Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic exploitation'

Los ensayos contenidos en esta disertación doctoral estudian como la explotación activos intangibles tales como patentes y propiedad intelectual pueden contribuir a la creación de valor y fortalecer las ventajas competitivas de la firma. En particular, se busca estudiar las diferentes estrategias seguidas por las empresas para explotar el valor creado a través de la innovación, examinando como la incertidumbre de mercado y los activos necesarios para explotar el la innovación, determinan la decisión de comercialización. El primer capitulo presenta un modelo teórico que estudia la decisión de comercializar una patente como una opción para invertir. El segundo capitulo aborda el problema de comercialización a través de una licencia, cuando el nivel de incertidumbre de mercado es alta. Finalmente, el ultimo capitulo examina como los spillovers entre diferentes grupos de investigación afectan el valor de las innovaciones creadas.
The essays in this thesis are concerned to study the potential linkages between Firms' business strategies and how the exploitation of intellectual assets determines the way innovation can help in building competitive advantages and increasing firm value. In particular, I focus on the different strategies employed by firms to exploit the value created by innovation, examining how market uncertainty and complementary assets affect commercialization decisions. The first chapter of the thesis develops a theoretical model that studies the decision to commercialize as an option to invest. The second chapter is an empirical test to find how market uncertainty can affect the likelihood that a disembodied patent will be licensed. Finally the last chapter studies how knowledge spillovers affect the value of patented inventions.

In prior literature it has been argued that there exists a tension between balancing investments in Exploration for new organisational knowledge against the Exploitation of current stocks. It is argued that over time firms tend towards an ever increasing focus upon Exploitation to the exclusion of investments in Exploration. It is argued that this bias is in part due to the causally complex feedback loops between Exploration activities and financial performance. The tendency for Exploitation to drive out Exploration activities over time is argued to pose a serious threat to firm's long term prosperity and survival. This thesis first reviews and interprets the diverse literature on the tension between Exploration and Exploitation. This interpretation of prior work highlights that Exploitation is not a single process, but rather two: incremental Development of current stocks of knowledge and Appropriation of a return from those stocks through use and sale in the marketplace. It is argued that the classic tension between Exploration and Exploitation is intermediated by the process of Devlopment, which seeks to convert new organisational knowledge into forms amenable to appropriation of a financial return, in addition to making incremental improvements to current stocks of organisational knowledge. It is argued that the tension between these three processes only exists in the short term. In the long term the success of each process is dependent upon the other two. It is argued, however, that in the long term it is difficult sustain individual efforts to extend the firm's knowledge stocks through Exploration, Development, or efforts to Appropriate a return through use, due to the existence of three antagonistic processes that impede each of these three processes individually. These antagonists are Core Rigidities, Slow Rate of Learning and Imitation by competitors. Through the literature review insights are offered into how management can suppress these antagonistic processes. Chapters Three and Four empirically study the phenomena of Exploration and Exploitation of organisational knowledge in the context of the UK therapeutics biotechnology sector. In Chapter Three an in-depth case study of a leading firm, Ceiltech, is undertaken. From this case it is argued that contrary to prior literature it is possible for a firm to maintain a balance between Exploratidn and Exploitation beyond the short term. It is shown that Ceiltech's Exploration activities can be linked directly to the financial renaissance of the firm between 1990 and 1998. Insights are offered into how management sought to maintain this balance and ensure that the long term complementary relationship between the processes of Exploration, Development and Appropriation was not undermined by short-term actions. Based on the experiences of Ceiltech and other biotechnology firms key quantifiable outputs of the processes of Exploration, Development and Appropriation are devised. Using an event study methodology, announcements of these key outputs, by all publicly quoted UK biotechnology firms between December 1995 and January 1999, are analysed. It is found that contrary to prior theoretic suggestions the outputs of both Exploration and Exploitation activities generate observable financial valuations in the stock market. Announcement of positive progress in Exploration and Development activities are found to coincide with increases in share price over and above either the past performance of the firm or the contemporary performance of market indices. This suggests that contrary to theoretical arguments in the literature the causal feedback loop between Exploration and Development activities and financial performance can be quite direct. It is also found that alliance formation plays an important role in value creation. It is argued that the increase in market capitalisation that formation of alliances generate is not fully explained by the sharing of resources and capabilities alone. It is argued that formation of an alliance with a firm that has a high scientific and commercial reputation within the stock market has a knock on reputational effect upon the valuation of its biotechnology partner. The alliance offers uncertainty reduction information to shareholders about the likely success and value of Exploration and Development projects undertaken by the biotechnology firm, resulting in an increase in the value of the firm. The concluding chapter of this thesis highlights major implications that the findings of this study may have for both the pharmaceutical sector and industry in general.

