gerber, Nicolas Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Biodiversity measurement, species interactions and sustainability." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26796.
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Throughout the last two decades, biodiversity has been increasingly acknowledged as a valuable asset. However there are numerous challenges to managing the asset. Firstly, there is no universally accepted measure of biodiversity per se. As a consequence, rather than measuring the intrinsic value of biodiversity the focus has typically shifted to valuing biodiversity services. Secondly, biodiversity issues should not be considered in a vacuum, but rather alongside general natural resource management problems. Conservation agencies and regulators alike would greatly benefit from more transparent biodiversity targets for conservation policies and natural resource management. This thesis makes a number of contributions to meet these challenges including measuring biodiversity, modelling diverse ecosystems and considering biodiversity outcomes in the management of an environmental resource. To value biodiversity, it is essential to measure it. Focusing on pairwise genetic dissimilarities at the species level, this thesis develops two models for measuring biodiversity. An axiomatic diagnosis of the existing and new measures is presented. This comparison suggests that the adequate biodiversity measure depends on the context. The diversity measures describe the biodiversity catalogue available at a given point in time. Modelling biodiversity is important for forecasting the impact of conservation decisions and understanding the future value of biodiversity. The importance of each species, however, depends on its role in the ecosystem as well as its genetic diversity. The interactions between species are therefore investigated and described, using a new model built around CES production functions. Three existing models based on predator-prey equations are extended to the multi-species case. These interaction models provide the necessary link for biodiversity maintenance over time. The four models are compared using simulations and an axiomatic approach. This approach shows that the new model performs well, offers the flexibility required to describe different types of ecosystems and is less data intensive. Finally, a case study of natural resource exploitation is presented, illustrating the idea that biodiversity loss can have direct economic implications in natural resource management. The model shows the impact of market structures on the extraction path of the resource and the distribution of the resource rent.
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Gildenhuys, Annelie. "Leadership style as a component of diversity management experience / Annelie Gildenhuys." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2006.
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Woods, John D. "A study of the effects of business activity diversity on economic growth in small towns, as a consideration to landscape architectural site programming." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41529.
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During the past 40 years, landscape architects and other designers have used many approaches for economic revitalization of deteriorating commercial centers. Examples of projects designed to revive sluggish downtown economies have shown varied, and often uninspiring, results in stimulating downtown economies. This problem is most pronounced in rural communities. The ineffectiveness of these designs stems, in part, from the failure of landscape architects to apply economic theory to the design of physical space. This study explores the role that business activity diversity plays in the maintenance of economic stability and growth, as a means to find clues to possible revitalization strategies.
This analysis of business activity patterns in Virginia cities and counties, indicates that diversity among a community's businesses contributes to that community's economic health and resistance to obsolescence induced by changing economic patterns. Site programming must be conducted to support intended business activities in a way that improves their survivability and growth potential. Through this, and future research, the field of landscape architecture must move toward the design of space that supports diversity in economic activities. Landscape architects must respond with the same sensitivity to economic environments that they have shown toward aesthetic, ecological and social environments in the past.<br>Master of Landscape Architecture
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Ongosi, Anita Nyaboke. "Nutrient intake and nutrition knowledge of lactating women (0-6) months postpartum) in a low socio-economic area in Nairobi, Kenya." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25935.
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Breastfeeding is at its best when both the mother and infant benefit from the experience. Aim: To obtain data on the adequacy of the diet and nutrition knowledge of lactating women (0-6 months postpartum) living in a low socio-economic area in Nairobi. The findings could be used to plan future nutrition intervention programs. Research design: A cross-sectional survey in the quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Health status indicators, socio-economic and cultural factors were additionally investigated as interactive factors that could influence the nutrient intake and nutrition knowledge of the lactating women. Setting: Mbagathi District Hospital, located at the edge of Kibera slum area in Nairobi. Sample: Lactating mothers (0-6 months postpartum), who were visiting the Maternal-Child Health Clinic to bring their children for immunisation, were recruited. Convenience sampling was used (N=120). Informed consent was obtained from the mothers in their home tongue. Methodology: Individual interviews in Swahili, using structured questionnaires (Socio biodemographic questionnaire, Hunger Scale, 24 Hour-recall, and Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire), and anthropometry (according to standard procedure) were done in the quantitative domain. Seven structured focus group discussions were employed in the qualitative domain. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used on the quantitative data, and Krueger‘s framework of analysis on the qualitative data. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria; Ref no EC 080922-039, and research permission was granted by the National Council for Science and Technology, Nairobi; Permit no NCST/5/002/R/355. Main findings: Majority of women (92%) had energy intakes between 5040 – 10080 kJ/day with the mean energy intake of 6975.5 kJ/day which was lower than the recommended 11340 kJ/day. Macronutrient intake was within the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges, whereas the micronutrients were consumed below the recommended dietary allowances (WHO). The mean adequacy ratio (excluding niacin) was 0.74. The highest frequency of consumption (100%) was from cereals, while the lowest were for vitamin A rich vegetables/fruits (6.6%) and dairy products (1.7%). Overall, the mean Food Variety Score (FVS) was 6.6 ( ± 2.0) and the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 4.3 ( ± 1.0). Hunger assessment revealed 43 households that were food secure, whereas 77 households were either hungry or at risk of hunger. Majority of women (93%) had good nutrition knowledge but the rationale for applying the knowledge was lacking for most of the nutrition concepts. Socio-economic status, cultural beliefs and practices, health status and nutrition knowledge were all identified as probable factors that influenced the dietary intake of the lactating women. Recommendation: There seems to be a need for well-designed nutrition intervention programs focusing on nutrient intake from culturally acceptable and affordable foods to increase dietary diversity and food variety of lactating women in this low socio-economic area. With a concurrent increase in nutrition knowledge such interventions would improve their nutritional status.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Food Science<br>unrestricted
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Li, Yan Ting. "Seeking the balance between trade liberalization and cultural diversity in the framework of WTO and UNESCO :some suggestions to China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580115.
