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1
Bernardo, Daniel J. Factor demand in irrigated agriculture under conditions of restricted water supplies. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1989.
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Bernardo, Daniel J. Factor demand in irrigated agriculture under conditions of restricted water supplies. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1989.
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Bernardo, Daniel J. Factor demand in irrigated agriculture under conditions of restricted water supplies. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1989.
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4
Borner, Silvio. Institutional efficiency and its determinants: The role of political factors in economic growth. Paris: OECD, 2004.
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Richter, Wolfram F. The efficient allocation of local public factors in Tiebout's tradition. Coventry: Warwick University, Department of Economics, 1991.
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Keane, Michael. Economics of milk transport: Co-op charges : key efficiency factors. Cork: University College, Cork, Department of Dairy and Food Economics, 1986.
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Sabatini, David A. Surfactant-enhanced DNAPL remediation: Surfactant selection, hydraulic efficiency, and economic factors. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 1996.
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Sabatini, David A. Surfactant-enhanced DNAPL remediation: Surfactant selection, hydraulic efficiency, and economic factors. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 1996.
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Sabatini, David A. Surfactant-enhanced DNAPL remediation: Surfactant selection, hydraulic efficiency, and economic factors. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 1996.
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Sabatini, David A. Surfactant-enhanced DNAPL remediation: Surfactant selection, hydraulic efficiency, and economic factors. Ada, Okla: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 1996.
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Dolzhenkova, Yuliya, Galina Rudenko, Fedor Mihaylov, Svetlana Sotnikova, Anatoliy Zhukov, Ivan Grigorov, Tat'yana Grechko, et al. HR Management in Russia: concepts of a new Normality. Book 8. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141764.
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The monograph contains the results of research, systematized in five groups. The first group is presented with information about the current vectors of the development of the personnel management system, the harmonization of its statics and dynamics, the benchmarking of human resources, the impact of personnel management on the growth of labor productivity as the main factor of efficiency. The content of the second group is the specifics of health management in the workplace. The third group presents issues of social well-being and social interaction of employees, najing, and corporate remuneration. The fourth group includes the problems of personnel aging, the biological and socio-economic determinants of the phenomenon, and the idea of maintaining labor success. The content of the fifth group focuses on the representation of parental labor, as well as the readiness of the domestic higher education system to respond to the requirements of the modern economy and perceive it as a new normality. For postgraduates, undergraduates, students, researchers who are engaged in research in the field of personnel management, as well as the teaching staff of universities and employers.
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E, Young John. The next efficiency revolution: Creating a sustainable materials economy. Edited by Sachs Aaron, Ayres Ed, and Worldwatch Institute. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 1994.
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Rodinova, Nadezhda, Vladimir Ostrouhov, Vladimir Bereznyakovsky, and Irina Petrova. Effective outsourcing. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01855-2.
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The tutorial is aimed at the problems of using outsourcing as a factor of the reorganization of business processes of an enterprise to achieve efficient use of resources and competitiveness of the enterprise. The article reveals the organizational and economic mechanism for making management decisions on the transfer of individual business processes of enterprises to outsourcing, which contributes to their operational management in the management system.
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Cevelev, Aleksandr. Strategic development of railway transport logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1194747.
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The monograph is devoted to the methodology of material and technical support of railway transport. According to the types of activities, the nature of the material and technical resources used, technologies, means and management systems, Russian railways belong to the category of high-tech industries that must have high quality and technical level, reliability and technological efficiency in operation. For this reason, the logistics system itself, both in structure and in the algorithm of the functions performed as a whole, needs a serious improvement in the quality of its work. The economic situation in Russia requires a revision of the principles and mechanisms of management based on the corporate model of supply chain management, focused on logistics knowledge. In the difficult economic conditions of the current decade, it is necessary to improve the quality of the supply organization of enterprises and structural divisions of railway transport, directly related to the implementation of the process approach, the advantage of which is a more detailed regulation of management actions and their mutual coordination. In order to increase the efficiency of its activities and develop the management system, Russian Railways is developing a lean production system aimed at further expanding the implementation of the principles of customer orientation, ideology and corporate culture.
