Academic literature on the topic 'Economic efficiency of urban areas'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic efficiency of urban areas"
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Lapidus, Azarii, and Dmitry Topchiy. "Redevelopment of urban areas." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127406002.
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In the context of ongoing transformations in society and the globalization of economic relations, the objects of the spatial environment of modern urban areas are also changing. The trend towards redevelopment or re-profiling of the urban environment in the direction of greening and increasing the comfort of living of the urban population is becoming more and more significant. These changes have become popular in a number of large cities in Russia due to the huge rate of population urbanization and the movement from small settlements towards megacities or large population centers. As a result, some of the territories occupied in the past years by the industrial sector, dilapidated production bases, transport hangars, and in some cases, dilapidated residential buildings have turned into modern residential complexes equipped with the necessary infrastructure, playgrounds, shopping centers and other objects of social significance. The article discusses the trend of re-profiling of the territory on the example of the city of St. Petersburg, which has significant capacity in this area. The old city center is saturated with industrial areas that are currently not used for their intended purpose. The needs for residential real estate data are realized by developers who actively repurpose these territories for modern large-scale residential complexes. However, this process is quite time-consuming and requires a lot of design work. At the same time, the re-profiling of the territory should be accompanied by the economic efficiency of these works, an example of the calculation of which is presented in the article.
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CHERCHУK, LARYSA. "FORMATION OF ECOLOGICALLY ORIENTED URBAN AREAS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." Economic innovations 20, no. 2(67) (June 20, 2018): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.2(67).203-209.
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Topicality. The imperfection of the management of urban planning systems and urban areas, the lack of consideration of the environmental component, leads to deteriorating conditions and quality of life in cities, which necessitates the further development of theoretical and methodological principles of environmental management of urban areas.Aim and tasks. Substantiation of the necessity of formation of ecologically oriented urban areas management system.Research results. The basic problems of functioning of city territories and their management are determined; the necessity of forming a system of ecologically oriented management of urban territories is substantiated; the regulatory-legal and organizational preconditions for improving the management system of urban areas, taking into account the environmental component; the interpretation of the system of ecologically oriented management of urban areas as a set of principles, methods, means, forms and tools for managing the elements of the urban environment and processes that take place in it in order to ensure a high level of quality of the urban environment in general, environmental safety, social attractiveness and economic efficiency in particular; Its subject, object, basic principles, purpose, criteria of efficiency of functioning are specified.Conclusions. The study found that there is a significant deterioration in the quality of the urban environment, which is largely due to the imperfection of the management of the processes of urban development, management of the city economy, social and economic environment of the territory; a significant part of the problems of the functioning of urban areas is associated with ignoring the ecological component of city management; regulatory-legal and organizational preconditions exist for the formation of ecologically oriented urban land management system; the basis of the formation of a system of ecologically oriented management of urban areas, it is necessary to put ecologically-oriented principles, methods, tools and tools that will ensure a high level of quality of the urban environment in general, environmental safety, social attractiveness and economic efficiency.
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Таранова, Анна, Anna Taranova, Наталья Борисова, Natalya Borisova, Александр Борисов, and Alyeksandr Borisov. "TO THE QUESTION ABOUT ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN URBAN AREAS IN THE NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRON." Russian Journal of Management 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2016): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19815.
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The analysis of aspects of ecological and economic efficiency
in environmental management in urban areas under the
new economic conditions is given. The main task of evaluating
economic efficiency, cost and profit, research, indicators of the
ecological-economic efficiency and address key methods of economic
evaluation of environmental activities identified. the need
to analyse the economic efficiency and its organization, defining
objectives, through which to ensure the conservation and installation
of the dependence of efficiency on different factors also reviewed.
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Zhuoma, Ga Rang, and Ci Fang Wu. "Study on Intercity Differences of Chinese Urban Economic Efficiency and its Spatial - Temporal Characteristics: Base on 273 Cities at Prefecture Level or above in China." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2185.
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This paper measures the urban economic efficiency using the three-stage DEA and analyzes the differences and temporal characteristics of the intercity, based on the data from 273 Cities at Prefecture level or above in China during the period 2002 - 2011. The results indicate that : (1) Urban economic efficiency three-stage DEA estimated was significantly lower than the general DEA, indicating that environmental and random factors have a great impact on urban economic efficiency in China; (2) China's urban economic efficiency intercity difference is very significant, "Bei-Shang-Guang" Metropolitan is a major frontier; (3) Urban economic efficiency intercity difference spatial pattern is very stable, spatial concentration areas of the high efficiency and the low in the study little changed.
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Miner, Mark J., Robert A. Taylor, Cassandra Jones, and Patrick E. Phelan. "Efficiency, economics, and the urban heat island." Environment and Urbanization 29, no. 1 (August 22, 2016): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816655676.
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Economic and societal costs of the urban heat island are considered through the marginal effect of temperature increase on device efficiency and lifespan. Urbanization is virtually synonymous with the mechanization of human comfort systems, and the efficiency of these systems is subject to degradation from the urban heat island. The simplest way to model this degradation is an application of ideal device efficiencies, and the results of such an analysis are presented and considered in this paper. The magnitude of these costs and their avoidance or potential mitigation avenues are the principal topics of the work, and the technical underpinnings of the approach are presented in supplementary material available online. The self-reinforcing nature and economic scale of the urban heat island effect are thus approached from the first principles of thermodynamics and available data on relevant devices and systems. A global perspective on the phenomenon is presented, followed by a case study of the Phoenix, Arizona (US) metropolitan area to demonstrate the scale of these effects. This analysis synthesizes thermodynamic and economic approaches to the health and policy issues of the urban heat island, with particular consideration given to planning for minimization of these effects in low- and middle-income urban areas. This study first estimates the costs borne today by large urban centres, then highlights some of the risks that secondary cities will eventually face – and could potentially mitigate – as they undergo rapid growth and densification.