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Sylla, Daouda. "Essays on Culture, Economic Outcome and Wellbeing." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31202.
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Chapter 1: The Impact of Culture on the Second-Generation Immigrants’ Level of Trust in Canada
Trust is one of the main elements of social capital; it determines the extent to which an individual cooperates with others. In this chapter, I assess whether cultural factors influence the level of trust in the population of second-generation immigrants in Canada. This paper is related to two strands of empirical literature. The first analyses the determinants of trust and the second studies the cultural transmission of values, attitudes and beliefs. I follow closely the literature on the cultural transmission and use an epidemiological approach to assess whether trust of second-generation immigrants is affected by their cultural heritage. This approach consists of comparing information about the outcomes of second-generation immigrants with that of the country of origin of their ancestry. We apply this approach using the Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS), the World Value Survey (WVS) and the European Value Survey (EVS). Estimation results show that the average level of trust in the countries of origin of the ancestors of the second-generation immigrants has a strong significant impact on their level of trust. Thus, individual whose country of ancestry displays a high level of trust, tend to have a high level of trust. This provides evidence that individuals’ level of trust is not only explained by their personal experiences, characteristics, and the environment in which they live; but also by the culture in their country of ancestry. This means that culture does matter! I find that the results remain robust even if certain key countries are omitted or a different data set is used.
Chapter 2: Decomposing Health Achievement and Socioeconomic Health Inequalities in Presence of Multiple Categorical Information
This chapter presents a decomposition of the health achievement and the socioeconomic health inequality indices by multiple categorical variables and by regions. I adopt Makdissi and Yazbeck's (2014) counting approach to deal with the ordinal nature of the data of the United States National Health Interview Survey 2010. The findings suggest that the attributes that contribute the most to the deviation from perfect health in the United States are: anxiety, depression and exhaustion. Also, I find that the attributes that contribute the most to the total socioeconomic health inequality are ambulation, depression and pain. The regional decomposition results suggest that, if the aversion to socioeconomic health inequality is high enough, socioeconomic health inequalities between regions are the main contributors to the total socioeconomic health inequality in the United States. Chapter 3: Accounting for Freedom and Economic Resources in the Assessment of Changes in Women Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
This chapter assesses the importance of freedom in women’s wellbeing in twelve Sub-Saharan Africa countries by using data from Demographic Health Surveys. This paper presents a poverty comparison by using the stochastic dominance approach and relies on the economic resources and freedom as the two aspects of wellbeing which evokes the multidimensionality of poverty. This study is related to the following three pieces of literature: the sequential stochastic dominance, the multidimensional poverty, the Sen’s capability approach which is based on freedom. This paper is built on Makdissi et al. (2014) but differs from it in a number of respects. First, it focuses on poverty instead of welfare. Secondly, it applies the Shapley decomposition to determine the contributions of the economic resource distribution and the incidence of the threat of domestic violence to poverty changes over time. Consistent with previous work on the importance of freedom, I find that more freedom, i.e. less threat of domestic violence, affects women’s wellbeing positively since it decreases women’s poverty. The results indicate that women’s wellbeing has improved in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, and Zimbabwe and deteriorated in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania.
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De, Bruyn Celeste Marinda. "Dietary adequacy, variety and diversity and associated factors (anthropometry and socio-economic status) in pregnant women attending the Bishop Lavis MOU in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16476.