At the present time, the solution of many issues is impossible without a cybernetic approach to the formulation of problems of material and technical support and logistics analysis of information technologies, to the implementation of the developed algorithms and models of development strategies and concepts for improving the business processes of the production system. The management strategy, or the general plan for the implementation of activities for the management of material resources, is based on a fundamental assessment of the alignment and correlation of forces and factors operating in the economic and political field, taking into account the impact on the specific form of the management strategy.
The materials will be useful to the heads and specialists of the directorates of the MTO, CDZs and can be used in the scientific research of bachelors, masters and postgraduates interested in the economics of railway transport and supply logistics.
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Wo guo qu yu sheng tai xiao lü ping jia, ying xiang yin su ji shou lian xing yan jiu: Study on evaluation, influencing factors and convergence of regional eco-efficiency of China. Beijing Shi: Jing ji ke xue chu ban she, 2014.
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Bakhoum, Mourad M., and Juan A. Sobrino, eds. Case Studies of Rehabilitation, Repair, Retrofitting, and Strengthening of Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed012.
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<p>This document provides case studies of structural rehabilita-tion, repair, retrofitting, strengthening, and upgrading of structures, which might be encompassed – in short – by the convenient umbrella terms “Conservation / Upgrading of Existing Structures”. The selected studies presented in this SED cover a variety of structural types from different countries.</p> <p>Strengthening and rehabilitation of structures is usually a challenge because of uncertainties associated with old struc-tures and difficulties due to restrictions on the geometry and materials used, as well as other structural or functional con-straints. When repairing an existing structure the engineers involved have plenty of possibilities, lots of constraints, and in some cases there are no applicable codes. Strengthening and rehabilitating is sometimes a complex and exciting work; an art.</p> <p>The book is a summary of practices to help structural engineers. The reader of this book will discover different approaches to put forward strengthening or rehabilitation projects. Even identical technical problems could have very different efficient solutions, as discussed in the papers, considering structural, environmental, economic factors, as well as contractor and designer experience, materials, etc.</p>
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Olsen, Jan Abel. Economics and efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0002.
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This chapter, the longest in the book, explains the fundamentals of microeconomics and its application to the analysis of health and healthcare. The concepts of scarcity and opportunity costs lie at the heart of the economics discipline. Based on the standard production function with two input factors, the important concept of cost-efficiency is explained; and based on the premise of scarcity in the availability of input factors, the concept of opportunity costs is explained. An important insight from consumer theory is that people make trade-offs. Their preferences and income determine their chosen combination of goods, as illustrated by an indifference curve. An important piece of information for policymakers attempting to intervene in people’s demand for healthy, and unhealthy, goods is to know how sensitive demand is to changing prices and income. The chapter explains and defines elasticities of demand.
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Depoorter, Ben, and Paul H. Rubin. Judge-Made Law and the Common Law Process. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.001.
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One of the most illustrious normative claims in the law and economics literature, originating with Posner and supported by models of evolutionary legal change, posits that a system of judge-made law offers efficiency advantages over statute-based systems. In recent years, however, scholarship has identified aspects of common law systems that undermine the optimism about judge-made efficiency. This chapter reviews the original economic literature on the efficiency of the common law and then describes supply- and demand-side obstacles to efficient judge-made law. On the supply side, a rich body of literature on judicial decision-making and judicial attitudes casts doubt on the ability as well as the motivations of courts to bring about efficient precedent. Demand-side complications include interest group effects, plaintiff selection effects, information selection effects, settlement selection effects, and procedural factors.
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Zillman, Donald, Martha Roggenkamp, LeRoy Paddock, and Lee Godden. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0001.
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The editors in this chapter introduce the topic of innovation in energy technology and energy law. They highlight some of the pathbreaking changes that have occurred during recent years in both realms, which the chapter authors will address in detail. No factor stimulating energy innovation is more prominent than the need to address climate change around the world. Climate change is joined by other environmental concerns, sustainability, economic efficiency, energy security, energy justice, and geopolitical concerns in shaping the development of energy innovation. The authors also explore the academic topic of innovation and identify its relevance to legal innovation in the energy field.
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Beller, Steven. 7. Consequences. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.003.0007.
