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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic diversity in Guyana'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

FERNANDEZ, JULIO C. C., PABLO R. D. RODRIGUEZ, GEORGE G. SANTOS, ULISSES PINHEIRO, and GUILHERME MURICY. "Taxonomy of deep-water tetillid sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Spirophorina) from Brazil, with description of three new species and new characters." Zootaxa 4429, no. 1 (2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.2.

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Since the 19th century the deep-sea sponges from Brazil have been studied and many of them are still being discovered. This study describes five species of tetillid sponges from deep waters of the Brazilian economic exclusive zone; three are new, one is a new occurrence, and another is a known species which is here analyzed. The new species found are: Cinachyrella clavaeformis sp. nov. from the Columbia Seamount (85 m depth), Cinachyrella strongylophora sp. nov. from the Almirante Saldanha Seamount (270 m depth) and Craniella curviclada sp. nov. from slope of the Espírito Santo Basin (500 m depth). The two new species of Cinachyrella possess microacanthoxeas like those found in Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka 1929); this last species occurs in Caribbean region (4–100 m depth) and in N, NE and SE Brazil (0.2–100 m depth). The type material of Craniella corticata (Boury-Esnault 1973); from NE Brazil (75 m depth), has been found to be a synonym of Cinachyrella kuekenthali. Craniella crustocorticata van Soest 2017; from the Guyana shelf and slope (618–500 m depth), is here reported from the slope of NE and SW Brazil (400–700 m depth). A disorganized choanosomal skeleton (in Cinachyrella clavaeformis sp. nov.), strongyles (in Cinachyrella strongylophora sp. nov.) and a single-layered cortex of tangential oxeas (in Craniella crustocorticata) are new diagnostic characters that have led us to propose slight amendments in the definitions of Cinachyrella Wilson 1925 and Craniella Schmidt 1870. We discuss these and other morphological characters as well as their usefulness in Tetillidae. The diversity, distribution and bathymetry of tetillid sponges from Brazil are discussed and our knowledge of the composition of deep-sea sponges (deeper than 100 m) off Brazil is updated.

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2

International Monetary Fund. "Guyana: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 99, no. 52 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451816730.002.

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3

LaPolla, John S., Ted Suman, Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo, and Ted R. Schultz. "Leaf litter ant diversity in Guyana." Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 2 (2006): 491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-6229-4.

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4

International Monetary Fund. "Guyana: Recent Economic Developments and Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 96, no. 123 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451816716.002.

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5

Mars, Joan. "Ethnic Diversity and Police–Community Relations in Guyana." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 47, no. 4 (2009): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662040903381578.

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6

Kumar, Ronald Ravinesh. "Remittances and economic growth: A study of Guyana." Economic Systems 37, no. 3 (2013): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2013.01.001.

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7

LIM, BURTON K., and MARK D. ENGSTROM. "Bat community structure at Iwokrama Forest, Guyana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 5 (2001): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001481.

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With 86 species, Iwokrama Forest in central Guyana has the highest reported bat biodiversity for a protected area in the world. Using standardized capture data for 73 of these 86 species, we document community structure of bats in terms of species diversity, relative abundance, gross biomass, feeding guilds, vertical stratification and a trophic-size niche matrix. Based on faunal surveys in 1997, with similar amounts of effort in the forest canopy and at ground level, the greater fruit-eating bat (Artibeus lituratus) was by far the most ecologically dominant species in terms of frequency of capture and biomass. In total, frugivores comprised 70% of the species diversity and 78% of the biomass. The most common species of bat were fully partitioned in a resource niche matrix of size and trophic guild when vertical stratification was included as a variable. We conclude that resource partitioning and species packing differentially affect relative size in tropical bats, and are better summarized and analysed in three dimensions.