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Includes bibliographical references<br>Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the adequacy of the dietary intake of pregnant women attending Bishop Lavis MOU, in the Tygerberg area of Cape Town. Methods: One hundred and fifty-two women between 12 and 20 weeks' gestational age participating in the Main PASS study were recruited. They completed three interviewer-administered 24-hour dietary recall assessments on three different days, each approximately two weeks apart. Dietary reference values for adequate nutritional intake during pregnancy and the South African food based dietary guidelines and NARs and MAR were used to assess the nutritional adequacy. Anthropometric and socio-demographic information was also collected. Results: The results indicate that just over a quarter of the sample were classified as teenage pregnancies. The majority had between grades eight and ten, and had a monthly household income between R500 and R5000. With a mean energy intake of 10 168.4kJ, majority (79.5%) of the study sample did not meet the energy DRI. Close to half (42.8 %) of the study sample did not meet the DRI for protein intake. All participants met the carbohydrate EAR, and many exceeded the recommended fat intake. The intake of sugar and saturated fats exceeded recommendations with sugar contributing to almost half of the total energy from carbohydrates. The intakes of vitamin A, D and E, pantothenate, biotin, folate, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and manganese fell below the recommendations. Sugar was the most commonly consumed food item, followed by potato, chicken, milk, and white bread. Apples were the most commonly consumed fruit. When compared to the FBDG, the study sample consumed double the recommended portions of starch, half the recommended daily fruit and vegetables, and half the recommended legumes. Conclusion: The high intake of refined carbohydrates, especially sugar, and the high intake of foods high in saturated fats needs to be addressed. Micronutrient intake is generally poor, especially with nutrients that are vital to proper growth and development of the foetus. Education on appropriate dietary changes, as well as suggestions to make implementation of such changes affordable would be invaluable, and may contribute towards decreasing the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Ng'endo, Mary. "Variety for security : a case study of agricultural, nutritional and dietary diversity among smallholder farmers in western Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6d5dc1cf-a9ae-4499-bbc2-e8016970c3da.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural biodiversity, commonly referred to as agrobiodiversity, is that part of biodiversity that is geared towards agriculture and food production. Agrobiodiversity is said to contribute much to food and nutrition, but there is lack of data confirming this, particularly from Eastern Africa. To assess the extent of agrobiodiversity on smallholder farms and in local markets and to connect these to food intake and perceptions of food security among smallholder farmers in Western Kenya, the thesis asks four main research questions: (i) What is the extent of food plant diversity in smallholder farms, the bio-physical and socio-economic factors influencing it and the contribution of this diversity to the household's food needs? (ii) What is the relationship between agricultural and dietary diversity? (iii) What linkages are there between agricultural and nutritional diversity? (iv) How does access to agrobiodiversity in local markets contribute to meeting household food needs and what is the extent of smallholder farmers' integration into these markets? Through a combination of focus group discussions, farm and market surveys conducted across three time points, results indicate that: (i) higher food plant species richness is found on farms managed by wealthier and older households. However, these households are not more food secure than the rest, (ii) while there is a lack of a strong relationship between agricultural and dietary diversity, dietary diversity is instead significantly influenced by socio-economic factors including a household's wealth status, ethnicity and education level, (iii) despite a diversity of locally available on-farm and market food species meeting existing macro-and micro-nutrient needs, there is a general lack of understanding of this diversity as food shortage months coincide with a lack of maize despite high availability of a diversity of other foods not only to replace the maize but also to contribute to a diverse diet, (iv) smallholder farmers rely on multiple food sources, with markets mainly for sourcing cereals, fruits and animal source foods. There is also low integration of smallholder farmers as sellers in local markets. Together, the four case studies show interlinkages across food availability, accessibility and utilisation, which when addressed with equal weight, could unlock local agrobiodiversity's potential as a path to food and nutrition security of smallholder farming households.
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Zazini, Novela. "The impact of diversity in reporting on the editorial independence of small-scale regional community newspapers based in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53123.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Journalism in South Africa has to be looked at in its historical context. South Africa was
a country characterised by disparities. The same can be said about the media in this
country. Mainstream media concentrated on the priviledged few and projected their
views. On the other hand small regional community media aimed at marginalized
communities provided a "voice for the voiceless." These small newspapers focused on
the disadvantaged, rural and semi-literate communities. As a result of the history of this
country, mainstream media neglected the marginalized communities.
A need arose for redressing that imbalance and diversifying reporting. Small
community newspapers were the means to achieve that. Unfortunately these newspapers
fail to attract advertisers for various reasons. A large percentage of the marginalized
communities were unemployed and very few could afford to buy newspapers. One copy
of a newspaper was shared by between eight (8) and ten (10) people and that meant low
circulation figures. The level of literacy was low and those who were literate, had to
read to those who could not. The advertising industry was and is still biased and
prejudiced against community media.
Most small community newspapers died because of these economic factors. This brings
about a need for funding of these newspapers. Are funders prepared to pump money
without interfering with editorial independence of newspapers? This Assignment sets
out to analyse the conflict between the necessity for diversity in reporting
(accommodating the previously neglected) and journalistic independence (related to the
need for funding). For the purposes of this Assignment, the focus will be on small
regional community newspapers in the Eastern Cape, the Border/Kei- area in particular.
The purpose of this Assignment is firstly to ascertain whether moves to diversify
media/reporting are taking place - an ethical concern. Secondly to establish whether
those who fund these newspapers interfere with their content.
Various methods of research are used to establish the purpose of the Assignment.
Research methodology in use reveals that attempts to diversify the media by focusing
on marginalized communities becomes futile. The reason being that those who provide
funding directly or indirectly impose their ideas on the newspapers. Small community
newspaper then project the ideas of the priviledged people as result of the pressure from
funding. It can be concluded that a solution that regards diversity in reporting and editorial independence as ethical principles is necessary (deontological model). That
same solution would have to provide consequences that benefit the greatest number of
people (utilitarian approach). Such a solution would in essence ensure the survival and
sustainability of small regional newspapers and their editorial independence.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Joernalistiek in Suid-Afrika moet binne die historiese konteks beskou word. Die land
was gekenmerk deur ongelykhede. Dieselfde norm geld vir die media. Die hoofstroom
media wat op die kleiner, bevoorregte groep gekonsentreer het, het uiteraard slegs hul
siening geprojekteer. Andersyds is die kantlyn "stom" gemeenskappe tog voorsien van
'n stem deur die klein, gemeenskapsgerigte media. Dié klein koerante het gefokus op
semi-geletterde, minder bevoorregte inwoners van die landelike gebiede. Dit was juis
hierdie kantlyn gemeenskappe wat om historiese redes verwaarloos was. Die behoefte
het dus ontstaan vir die regstelling van die wanbalans en 'n diversifisering van
verslaggewing. Kleiner gemeenskapskoerante sou ideaal geskik wees om hierdie doel
te bereik. Ongelukkidg misluk hulle om verskeie redes om adverteerders te lok. Die
hoë werkloosheidssyfer en gepaardgaande armoede in hiedie kantlyngemeenskappe het
koerante onbekostigbaar gemaak vir die meerderheid. Een kopie is deur 8-10 mense
gedeel. Dit het op sy beurt die sirkulasiesyfer laat daal. Dié wat kon lees, moes
voorlees aan die meerderheid ongeletterdes.
