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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ECONOMIC DYNAMICS MODEL'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Toni. "Economic model of mine closure and its potential for economic transformation." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-162978.

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In Indonesia, the various mining commodities and the amount of resources and reserves are promising, as evidence there are numerous large-scale mining companies and small-scale mines in operation. In 2014 there were 41 companies that held the CoW (mineral contract of work) and 13 companies active in production; and 76 CCoW (coal contract of work) holders, and 57 companies active in production. As well as this, there are more than a thousand small-scale mining companies active for mining commodities. However, mining commodities provide a resource that is not renewable. This will potentially lea

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2

Schmidt, Gordon W. "Dynamics of endogenous economic growth : a case study of the "Romer model" /." Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0614/2003043910-d.html.

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3

Reda, Hussein Murad Ali. "A theory for national industrial development presented in a system dynamics model." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76481.

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The dissertation presents a system dynamics model for national industrial development in developing economies. A development system is defined by national boundary, components and activities. The system is represented by ten activity sectors grouped into three functional classes: (1) Two driving sectors comprising population and investment capital sectors; (2) Seven industrial sectors: resources, manufacturing, agriculture, physical infrastructure, services, technology, and social infrastructure; and (3) An outlet sector represented by a trade sector. The model's general theory of industrial

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4

Schmidt, Gordon 1946. "Dynamics of endogenous economic growth theory and related issues : a case study of the "Romer model"." Monash University, Dept. of Economics, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8832.

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5

Erdogan, Ezgi. "A Complex Dynamical Systems Model Of Education, Research, Employment, And Sustainable Human Development." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12612138/index.pdf.

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Economic events of this era reflect the fact that the value of information and technology has surpassed the value of physical production. This motivates countries to focus on increasing the education levels of citizens. However, policy making about education system and its returns requires dynamical analyses in order to be sustainable. The study aims to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a country-wide education system, in particular, that of Turkey. System Dynamics modeling, which is one of the most commonly referred tools for understanding the complex social structures, is used. Our

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6

Kellie-Smith, Owen. "Relating forced climate change to natural variability and emergent dynamics of the climate-economy system." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/115194.

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This thesis is in two parts. The first part considers a theoretical relationship between the natural variability of a stochastic model and its response to a small change in forcing. Over a large enough scale, both the real climate and a climate model are characterised as stochastic dynamical systems. The dynamics of the systems are encoded in the probabilities that the systems move from one state into another. When the systems’ states are discretised and listed, then transition matrices of all these transition probabilities may be formed. The responses of the systems to a small change in forci

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7

Tromboni, Flavia. "Integrated hydrologic-economic model for sustainable water resources management in front of climate change. The Tunuyán River basin and the Piave River Basin case studies." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423337.

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Abstract The research carried out investigated the structure of the complex system composed by hydrological, economic and climatic variables, with the aim of sustainable water management modelling. Two case studies (the Tunuyán River Basin and Piave River Basin) were investigated, applying different methodologies for data analysis, due to the diverse management objectives and specific site characteristics. In the Tunuyán River Basin case study a correlation analysis on time series data of annual grape yields, sugar rate, monthly temperatures and precipitations was carried on, in order to in

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8

Steinbach, Max Rudibert. "Essays on dynamic macroeconomics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86196.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the first essay of this thesis, a medium scale DSGE model is developed and estimated for the South African economy. When used for forecasting, the model is found to outperform private sector economists when forecasting CPI inflation, GDP growth and the policy rate over certain horizons. In the second essay, the benchmark DSGE model is extended to include the yield on South African 10-year government bonds. The model is then used to decompose the 10-year yield spread into (1) the structural shocks that contributed to it

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9

Bazzazan, Fatemeh. "A dynamic input-output price model with application to Iran." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250332.

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10

Krichel, Thomas. "Growth and fiscal policy in dynamic optimising models." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844562/.