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8

Depoo, Tilokie. "Guyanese remittance motivations: altruistic?" International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 3 (2014): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2013-0046.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the remittance behavior of Guyanese immigrants living in three communities of New York City, USA to assess their remittance behavior and if these are motivated by altruism or the intent to return to live in Guyana. Over the last two decades, remittances accounted for approximately 17 percent of the GDP of the Guyanese economy and continue to grow. The bulk of these remittances are significant from its native sons and daughters residing in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – This case study uses non-experimental survey research design with survey data collected from 300 participants living in New York, with 236 selected for analysis. Findings – Guyanese living in New York City remit monies to Guyana because of a pure altruistic motive as well as believing that their contributions have a positive impact on the economic development of their nations regardless of their intention to return to Guyana. These findings support the altruistic model on remittance motivation. Research limitations/implications – The data gathered for this survey are restricted to three communities in the USA where Guyanese are significant in numbers, thus limiting generalizations and findings to other countries such as Canada, England, where there are significant enclaves of Guyanese immigrants. Practical implications – New York-based Guyanese deem their remittances as contributing to the economic development of their country. This suggest that there may room for a coordinated policy on the part of the Government of Guyana to develop a coordinated plan to engage overseas-based Guyanese to remit more to help with Guyana economic development efforts. Originality/value – This is the first study to survey Guyanese in their host countries to gather information on remittances motivation and the perceived impact of these remittances from the sender's perspective. The paper highlights the significant remittance contributions of US-based Guyanese and their net private flows to Guyana.

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9

Taylor, Moe. "“One Hand Can't Clap”: Guyana and North Korea, 1974–1985." Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 1 (2015): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00530.

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In a little-known episode of the Cold War that challenges many common assumptions, North Korea forged extensive political, economic, military and cultural relations with the small South American-Caribbean coastal state of Guyana in the 1970s and 1980s. During this time, Guyana was ruled by an authoritarian socialist regime under Forbes Burbham, whose unorthodox conception of “socialism” was viewed skeptically by Communist countries other than North Korea. Burnham's program of “co-operative socialism,” which envisaged a population strictly obedient to his own wishes as the supreme leader, was distinctly similar to the juche philosophy espoused by the long-time North Korean dictator, Kim Il-Sung. Burnham deeply admired North Korea's economic and military “achievements,” attributing them to the strict obedience of the North Korean populace to the wishes of Kim Il-Sung. Burnham envisaged a similar role for himself in Guyana and attempted to import various North Korean approaches to socialist education and culture. Guyana came to resemble North Korea in some important respects, but it gradually moved away from this pattern after Burnham's death in 1985.

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10

de Kruijf, Johannes Gerrit. "Muslim transnationalism in Indo-Guyana." Focaal 2007, no. 50 (2007): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/foc.2007.500108.

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Contemporary cultural processes, comprising tendencies toward transformation and reproduction, are inevitably affected by the (re)formative force of globalization. Increased mobility and intensified interconnectedness have expanded our ability to recreate culture, enforce a redefinition of social realities, and transform power structures. Globalization has thus also had an effect on religious realms. Religious concepts, practices, and organizations everywhere are increasingly subject to transnational forces. This article looks at the intersection of these forces and the local powers that determine religious developments by analyzing contemporary Indo-Guyanese Islam as a manifestation of this connection. Rather than stressing globalization's universalizing propensities, it investigates how local conditions determine the relationship between growing interconnectedness and the development of Muslim faith, practice, and collectivity. It is argued that globalization stirs opposing processes of deculturalization and reculturalization in Guyana because of the economic, social, religious, political, and historical context in which local Muslims consume the fruits of transnationalization.

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Pickles, Robert Stuart Alexander, Niall Patrick McCann, and Ashley Peregrine Holland. "Mammalian and avian diversity of the Rewa Head, Rupununi, Southern Guyana." Biota Neotropica 11, no. 3 (2011): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000300021.