Die advertensiewese was en is steeds bevoordeeld teen die klein gemeenskapsmedia.
Gevolglik kon hierdie projekte in die verlede om verskeie ekonomiese redes nie oorleef
nie. Dit op sy beurt plaas die behoefte vir befondsing onder die soeklig. Die vraag
ontstaan nou of sodanige befondsers die redaksionele onafhanklikheid van hierdie
media sal respekteer? Hierdie tesis poog om 'n analise te maak van die konflik wat
onstaan wanneer aan die een kant gepoog word om alle kantlyn groepe te betrek deur
diversifisering en aan die ander kant die befondsing wat bekom moet word sonder om
joernalistieke onafhanklikheid prys te gee. Vir die doel van hierdie tesis sal die fokus
wees op die klein gemeenskapskoerante in die Oos-Kaap, meer spesifiek die Grens/Keigebied.
Die primêre doel van die tesis is, eerstens om vas te stelof daar enige diversifisering
plaasvind in die joernalistieke/media area - dit is 'n etiese kwessie. In die tweede plek
moet vasgestel word of die befondsers inmeng in die inhoud van die ontvangerkoerante.
Verskeie vorms van navorsing word gebruik om bogenoemde doelwite te
bereik. Navorsingsmetodiek het bewys dat huidige pogings om te diversifiseer sodat
kantlyngemeenskappe betrek kan word, misluk. Die rede hiervoor is dat die befondsers
- direk of indirek - hul idees, wat uiteraard die bevoorregte gemeenskap weerspieël,
afdwing. Die slotsom is dat enige oplossing gebaseer moet wees op beginsels/reëls wat die
meerderheid sal bevoordeel. So 'n oplossing sal aanpasbaar moet wees by
omstandighede. Dit moet egter ten alle tye die oorlewing en volhoubaarheid van die
klein gemeenskapskoerante en hul redaksionele onafhanklikheid, waarborg.
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Prinsloo, Shireen. "The distribution and diversity of macroalgae in selected estuaries along the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012314.
Full textAbstract:
The growth and accumulation of macroalgae in estuaries are a common sight throughout the world (Boyer and Fong, 2005). Because macroalgae establish such complex but important links with other components within an estuary, it is essential to know which variables control and regulate their occurrences. The type of algae that will occur in an estuary depends however, on the physical and chemical features of the particular estuary (Lobban and Harrison, 1994). The focus of this study was to document and provide a listing of algae from estuaries around the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa and describe the communities which form within each estuarine habitat. The questions posed were: Do algae assemblages differ in estuaries with different environmental conditions? Are different plant communities inhabited by different algae communities? Also, are algae diverse in estuaries that are in a pristine condition? The estuaries were Mngazana, Ngqusi/Nxaxo, Mtati, Mpekweni, East Kleinemonde, West Kleinemonde, Kariega, Bushmans, Kowie and the Sundays estuary. Percentage cover surveys were conducted and environmental parameters recorded to determine community structure of algae and their environmental tolerances. A total of 49 different macroalgal species were identified from 11 estuaries, which were dominated by Chlorophytes (23 species) and Rhodophytes (17 species). The Ochrophytes consisted of 10 species. The highest number of species recorded was 29 at the Bushmans estuary (March 2009), while the lowest number (4 species) was recorded at Mtati (October 2008). Common Chlorophytes found included Ulva prolifera, Chaetomorpha linum and Codium tenue. In the Division Ochrophyta, species from the Genus Ectocarpus were the most common. Of the red algae filamentous reds, Polysiphonia incompta and Polysiphonia kowiensis were the common algae found at estuaries. Salinity (p= 0.029861; n= 49) and temperature (p= 0.037641; n= 49) were the driving environmental parameters of estuaries and significantly influenced richness of species. In ordination analyses, patterns of biogeographic distribution were noticeable and were described by salinity. Four gradients caused by salinity were therefore found – which is inversely correlated to water clarity. Moreover, a clear split between temporarily open/closed and the permanently open estuaries was observed. Samples grouped into four communities presumably based on the similarity in conditions of estuaries. Within each estuarine community and major type of estuary there was a range of environmental conditions. However, the macroalgae within each community may not have been colonists of or found in greatest abundances in the estuaries of these communities per se, but may have grouped together in this manner based on the optimum growing conditions for them. Also, specific algal groups were not directly determined by the type of estuary they were found in; they were driven by environmental ranges rather. The results therefore support hypothesis one which states species distribution and diversity differ and are influenced by environmental gradients of the estuary. Although close species and habitat relationships were apparent from the ordination analyses, providing support for hypothesis two which states “Different plant communities in estuaries will be inhabited by different macroalgae communities”, the evidence was not substantial enough to provide sufficient support for the hypothesis. Lastly, the hypothesis “Macroalgae are diverse in estuaries that are in a pristine condition” was not accepted as highest species numbers were found in estuaries of greatest anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. Bushmans estuary) and not in estuaries which where ecologically more natural (e.g. Mtati estuary). By doing monthly macroalgal sampling over a period of one year for example one would obtain greater information of biodiversity, and patterns of macroalgal seasonality may be uncovered as well. This is an area of reasearch which needs to be investigated in the future as it would greatly add to the understanding of the role macroalge have in an estuarine environment.