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Marks-Bielska, Renata, Wiesława Lizińska, Magdalena Wojarska, and Karolina Babuchowska. "Institutional efficiency versus stability of local governments in basic areas of activity: the case of Poland." Equilibrium 15, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.021.
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Research background: In the last decade, the importance of institutions in determining economic processes and the economic growth is increasingly emphasized. Only a few papers deal with the efficiency of institutions, especially at a local level. Thus, a question arises whether the local authorities, in their pursuit of performing the assigned tasks, make every effort to attain a high level of efficiency?
Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper was to determine the relationships between institutional efficiency and identified areas of stability achieved by local governments in their basic roles. Supplementary aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the type of a municipality (urban, rural or mixed urban-rural) and the efficiency and stability of undertaken tasks. A research hypothesis was put forth, assuming that the institutional efficiency of municipal governments depends on the level of stability in basic areas of activity pursued by a given municipality. Supplementary aim of this study was to analyze and assess the relationship between the type of a municipality (urban, rural or mixed urban-rural) and the efficiency and stability of undertaken tasks.
Methods: An accumulated synthetic index of institutional efficiency and partial indices of efficiency in five areas: economic and spatial, financial, administrative, human resources management in municipal offices, provision of social, cultural and educational services, were derived from data acquired from public statistics (Local Data Bank) and from direct investigations conducted in 2015/2016 in 1220 municipalities out of 2479 ones present in Poland. The method for obtaining the index was linear ordering of multi-feature objects.
Findings & Value added: The analyses have confirmed the hypothesis assuming that there is a relationship between the institutional efficiency of local governments and stability of the tasks they performed. These dependences varied in individual provinces of Poland. It is more beneficial for local governments to raise stability by attaining some improvement in these areas where it is low, but not at the expense of those areas where it is high. A specific group of municipalities consisted of urban-rural communities. Their complex and diverse structure must meet the challenge of performing their tasks in specific conditions (urban and rural areas).
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Skolnik, Jonathan, and Richard Schreiner. "Benefits of Transit in Small Urban Areas: A Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1623, no. 1 (January 1998): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1623-07.
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Although the value of transit subsidies is debated at the national level, local decision makers must decide whether it is economically worthwhile to operate transit given the federal and state subsidies currently in place. This issue is examined with respect to a recent study of the economic impacts of the Housatonic Valley Regional Transit District (HART) based in Danbury, Connecticut. The study methodology combined several recently developed benefit classification systems and benefit estimation methodologies. Like many similar studies, the methodology compares current service with the null hypothesis, the discontinuation of transit services. A survey of transit patrons was conducted to examine trip purpose, economic expenditures, and alternatives to HART services. The cost and benefits of local public transportation are examined and quantified. Issues include costs for transit users switching to alternative modes, economic and social costs of forgone trips, accidents, air pollution, congestion, and HART employment, purchases, and capital expenditures. This analysis indicates that publicly operated transit provides significant benefits to a local community compared with costs contributed by the community. The methodologies could be employed using a state or federal perspective to examine the economic efficiency of the transit funding decisions made at those levels of government.
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Gago-Cortés, Carmen, and Isabel Novo-Corti. "Sustainable development of urban slum areas in northwestern Spain." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 6 (September 14, 2015): 891–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-06-2014-0095.
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Purpose – The persistence of shanty towns in cities is a major public issue due to the situation of poverty and abandonment of its inhabitants. Despite public authorities are concerned about this serious issue, they often fail to address suitably the problem due to their short-term goals. The purpose of this paper is to assess the public policies and green economy projects to improve the quality of life of people living in shanty towns in northwest Spain from the point of view of sustainable development and the interaction between social, economic and environmental areas. Design/methodology/approach – A systemic causal diagram is proposed for the empirical analysis. It has been contrasted through the study of the various actions undertaken in some shanty towns in Spain. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to complement this analysis. Findings – As a result, the study shows that the actions should not only be limited to providing access to adequate housing, but should also require more extensive cross-cutting projects. In this, green economy policies are shown as a good choice for improving the quality of life and development of the population. Originality/value – The study highlights the potential of green economic policies to mitigate environmental problems in slum areas and to support the social and economic development of its inhabitants. This paper provides some lines of action to improve the efficiency of public policies implemented in these cases. Thus, benefits in multiple areas such as social, environmental and urban could be generated.
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Vyzhva, S., V. Onyshchuk, I. Onyshchuk, M. Reva, and O. Shabatura. "GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF FLOODING OF URBAN CONGLOMERATES AREAS." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 4 (91) (2020): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.91.01.
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The article is dedicated to using of thegeophysical study of flooding of urban conglomerates areas. The studies were performed within the framework of three stages of exploration of flooding area:reconnaissance-methodical, detailed and monitored ones. The most effective principles of the geophysical mapping of flooding area with geoelectrical horizontal section in depth, creation of geological and geophysical model of the upper part of the section are described. This approach made an assessment tool for classification of the flooding-prone urban areas (on example of flooding area of the Expocenter of Ukraine territory, Kyiv). It is important to note that there is no universal set of geophysical methods for the study of flooding of urban area. This point must be taken into account when choosing the proper geophysical method, elimination of the effects of physical differentiation of soils and economic efficiency of the chosen complex of geophysical methods.