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We report the results of a short expedition to the remote headwaters of the River Rewa, a tributary of the River Essequibo in the Rupununi, Southern Guyana. We used a combination of camera trapping, mist netting and spot count surveys to document the mammalian and avian diversity found in the region. We recorded a total of 33 mammal species including all 8 of Guyana's monkey species as well as threatened species such as lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) and bush dog (Speothos venaticus). We recorded a minimum population size of 35 giant otters in five packs along the 95 km of river surveyed. In total we observed 193 bird species from 47 families. With the inclusion of Smithsonian Institution data from 2006, the bird species list for the Rewa Head rises to 250 from 54 families. These include 10 Guiana Shield endemics and two species recorded as rare throughout their ranges: the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) and crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis).

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ter Steege, Hans, and David S. Hammond. "CHARACTER CONVERGENCE, DIVERSITY, AND DISTURBANCE IN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST IN GUYANA." Ecology 82, no. 11 (2001): 3197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3197:ccdadi]2.0.co;2.

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Gafar, John. "Income Distribution, Inequality, and Poverty During Economic Reforms in Guyana." Journal of Developing Areas 38, no. 1 (2004): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2005.0006.

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14

Elias-Roberts, Alicia. "Balancing Environmental Protection and Offshore Petroleum Developments in Guyana." Global Energy Law and Sustainability 1, no. 1 (2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2020.0004.

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This paper reviews Guyana's challenge to regulate the new petroleum sector. The need to amend several pieces of legislation to be aligned with the Aichi targets for 2020 under the Convention on Biological Diversity are examined. Aichi Target 11 provides that ‘by 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascape.’ The Government of Guyana's Green State Development Strategy which has sustainable development at its core is also examined along with several environmental law principles. The Green State Development Strategy and several environmental law principles are discussed to highlight their relevance to the protection of the marine environment and biodiversity conservation. Several recommendations are made to highlight relevant laws which should be updated for the State to achieve the right balance regarding protection of the environment and sustainable management of offshore petroleum projects in line with the obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity.

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Cornette, Jonelle, Clairmont Clementson, and David Fredericks. "Environmentally Sustainable Management of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Guyana." Book of Abstracts: Student Research 1 (November 4, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52377/uowl3321.

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Integrated control of water hyacinth can ensure economic and environmental benefits while managing the weed population. This research seeks to highlight an opportunity to derive economic and environmental benefits from water hyacinth, thereby mitigating against its associated environmental issues.

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Cheek, Martin, H. D. Clarke, V. A. Funk, and T. Hollowell. "Plant Diversity of the Iwokrama Forest, Guyana. Using Checklists and Collecting Data to Investigate Plant Diversity. 1: A Comparative Checklist of the Plant Diversity of the Iwokrama Forest, Guyana. Sida, Botanical Miscellany 21." Kew Bulletin 57, no. 1 (2002): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4110843.

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Fraser, Sherwin. "The Path to Inclusion for Children with Learning Disabilities in Guyana: Challenges and Future Considerations." Journal of International Special Needs Education 20, no. 2 (2017): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9782/2159-4341-20.2.79.

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Abstract One of the major challenges facing special and general education teachers and parents in Guyana is the current educational move towards inclusion. This move has been characterized by the changing political and economic systems which have resulted in inclusion gaining increased momentum in many circles including major organizations, institutions, and even among members of civil society. Inclusion has also been touted as the prelude to meaningful political, economic, social, educational, religious, and cultural engagement in governance and other decision making processes in Guyana. The concept hinges on the right to participate and become involved in various activities regardless of ability or disability. The Jomtien Declaration (1990) which was adopted by the World Conference on Education for All in Thailand in March 1990, mandates the removal of barriers to education for all children. The declaration also affirms the right to education for every individual as well as equal access for all categories of persons with disabilities (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1990). While the main pillar of the declaration is the right to education, it also mandates the removal of barriers that would prevent equal learning opportunities for vulnerable and marginalized groups (UNESCO, 1990). This paper examines issues relevant to inclusion and the education of children with learning disabilities in Guyana. The author gives an account of the political system, inclusive education, and legislation for persons with disabilities, and highlights the challenges faced by teachers in educating children with learning disabilities in Guyana.