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Bush, Glenn K. "The economic value of Albertine Rift Forests : applications in policy and programming." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2309.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this thesis is to quantitatively understand the economic performance of protected area management strategies for forest and biodiversity conservation. Examples such as integrated conservation and development and eco tourism are assessed in terms of their ability to deliver on welfare benefits to local communities, and an assessment of the opportunity costs of forest conservation as a land use strategy. In addition the contribution of forest conservation in protected areas can make to poverty alleviation and economic development is also examined. The geographical focus of this study is the Albertine Rift region of East and Central Africa, stretching north from the southern end of Lake Tanganyika through the spine of Africa to the northern end of Lake Albert. The Albertine Rift is one of Africa’s most important landscapes for the conservation of forests and biodiversity. The overarching objective is addressed using a series of case studies empirically valuing the opportunity costs of conserving forests in a selection of sites in the central part of the Albertine Rift. The success of conservation is most often measured against progress in reducing habitat or species loss and not often in terms of the contribution of the protected area to poverty alleviation and local economic development. Achieving improvements of conservation strategies in the social dimension requires objective evidence on their effects. Economic valuation of protected area resources provides a quantitative means of assessing the promise and performance of conservation policies in achieving welfare benefits to local communities. This thesis provides three case studies each addressing current valuation and social issues in conservation and sets them in a context of managing protected areas in the broad dynamic setting of poverty alleviation and economic growth from a developing economy perspective. In addition two of the empirical studies are as concerned with methodological enquiry and the performance of novel environmental economic valuation techniques, such as the contingent valuation and choice modelling approaches, as the application of results to conservation questions. The empirical studies show that the benefits to local households and communities from their local forests may be greater than at first perceived. Across all protected area categories, biomes and income groups, households derived significant amounts of their overall income from their local protected area with large proportions of the value of goods harvested from forests being consumed in the home. Amongst income groups high income households often appropriated a greater share of the value of forest goods. There was no significant difference found between the household consumption and the sale of protected area products between income groups. The findings indicate that imposing reductions in forest use may increase poverty amongst local people whilst increasing household income will not necessarily reduce forest exploitation. This indicates that community conservation and integrated conservation and development programmes must target the poor forest adjacent households more actively to ensure poverty alleviation, whilst providing improved protection and law enforcement for effective conservation. It is also shown that biodiversity conservation can have an economic return through mountain gorilla eco-tourism. Findings show a disparity between what constitutes eco-tourism and the real values of tourists towards biodiversity conservation and local social benefits from protected areas. Despite showing a high marginal utility for biodiversity conservation, consumers are unwilling to pay for local community benefits from tourism as part of the permit price to view gorillas. Clearly the link between successful conservation and the welfare status of local communities is not sufficiently established in the minds of consumers to influence their spending decisions. The challenges of effectively mobilising communities to protect biodiversity are discussed in the context of the variable impacts of integrated conservation and development programs over the last three decades. Direct payment payments for conservation services schemes are discussed as an innovative tool to add to the gamut of community approaches currently on offer. Payments for conservation schemes are viewed with cautious optimism in terms of their possibility for success. Despite their allure of being more economically and socially efficient at achieving welfare and conservation objectives, given the complex nature of any society, no less research in to social and economic dynamics of protected area use by local communities would be needed to ensure success of such schemes. However, the overwhelming majority of benefits form protected areas are tied up in ecosystem services values. Mechanisms to generate funding and distribute payments for these benefits in terms of offsetting the local opportunity costs are essential to change local behavior and reduce forest degradation and destruction.
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Fantin, Jader Tadeu. "Os japoneses no bairro da Liberdade-SP na primeira metade do século XX." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102132/tde-28042014-092601/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo desta pesquisa é o estudo da presença dos imigrantes japoneses na Liberdade, bairro central de São Paulo, no período anterior ao bairro ser oficialmente caracterizado pelo poder público como Bairro Oriental, o que ocorre na metade da década de 1970. O estudo aborda a instalação dos primeiros japoneses na Liberdade, as atividades econômicas que desenvolveram, as instituições japonesas de auxílio presentes e os setores do bairro que ocuparam de 1908 até a metade da década de 1960, período em que se envolveram em grande diversidade de atividades econômicas.<br>The objective of this research is to study the presence of Japanese immigrants in neighborhood of Liberdade, central district of São Paulo, in the period before the district was officially characterized by the government as Eastern District, which happens in the middle of the 1970s. The research shows the installation of the first Japanese in the neighborhood of Liberdade, the economic activities they have developed, the Japanese institutions of assistance and the sectors of the district they occupied from 1908 until the middle of the 1960s, a period when they have engaged in wide range of economic activities.