When implemented within a favourable legislative framework, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can produce domestic growth-enhancing spillovers in host countries. Other potential positive effects include the provision of investment capital, the creation of local employment and the transfer of sophisticated technology or advanced knowledge. African nations in particular have been historically reliant on externally-provided funds. Prevailing low income levels, marginal savings rates and the absence of functioning financial markets necessary to provide local start-up capital continue to keep Africa reliant on foreign inflows. Considering China’s increasing financial commitments to Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) over the last decade, this study examines the state of current Sino-African investment relationships. Specific attention is paid to the outcomes of this strategic bilateral alliance in order to determine whether or not a mutually beneficial investment relationship has evolved. The distinct nature and structure of, the motivation behind and the most significant determinants of Chinese FDI to SSA are all analysed in accordance with traditional FDI theories. A case study approach is used to establish whether China’s contemporary interest in SSA differs from historical investments and to also investigate country-specific commonalities and differences. Of particular relevance to SSA are resource-backed Chinese loans that finance major infrastructure projects in host nations. Interestingly, a lot of the Sino-African investment packages resemble similar deals struck between China and Japan in the 1970s. The results of this study indicate that China’s investment motives seem more diverse than initially expected. Resource-seeking, profit-seeking and market access-seeking reasons appear to be the most important motives. After establishing the Top- Ten recipients of Chinese FDI in SSA, these nations are then classified into three major categories: resource-, oil- or agricultural-rich nations. Undiversified resource- or oil-rich economies are found to have secured the largest shares of Chinese FDI. This study suggests that China’s contemporary “African Safari” is an unconventional way of providing financial assistance. Rather than solely supplying FDI, China finances a diverse mix of instruments, the most important being concessional loans, export credits, zero-interest loans and the establishment of Special Economic Zones. A profound difference to traditional Western investment packages is China’s non-interference approach. Accordingly, Beijing not only refrains from intervening in host countries’ domestic affairs but also refuses to attach formal conditionalties to its loans. China’s “financial safari” into Africa has produced many positive as well as negative effects in host countries. Nevertheless, it would seem that the positive effects outweigh the negative and China’s FDI could contribute to sustainable development in SSA

This dissertation investigates the ethnic labor market activities of the Latina/os. This study is important since regardless of their historical and increasing presence in the U.S., Latinos continue to find themselves disproportionately at the bottom of the social hierarchy (Saenz, Morales, and Ayala 2004). Furthermore, due to their lack of access, a significant amount of the members of this group are turning to employment in an ethnic niche. While there is no consensus as to what exactly constitutes an ethnic niche, a distinct characteristic is the co-ethnic nature of the work environments. Special focus is placed on how immigration status/nativity, gender, nativity, and skin color influences job search activities and wage differentials in the ethnic niche. While these factors have been found to impact the mainstream labor market, our knowledge of how these factors operate in a work environment with a dominant presence of co-ethnics is ambiguous. Utilizing data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), results show that Latina/os workers in co-ethnic niches receive fewer economic rewards than their ethnic counterparts in the general labor market. Furthermore, within the Latina/o population dark-skinned individuals are more likely to be employed in ethnic niches while the lighter-skinned are more likely to be employed in the general labor market. When examining the stratification factors of immigration/nativity status, gender, and skin color, in addition to social networks, findings show that these stratification factors operate in a similar fashion in ethnic niches as they do in more mainstream labor markets. Thus these findings question the presumably protective work environment of ethnic niches.