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The shift from persecution and expulsion of Jews to industrially organized genocide marked a dramatic escalation of Nazi policy. ‘Consequences’ shows that central to any explanation for the Holocaust was the intentionalist and ideological motivation of the extreme racial antisemitism of Hitler and the Nazi leadership; but another vital enabling factor was the more functionalist role of self-interested instrumental rationality, or opportunism, and lack of resistance of the German populace. Nazi antisemitic policies proceeded by default. The Holocaust was enabled by many modern elements: bureaucratic efficiency, rational organization, anonymity, economic incentivization, and the employment of various technological innovations.
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Toshiyuki, Mizoguchi, Takayama Noriyuki 1946-, Kuboniwa Masaaki 1949-, Tsuru Tsuyoshi 1954-, and International Symposium "Making Economies More Efficient and More Equitable, Factors Determining Income Distribution" (1989 : Tokyo, Japan), eds. Making economies more efficient and more equitable: Factors determining income distribution. Tokyo: Kinokuniya, 1991.
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Making economies more efficient and more equitable: Factors determining income distribution (Hitotsubashi University Institute of Economic Research). Distributed outside Japan by Oxford University Press, 1991.
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A Factory of One: Applying Lean Principles to Banish Waste and Improve Your Personal Performance. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2012.
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Fiorino, Daniel J. A Good Life on a Finite Earth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.001.0001.
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Green growth is the idea that a society’s ecological and economic goals can be pursued as a mutually reinforcing, positive sum. It accepts that economies increase in scale and efficiency, but that economic growth may occur in less harmful ways ecologically through the use of new policies, patterns of investment, technology innovation, and behavioral change. The ultimate goal is a green economic transition, in which ecological objectives and policies are effectively integrated with many others—energy, transportation, manufacturing, and infrastructure, to name a few—and all sectors of society work more collaboratively to maximize opportunities for positive-sum solutions. The concept of green growth offers a means of reframing ecology–economy relationships and defining a pragmatic framework for making and implementing policy choices. The feasibility of and capacity for green growth depends on three sets of factors: understanding ways of linking ecological and economic goals; having governance capacities for ecological protection and policy integration; and creating the social conditions for acting collectively and valuing ecological public goods. Political systems vary in their ability to meet these conditions. For the United States, which exhibits both advantages and disadvantages in the pursuit of a green growth path, the challenge is to achieve the political conditions for promoting change. Principal among these conditions are to build a political coalition in support of a green economic transition, implement institutional reforms that enhance democracy, reduce economic inequality, and stress global action and interdependency.
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Sotnyk, M. Power supply for educational institutions: efficiency and alternatives. Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/msotnyk.pseiea.2020.146.
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Proposed methodological approaches to modeling short-term forecasting and long-term planning of electrical consumption in educational institutions based on retrospective data. A logic-structural model and software of the circuit “object of monitoring of electric consumption — factors of influence — regulatory tools” of an automated system for controlling the efficiency of energy consumption in educational institutions have been developed. There are given practical recommendations of feasibility study of introduction of alternative power supply sources in educational institutions, in particular: solar generation, heat pumps, autonomous energy sources, etc. Proposed scientific and methodological approaches to the introduction of an organizational and economic mechanism for managing the development of renewable energy in educational institutions and a motivation system for employees of the energy management service. The monograph is a generalization of scientific research conducted by employees of Sumy State University during the state budget research work “Model of an efficiency management and forecasting system for the consumption of electric energy” (State Registration No. 0118U003583). The monograph is intended for researchers and specialists in the implementation of energy management systems
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Pei, Minxin. The Rise and Fall of the China Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675387.003.0009.
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A critical variable determining the future relationship between China and the United States is the change in the relative balance of power, which depends on the sustainability of China’s economic growth. While China has produced three decades of double-digit growth, this paper argues that China’s rise has peaked. The factors that have contributed to China’s rapid growth, such as efficiency gains produced by market-oriented reforms, practically unlimited access to global markets, and the demographic dividend, are either disappearing or dissipating. Simultaneously, obstacles to future growth, such as systemic corruption, environmental degradation, and demographic ageing, are becoming more salient. Economic slowdown will threaten the survival strategy of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Since the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown, the CCP has followed a sophisticated strategy to maintain power. An economic slowdown will likely cause an unravelling of this strategy, which depends on revenues generated by growth for its sustainability.