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-MCKENZIE,, JOENITTA ARTHUR, and ABDULLAH ADIL ANSARI. "Short Communication: The diversity of intestinal parasitic helminths in children of Silvercity, Linden, Guyana." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 4 (2018): 1289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190415.

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Arthur-McKenzie J, Ansari AA. 2018. Short Communication: The diversity of intestinal parasitic helminths in children ofSilvercity, Linden, Guyana. Biodiversitas 19: 1289-1293. This study was conducted in the Silvercity area, Linden, Guyana andendeavored to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic helminths in children aged 5-15 and the level of awareness of theseparasitic infections among community members. Questionnaires were distributed to 30 households and 26 children which accounts for40% of the population aged 5-15 using a simple random sampling method and tested during the months of February-April 2017. Thefecal samples were collected from 26 children selected randomly and were analyzed using wet mount and formalin-ether sedimentationmethod. The highest age was 15 and the lowest 5, the mean age was 8. The results showed that there was a 57.6% (15/26) prevalence ofintestinal parasitic helminths among children aged 5-15 within the Silvercity area. Among the parasites found, Ascaris lumbricoides wasthe most prevalent (38%; 10/26) followed by Enterobius vermicularis (19%; 5/26), Trichuris trichiura (15%; 4/26) and hookworm(3.8%; 1/26). Study also found that the level of awareness of transmission among community members was 40%.

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RAGHUNANDA, M. ""ENTREPRENEURIAL SURVIVAL SKILLS IN THE MIDST OF ECONOMIC CHAOS" AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL BUSINESSES PRIOR TO THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1992 IN GUYANA." Journal of Enterprising Culture 03, no. 04 (1995): 463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495895000246.

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It is generally agreed that small businesses tangibly contribute to both the stability and health of the national economy. They employ more than 25% of the workforce, produce on an on-going basis a tidy revenue for the state and create more than 50% of the new jobs. The pioneers behind these businesses are the entrepreneurs who understand the organizations' purpose and can best devise methods to exploit the windows of opportunities. This paper reviews several pieces of literature on small businesses in Guyana in order to provide an understanding of the entrepreneurial survival strategies employed to keep the businesses open. Studies show that entrepreneurial behaviour, management skills and competence were key ingredients in the successful operation of small businesses in Guyana. The results indicate that twenty four entrepreneurial routes were successfully followed to float small businesses prior to the Guyanese 1992 general election. The paper concludes by making some pronouncements on the future of small businesses in Guyana and supports the drive for the state to empower the entrepreneurs and the people for development.

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Connelly, Aletha. "How can the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Guyana impact the tourism industry by 2025?" Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 10, no. 5 (2018): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-05-2018-0033.

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Purpose The purpose of this conceptual paper is to discuss the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Guyana with particular emphasis on the role of cultural support and its possible impact on the tourism industry in the country by 2025. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a literature review of entrepreneurship ecosystems, document analysis of key reports on Guyana and interviews with relevant authorities. Findings The paper observes that Guyana can focus entrepreneurial efforts on areas of natural comparative advantage, including nature-based tourism and agriculture. However, achieving high-impact entrepreneurship in developing world economies like Guyana requires a strategic approach that is process oriented and which addresses cultural impediments to entrepreneurship. Practical implications Encouraging wealth creation and addressing issues of poverty and inequality are but a few of the concerns governments grapple with. Guyana is no different to its geo-political counterparts who are pushing entrepreneurship as a viable means of addressing these concerns. Driven by factors such as setbacks experienced by those with a socialist agenda, the onset of globalisation, the removal of preferential agreements, the opening of trade routes and an emphasis on local economic development, much has been made of entrepreneurship as a panacea of development issues. Originality/value This paper seeks to contribute to a better understanding of entrepreneurship in a developing world context with particular significance for the tourism industry.

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Lehman, S. M. "Distribution and Diversity of Primates in Guyana: Species-Area Relationships and Riverine Barriers." International Journal of Primatology 25, no. 1 (2004): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ijop.0000014646.82182.51.