This dissertation involves an analysis and discussion of the legal regime governing the exploitation of non-living marine resources within national jurisdiction in East Africa. This is in light of the relatively recent offshore oil and gas discoveries off the coasts of Mozambique and Tanzania which have resulted in offshore exploration activities along the Western Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea) in pursuit of these hydrocarbons. Before delving into legal analysis and discussion, the dissertation departs by providing background on the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC)2 which is the international legal regime governing maritime spaces and the contributions made by, inter alia, East African coastal States to bring it about. From here, the dissertation ventures into an analysis and discussion of the legal zones claimed by East African coastal States within which exploitation activities may occur. This part of the discussion involves, among other things, an in depth analysis of the practices of East African coastal States as far as establishing maritime zones in terms of international law. The dissertation then proceeds to discuss which East African coastal States have delimited their maritime zones where they overlap with neighbouring States with adjacent and/or opposite coasts. The discussion highlights which States, in terms of international law, have clearly defined the ambit of their maritime jurisdiction by establishing a delimitation boundary where claims to maritime zones overlapped. This part of the dissertation also discusses which States have not delimited their overlapping maritime zones and the reasons for the lack of delimitation. Following this, the dissertation moves on to discuss the LOSC provisions applicable to exploiting non-living resources, and analyse whether the laws of East African coastal States that pertain to exploiting these resources adequately give effect to LOSC. Finally, in light of the above analysis and discussions, the dissertation moves on to establish if whether or not the legal infrastructure of East African coastal States is adequate for exploiting non-living resources within their national jurisdiction. Generally, the findings reflect favourably on the legal framework of East African coastal States. However, the pressing issue is the practices of some States in respect of claiming certain maritime zones and where necessary, not delimiting these zones. This results in uncertainty as to the maritime jurisdiction of a coastal State, especially with resources such as oil and gas which may straddle across boundaries. Moreover, it creates conflict and as such, threatens peace and security in the region as well as stunt economic and socio-economic development. As such, this dissertation, on the one hand, reflects the advancement of East African coastal States from contributing towards the adoption and coming into effect of LOSC, as well as giving effect to it domestically as far as exploiting non-living resources within national jurisdiction is concerned. On the other hand, it highlights the work that lays ahead for East African coastal States in order for them to fully enjoy their right.

This thesis is concerned with the regional economic impacts of the Hibernia oil and gas development. With the intention of showing the linkage-leakage process of major resource development, I develop a conceptual framework which combines notions of interregional input-output, location quotient and capital availability ratio. The framework suggests how standard approaches to input-output analysis could be modified by concepts of capital constraints; and used as a basis to formulate policies on how to extract significant economic benefits from resource development. The study shows that the impact of resource development, particularly on Newfoundland, would be restricted to a few industrial sectors. Thus, extensive regional economic development could not be carried out based mainly on natural resource projects dictated by the operations of market forces. The main reason is that there are limited manufacturing establishments in Atlantic Canada. Also, a significant portion of the equipment would be sourced from outside Canada. The results of the empirical analysis also indicate that given the manufacturing linkages between the provinces regional economic development should not be viewed in isolation, but rather should be considered within a broader context of how the regions relate to the national economy. Therefore, there is a need to develop a sourcing policy based on the principle of government-industry cooperation if the high expectations regarding the industrial and employments benefits to be generated by the Hibernia oil and gas development are to be realized. The challenge facing policy makers in the coming years would be to nurture through their initiatives government-industry cooperation, as well as, develop operational policies that would balance regional interests with national objectives; while maintaining the "Single Window" concept through the Joint Offshore Management Boards (JOMB). Finally, I discuss the recently concluded Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) which is expected to come into force on January 1, 1989. There are seven specific provisions of the Agreement which would have an impact on major oil and gas development projects and the federal regional economic development policies and programs. The implications of the FTA would present a challenge to decision makers and analysts in designing programs and policies to optimize oil and gas development related benefits.

Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach
Thesis advisor: Andrea Vicini
Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology

This thesis is about the complex network of metaphors that emerged around late nineteenth-century conceptions of economic self-interest — metaphors that dramatised the predatory, conflictual and exploitative basis of relations between nations, institutions, sexes and people in an outwardly belligerent fin-de-siècle economy. More specifically, this thesis is about the vampire, cannibal and related genera of economic metaphor which I argue penetrate many of the major discourses of the period in ways that have yet to be understood. In chapters that examine socialist fiction and newspapers; the imperial quest romance; inter-personal intimacies in the writing of Henry James and Vernon Lee; and the Catholic novels of Lucas Malet, I assess the breadth and variety of these metaphors, and consider how they filter the concept of the conflictual ‘economic man’ inspired by Hobbes and formalised in nineteenth-century economic discourses. The thesis builds on Maggie Kilgour’s From communion to cannibalism: an anatomy of metaphors of incorporation (1990), which traces the genealogy – in literature from Homer to Melville – of what she terms ‘metaphors of incorporation’. In basic terms, these are metaphors that originate from a foundational inside-outside binary and involve the assimilation or incorporation of an external reality. Kilgour attempts to demonstrate that with the increasing isolation of the modern individual (signalled by the acts of enclosure and the formalisation of property rights, for instance) acts of ‘incorporation’ previously imagined as symbiotic (early communion), were later conceived as cannibalistic (oedipal rivalry). Representing an appetitive antagonism between aggressor and victim, the figures at the centre of this study – the economic vampire and its cognates – have integrity as metaphors of incorporation. However, deploying a combination of historicist and, at times, Post-Structuralist approaches, this thesis demonstrates that these metaphors refuse to accommodate themselves to a simple unified vision of the kind advanced by Kilgour. Therefore, in this thesis, I map the complexities of these metaphors, explaining how they originate from divergent teleological impulses and how they articulate both simple ideological operations, and more complex feelings of ambivalence about economic realities in the cultural moment of the Victorian fin-de-siècle.