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Collis, David, Bharat Anand, and J. Yo-Jud Cheng. The United States in Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717973.003.0015.
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While classic business groups are not common in the US today, the phenomenon of unrelated diversification remains prevalent, accounting for about 15 percent of corporate assets. Given the presumed efficiency of markets and the absence of institutional voids in the US, the continuing presence of this organizational form is perhaps a surprise. We document that although certain types of diversified entities—notably, the conglomerate—have declined in importance over time in the US, they have given way to different organizational forms—particularly private equity. We establish that there exists considerable systematic heterogeneity in returns across both types of unrelated diversified firms, which can be masked when focusing only on the average performance of diversified firms. We offer a simple theoretical framework to explain the first two facts: why unrelated diversification continues to persist in the US, and how certain unrelated diversifiers continue to create economic value even as market efficiency improves.
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Auty, Richard M., and Haydn I. Furlonge. The Rent Curse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828860.001.0001.
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This book analyses the political economy of economic development using two stylized facts models of rent-driven growth. The models show that: (i) the resource curse is a variant of a wider rent curse that can be driven by geopolitical rent (foreign aid), labour rent (worker remittances), or regulatory rent (government manipulation of relative prices); (ii) the rent curse is caused by policy failure and is avoidable; (iii) the global incidence of the rent curse varies over time, which reflects development policy fashions; and (iv) the intensity of the rent curse also varies with rent linkages. Rent cycling theory posits that low rent incentivizes the elite to grow the economy to become wealthy, whereas high rent encourages siphoning rent for immediate enrichment at the expense of sustainable and diversified economic growth. The contrasting incentives trigger divergent policies and structural change. Low rent motivates the efficient allocation of inputs in line with the economy’s comparative advantage in labour-intensive exports, which drives: structural change; rapid egalitarian economic growth; and incremental democratization. High rent, however, elicits contests to capture rent for immediate enrichment so the economy absorbs rent too quickly. The economy experiences Dutch disease effects that expand a subsidized urban sector whose rent demands outstrip supply, resulting in a staple trap and a protracted growth collapse. The economy fails to diversify competitively and depends for growth on expanding rent rather than on competitive diversification that boosts productivity. The book uses the models to explain why many developing countries in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Gulf followed a staple trap trajectory and draws on East Asia and South Asia for reform.
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Rez, Peter. Air Transportation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0011.
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When an airplane is full, the energy used to travel a given distance compares very favourably with driving an economical car. Primary energy use is less since airplane turbofan engines are more efficient than car engines. Even airplanes with propellers driven by petrol engines are more efficient than cars as the engines are operating at near-peak rpm and producing a higher proportion of the rated power. Air travel uses a lot of energy because it makes travelling long distances easy, even if not very comfortable. The airplane is limited by the weight it can carry, which puts a limit on how tightly the passengers can be squeezed together. Given that drag will always be a factor in high-speed transportation, even for ground transportation, energy use can be minimised by reducing the cross-sectional area and squeezing more people into even smaller spaces, such as in the hyperloop.
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Morgan, Don W. Locomotor economy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0021.
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Chapter 21 presents and synthesizes research findings related to various aspects of locomotor economy during the childhood and adolescent years. Because the majority of research has been conducted on walking and running, the material presented in this chapter will focus exclusively on these modes of gait. It concludes by proposing future research directions to guide sport scientists, coaches, and clinicians in their quest to understand the factors responsible for efficient locomotion in children, improve the athletic performance of youngsters, and enhance the functional mobility and quality of life of physically challenged youth.
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Singer, Abraham A. The Form of the Firm. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698348.001.0001.