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22

MacCulloch, Ross D., Amy Lathrop, and Samir Z. Khan. "Exceptional diversity of Stefania (Anura, Cryptobatrachidae) II: six species from Mount Wokomung, Guyana." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 5, no. 1 (2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v5i1p31-41.

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BONILLA, J. ALFREDO, LLOYD VALIDUM, RUDOLPH CUMMINGS, and CAROL J. PALMER. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX PVCSP AND PVMSP 1 IN GUYANA, SOUTH AMERICA." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, no. 5 (2006): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.830.

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VAN SOEST, ROB W. M. "Sponges of the Guyana Shelf." Zootaxa 4217, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4217.1.1.

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Sponges collected on the Guyana Shelf, predominantly in Suriname offshore waters, by Dutch HMS ‘Snellius’ O.C.P.S. 1966, HMS ’Luymes’ O.C.P.S. II 1969, and HMS ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf 1970 expeditions are described in this study. Sponges were obtained by trawling, dredging or grabbing on sandy, muddy, shelly, and fossil reef bottoms at 88 stations between 19 and 681 m depth. A total of 351 samples were identified to species level, each consisting of one or more specimens of a given species from each individual station (together comprising 547 individuals and fragments). The collection yielded 119 species together belonging to all sponge classes, but in large majority are Demospongiae. All species are identified to species level, occasionally tentatively, and all are described and illustrated. A new subgenus is proposed, Tedania (Stylotedania) subgen. nov. and a previously synonymized genus, Tylosigma Topsent, 1894 is revived. Thirtysix species were found to be new to science, excluding the first Central West Atlantic record of the genus Halicnemia, not named at the species level because of lack of sufficient material. The new species erected are, in alphabetical order: Amphoriscus ancora sp. nov., Biemna rhabdotylostylota sp. nov., Callyspongia (Callyspongia) scutica sp. nov., Chelonaplysilla americana sp. nov., Cladocroce guyanensis sp. nov., Clathria (Axosuberites) riosae sp. nov., Clathria (Clathria) gomezae sp. nov., Clathria (Microciona) snelliusae sp. nov., Clathria (Thalysias) complanata sp. nov., Clathria (Thalysias) zeai sp. nov., Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) lissodendoryxoides sp. nov., Craniella crustocorticata sp. nov., Diplastrella spirastrelloides sp. nov., Epipolasis tubulata sp. nov., Erylus rhabdocoronatus sp. nov., Erylus surinamensis sp. nov., Geodia pocillum sp. nov., Geodia sulcata sp. nov., Hemiasterella camelus sp. nov., Hymedesmia (Stylopus) alcoladoi sp. nov., Hymenancora cristoboi sp. nov., Penares sineastra sp. nov., Hymerhabdia kobluki sp. nov., Leucosolenia salpinx sp. nov., Petrosia (Strongylophora) devoogdae sp. nov., Placospongia ruetzleri sp. nov., Pyloderma tropicale sp. nov., Raspailia (Parasyringella) thamnopilosa sp. nov., Raspailia (Raspailia) johnhooperi sp. nov., Sphaerotylus bouryesnaultae sp. nov., Spirastrella erylicola sp. nov., Stelletta vervoorti sp. nov., Suberites crispolobatus sp. nov., Tedania (Stylotedania) folium subgen. nov. sp. nov., Timea tylasterina sp. nov., and Tylosigma ostreicola sp. nov. Two new combinations are proposed: Amphimedon nanaspiculata (Hartman, 1955) comb. nov. and Oceanapia ascidia (Schmidt, 1870) comb. nov. In addition, for two preoccupied combinations, new names, Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) barbadensis nom. nov. and Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) rowi nom. nov., are erected. The spatial distribution of the collected specimens over the Guyana Shelf was traced and the results were compared with existing information on bottom conditions. There was a convincing correlation between the location of fossil reefs and other hard substrates such as shell ridges with peaks in the occurrence of species diversity and specimen numbers. Stations made on sand and mud bottoms away from these zones of hard substrates were generally poor in species, but some were found to be rich in individuals of specialized soft bottom dwellers such as Tetilla pentatriaena, Tribrachium schmidtii, Fangophilina submersa, and Oceanapia species. The species composition of the Guyana Shelf was compared with that of neighbouring regions of the Caribbean and from North and East Brazil (Díaz in Miloslavich et al. 2010; Muricy et al. 2011). About 35% of the species encountered are widespread in the Central West Atlantic, occurring both to the north and to the south. Indications that the Guyana Shelf sponge fauna is clearly transitional are southernmost occurrences for Caribbean species (about 30%), and northernmost occurrences of Brazilian species (13%), with a high proportion (25%) of new species, which may be expected to have distributions extending to the Caribbean, to Brazil or both regions.