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Rueda, Valeria. "When the times they’re not a changin’ : essays on the persistent effects of religion, investments, and ancestry on economic, social, and political behaviors at the subnational level." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0027/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les comportements politiques et sociaux tels que la participation politique, la confiance en autrui, l'engagement collectif, la prévention en santé, ou les attitudes vis à vis de la contraception, peuvent persister pendant de très nombreuses années. Cette thèse présente des travaux qui explorent et quantifient rigoureusement des instances de persistance dans ces comportements, en utilisant de nouvelles sources de données historiques et contemporaines. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contribuent à la littérature de trois manières différentes. En premier lieu, ils présentent une nouvelle base de données sur la présence des missionnaires chrétiens en Afrique et leurs investissements. Cette base de données est unique en ce qu'elle est entièrement géocodée et présente des données à un niveau de désagrégation très fin. En deuxième lieu, ces travaux mettent en avant de manière originale des canaux de persistance dans le développement qui ne sont pas attribuables aux différences institutionnelles. En troisième lieu, en analysant la marge intensive de la diversité, ces travaux proposent aussi une nouvelle manière d'aborder la question de l'endogénéité dans l'étude du rôle économique de la diversité des origines dans une société. La première partie de cette thèse est un travail sur l'effet persistant sur le développement de l'activité missionnaire en Afrique subsaharienne. La deuxième partie de cette thèse étudie les conditions sociales qui font que les différences d'origine peuvent devenir une barrière à la réussite économique aux États-Unis<br>Individual and social behaviors, such as voting patterns, the ability to trust others, participation in the community, health-seeking behaviors, or attitudes towards contraception, can persist over many years. Relying on new historical and contemporary data sources, the works compiled in this thesis aim at explaining and quantifying rigorously instances of persistence in behaviors and preferences. This work presents three contributions to the literature. Firstly, it compiles a new micro-level geocoded historical datasource on missionary activity in sub-Saharan Africa. Secondly, it has elucidated, in original ways, channels of persistence in development, which are not attributable to formal institutions. Thirdly, it has analyzed the intensive margin of diversity, providing a new way to address the endogeneity issue in the study of the role of diversity on income. The first part of the thesis is a work on the long-lasting influence of missionary activity in sub-Saharan Africa. I present there the research I have conducted with Julia Cagé. It relies a new database that we constructed and geocoded based on the Geography and Atlas of Protestant missions. This research is developed in the two first chapters of the thesis. The second part of this thesis studies the social conditions under which ancestry differences act as a persistent barrier for individual earnings in the United States. The United States is a natural choice to study the persistent effect of ancestry on income, as this is a country that was populated by subsequent waves of migration from different origins during a relatively short period of time. Moreover, the American Census Bureau has recorded data about ancestries since the 1850s
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Hofmann, Roswitha. "Lernperspektiven für ein nachhaltigkeitsorientiertes Gender-und Diversitätsmanagement." Netzwerk Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung NRW, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7035/1/ssoar%2Dgender%2D2010%2D2%2Dhofmann%2DLernperspektiven_fur_ein_nachhaltigkeitsorientiertes_Gender%2D.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Mittels Gender- und Diversitätsmanagement
(GDM) und unterschiedlichen Formen des
Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements bzw. "nachhaltigen
Wirtschaftens" sucht man in Organisationen
bereits seit einigen Jahrzehnten,
strukturellen und normativen Verantwortungs-
und Veränderungsanforderungen zu
begegnen. Bisher wurde jedoch im deutschsprachigen
GDM-Diskurs kaum Bezug auf
Fragen des nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens genommen.
Ziel des Beitrags ist es, in Form
konzeptioneller Überlegungen eine Verknüpfung
von GDM und dem Bereich des nachhaltigen
Wirtschaftens anzuregen, um damit
die reflexive Basis wissenschaftlicher und praxisbezogener
Diskurse in beiden Bereichen
stärker auf die Re-Produktionsmechanismen
von Diversitätsdimensionen und die damit
verbundenen Differenzsetzungen zu richten.
Zu diesem Zweck werden Konzepte des organisationalen
Lernens herangezogen und
deren entsprechendes Potenzial diskutiert.
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Friberg, Gusten, and Johansson Carl Åström. "What determines the amount of reported goodwill impairment? : An investigation of Nasdaq Stockholm OMX (OMXS)." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39539.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The question on how to account for goodwill has long been a subject that causes big debates among actors within financial accounting. In 2004, the IASB released a new standard, IFRS 3 – Business Combinations, that changed the accounting for goodwill. The interpretation for goodwill impairments according to IAS 36 has led to findings in studies that show patterns of earnings management and that a possible gap exists between the standard setter’s basic aim of IAS 36 and what actually is done by the practitioners. Purpose: Examine what determines the amount of reported goodwill impairment for firms listed on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm (OMXS). Method: To fulfil the purpose of the thesis, the authors takes a quantitative research approach by a using a multiple linear regression model. The regression model is based on proxies for economic impairment, earnings management and corporate governance mechanisms from previous literature (Stenheim & Madsen, 2016; AbuGhazaleh, Al-Hares, & Roberts, 2011; Riedl, 2004). The data used for the regression model has been collected from published annual reports of 69 firms listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm OMX (OMXS), between the years 20072016. Conclusion: The findings of the thesis show that the accounting behaviour of “Big Bath” is exercised for firms listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm OMX (OMXS). The proxies for economic impairment have, to some extent, an impact on the amount of reported goodwill impairment, but the majority of the proxies for corporate governance mechanisms does not affect the amount of reported goodwill impairment. These findings might suggest that the standard IAS 36, which regulates the accounting for goodwill, may not entirely fulfil its purpose of creating a more transparent financial reporting.