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Contemporary discussions of the corporation tend to fall into one of two camps. The side that dominates much of public discourse is those who conceive of the corporation as purely economic. According to this view, corporations are “nexuses of contracts” that have no greater duties than to maximize profits for their shareholders and that should be given legal and political deference to do so. On the other side are those who conceive of the corporation in almost entirely political terms. In this view, corporations are created by government and exercise powers and privileges that are conceded to it by the state; governments have a responsibility to organize and constrain corporations such that they act for the benefit of society as a whole. This book offers a third way that sees the corporation as being both economic and political. It begins historically, by exploring and explaining the development and strength of the economic theory of the corporation. Despite their strength, such approaches miss the mark: while corporations exist largely to increase economic efficiency, they achieve this in ways that distinguish them from standard economic processes in markets. Corporations are not natural outgrowths of the free market, but institutions that use “norm-governed productivity”—social power, norms, and state-sanctioned authority—to effect economic cooperation that markets cannot. Corporations serve economic ends, but with political and social means. These facts suggest a radical rethinking of how corporations should be legally ordered, who should control them, and what sorts of obligations corporate managers have.
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Papadia, Francesco, and Tuomas Vӓlimӓki. Central Banking before the Great Recession. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806196.003.0002.
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The chapter describes the historical process as well as the analytical and empirical factors that, at the end of the twentieth century, led to the dominance, in advanced economies, of a central bank model based on an independent institution devoted to price stability as its overriding objective. The central bank pre-crisis model was elegant, performing, and efficient. However, it could not easily accommodate the pursuit of a traditionally important central bank objective: financial stability. Indeed, since central banks have, in essence, just one tool, that is, the interest rate, the pursuit of a financial stability objective in addition to a price stability objective could create dilemma situations. In the two decades between the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s, the economies of advanced economies were very stable, and this period was thus identified as Great Moderation. However, subsequent experience showed that, in this period, the crisis was incubating.
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Majumdar, Sumit K. Lost Glory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641994.001.0001.
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Lost Glory: India’s Capitalism Story describes India’s industrialization experiences. Questions about long-term industry and productivity evolution, and their impact on economic growth, lie at the heart of discourses of capitalism. The book is based on detailed empirical analyses of India’s industrialization over a period of almost seven decades, and a case study of Maruti Suzuki, India’s largest automobile manufacturer. The deeply nuanced depiction of the historical political economy that has affected India’s industrialization is a unique feature. This history will enlighten everyone interested in India. The presentation takes readers on a definitive evidence-based survey of India’s industrial landscape. It includes a detailed historical description of the intellectual origins of India’s modern industrialization, anchored in a privileged view of economic policymaking. Grounded in historical and political analyses, the facts derived on India’s long-term economic performance are used to set the record straight. It is unsparing in its assessments where the evidence warrants such conclusions. Its findings will transform debate, and set the agenda for thoughtfully assessing the future course of India’s prosperity. The author overturns the assumptions that India’s much-vaunted private sector firms only engender positive outcomes, finding State-sector firms to have become efficient, and the molecular sector to be as effective overall, while also challenging the notion that privatization is necessary for progress. Conversely, it is found that competition policy innovations to have had positive impact. Practical suggestions are provided and three fundamental reforms, one administrative, one structural, and one behavioral, necessary to regenerate high output, are advocated.
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et, Mokal. Procedure under the Modular Approach. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799931.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the core aspects of the default procedural framework of the Modular Approach and then describes the modules by which the default framework may be adapted. The core elements of the Modular Approach provide a simple, cost-effective framework to liquidate or continue an MSME, recognizing the diversity in size and nature of MSMEs. The two basic options—automatic liquidation, and continuation proceedings—meet multiple objectives. The former facilitates efficient liquidation of MSME assets while allowing entrepreneurs a fresh start, and the latter enables the entrepreneur to continue the business while addressing the factors that caused its financial and economic distress. The core elements are complemented by additional modules that allow policymakers in each jurisdiction, and the entrepreneurs, creditors, and other stakeholders in each such jurisdiction, to identify and deploy the tools suited to the nature and type of debtor and its assets, the causes of its distress, and the prospects for its viability and rehabilitation.
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Kearney, Christopher A. Helping School Refusing Children and Their Parents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190662059.001.0001.