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DaCosta, Michael. "Colonial Origins, Institutions and Economic Performance in the Caribbean: Guyana and Barbados." IMF Working Papers 07, no. 43 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451866070.001.

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Gafar, John. "Economic Policy and Growth: Agricultural Performance and the Rice Industry of Guyana." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 19, no. 1 (1998): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1998.9669742.

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Modeste, Nelson C. "Efficiency-adjusted Public Capital and Economic Growth in Guyana: A Cointegration Analysis." Atlantic Economic Journal 49, no. 2 (2021): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-021-09714-5.

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Hayes, Malorie M., Holden J. Paz, Carla C. Stout, David C. Werneke, and Jonathan W. Armbruster. "A hotspot atop: rivers of the Guyana Highlands hold high diversity of endemic pencil catfish (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 4 (2020): 862–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa023.

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Abstract The Pakaraima Mountains are an ancient mountain range along the borders of Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela. The high plateau is drained by multiple river systems in all directions. Although hypotheses have been presented for the biogeographical relationships of lowland rivers, the interconnectivity of rivers on the top of the plateau is unknown. With multiple complex rivers in a small, upland area, we predicted a high level of endemism for stream fishes and complex biogeographical relationships. We explored this with the incredibly diverse pencil catfish genus Trichomycterus. Using collections from recent expeditions to the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, we amplified three mitochondrial (16S, COI and Cytb) and one nuclear marker (rag2). We constructed individual gene trees and a concatenated tree to determine the placement of these taxa within the Trichomycterus of the trans-Andean/Amazonian clade. Herein, we identify six endemic lineages of Trichomycterus from the highlands of the Pakaraima Mountains. Of the identified lineages, we find two species occupying multiple basins, suggesting that Pakaraima streams either maintain connectivity or had some degree of recent connectivity.

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Cannon, Paul F., and Coralie M. Simmons. "Diversity and Host Preference of Leaf Endophytic Fungi in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana." Mycologia 94, no. 2 (2002): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761797.

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Lu, Guozhong, Paul F. Cannon, Alex Reid, and Coralie M. Simmons. "Diversity and molecular relationships of endophytic Colletotrichum isolates from the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana." Mycological Research 108, no. 1 (2004): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756203008906.

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Cannon, Paul F., and Coralie M. Simmons. "Diversity and host preference of leaf endophytic fungi in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana." Mycologia 94, no. 2 (2002): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2003.11833226.

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Johnston, Mark, and Mike Gillman. "Tree population studies in low-diversity forests, Guyana. I. Floristic composition and stand structure." Biodiversity and Conservation 4, no. 4 (1995): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00058421.

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Basset, YveS. "Diversity and abundance of insect herbivores foraging on seedlings in a rainforest in Guyana." Ecological Entomology 24, no. 3 (1999): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00197.x.

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Gold, Judith, Ruben Atoyan, and Cornelia Staritz. "Guyana: Why Has Growth Stopped? An Empirical Studyon the Stagnation of Economic Growth." IMF Working Papers 07, no. 86 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451866506.001.

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35

Lücking, Robert. "Foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi collected during the Smithsonian International Cryptogamic Expedition to Guyana 1996." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 15, no. 1 (1998): 45–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.15.1.7.