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This PhD thesis considers the dynamics of fiscal policy in a two-country world when growth is driven by the accumulation of private capital and public infrastructure. I study permanent growth differentials, the dynamics of optimal and time-consistent policies, the issue of policy coordination, as well as the accumulation of debt.

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11

Tilley, Luke Alan. "Dynamic Energy Models and Carbon Mitigation Policies." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/201311.

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Economics<br>Ph.D.<br>In this dissertation I examine a specific class of energy models and their implications for carbon mitigation policies. The class of models includes a production function capable of reproducing the empirically observed phenomenon of short run rigidity of energy use in response to energy price changes and long run flexibility of energy use in response to energy price changes. I use a theoretical model, parameterized using empirical data, to simulate economic performance under several tax regimes where taxes are levied on capital income, investment, and energy. I also inves

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12

Giesecke, James Andrew David. "FEDERAL-F : a multi-regional multi-sectoral dynamic model of the Australian economy /." Title page, appendix, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg4554.pdf.

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13

Arellano, Gomez Manuel. "Estimation and testing of dynamic econometric models from panel data." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261293.

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14

Jung, Yong-Gook. "Essays on the specification of New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3273810.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 3, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-64).

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15

Maldoom, Daniel. "Dynamics and coordination in models of economic growth with economies of scale and scope." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386526.

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16

Saguatti, Annachiara <1984&gt. "Modeling the spatial dynamics of economic models." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5978/1/Saguatti_Annachiara_tesi.pdf.

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The advances that have been characterizing spatial econometrics in recent years are mostly theoretical and have not found an extensive empirical application yet. In this work we aim at supplying a review of the main tools of spatial econometrics and to show an empirical application for one of the most recently introduced estimators. Despite the numerous alternatives that the econometric theory provides for the treatment of spatial (and spatiotemporal) data, empirical analyses are still limited by the lack of availability of the correspondent routines in statistical and econometric software. S

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Saguatti, Annachiara <1984&gt. "Modeling the spatial dynamics of economic models." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5978/.

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The advances that have been characterizing spatial econometrics in recent years are mostly theoretical and have not found an extensive empirical application yet. In this work we aim at supplying a review of the main tools of spatial econometrics and to show an empirical application for one of the most recently introduced estimators. Despite the numerous alternatives that the econometric theory provides for the treatment of spatial (and spatiotemporal) data, empirical analyses are still limited by the lack of availability of the correspondent routines in statistical and econometric software. S

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18

Ревякін, Г. В. "Закономірності циклічного розвитку глобальної економічної системи (автореферат)". Thesis, ХНУ імені В. Н. Каразіна, 2018. http://dspace.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/123456789/14175.

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Дисертація присвячена поглибленню теоретико-методичних засад дослідження особливостей циклічного розвитку глобальної економічної системи та стабілізації економічного розвитку України. Досліджено наукове підґрунтя та охарактеризовано закономірності існування економічних циклів. Удосконалено поняття економічного циклу, який запропоновано розуміти як особливий тип періодичних коливань економічної активності навколо довгострокового тренду, що були викликані особливостями функціонування власне економічної системи та низкою зовнішніх чинників, які виявляються у волатильній природі більшості макроеко

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19

Hole, Alison. "Dynamic non-price strategy and competition : models of R&D, advertising and location." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1999/.

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The dependence on past choices of present opportunities, costs, and benefits is pervasive in industrial markets. Each of the three chapters of this thesis considers a different example of such dependence affecting dynamic behaviour. In the first chapter a single firm's present choices depend on what it has learnt from past experience. The firm is searching for the best outcome of many multi-stage projects and learns as stages are completed. The branching structure of the search environment is such that the payoffs to various actions are correlated; nevertheless, it is shown that the optimal st

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20

Collado-Vindel, Maria Dolores. "Dynamic econometric models for cohort and panel data : methods and applications to life-cycle consumption." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2829/.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze dynamic models for cohort and panel data, with special emphasis in the applications to life-cycle consumption. In the second chapter of the thesis we analyze the estimation of dynamic models from time-series of independent cross-sections. The population is divided in groups with fixed membership (cohorts) and the cohort sample means are used as a panel subject to measurement errors. We propose measurement error corrected estimators and we analyze their asymptotic properties. We also calculate the asymptotic biases of the non-corrected estimators to ch

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21

Ziramba, Emmanuel. "Essays on public finance and economic growth using dynamic general equilibrium models." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03282009-125923/.