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Filatov, Vladimir, Grigory Yazev, and Oksana Sagina. "Revitalization of urban areas on the basis of industrial parks." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 01130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817001130.
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The issues of revitalization of urban areas on the basis of industrial parks at the present stage are considered in this paper. The development of a new service industry of territorial development - industrial parks – has started in Russia less than 10 years ago and gradually acquires a systemic character. The issues of revitalization of urban areas are extremely relevant for many Russian cities. In the conditions of the necessity to search for new drivers for the economic growth of cities, to improve the quality of the urban environment, to increase the efficiency of the use of urban areas, an important task of finding and elaborating of innovation models for the development of industrial zones arises. A rich experience of reforming such areas has been accumulated in the world practice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic efficiency of urban areas"
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Pavlas, Miroslav. "Ekonomické ukazatele udržitelného urbanistického rozvoje středně velkých měst." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233268.
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The aim of the thesis is to analyse how to measure an economic pillar of sustainable urban development when it is understood in terms of qualitative city development. This principly means achieving economic prosperity which does not lead to damage of the city areas and decrease the quality of life for its residents. This approach requires the creation of an appropriate set of indicators that will cover qualitative aspects of sustainable economic development. The first section summarizes existing approaches to the definition of sustainable development and ways of measuring both on the Czech and the international level. There are also defined basic characteristics of the urban development which are appropriate to express a qualitative development of the city. The second part is focused on existing ways in which sustainable development is measured, i.e. especially in the context of indicator sets. These are under detailed assessment which aim is to show how useful is to measure the economic sustainability from the qualitative point of view. In this part, the limits of using economic macro aggregates (especially Gross Domestic Product) is emphasized because there are still regarded as one of the key economic indicators of sustainable development. In the next part the thesis deals with the definition of economic prosperity and focuses on the characteristics typical for short, medium and long term perspective. Measurement of sustainable urban development in the short term is based on assessment of financial situation. From the medium-term point of view, it is crucial to assess how the city handles its property, i.e. mainly buildings and land. These property components are substantial for a further direction of city development. In the next section are designed indicators aimed at measuring the ability of the city to maintain a skilled workforce which is one of the most important conditions of long-term economic prosperity. The final theoretical part of the thesis is focused on how the long-term sustainable urban development is to be expressed in an economic way through the assessment of investments in urban infrastructure and its operational efficiency. The designed set of indicators is verified on case studies of three medium-sized Czech cities.
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Jurey, Nathan W. D. "The live-work-play district: from vision to implementation." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13731.
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Master of Regional and Community PlanningDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Jae Hong-Kim
The concept of Live-Work-Play has grown in popularity in the field of planning, as various strands of the planning literature increasingly have highlighted the potential benefits of providing places to live, work, and play in close proximity. This study explores the theoretical foundations of the Live-Work-Play concept and discusses its effectiveness as a strategy for creating vibrant urban areas by reforming the spatial arrangement of the built environments. More specifically, the present study empirically examines how the segregation or the mixture of places to live, work, and play may create differences in terms of growth, inequality, education, the built environment, and transportation by analyzing the Boston metropolitan region as an example. The empirical analysis with the use of census tract level socio-economic data shows that the Live-Work-Play mixes can encourage more desirable travel patterns, while the mixes may not significantly promote growth in small areas. However, the analysis also revealed racial and income inequalities exist in the provision of the mixes in the Boston region. These findings suggest planners carefully should consider the equity issues when adopting the Live-Work-Play concept and providing its potential benefits.
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Sarin, Amit. "Equitable economic energy efficiency : creating good jobs in low-income efficiency programming." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55142.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-100).
Energy efficiency is an important consideration in energy policy-making. So, a federal program aimed at funding "energy efficiency retrofits" for low-income households could be an important step in increasing the overall efficiency of energy use in America. If each eligible household reduces the amount of energy it currently wastes by weatherizing, the US could save 127 billion pounds of carbon dioxide. The Department of Energy's Weatherization Assistance Program, that performs energy efficiency retrofits for low-income households, has been funded by over a 20- fold increase due to Stimulus Funding (formally, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009). This increase has caused a serious need for a labor ramp-up to meet the program implementation goals of 1 million to 2 million low-income homes weatherized per year, as compared with the previous level of 100,000 homes a year. This program will only work, however, if the necessary workers can be trained and deployed quickly. This need for labor ramp-up creates a puzzle though. The interests of expanding the weatherization effort quickly and effectively are often posed against the interest of creating quality jobs for marginalized workers. The stakeholders representing each interest-low-income energy efficiency advocates and Green Collar Job Advocates-are both working for the interests of the low-income people, creating some hope for a positive, mutually agreeable solution.
(cont.) This thesis attempts to bridge this gap by documenting how the need for thousands of weatherization workers might be handled in a way that not only stimulates the national economy-the primary goal of the current national economic stimulus effort--but also provides Auditor and Installer jobs for marginalized workers in a way that leads to fruitful long-term employment. Based on my review of ramp-up and weatherization efforts in Massachusetts, I find that collaborative efforts involving existing Community Action Programs, labor unions, Utility companies, neighborhood organizations and educational institutions that prioritize training for long-term skill development may well be possible to promote energy efficiency in a way that addresses both our long-term need to reduce the burning of fossil fuel and our urgent need to stimulate the US economy and improve the economic lot of the most marginalized in US society.
by Amit Sarin.