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The overall purpose of this book is to provide a highly practical guide for school professionals to efficiently address cases of youth with school refusal behavior at different levels of severity and complexity. School refusal behavior can consist of full or part-day absences, tardiness, skipped classes, morning misbehaviors in an attempt to miss school, and school attendance under considerable duress. School refusal behavior is a pervasive and difficult problem faced by many types of mental health professionals (e.g., psychologists, psychiatrists, marriage and family therapists), school officials (e.g., administrators, guidance counselors, school-based social workers, school psychologists), and others (e.g., pediatricians, probation officers). School refusal behavior, even in mild forms, has been shown to be a significant risk factor for social, behavioral, and academic problems in middle childhood and adolescence as well as psychiatric, economic, and occupational difficulties in adulthood. This book provides assessment and intervention strategies along a multi-tiered model that includes systemic approaches to prevent school absenteeism (Tier 1), clinical techniques for emerging or moderate cases of absenteeism (Tier 2), and educational and other procedures for chronic and severe cases of absenteeism (Tier 3).
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Nicholas, Caroline, and Anna Caroline Müller. SME Participation in Government Procurement Markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0006.
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This chapter considers policy measures to increase the participation of SMEs in government procurement and their potential economic and social policy benefits. It considers the scale and importance of government procurement, and barriers to SME access to these markets. While some SME support policies are often considered to run counter to fundamental goals of government procurement (notably preference policies that may reduce competition and transparency), the chapter explains that many SME policies in fact support efficient and effective government procurement. It explores the synergies between such SME policies and measures designed to ensure cross-border access to government procurement markets. It considers relevant provisions in the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, and concludes that their recent revisions to promote transparency and effectiveness in the pursuit of these policies are welcome, but that further work to ensure their effective application in practice is needed.
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Kearney, Christopher A. Helping Families of Youth with School Attendance Problems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190912574.001.0001.
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This book is a highly practical guide to efficiently address cases of youth with school attendance problems at different levels of severity and complexity. School attendance problems are a pervasive and difficult dilemma faced by many types of mental health professionals (e.g., psychologists, psychiatrists, marriage and family therapists), school officials (e.g., administrators, guidance counselors, school-based social workers, school psychologists), and others (e.g., pediatricians, probation officers). School attendance problems, even in mild forms, are a significant risk factor for social, behavioral, and academic problems in middle childhood and adolescence as well as psychiatric, economic, and occupational difficulties in adulthood. This book takes a “nuts and bolts” approach that provides very specific and detailed recommendations and guidelines for assessment and intervention across a short period of time (e.g., four weeks). The book focuses less on descriptions of overall programs for absenteeism and more on specific procedures for many different types of cases. Many mental health and school-based professionals cannot logistically implement large-scale programs or even detailed manualized treatment protocols for their clients and schools. Thus, this book is meant to be a very practical guide to address school absenteeism at a relatively fast pace, and within the constraints of most private practices and school settings, while relying on empirically supported techniques. The book also considers developmental levels, with some chapters more applicable to elementary school children and others more suited to middle and high school adolescents.
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Cookson, Richard, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer, eds. Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838197.001.0001.
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Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis aims to help healthcare and public health organizations make fairer decisions with better outcomes. Standard cost-effectiveness analysis provides information about total costs and effects. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis provides additional information about fairness in the distribution of costs and effects—who gains, who loses, and by how much. It can also provide information about the trade-offs that sometimes occur between efficiency objectives such as improving total health and equity objectives such as reducing unfair inequality in health. This is a practical guide to a flexible suite of economic methods for quantifying the equity consequences of health programmes in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The methods can be tailored and combined in various ways to provide useful information to different decision makers in different countries with different distributional equity concerns. The handbook is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and analysts specializing in cost-effectiveness analysis but is also accessible to a broader audience of health sector academics, practitioners, managers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Part I is an introduction and overview for research commissioners, users, and producers. Parts II and III provide step-by-step technical guidance on how to simulate and evaluate distributions, with accompanying hands-on spreadsheet training exercises. Part IV concludes with discussions about how to handle uncertainty about facts and disagreement about values, and the future challenges facing this young and rapidly evolving field of study.
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Burnard, Trevor. British West Indies and Bermuda. Edited by Mark M. Smith and Robert L. Paquette. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0007.