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22

Khalil, Dalia. "Dynamic pension funding models." Thesis, City University London, 2006. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8464/.

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Achieving an adequate income in the old age to maintain the standard level of living after retirement has been a challenge to pension schemes for a long time. In fact, approaching this goal has led to a global pension crisis considering all the economic and demographic changes and the conflicting interests of employers and employees over time. This research aims to deriving different deterministic and stochastic dynamic pension funding models for defined benefit schemes within the mathematical framework of optimal control theory and dynamic programming. The practical implementation of these dy

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23

Schäfer, Andreas. "Economic Development and Economic Integration." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-128100.

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Macroeconomists dedicated substantial efforts to clarify the puzzle of growing incomes in some regions of the world and rising differences in standards of living across the globe. Although the question of why economies perform differently is as old as the theory of economic thought itself, it is only since recent times that economists integrate development patterns over the very long-run into formal dynamic general equilibrium models. The models we present here consider development patterns observed in advanced economies since the Industrial Revolution. The objective of this study is to shed

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24

Dindo, Pietro Dino Enrico. "Bounded rationality and heterogeneity in economic dynamic models." [Amsterdam] : Amsterdam : Thela Thesis ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2007. http://dare.uva.nl/document/44334.

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25

DINDO, Pietro Dino Enrico. "Bounded rationality and heterogeneity in economic dynamic models." Doctoral thesis, THELA THESIS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10278/3673678.

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26

Molin, Simon. "House Price Dynamics in Sweden : Vector error-correction model." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172367.

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Movements in house prices can have effects on individuals, financial markets, and the whole economy. After the rapid increase in house prices worldwide since the mid-1990s and after the financial crisis in 2008, many studies have investigated house price dynamics. Furthermore, real house prices in Sweden have increased by more than 200 % since the mid-1990s up until today. This study takes a closer look at the fundamental determinants of house prices to investigate both the long- and short-run dynamics of Swedish house prices. The method of use includes a vector error-correction model, which e

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27

DUARTE, ANDRE SENNA. "THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF CONSTANT AND DYNAMIC CONDITIONAL CORRELATION MODEL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10613@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Em Fleming, Kirby e Ostdiek (2001), encontram-se evidências de que a utilização de modelos de previsão da volatilidade, possui valor econômico significante quando se compara simplesmente com a matriz de variância incondicional, num arcabouço de otimização de portfólio. Indo além, este trabalho propõem averiguar se os modelos mais complexos de Correlação Condicional Constante (CCC) e Dinâmica (DCC) sugeridos respectivamente por Bollerslev (1990) e Engle (2002) podem oferecer melhores resultados. Os resultados encontrados

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28

Pearson, Neil D. (Neil David). "Essays on dynamic models in financial economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14082.

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29

Carro, Patiño Adrián. "Individual-based models of collective dynamics in socio-economic systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396311.

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The main purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of how complex collective behaviors emerge in social and economic systems. To this end, we use a combination of mathematical analysis and computational simulations along the lines of the agent- or individual-based modeling paradigm. In particular, we focus on three main topics: opinion dynamics, herding behavior in financial markets, and language competition. Opinion dynamics models focus on the processes of opinion formation within a society consisting of an ensemble of interacting individuals with diverse opinions. One o

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Hu, Wanhong. "Estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panel data models." Connect to resource, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1266934002.

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Bañbura, Marta. "Essays in dynamic macroeconometrics." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210294.