M.C.P.
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Ustoglu, Deniz. "Agriculture In Urban Areas As A Socio-economic And Townscape Value: The Case Of Rize." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614830/index.pdf.
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Rapid urbanization, which is one of the major problems of contemporary era, created cities as the major destroying centers of nature and ecology by human beings. In this respect, urban agriculture takes place in urban areas as a new way to meet nature and urban for improving the quality of life in the last decades. Despite the belief that agricultural activities always take place in rural areas, agriculture in urban areas would provide citizens many opportunities in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects.
This study aims to identify the notions of urban agriculture, and to investigate its economic, social and environmental impacts by exemplifying the different practices around world. It focuses on Black Sea Towns of Turkey in the case of Rize where agriculture is occupied in important parts of urban and rural areas. Unique features of agriculture in urban areas as they differ from other implementations in the world are examined. In this thesis, UA is considered as socio-economic and townscape value in the city. In the case of Rize, urban agriculture appears as an indispensable part of social life that bears the imprint of rural background of the cities.
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Gilbertson, P. "The survival of trees in urban areas : A biological, social and economic analysis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382565.
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Craven, Barrie Morley. "The impact of the new right economic philosophy on selected areas of public policy : 1979-1996." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337211.
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Delaney, Jason J. "Three Essays on the Search for Economic Efficiency." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/73.
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The chapters of this dissertation examine efficiency failures in three areas of applied microeconomics: experimental economics, public finance, and game theory. In each case, we look at ways to resolve these failures to promote the public good. The first chapter, “An Experimental Test of the Pigovian Hypothesis,” looks at two different policies designed to reduce congestion in a common-pool resource (CPR). We present an experiment with training and a simplified decision task and find that subject behavior converges to the Nash prediction over a number of periods. A Pigovian subsidy effectively moves subject behavior to the pre-subsidy social optimum. Finally, we find a significant but non-persistent effect of information provision in moving subjects toward the social optimum. The second chapter, “Apples to Apples to Oranges,” looks at efficiency and equity failures across states resulting from public expenditure. This chapter introduces an extension of the Representative Expenditure System that uses regression methods and both state and metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level data, allowing for comparability of input costs, service requirements, and levels of need. The regression-based results are robust across state- and MSA-level formulations, although state-level approaches overestimate need for larger, less populous states. All regression-based results diverge from previous workload-based approaches. The third chapter, “Evading Nash Traps in Two-Player Simultaneous Games,” looks at efficiency failures in two-player simultaneous games. This chapter presents two new concepts: “détente” and “no-initiative,” in which players consider their own strategies and other-best-responses. We discuss their efficiency and descriptive properties across a set of simultaneous games.
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Mkhonta, Patrick Bongani. "Local government in Swaziland requirements for competent administration in urban areas /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11152007-162851.
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Shrestha, Manish M. "Feasibility of Satellite Water Tanks for Urban Areas in Developing Countries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342510.
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Corwin, Charles S. "Impacts of professional sports stadium development projects on urban areas." Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8523.
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Master of Regional and Community PlanningDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Jae Hong Kim
Professional sports stadium development projects are major civic endeavors, and city officials and sports franchises often promise stadiums will generate significant gains in the regional economy. This study examines the effectiveness of stadium development in inducing economic development and urban revitalization by conducting a secondary data analysis, and case study of PNC Park and Heinz Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Consistent with prior empirical studies, the secondary data analysis shows that stadium projects do not always produce significant regional economic benefits. A close investigation of the two stadium projects in the North Shore neighborhood of Pittsburgh, however, finds substantially positive effects on investment and physical development at the district level. The present research suggests that stadium developments can be a more powerful urban redevelopment catalyst when consideration is given to four essential factors – location, design, institutional structure, and history and timing.
Books on the topic "Economic efficiency of urban areas"
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Lonergan, Ciara. The effectiveness and efficiency of the planning system in stimulating investment, development and economic growth within urban regeneration areas. [s.l: The Author], 2003.
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Henry, Cisneros. Urban entrepreneurialism and national economic growth. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1995.
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Cisneros, Henry G. Urban entrepreneurialism and national economic growth. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, 1995.
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Ersado, Lire. Income diversification in Zimbabwe: Welfare implications from urban and rural areas. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.
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The very hungry city: Urban energy efficiency and the economic fate of cities. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2012.
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Yeung, Yue-man. The Pearl River Delta mega urban-region: Internal dynamics and external linkages. Hong Kong: Shanghai-Hong Kong Development Institute, 2005.
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Yeung, Yue-man. The Pearl River Delta mega urban-region: Internal dynamics and external linkages. Hong Kong: Shanghai-Hong Kong Development Institute, 2005.
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Hansen, Høgni Kalsø. The urban turn: And the location of economic activities. Lund: Lund University, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economic efficiency of urban areas"
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Harvey, Jack, and Ernie Jowsey. "Economic Efficiency through the Price System." In Urban Land Econimics, 3–18. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10336-9_1.
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Harvey, Jack. "Economic Efficiency Through the Price System." In Urban Land Economics, 3–16. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24441-6_1.
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Scudo, Gianni, and Matteo Clementi. "The Bioregion and Eco-efficiency." In Peri-Urban Areas and Food-Energy-Water Nexus, 145–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41022-7_19.