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This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in the British West Indies and Bermuda. The British West Indies differed from other places colonized by the British in the Americas in the rapidity by which slavery became central to the workings of society. In this process, Barbadosstands stood out both for the qualitative leap taken by entrepreneurial Barbadian sugar planters in integrating the factors of production — Barbadian land, African slaves, and London Capital — into an impressively efficient operation under a single owner and for the influence of Barbados's slave society on English and non-English colonies. In Bermuda, the charter generation of Africans, possibly from West-Central Africa, arrived early (by 1620, the island had around 100 African slaves) and lasted for several generations. Bermuda tried — and for a time succeeded — in establishing an economy based on tobacco, but this tiny archipelago, one-eighth the size of Barbados, never made the transition to a mature plantation society. Without a plantation generation to overwhelm them, however, Bermudian slaves were quintessential Atlantic creoles, often attaining a measure of independence denied to slaves elsewhere in a fluid society where slavery closely resembled indentured servitude.
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Coricelli, Fabrizio, and Marco Frigerio. Liquidity Squeeze on SMEs during the Great Recession in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0005.
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We find that European SMEs significantly increased their net trade credit to sales ratio during the Great Recession. For the aggregate of SMEs, trade credit did not provide any buffer to the contraction in bank loans. In fact, through increased net trade credit, SMEs suffered a squeeze in their liquidity and this phenomenon reflects the weak bargaining power of SMEs in their trade credit relationship with larger firms. Therefore, increased net trade credit by SMEs does not reflect an efficient reallocation of credit, and it calls for policy actions. These policy actions are highly relevant, given that the liquidity squeeze had significant adverse effects on the real performance of SMEs, contributing to the recession and to the subsequent timid recovery of European economies. We explore various policies that could be implemented to relieve SMEs from the liquidity squeeze induced by the increase in their receivables.
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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. The Dynamics of the Linguistic System. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.001.0001.
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This book develops a model of language which can be characterized as functionalist, usage-based, dynamic, and complex-adaptive. Its core idea is that linguistic structure is not stable and uniform, but continually refreshed and in fact reconstituted by the feedback-loop interaction of three components: usage, i.e. the interpersonal and cognitive activities of speakers in concrete communication; conventionalization, i.e. the social processes taking place in speech communities; and entrenchment, i.e. the cognitive processes taking place in the minds of individual speakers. Extending the so-called Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model, the book shows that what we call the Linguistic System is created, sustained, and continually adapted by the ongoing interaction between usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. The model contributes to closing the gap in usage-based models concerning how exactly usage is transformed into collective and individual grammar and how these two grammars in turn feed back into usage. The book exploits and extends insights from an exceptionally wide range of fields, including usage-based cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, interactional linguistics and pragmatics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and the sociology and philosophy of language, as well as quantitative corpus linguistics. It makes numerous original suggestions about, among other things, how cognitive processing and representation are related and about the manifold ways in which individuals and communities contribute to shaping language and bringing about language variation and change. It presents a coherent account of the role of forces that are known to affect language structure, variation, and change, e.g. economy, efficiency, extravagance, embodiment, identity, social order, prestige, mobility, multilingualism, and language contact.
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Chakravorty, Sanjoy. Clusters and Regional Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.124.
Full textAbstract:
Industrial clusters have existed since the early days of industrialization. Clusters exist because of the fact (or perception) that competing firms in the same industry derive some benefit from locating in proximity to each other. These benefits are external to the firm and accrue to similar firms in proximity. Examples include the cotton mills of Lancashire, automobile manufacturing in Detroit, and information technology firms in Silicon Valley. At the firm level, the presence of firms in the same industry, which are located in proximity (in the same region), are expected to increase internal productivity. At the industry level, it is possible to see quantifiable localized benefits of clustering which accrue to all firms in a given industry or in a set of interrelated industries. The sources of this productivity increase in regions where an industry is more spatially concentrated: knowledge spillovers, dense buyer–supplier networks, access to a specialized labor pool, and opportunities for efficient subcontracting. At the metropolitan area level, productivity increases from access to specialized financial and professional services, availability of a large labor pool with multiple specializations, inter-industry information transfers, and the availability of less costly general infrastructure. At the interregional scale, these gains are expected to lead to industry concentration in metropolitan and other leading urban regions. To obtain a complete picture of clustering, one must also consider its absence. If manufacturing and service clusters are associated with regional economic growth, the absence of productive clusters suggests the absence of growth and lagging regions.