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The thesis contains four essays covering topics in the field of macroeconomic forecasting.<p><p>The first two chapters consider factor models in the context of real-time forecasting with many indicators. Using a large number of predictors offers an opportunity to exploit a rich information set and is also considered to be a more robust approach in the presence of instabilities. On the other hand, it poses a challenge of how to extract the relevant information in a parsimonious way. Recent research shows that factor models provide an answer to this problem. The fundamental assumption underlying

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García-Cobián, Jáuregui Ramón. "Compleción del modelo del overshooting de Dornsbusch." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117640.

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The article tries to complete the “overshooting” model of Dornsbusch, explicitly including a dynamic equation for the money market, because he treats this only in an intuitive way, as if there was an infinite speed of adjustment. After pointing out some errors in the original work, it is showed that the hypotheses made by Dornsbusch are sufficient for the completed model to exhibit the wanted “overshooting”.<br>El artículo intenta completar el modelo del overshooting de Dornsbusch incluyendo explícitamente una ecuación dinámica para el mercado de dinero, pues este es tratado solo de manera int

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33

Jeong, Hanbat. "Spatial dynamic models with intertemporal optimization." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1556308178720915.

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Pizzinelli, Carlo. "Essays on labor market dynamics with worker heterogeneity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:28323577-c33e-4df9-80ec-f2506e42b473.

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This thesis is comprised of three chapters which discuss topics related to labor market dynamics from a macroeconomic perspective. Although each chapter is self-standing in terms of research question and methodology, they are united by a common interest for the macroeconomic implications of worker heterogeneity. The chapters vary with respect to the time horizon over which they study aggregate dynamics, covering business cycle frequency, the economy's long run steady state, and households' life cycle. Furthermore, they develop the concept of heterogeneity across different dimensions: stages of

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Yin, Xiaopeng 1963. "Endogenous growth, international trade and dynamics." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37914.

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This PhD. dissertation consists of three essays to fill some gaps in the recent research in international trade and endogenous growth theory. The first essay explores the dynamic effect of interaction of research and development (R&D) activities among countries on endogenous economic growth. It attempts to fill the gap between the current endogenous growth research focused on independent R&D activities and decision-making in the international competition and the interdependent R&D competition in reality. This paper finds that the growth rates, welfare, and investment on R&D in the world do dif

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Lauri, Pekka. "Human capital, dynamic inefficiency and economic growth /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics, 2004. http://helecon3.hkkk.fi/pdf/diss/a237.pdf.

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Reinwald, Antonia Francina <1994&gt. "Business Model Dynamics: How Did Business Models of Established Organizations Evolve in Response to the Covid-19-Crisis?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21883.

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SPREAFICO, MARTA. "Institutions and Growth: The Experience of the Former Soviet Union Economies." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1113.

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Organizzata in tre saggi, questa tesi si pone l’obiettivo di consentire una migliore comprensione del legame tra crescita e istituzioni, e dei meccanismi attraverso cui gli assetti istituzionali possono condizionare i sentieri economici. Riconoscendo, sulla base di considerazioni storiche, il potere esemplificativo delle ex Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche e della loro comune esperienza passata, questo lavoro fornisce, da un lato, una struttura empirica di riferimento per esaminare l’impatto sulla performance economica di un insieme di istituzioni, concretamente legate al funzionamento dell’

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SPREAFICO, MARTA. "Institutions and Growth: The Experience of the Former Soviet Union Economies." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1113.

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Organizzata in tre saggi, questa tesi si pone l’obiettivo di consentire una migliore comprensione del legame tra crescita e istituzioni, e dei meccanismi attraverso cui gli assetti istituzionali possono condizionare i sentieri economici. Riconoscendo, sulla base di considerazioni storiche, il potere esemplificativo delle ex Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche e della loro comune esperienza passata, questo lavoro fornisce, da un lato, una struttura empirica di riferimento per esaminare l’impatto sulla performance economica di un insieme di istituzioni, concretamente legate al funzionamento dell’

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Neugebauer, Felix Sebastian. "Tayloring Brazil: a system dynamics model for monetary policy feedback." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9098.