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Wang, Sufeng, Ran Li, Jia Liu, Zhanglin Peng, Yu Bai, Sufeng Wang, Ran Li, Jia Liu, Zhanglin Peng, and Yu Bai. "Industrial and Environmental Governance Efficiency in China’s Urban Areas." In International Solutions to Sustainable Energy, Policies and Applications, 387–406. Lilburn, GA : The Fairmont Press, Inc., [2018]: River Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003150978-21.
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Perini, Katia. "Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas - Social, Environmental, and Economic Benefits." In Urban Sustainability and River Restoration, 36–43. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119245025.ch5.
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Halasa-Rappel, Y. A., and D. S. Shepard. "Economic evaluation of integrated mosquito control in urban areas." In The economics of integrated pest management of insects, 14–34. Wallingford: CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393678.0014.
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AbdelAzim, Ahmed Ibrahim. "Economic Placement of EV Charging Stations within Urban Areas." In Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment, 295–311. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367423926-13.
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Hishikawa, Takao, and Jun-ichi Inoue. "Probabilistic Flows of Inhabitants in Urban Areas and Self-organization in Housing Markets." In New Economic Windows, 167–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08473-2_7.
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Sarma, Arup K., Banasri Sarma, and Subhasish Das. "Estimating Sustainable Carrying Capacity of Flood Prone Hilly Urban Areas." In Urban Hydrology, Watershed Management and Socio-Economic Aspects, 289–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40195-9_23.
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Westin, Lars. "Challenges for urban and rural areas within AEC from cross-border integration." In Economic Integration and Regional Development, 191–203. First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge studies in the modern world economy ; 170: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315534053-14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Economic efficiency of urban areas"
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KOBIAŁKA, Anna, and Renata KUBIK. "EFFICIENCY OF THE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF POLISH COMMUNES IN RURAL AREAS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.207.
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The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of investment activity in the communes in Poland. The commune is a basic unit of local government in Poland, and rural and urban-rural communes constitute the vast majority of municipalities. Communes in their own name and on their own account carry out public tasks that cover all tasks of local interest, including technical and environmental infrastructure. Despite many researches on the efficiency of communes, there are no studies on selected activities as well as on rural areas only. The nonparametric method of technical efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used in the study. The inputs and the effects of investment activity of rural and urban-rural communes in 2007-2013 were compared. This period was related to the duration of EU support programs. The study was conducted on the basis of data from the Local Data Bank which is Poland's largest database of the economy, society and the environment. The ranking of investment activity for communes were made based of the calculated average for indicators of efficiency. The studies conducted show that the amount of expenditure incurred on the studied spheres of investment activity of the analyzed communes does not translate into their efficiency. This is connected with the possibility of obtaining additional funds from EU. Information on the use of EU funds for financing the municipal investments were not included in the study due to lack of data before 2010. Among the analyzed rural and urban-rural communes the most efficient ones were located in the Mazowieckie, Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie voivodships, although they were not fully efficient throughout the considered period. Due to its closeness to the capital, the municipality of Mazowieckie voivodeship belongs to an area with a high degree of urbanization. Communes from the Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie voivodships belong to regions characterized by a high share of rural areas. The dynamic development of infrastructure is extremely important in terms of divergence between regions of the country.
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Gibson, Sherika. "Investigating the Potential of Urban Land Uses to Support Sustainable Energy Principles Using a Spatial Analysis Model." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49713.
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The underpinning elements of sustainable communities are centered on economic security, renewable energy resources, reliable infrastructure, and ecological protection. The geomorphology of urban areas is altered due to human activity leading to change in land use characteristics and resources availability. Research has shown that global population has increased drastically over the last three decades resulting in depleted efficiency of regional resources. Because of this, obtaining sustainable energy platforms is a world-wide concern. In evaluating the ability of urban communities to support sustainable elements, both spatial and temporal influences must be considered. As a result a spatial analysis model will be used to assess the geomorphological and land use aspects of urban watersheds to support sustainable communities’ platform. These data will provide insight in essential components in need of environmental restoration that contribute to future renewable resources which can then be applied on a global scale.
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Kanjanun, Kitisak, Yan Bin, and Sakda Katawaethwarag. "An overview of urban-bridge construction in Bangkok metropolitan area, Thailand." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0164.
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<p>Nowadays, The Bangkok Metropolitan Area (B.M.A.), Thailand, has proliferation economic and population growth that it was predicted the traffic would increase. Bridge engineering becomes one essential part of an infrastructure that meets the needs able to facilitate and rapidly the itinerary to connect the network of land transportation efficiently and turn into crucial development. The focus of the review is to present the case studies of a bridge construction technology of the urban area, that was built in B.M.A. This paper provides a history of the development of bridge construction projects with emerging technology bridge construction in B.M.A., Thailand, by searching for information and research. It describes the engineering background, design concept, structural form, summarises the significant to use bridge construction of the development that would be a benefit to choose the technology that has been appropriate with a bridge construction project in B.M.A. or other similar areas.</p>
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Sadewo, Erie, Delik Hudalah, Ibnu Syabri, and Pradono Pradono. "Deciding Where to Live in The Suburb: Linking Utility-Maximization and Residential Mobility in Polycentric Urban Region Context." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/fmem3929.