Drawing from oral histories which I gathered while living in Bolivia, this thesis tracks the start, growth, and development of the political movement led by women from the Bolivian mines from 1961 to 1987. This movement helped create a new political culture that recognized the importance of women’s participation in politics and human rights. Today, this culture lives on. Bolivia has not experienced a coup since 1980, and the nation’s human rights record has improved dramatically since the 1980s as well. Prior to the mid-1980s, Bolivia was often under the control of oppressive military regimes that resorted to many different types of coercion in attempts to silence resistance in the mining centers, the national government’s main source of conflict. This uneven power struggle between working class activists and the national government motivated many women to challenge gender roles and involve themselves in politics. After establishing their political organization called the Housewives’ Committee, women activists organized and acted collectively to challenge political oppression and mitigate the effects of extreme poverty. They frequently employed compelling tactics, most commonly hunger strikes, to win attention for their issues. They also involved themselves in many other diverse projects and demonstrations depending on their communities’ need. Women’s political development resulted in a number of personal transformations among those who participated: it awakened a political consciousness and also enabled women to recognize the importance of their paid and unpaid work in the mining economy. These changes eventually altered women’s understanding of how women’s oppression fit into the broader struggle of working class activism by convincing them of the deep connection between women’s liberation and the liberation of their community. These transformations led to the acceptance of women as political activists and leaders, which continues in the present. This work also tracks the United States’ impact on the relationship between the mining centers and the state. This analysis serves to remind us that as United States citizens we must be very critical of our nation’s impact; because of our ability to enormously affect small land-locked countries like Bolivia, we must also hold ourselves accountable to understanding our historical impact so that we can make informed decisions in the present.