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Submitted by Felix Sebastian Neugebauer (fexgebauer@gmail.com) on 2012-01-20T06:47:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPGI - Felix Neugebauer.pdf: 917872 bytes, checksum: 216f642b7bdd46aac088024cf0610158 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-01-20T10:27:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPGI - Felix Neugebauer.pdf: 917872 bytes, checksum: 216f642b7bdd46aac088024cf0610158 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-20T11:15:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPGI - Felix Neugebauer.pdf: 917872 bytes, chec

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Maynou, Pujolràs Laia. "Health and economic convergence in the European Union (1990-2010): an econometric approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127304.

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The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the reduction of economic and health disparities in the European Union from 1990-2010. Through different dynamic panel models, we show that in simple economics terms there has been a catching-up process within the eurozone and that the distance between the core-periphery has been reduced. However, in terms of disparities, significant economic differences across the eurozone regions still exist. In an attempt to go beyond economic terms, we show that the EU countries also catch-up in terms of health, while in terms of disparities there are still signif

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Andrienko, Yury. "Essays on economic causes and consequences of migration." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7739.

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Migration is a multidimensional phenomenon requiring an interdisciplinary approach. This thesis studies some economic aspects of the internal migration of labour. A model of migration as investment in human capital is applied throughout the thesis to study economic causes and consequences of internal migration on a micro level. Various predictions from the theory are verified on longitudinal micro data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The thesis is composed of three essays: (1) Causes of migration, the individual level push and pull factors facilitatin

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Norets, Andriy. "Bayesian inference in dynamic discrete choice models." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/148.

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Mammi, Irene. "Essays in GMM estimation of dynamic panel data models." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2011. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/56/1/Mammi_phdthesis.pdf.

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The aim of the work is twofold. First, we investigate the properties of the dynamic panel data (DPD) GMM estimator when the instrument count is high. We introduce the extraction of principal components fromthe instrument matrix as an effective strategy to reduce the number of instruments. Through Monte Carlo experiments, we want to compare the performances of the GMM estimators when the instrument set is factorized, collapsed or limited. Second, we estimate fiscal response functions on simulated panels and on real data to identify the best-performing estimator in this context, where endogeneit

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Christie, Tamoya A. L. "Essays on Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/75.

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This dissertation comprises two essays. The first essay explores how the size of government, as measured by the level of spending, affects growth. Theoretical models suggest a nonlinear relationship; however, testing this hypothesis empirically in cross-country studies is complicated by the endogeneity of government spending and the accurate identification of turning points. This paper examines the nonlinear hypothesis by incorporating threshold analysis in a cross-country growth regression. Using a broad panel of countries over the period 1971-2005, the results show evidence in favor of a non

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Povoledo, Laura. "Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models for the study of economic fluctuations." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445796/.

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The thesis applies a variety of DSGE models to a set of problems whose common link is the analysis of economic fluctuations. The DSGE methodology is applied first to the analysis of economic fluctuations in Italy. After documenting' the crucial features of economic fluctuations in Italy (high volatility of hours worked and low volatility of employment), the thesis explains why the standard RBC model cannot reproduce them. Therefore, a modified RBC model with labour adjustment costs and an underground sector is introduced, and its performance analysed. Then, the thesis utilizes DSGE theory to s

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47

Tsener, Inna. "Numerical methods for analyzing nonstationary dynamic economic models and their applications." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/50216.

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48

PORQUEDDU, MARIO. "Bootstrap methods for dynamic factor models." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4053467.

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Foertsch, Tracy. "Business cycle measurement using a dynamic factor model with duration dependent transitions /." Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1269523416.

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Keller-Herzog, Angela (Angela B. ). Carleton University Dissertation Economics. "A dynamic economic model of global warming; fossil fuel depletion and CO2 accumulation." Ottawa, 1993.

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