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In a polycentric urban structure, the commuting pattern which was traditionally directed from the suburban to CBD, is becoming more complex with increasing reverse- and cross-commuting activities. This paper is aimed to provide empirical evidence which validating the importance of utility-maximizing parameters, derived from the monocentric model, in the context of post-suburbanized polycentric urban region. It questioning to which extent of different residential mobility between municipalities could be linked to the variation of such parameters. Focusing on the frontier areas of Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia, each municipality within the region is treated as a Decision-Making Unit which intend to maximizing co-location between residential and employment uses. Using the data from the 2017 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), the analysis was simply taken by comparing the aggregative-mean of income, housing-cost and transportation cost data from each municipal in JMAs periphery. The Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) was used for measure how these utility-maximizing parameters related with inter-suburban migration flows. The results show that housing cost is the only utility which still has significant impact in polycentric setting. Moreover, the area with lowest utility value tends to be the most efficient in attracting in-migrant. It implies that residential mobility within suburban areas does not motivated by lower housing or transportation cost, nor to get near to major employment location. Thus, workers heterogeneity and behavioral aspect may have played bigger role in residential mobility of polycentric urban setting.
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Lea˜o, C. P., S. F. C. F. Teixeira, A. M. Silva, M. L. Nunes, and L. A. S. B. Martins. "Thermo-Economic Optimization in the Design of Small-Scale and Residential Cogeneration Systems." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13089.
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In recent years, gas-turbine engines have undergone major improvements both in efficiency and cost reductions. Several inexpensive models are available in the range of 30 to 250 kWe, with electrical efficiencies already approaching 30%, due to the use of a basic air-compressor associated to an internal air pre-heater. Gas-turbine engines offer significant advantages over Diesel or IC engines, particularly when Natural Gas (NG) is used as fuel. With the current market trends toward Distributed Generation (DG) and the increased substitution of boilers by NG-fuelled cogeneration installations for CO2 emissions reduction, small-scale gas turbine units can be the ideal solution for energy systems located in urban areas. A numerical optimization method was applied to a small-scale unit delivering 100 kW of power and 0.86 kg/s of water, heated from 318 to 353K. In this academic study, the unit is based on a micro gas-turbine and includes an internal pre-heater, typical of these low pressure-ratio turbines, and an external heat recovery system. The problem was formulated as a non-linear optimisation model with the minimisation of costs subject to the physical and thermodynamic constraints. Despite difficulties in obtaining data for some of the components cost-equations, the preliminary results indicate that the optimal compressor pressure ratio is about half of the usual values found in large installations, but higher than those of the currently available micro-turbine models, while the turbine inlet temperature remains virtually unchanged.
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Selva-Royo, Juan Ramón, Nuño Mardones, and Alberto Cendoya. "Cartographying the real metropolis: A proposal for a data-based planning beyond the administrative boundaries." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5261.
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Cartographying the real metropolis: A proposal for a data-based planning beyond the administrative boundaries. Juan R. Selva-Royo¹, Nuño Mardones¹, Alberto Cendoya² ¹University of Navarra, School of Architecture, Department of Theory and Design, University of Navarra Campus, 31080 Pamplona, Spain; ²University of Navarra, ICS, Navarra Center for International Development, University of Navarra Campus, 31080, Pamplona, Spain E-mail: jrselva@unav.es, nmardones@unav.es, cendoya.alberto@gmail.com Keywords (3-5): Data planning, metropolitan areas, big data, urban extent, good governance Conference topics and scale: Cartography and big data Nowadays, there is a great gap between the functional reality of urban agglomerations and their planning, largely because of the traditional linkage of urban management to the administrative limits inherited from the past. It is also true that the regulation of urban activities, including census and statistical information, requires a closer view of its citizens that can only be addressed from the municipal level. In any case, it is clear that the metropolitan delimitation has met useful but often ethereal or exclusionary criteria (economic or labor patterns, functional areas...), which become disfigured by an administrative reality that does not always correspond to the real metropolis. This paper, aware of the new cartographic possibilities linked to the big data - CORINE Land Cover, SIOSE, multi-sector digital atlases (in many cases referred to the urban extent, etc.) and other open system platforms - explores the evidence that might base a new objective methodology for the delimitation and planning of large urban areas. Indeed, what if basic data for cities would arise not from administrative entities but from independent outside approaches such as satellite imagery? What if every single sensing unit (every citizen, company, building or vehicle) directly issued relevant and dynamic information without going through the municipal collection? Finally, the research analyzes the eventual implications of this data-based planning with administrative structures and urban planning competencies in force through some current case studies, with the purpose of achieving a more efficient and clear metropolitan governance for our planet. References (100 words) Aguado, M. (coord.) (2012) Áreas Urbanas +50. Información estadística de las Grandes Áreas Urbanas españolas 2012 (Centro de Publicaciones Secretaría General Técnica Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid). Angel, S. (dir.) (2016) Atlas of Urban Expansion (http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org) accessed 29 January 2017. Brenner, N. and Katsikis, N. (2017) Is the World Urban? Towards a Critique of Geospatial Ideology (Actar Publishers, New York). Florczyk, A. J., Ferri, S., Syrris, V., Kemper, T., Halkia, M., Soille, P., and Pesaresi, M. (2016). ‘A New European Settlement Map from Optical Remotely Sensed Data’, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 9, 1978-1992.
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Stanojević, Ana, Mimica Milošević, Dušan Milošević, Branko Aj Turnšek, and Ljiljana Jevremović. "Developing Multi-Criteria Model for the Protection of Cultural Built Heritage in Serbia from the Aspect of Energy Recovery of the Buildings." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.397.