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Velinov, Emil Iordanov. "ORGANISATION LIFE CYCLE AND COUNTRY SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IMPACT ON TOP MANAGEMENT TEAM CHARACTERISTICS." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191799.
Full textAbstract:
The dissertation examines the impact of Organizational Life Cycle (OLC) and the Country Socio Economic Characteristics (CSEC) on Top Management Team (TMT) Characteristics. The dissertation first elaborates and establishes the theoretical link between Organization Life Cycle, Country Socio-Economic Characteristics and characteristics of TMT. Second, a quantitative empirical study is conducted to test the OLC phases and CSEC impact on the TMT characteristics through characteristics. The dissertation outlines a detailed research methodology based on the state-of-art in the area of OLC, TMT and CSEC that will be implemented to answer the key research questions in regards to the scope of the doctoral thesis. Data set is collected from the 300 largest Swiss, German and Czech companies at year-end 2011, including detailed data on the country socio economic characteristics and career backgrounds of all TMT members (executive boards) at these companies at the end of 2011. A detailed procedure is developed to accurately classify organizations at different lifecycle phases, drawing extensively on existing literature and scales. Multilevel data analysis techniques are employed to understand how the different organization lifecycle phases influence both the level of TMT characteristics as well as changes in TMT composition and diversity due to inbound and outbound mobility of top managers over time. Substantial research synergies and knowledge transfer effects expected to emanate from this dissertation. In the dissertation regression and correlation analysis are applied for each phase of the companies' OLC in Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic. The dissertation states that more mature the company is more diversified the TMT are regardless the country. Also, the country impact has its own role in the relationship between the OLC and TMT characteristics which is expressed by the findings that Switzerland and Germany are more diversified than the Czech Republic in terms of TMT characteristics as gender diversity, age diversity, nationality diversity, education background of the TMTs, TMT dominant functions and TMT career length. The doctoral thesis contributes to the research by revealing relationships between TMT, CSEC and OLC theories. Also it develops methods and techniques for finding the interconnections between the OLC phases, CSEC with the TMT characteristics and the dissertation outlines the future research gaps in the area of TMT.
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Ager, Philipp. "Essays in applied economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119325.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis consists of four essays. In the first essay, I examine how the historical planter elite of the Southern US affected economic development at the county level between 1840 and 1960. I find that counties with a relatively wealthier planter elite before the Civil War performed significantly worse in the post-war decades and even after World War II. In the second essay we investigate the link between religious membership and rainfall risk across US counties in the second half of the nineteenth century. Our results indicate that church membership and seating capacity were significantly larger in counties likely to have been subject to greater rainfall risk. In the third essay, we examine the effect of removing restriction to bank entry on bank failures exploiting the introduction of free banking laws in US states during the 1837-1863 period. Our main finding is that counties in free banking states experienced significantly more bank failures. In the fourth essay we examine the effects that within-county changes in the cultural composition of the US population had on output growth during the age of mass migration. Our main finding is that increases in cultural fractionalization significantly increased output, while increases in cultural polarization significantly decreased output.<br>Aquesta tesi consisteix en quatre articles. En el primer assaig, s’examina com l’èlit històrica del sud dels EUA va afectar el desenvolupament econòmic a nivell de comtat entre 1840 i 1960. He trobat que els comtats amb una èlit relativament més rica abans de la Guerra Civil empitjoraven significativament en les dècades de la postguerra i fins després de la Segona Guerra Mundial. En el segon assaig s’investiga la relació entre l’afiliació religiosa i el risc de pluja a través dels comtats dels Estats Units en la segona meitat del segle XIX. Els nostres resultats indiquen que la comunitat de l’església i el nombre de seients van ser significativament majors en els comtats amb probabilitats d’haver estat subjectes a un major risc de pluja. En el tercer assaig, s’analitza l’efecte de l’eliminació de restriccions a l’entrada de bancs en la fallida de bancs que exploten la introducció de les lleis del “free banking” als estats dels EUA durant el període 1837-1863. La nostra principal conclusió és que els comtats en els estats amb “free banking” experimentaven significativament més fracassos bancaris. En el quart assaig s’examinen els efectes que els canvis dins del comtat en la composició cultural de la població dels EUA, van tenir en el creixement de la producció durant l’era de la migració massiva. La nostra principal conclusió és que l’augment de fragmentació cultural, van augmentar significativament la producció, mentre que l’augment de la polarització cultural, disminuia significativament la producció.
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Jonathan, Norris Allen. "Transitioning Central Appalachia: Understanding Framework Conditions Supporting the Adaptation to New Energy Economies." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1524242893014265.
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Vallée, Vincent. "Changements à long terme de la structure et de la diversité des peuplements de poissons de fond du plateau continental de Guyane Functional richness and turnover patterns reveal assembly rules structuring marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana Diversity recovery and temperature induced species shift in tropical marine fish communities after a trawling fishery collapse Local and regional assembly rules on a long time period in marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0004.