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A total of 233 foliicolous lichen species and 18 lichenicolous fungi are reported from Guyana as a result of the Smithsonian „International Cryptogamic Expedition to Guyana“ 1996. Three lichens and two lichenicolous fungi are new to science: Arthonia grubei sp.n., Badimia subelegans sp.n., Calopadia pauciseptata sp.n., Opegrapha matzeri sp.n. (lichenicolous on Amazonomyces sprucei), and Pyrenidium santessonii sp.n. (lichenicolous on Bacidia psychotriae). The new combination Strigula janeirensis (Bas.: Phylloporina janeirensis; syn.: Raciborskiella janeirensis) is proposed. Apart from Amazonomyces sprucei and Bacidia psychotriae, Arthonia lecythidicola (with the lichenicolous A. pseudopegraphina) and Byssolecania deplanata (with the lichenicolous Opegrapha cf. kalbii) are reported as new hosts for lichenicolous fungi. Arthonia pseudopegraphina growing on A. lecythidicola is the first known case of adelphoparasitism at generic level in foliicolous Arthonia. Arthonia flavoverrucosa, Badimia polillensis, and Byssoloma vezdanum are new records for the Neotropics, and 115 species are new for Guyana, resulting in a total of c. 280 genuine foliicolous species reported for that country, while Porina applanata and P. verruculosa are excluded from its flora. The foliicolous lichen flora of Guyana is representative for the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana) and has great affinities with the Amazon region, while the degree of endemism is low. A characteristic species for this area is Amazonomyces sprucei. Species composition is typical of Neotropical lowland to submontane humid forests, with a dominance of the genera Porina, Strigula, and Mazosia. The table mountain vegetation supports elements of the upper montane forest, such as Echinoplaca fusconitida and Logilvia gilva. Foliicolous lichen diversity is highest in undisturbed lowland to submontane humid forest, much lower in the table mountain vegetation and drastically decreased in semi-open secondary vegetation and the coastal savanna. Species composition in semi-open, disturbed vegetation is similar to that found in the undisturbed forest canopy. Site preferences of foliicolous lichens follow those established by studies in other Neotropical regions like Costa Rica.

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TSAPENKO, I. P. "ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF ETHNOCULTURAL DIVERSITY." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 11 (2016): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-11-35-46.

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37

Bove, Vincenzo, and Leandro Elia. "Migration, Diversity, and Economic Growth." World Development 89 (January 2017): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.012.

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38

Quigley, John M. "Urban Diversity and Economic Growth." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 2 (1998): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.127.

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This paper considers the heterogeneity and diversity of cities as sources of economic growth. It links modern notions of economic growth to the distinguishing characteristics of cities and to the external effects on consumption and production produced by the internal diversity of urban areas. The paper reviews the role of traditional scale economies as well as the importance of diversity in economizing on shared inputs and transactions costs, and efficiencies arising from the operation of the law of large numbers in metropolitan areas. The authors also review recent empirical evidence on the importance of these elements of heterogeneity in conditioning economic growth.

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39

Weiss, Oliver. "Economic surplus and capitalist diversity." Capital & Class 38, no. 1 (2014): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816813514209.

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This paper develops a theoretical critique of the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach from the perspective of ideas sourced from Marxian political economy. In particular, the concept of economic surplus as formulated by Paul Baran is used to question the social ontology implicit in VoC, which, it is argued, is severely constrained by its imprecise definitions of both capitalism itself and capitalist diversity as a specific phenomenon. The result of these two failures is that VoC’s theoretical apparatus is unable to perceive the true significance of capitalist diversity, and is thus likewise incapable of telling us anything new about capitalism itself. In this way, key aspects of the institutionalist take on capitalist diversity are questioned, and an alternative analytical approach based on the labour theory of value is put forward.

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Buchanan*, James M. "Economic Science and Cultural Diversity." Kyklos 48, no. 2 (1995): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1995.tb02429.x.