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Contemporary society and modern living in urban areas strive for more sustainable environments, respecting the past, history and their remains. Intangible and tangible cultural heritage has become an important urban resource for city promotion as well as a trigger for economic and social city development. Built heritage, as part of cultural heritage, consists of various buildings from different epochs. Sustainable principles developed within the concept of smart, environmentally-friendly, and responsive cities requires energy optimization while minimizing energy amounts needed for systems of heating and cooling in buildings. Energy rehabilitation seems to become a strategically necessary and legally obligatory task in Serbia too. It means the implementation of various measures in term of the use of renewable energy resources and improvement of the thermal envelope of the already existing facilities. However, this type of interventions often reflects on the visual appearance of the building, changing its form, façade articulation and materialization. Respecting legally prescribed allowance, according to the degree of regime protection of cultural built heritage, the paper goal is to develop a model for the protection of the buildings in term of improvement of their energetic performances. The research aim is to identify the most optimal measures to be applied to increase energy efficiency depending on building's degree of protection, in Serbia, using multi-criteria decision-making methodology.
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Roser, Holger, Paul D. Walker, and Nong Zhang. "Robustness Analysis of Two-Speed Electric Vehicles." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64139.
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This paper presents the findings of a theoretical analysis of a two-speed Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) for electric vehicle applications. Electric drives incorporating DCTs can offer improved driving economy and range, acceleration and climbing gradeability, with potentially smaller electric motors (EMs). Overall powertrain performance is simulated with different standard driving cycles, including urban, extra-urban, and constant speed driving, and different EM power ratings. Simulation results are compared against equivalent single-speed powertrain, including a conceptual evaluation of powertrain bulk, weight and cost. Despite added complexity of including a DCT, the simulated driving range is increased by shifting the operating region of the electric motor to greater efficiency regions. This is shown to be more predominant during high-speed driving. In addition, satisfactory drive performance can be achieved with smaller EMs, compensating for added transmission bulk, weight and cost. An outline of further areas of two-speed electric drive research and applications conclude this paper.
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Bolay, Jean-Claude, and Eléonore Labattut. "Sustainable development, planning and poverty alleviation." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/dogy3890.
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In 2018, the world population is around 7.6 billion, 4.2 billion in urban settlements and 3.4 billion in rural areas. Of this total, according to UN-Habitat, 3.2 billion of urban inhabitants live in southern countries. Of them, one billion, or nearly a third, live in slums. Urban poverty is therefore an endemic problem that has not been solved despite all initiatives taken to date by public and private sectors. This global transformation of our contemporary societies is particularly challenging in Asia and Africa, knowing that on these two continents, less than half of the population currently lives in urban areas. In addition, over the next decades, 90% of the urbanization process will take place in these major regions of the world. Urban planning is not an end in itself. It is a way, human and technological, to foresee the future and to act in a consistent and responsible way in order to guarantee the wellbeing of the populations residing in cities or in their peripheries. Many writers and urban actors in the South have criticized the inadequacy of urban planning to the problems faced by the cities confronting spatial and demographic growth. For many of them the reproduction of Western models of planning is ineffective when the urban context responds to very different logics. It is therefore a question of reinventing urban planning on different bases. And in order to address the real problems that urban inhabitants and authorities are facing, and offering infrastructures and access to services for all, this with the prospect of reducing poverty, to develop a more inclusive city, with a more efficient organization, in order to make it sustainable, both environmental than social and economic. The field work carried out during recent years in small and medium-sized cities in Burkina Faso, Brazil, Argentina and Vietnam allows us to focus the attention of specialists and decision makers on intermediate cities that have been little studied but which are home to half of the world's urban population. From local diagnoses, we come to a first conclusion. Many small and medium-sized cities in the South can be considered as poor cities, from four criteria. They have a relatively large percentage of the population is considered to be poor; the local government and its administration do not have enough money to invest in solving the problems they face; these same authorities lack the human resources to initiate and manage an efficient planning process; urban governance remains little open to democratic participation and poorly integrates social demand into its development plans. Based on this analysis, we consider it is imperative to renovate urban planning as part of a more participatory process that meets the expectations of citizens with more realistic criteria. This process incorporates different stages: an analysis grounded on the identification of urban investment needed to improve the city; the consideration of the social demands; a realistic assessment of the financial resources to be mobilized (municipal budget, taxes, public and international external grants, public private partnership); a continuous dialogue between urban actors to determine the urban priorities to be addressed in the coming years. This protocol serves as a basis for comparative studies between cities in the South and a training program initiated in Argentina for urban actors in small and medium sized cities, which we wish to extend later to other countries of the South
Reports on the topic "Economic efficiency of urban areas"
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Lindfield, Michael. Fostering Competitive Cities and Urban Areas in the GMS Building Inclusive Economic Clusters Sustainably. Asian Development Bank, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps178934-2.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Jiang, Yuxiang. Unsettled Technology Areas in Electric Propulsion Systems. SAE International, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021012.
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Electric vehicle (EV) transmission technology—crucial for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)—is developing quickly and customers want good performance at a low cost. Single-speed gearboxes are popular in electric drive systems due to their simple and cost-effective configuration. However, multispeed gearboxes are being taken to market due to their higher low-speed torque, dynamic performance, and energy efficiency. Unsettled Technology Areas in Electric Propulsion Systems reviews the economic drivers, existing techniques, and current challenges of EV transmission technology—including torque interruption during shifting; thermal and sealing issues; and noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). This report discusses the pros and cons for both single-speed and multispeed gearboxes with numerical analysis.
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Eckert, Elizabeth, Eleanor Turner, and Jo Anne Yeager Sallah. Youth Rural-Urban Migration in Bungoma, Kenya: Implications for the Agricultural Workforce. RTI Press, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0062.1908.