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Dans le contexte actuel de surpêche et de réchauffement climatique, il est nécessaire d’adopter une gestion écosystémique des ressources halieutiques. Ce travail de thèse apporte des éléments de réponse à cette problématique en se penchant sur le cas de la pêcherie crevettière guyanaise et de son impact sur les communautés de poissons associées. Comme dans la plupart des régions tropicales, les eaux côtières de Guyane se sont réchauffées d’environ 1°C entre 1990 et 2017. En revanche, comme dans peu d’endroits au monde, la pression de pêche s’est quasiment effondrée sur cette même période. Ce cas d’étude est donc une bonne opportunité pour comprendre la réaction des communautés de poissons de cette région tropicale après une diminution progressive et à grande échelle de la pression de pêche dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les facteurs environnementaux jouent un rôle dominant dans la structuration des communautés de poissons marins en Guyane. Les analyses montrent notamment des augmentations de certains indicateurs de diversité, une augmentation du spectre des tailles maximales théoriques des espèces et une augmentation de la redondance fonctionnelle qui est un facteur clé pour la stabilité des peuplements. Ces éléments témoignent d’une restructuration des communautés et mettent en avant leur capacité à retrouver un état riche et stable en une période relativement courte d’une douzaine d’années voire moins. On observe néanmoins une tropicalisation des communautés qui pose des questions sur l’évolution future de la diversité des écosystèmes tropicaux au regard des différents scénarios climatiques<br>In the actual context of overfishing and climate change we need to develop an ecosystem-based management of fisheries. This thesis work will try to bring answers to this issue by analyzing community assembly and the impact of French Guiana’s fishery on fish communities. As most of tropical regions, coastal waters in French Guiana have been subjected to an increase in temperature around 1°C between 1990 and 2017. However, as for only a few regions in the world, fishing pressure has collapsed in French Guiana during the same period. This case study is therefore a good opportunity to understand how tropical fish communities have responded to a progressive decreasing fishing pressure on a large scale and under climate change constraints. The aim of this work is to provide useful information for tropical fisheries with similar characteristics which tend to a more efficient ecosystem-based management with lower fishing pressure. The study showed that the environment plays a dominant role in community structure and that it has become more important over time. Results showed also significant increases in several diversity indices and an increase in theoretical maximum size spectra of surveyed fish which indicates a restructuring of communities. This recovery is associated with an increase of functional redundancy which is a key factor for the stability of ecosystems. Global results showed a great recovery capacity towards a richer and more stable state of communities in a relatively short period of time around 10 years
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Subandono, Subandono. "Institutions, croissance économique et entrepreneuriat : causes et conséquences des activités entrepreneuriales sur le développement économique des régions indonésiennes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010041.
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Le but de cette thèse est d'examiner les causes et les conséquences des activités productives des entrepreneurs. Cette étude utilise la base de données sur les régions d'Indonésie pour mettre à l'épreuve des faits nos hypothèses. Le premier chapitre scrute le rôle de l'entrepreneur dans la dynamique du marché du travail. Son originalité est d'introduire la structure du chômage et de travailleur indépendant pour expliquer la relation entre l'entrepreneuriat et le chômage. Le deuxième chapitre cherche à renouveler le raisonnement sur les relations entre les institutions et l'entrepreneuriat. La particularité de cette étude est d'expliquer ces relations au travers de l'ontologie d'Aristote de la contingence et de la prudence. Le troisième chapitre étudie les conséquences de la diversité culturelle sur l'entrepreneuriat. Nous proposons que la diversité culturelle n'influence pas seulement la compétence des individus à découvrir des opportunités, mais qu'elle se trouve également à l'origine de ces opportunités. Le quatrième chapitre étudie les effets des activités productives des entrepreneurs sur la croissance économique. Nous proposons quatre types de modèles économiques: Innovation-économie managériale, innovation-économie entrepreneuriale, imitation-économie managériale et imitation-économie entrepreneuriale. Le cinquième chapitre a pour but de comprendre les conséquences de l'entrepreneuriat sur le processus de la convergence économique. Nous proposons que l'égalisation du capital entrepreneurial à la période initiale soit un facteur nécessaire à la formation de convergence club<br>This dissertation aims to examine the causes and consequences of entrepreneurial productive activities. This study makes use Indonesian cross-region database to investigate empirically our hypotheses. The first chapter observes the role of entrepreneurship in the dynamic of the labor markets. The value of this chapter is to consider the structure of unemployment and self-employment to uncover the entrepreneurship-unemployment relationships. The second chapter seeks to renew the explanation of the relationships between institutions and entrepreneurship. The originality is to explain this relationship through Aristotle's ontology of contingency and prudence. The third chapter investigates the consequences of cultural diversity on entrepreneurship. We propose that cultural heterogeneity not only influences the ability to discover profit opportunities, but it also is the origin of these opportunities. The fourth chapter studies the effect of entrepreneurial productive activities of economic growth. The novelty of this chapter is to propose that a country's model of economic growth may fall into four possible economic models: innovation-managed economy or innovationentrepreneurial economy and imitation-managed economy or imitation-entrepreneurial economy. The fifth chapter aims to understand the consequences of entrepreneurship on the process of convergence. We propose that the equalization of entrepreneurial capital at the initial period is a conditioning factor of convergence club formation and different types of entrepreneurship based on technology intensity matters for explaining the process of catch-up