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41

Cooter, Raelynn, James B. Erdmann, Joseph S. Gonnella, Clara A. Callahan, Mohammadreza Hojat, and Gang Xu. "Economic Diversity in Medical Education." Evaluation & the Health Professions 27, no. 3 (2004): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278704267041.

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SIEGEL, PAUL B., THOMAS G. JOHNSON, and JEFFREY ALWANG. "Regional Economic Diversity and Diversification." Growth and Change 26, no. 2 (1995): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00171.x.

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43

Alesina, Alberto, and Eliana La Ferrara. "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance." Journal of Economic Literature 43, no. 3 (2005): 762–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205105774431243.

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We survey and assess the literature on the positive and negative effects of ethnic diversity on economic policies and outcomes. Our focus is on communities of different size and organizational structure, such as countries, cities in developed countries, and villages and groups in developing countries. We also consider the endogenous formation of political jurisdictions and highlight several open issues in need of further research, in particular the endogenous formation of ethnic identity and the measurement of ethnic diversity.

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Eagle, N., M. Macy, and R. Claxton. "Network Diversity and Economic Development." Science 328, no. 5981 (2010): 1029–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1186605.

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45

Montalvo, Jose G., and Marta Reynal-Querol. "Ethnic diversity and economic development." Journal of Development Economics 76, no. 2 (2005): 293–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.01.002.

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Alesina, Alberto, Johann Harnoss, and Hillel Rapoport. "Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity." Journal of Economic Growth 21, no. 2 (2016): 101–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-016-9127-6.

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47

Angus, Simon D., Kadir Atalay, Jonathan Newton, and David Ubilava. "Geographic diversity in economic publishing." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 190 (October 2021): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.08.005.

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48

Henry, Paulette. "Rural Women Farmers and Sustainable Livelihoods in Guyana." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 08 (2021): 666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i8.sh02.

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Rural women in agriculture are legitimized women as productive stakeholders through a process that documents the various roles have played in rural agriculture, the rural economy, and food security. Accounting for 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force, women are important actors in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 particularly in reducing poverty especially among women, and improving food security. This quantitative study has shown that women have combined their roles in varying fields of agriculture using their income to take care of families while contributing to the economy and food security. Their contributions however are underrecognized due to the gender disparities in the investments made to their male peers in the same business. This may be due to the feminization of rural agriculture coupled with many women not having the literacies required to negotiate the demands of land or loan acquisition and the technical skills to move beyond subsistence agriculture. Notwithstanding, rural women farmers earn income that helps to guarantee the basic livelihoods of their families and contribute to community food security. However, rural women farmers also have limited financial and technical capabilities to conserve their surpluses and increase their economic well-being. Investments by national governments must be made to rural agriculture with specific recognition towards the advancement of women farmers.

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Pires, Rogério Brittes W., Stuart Earle Strange, and Marcelo Moura Mello. "The Bakru Speaks." New West Indian Guide 92, no. 1-2 (2018): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-09201001.

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Abstract Throughout the Guianas, people of all ethnicities fear one particular kind of demonic spirit. Called baccoo in Guyana, bakru in coastal Suriname, and bakulu or bakuu among Saamaka and Ndyuka Maroons in the interior, these demons offer personal wealth in exchange for human life. Based on multisited ethnography in Guyana and Suriname, this paper analyzes converging and diverging conceptions of the “same” spirit among several Afro- and Indo-Guianese populations. We argue that transformations in how people conceptualize bakulu reveal how supposedly radical moral differences are constructed within and between populations in the multi-ethnic Caribbean. More than figurative projections of monetized inequality or racial and ethnic prejudices, baccoo actively mediate how people throughout the Guianas think about and experience the everyday conduct of economic and racial relations.

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Watson, L. Cynthia, Donald J. Stewart, and Annette M. Kretzer. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Threatened GiantArapaimain Southwestern Guyana: Implications for Their Conservation." Copeia 104, no. 4 (2016): 864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/cg-15-293.

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