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This study provides insights into a specific, hard-to-reach youth subpopulation—those born in agricultural areas in Western Kenya who migrate to large towns and cities—that is often missed by research and development activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find high variability in movement of youth between rural villages, towns, and large urban areas. Top reasons for youth migration align with existing literature, including pursuit of job opportunities and education. For youth from villages where crop farming is the primary economic activity for young adults, 77 percent responded that they are very interested in that work, in contrast to the common notion that youth are disinterested in agriculture. We also find many youth interested in settling permanently in their villages in the future. This research confirms that youth migration is dynamic, requiring that policymakers and development practitioners employ methods of engaging youth that recognize the diversity of profiles and mobility of this set of individuals.
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McCall, Jamie. Assessing the Evidence: Promoting Economic Development in Rural North Carolina with Education, Workforce Development, Infrastructure, Healthcare, and Leadership. Carolina Small Business Development Fund, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46712/rural.economic.development.
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Like many other states, North Carolina’s population dynamics have shown a definitive shift toward greater urbanization. Some of the population increase in urban areas is in-migration from outside the state. However, net population loss in many of North Carolina’s rural areas has been on the rise for years. Population outflows of this magnitude can bring an array of unique challenges for rural small firms. Chronic rural issues like unfavorable geography, endemic poverty, and poor infrastructure for business can pose serious economic development challenges. According to some scholars, level of rurality or geographical isolation is the primary variable in explaining why economic development outcomes vary across the United States. We assess the literature to determine what role small business development and complimentary strategies have in rural economic growth.
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Nelson, Arthur, Robert Hibberd, and Kristina Currans. Transit Impacts on Jobs, People and Real Estate. Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.258.
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This report is comprised of five substantive elements. The first is crafting a scientifically sound framework for identifying landscapes within the metropolitan areas we studied. The second is applying those Place Typologies and spatial analysis to economic and demographic change for the transit system in each metropolitan area. The third is analyzing how real estate markets respond to transit system proximity with special reference to the Place Typologies. Fourth, this is followed by specialized studies into how urban form and society are shaped by transit systems. The fifth is providing an overall perspective of our research as well as a framework for unlocking the potential to leverage economic benefits of transit to advance social well-being.
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Bhatt, Mihir R., Shilpi Srivastava, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Lyla Mehta. Key Considerations: India's Deadly Second COVID-19 Wave: Addressing Impacts and Building Preparedness Against Future Waves. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.031.
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Since February 2021, countless lives have been lost in India, which has compounded the social and economic devastation caused by the second wave of COVID-19. The sharp surge in cases across the country overwhelmed the health infrastructure, with people left scrambling for hospital beds, critical drugs, and oxygen. As of May 2021, infections began to come down in urban areas. However, the effects of the second wave continued to be felt in rural areas. This is the worst humanitarian and public health crisis the country has witnessed since independence; while the continued spread of COVID-19 variants will have regional and global implications. With a slow vaccine rollout and overwhelmed health infrastructure, there is a critical need to examine India's response and recommend measures to further arrest the current spread of infection and to prevent and prepare against future waves. This brief is a rapid social science review and analysis of the second wave of COVID-19 in India. It draws on emerging reports, literature, and regional social science expertise to examine reasons for the second wave, explain its impact, and highlight the systemic issues that hindered the response. This brief puts forth vital considerations for local and national government, civil society, and humanitarian actors at global and national levels, with implications for future waves of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on the COVID-19 response in India. It was developed for SSHAP by Mihir R. Bhatt (AIDMI), Shilpi Srivastava (IDS), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), and Lyla Mehta (IDS) with input and reviews from Deepak Sanan (Former Civil Servant; Senior Visiting Fellow, Centre for Policy Research), Subir Sinha (SOAS), Murad Banaji (Middlesex University London), Delhi Rose Angom (Oxfam India), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Santiago Ripoll (IDS). It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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The 14th Five-Year Plan of the People’s Republic of China—Fostering High-Quality Development. Asian Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf210192-2.
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This policy notes outlines recommendations for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China that highlights high-quality green development. The plan emphasizes innovation as the core of modern development, relying on the dual circulation strategy as the growth paradigm coupled with reforms to increase living standards. Building on the achievements of the 13th Plan, it aims to reduce the carbon intensity of the economy and peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030. This policy note’s recommendations focus on innovation-driven growth, low-carbon development, integration of urban–rural areas with deeper social inclusion, and population aging as priorities.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Poland. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nepl.2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
The report outlines the evolution of the labour market situation of young people in Poland between 2009 and 2019. Particular attention was paid to describe how the situation has changed across different age subgroups and degree of urbanization. The analysis includes descriptive statistics of the selected labour market indicators (employment and unem-ployment rate, NEET rate) along with educational and population data extracted from the Eurostat public datasets. The report shows that youth population in Poland has been declining over the past decade, especially in cities and rural areas. Labour market situation of young Poles worsened in the aftermath of financial and economic crisis. Since 2013 is has improved considerably. In 2019,the unemployment rate was below the pre-recession level and the lowest since the political and economic transformation. The pattern of labour market situation evolution was similar across all age subgroups and degrees of urbanisation, although those from the younger sub-groups were more vulnerable to economic fluctuations. In 2019, the difference between rural and urban areas in the unemployment level was minor. The employment rate and the NEET rate, however, was clearly higher in cities which suggests that many of those living in towns and rural areas remain outside the labour force. The level of school dropouts among youth is one of the lowest in the EU and has been relatively stable over the past decade. It is slightly higher in towns and rural areas than in cities, but the difference is not significant.