[EN] New European policies established in the Blueprint (EC, 2012) propose the use of water accounting for the allocation and reservation of water resources. This course correction contrasts with the calculation of water balances that has been used since the last century in Spain for this purpose. According to the European Commission (EC, 2015) the difference between the two approaches is the inclusion of the economic component. This argument is indisputable, but it would also add that both "asset accounts" and the physical supply and use tables require a type of information that had not been considered until now. In view of this new challenge, the use of hydrological and water resources management models is essential. This thesis aims to implement a methodology for the transition between water balances and water accounting considering the special characteristics of the Mediterranean basin (with a high degree of regulation and the use of unconventional resources). In the same line, it raises the need for the definition of an indicator to assess the performance of a water resources system taking into consideration the origin of the water resources as a measure of the degree of stress suffered by the systems. This thesis is presented by publications and seeks to address the methodologies and indicators used to date in the planning and management of water resources. First, the state of the art is analyzed in the first publication of the thesis, as detailed in Annex 1. The second publication, analyzes the key elements for formulating water balances that will determine, to a large extent, results obtained, as detailed in Annex 2. The third publication, in Annex 3, tries to explain how in those basins where the use of water resources is close, or even higher, to their availability, the use of balances based solely on variables such as rainfall and temperature are not sufficient. And due to the high regulation of water resources they should also include the results of water management models. This approach contrasts with the proposals made by the countries of northern Europe focused mainly on hydrological models. In order to address the water accounting approach a pilot case located in the Andalusian Mediterranean basins was analysed. This work is presented in the fourth publication, reproduced in Annex 4. This initial analysis has served to highlight the need to develop a complementary software that allows unify the results of hydrological and water management models for calculating water accounts. The development of this software, which has been called AQUACCOUNTS, and its application to a general case with all the detail required in water resources planning has been published in the fifth article presented in Annex 5, taking the Júcar River Basin as a case study. From these results, a classification of water exploitation systems was carried out according to their degree of stress. These results were compared with the ones in Annex 2 which proposes the use of the indicator of exploitable water resources and which has been obtained with the traditional water balances approach. Finally, Annex 6 includes the last publication of this thesis focused on the effects of climate change in the Po River Basin (Italy) by using water accounting. This work has served to identify those key elements within the simulation models and opens the door to improve them within the approach proposed by the SEEA-W. This thesis aims to collaborate with those responsible for European policies in water resource planning for the application of those methodologies and tools appropriate to each territory.
[ES] Las nuevas políticas europeas establecidas en el Blueprint (EC, 2012) proponen el uso de la contabilidad del agua para la asignación y reserva de los recursos. Esta corrección del rumbo (cambio de paradigma) contrasta con el cálculo de balances que se ha venido utilizando desde el siglo pasado en España para dicho fin. Según la Comisión Europea (EC, 2015) la diferencia entre ambos planteamientos se halla en la inclusión de la componente económica. Este argumento es indiscutible, pero habría que añadir además que tanto las "asset accounts" como las tablas físicas de uso y suministro requieren un tipo de información que hasta ahora no se había considerado. A la vista de este nuevo reto, el uso de los modelos hidrológicos y de gestión de los recursos hídricos se hace imprescindible. Con esta tesis se pretende llevar a cabo una metodología que permita la transición entre los balances hídricos y las cuentas del agua teniendo en cuenta las especiales características de las cuencas mediterráneas (con un elevado grado de regulación y el uso de recursos no convencionales). En esta misma línea se plantea la definición de un indicador que trate de discutir el comportamiento conjunto de un sistema de recursos hídricos y que tenga en consideración el origen de los recursos empleados como medida del grado de estrés de los sistemas. Esta tesis se presenta por compendio de publicaciones y trata de abordar las metodologías e indicadores utilizados hasta la fecha en la planificación y gestión de los recursos hídricos. En primer lugar se analiza el estado del arte que constituye la primera publicación de la tesis, tal y como se detalla en el Anexo 1. La segunda publicación, analiza los elementos clave para la formulación de balances que determinarán, en gran medida, los resultados obtenidos, tal y como se detalla en el Anexo 2. La tercera publicación, en el Anexo 3, trata de explicar cómo en las cuencas donde el aprovechamiento de los recursos es cercano o incluso superior a su disponibilidad, el uso de los balances basados únicamente en variables como la precipitación y la temperatura no son suficientes, sino que debido a la alta regulación de los recursos debe recurrirse además a los modelos de gestión. Este planteamiento contrasta con las propuestas planteadas por los países del norte de Europa centrados principalmente en los modelos hidrológicos. Para abordar el tema se ha partido de un caso piloto localizado en las cuencas mediterráneas andaluzas. Este trabajo se presenta en la cuarta publicación, que se reproduce en el Anexo 4. A partir de este análisis inicial, se vio la necesidad de desarrollar un software complementario que permitiese unificar tanto la información de partida como los resultados de los modelos hidrológicos y de gestión para el cálculo de la contabilidad del agua. El desarrollo de este software, que ha sido denominado AQUACCOUNTS, y su aplicación a un caso general con todo el detalle requerido en planificación se ha publicado en el quinto artículo que se presenta en el Anexo 5, siendo la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Júcar el caso de estudio. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se ha llevado a cabo una clasificación de los sistemas de explotación según su grado de desarrollo comparándose con los resultados obtenidos en el Anexo 2 que propone el uso del indicador de recursos explotables y que se ha obtenido con las metodologías tradicionales de balances. Por último, el Anexo 6 recoge la última publicación de esta tesis en la que se analizan los efectos del cambio climático en la cuenca del río Po (Italia) mediante el uso de la contabilidad del agua. Este trabajo ha servido para identificar aquellos elementos clave dentro de los modelos de simulación y abre las puertas a una mejora de los mismos dentro del enfoque planteado por el SEEA-W. Esta tesis pretende colaborar con los responsables de las políticas europeas en materia de planificación para la apl
[CAT] Les noves polítiques europees establides en el Blueprint (EC, 2012) proposen l'ús de la comptabilitat de l'aigua per a l'assignació i reserva dels recursos hídrics. Esta correcció del rumb (o canvi de paradigma) contrasta amb el càlcul de balanços que s'ha utilitzat des del segle passat a Espanya per a aquesta finalitat. Segons la Comissió Europea (EC, 2015) la diferència entre ambdós plantejaments es troba en la inclusió de la component econòmica. Este argument és indiscutible, però caldria afegir a més que tant les "asset accounts" com les taules físiques d'ús i subministrament requerixen un tipus d'informació que fins ara no s'havia considerat. A la vista d'este nou repte, l'ús dels models hidrològics i de gestió dels recursos hídrics es fa imprescindible. Amb esta tesi es pretén dur a terme una metodologia que permeta la transició entre els balanços hídrics i els comptes de l'aigua tenint en compte les especials característiques de les conques mediterrànies (amb un elevat grau de regulació i l'ús de recursos no convencionals). En esta mateixa línia es planteja la definició d'un indicador que tracte de discutir el comportament conjunt d'un sistema de recursos hídrics i que tinga en consideració l'origen dels recursos empleats com a mesura del grau d'estrés dels sistemes. Esta tesi es presenta per compendi de publicacions i tracta d'abordar les metodologies i indicadors utilitzats fins a la data en la planificació i gestió dels recursos hídrics. En primer lloc s'analitza l'estat de l'art que constituïx la primera publicació de la tesi, tal com es detalla en l'Annex 1. La segona publicació, analitza els elements clau per a la formulació de balanços que determinaran, en gran manera, els resultats obtinguts, tal com es detalla en l'Annex 2. La tercera publicació, en l'Annex 3, tracta d'explicar com en les conques on l'aprofitament dels recursos és pròxim o inclús superior a la seua disponibilitat, l'ús dels balanços basats únicament en variables com la precipitació i la temperatura no són suficients, sinó que a causa de l'alta regulació dels recursos ha de recórrer-se a més als models de gestió. Este plantejament contrasta amb les propostes plantejades pels països del nord d'Europa centrats principalment en el models hidrològics. Per a abordar el tema s'ha partit d'un cas pilot localitzat en les conques mediterrànies andaluses. Este treball es presenta en la quarta publicació, que es reproduïx en l'Annex 4. A partir d'aquest anàlisi inicial, es va veure la necessitat de desenrotllar una ferramenta complementaria que permetera unificar tant la informació de partida com els resultats dels models hidrològics i de gestió per al càlcul de la comptabilitat de l'aigua. El desenrotllament d'esta ferramenta, que ha sigut denominat AQUACCOUNTS, i la seua aplicació a un cas general amb tot el detall requerit en planificació s'ha publicat en el quint article que es presenta en l'Annex 5, sent la Demarcació Hidrogràfica del Xúquer el cas d'estudi. A partir dels resultats obtinguts s'ha dut a terme una classificació dels sistemes d'explotació segons el seu grau de desenrotllament comparant-se amb els resultats obtinguts en l'Annex 2 que proposa l'ús de l'indicador de recursos explotables i que s'ha obtingut amb les metodologies tradicionals de balanços. Finalment, l'Annex 6 arreplega l'última publicació d'esta tesi en què s'analitzen els efectes del canvi climàtic en la conca del riu Po (Itàlia) per mitjà de l'ús de la comptabilitat de l'aigua. Este treball ha servit per a identificar aquells elements clau dins dels models de simulació i obri les portes a una millora dels mateixos dins de l'enfocament plantejat pel SEEA-W. Esta tesi pretén col·laborar amb els responsables de les polítiques europees en matèria de planificació per a l'aplicació d'aquelles metodologies i ferramentes més adequades a cada territori.
Pedro Monzonís, M. (2016). Assessment of water exploitation indexes based on water accounting [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/71677
TESIS

Bibliography: leaves 651-699. "Through case studies of three emerging economies - Ecuador, Nigeria and Russia - this thesis analyses the factors present to a greater or lesser degree in emerging economies, such as severe foreign indebtedness and the absence of the rule of law, that undermine the effectiveness of the legal system in protecting indigenous peoples from oil exploitation. Having identified these factors, I propose that a dual approach to the protection of indigenous peoples' traditional lands and their environment be adopted, whereby international laws that set out the rights of indigenous peoples and place duties on states in this regard, are reinforced and translated into practice through the self-regulation of the international oil industry through a voluntary code of conduct for oil companies seeking to operate on indigenous peoples' traditional lands."

The 1986 Declaration on the Right to Development (DRD) recognizes the right to development as the inalienable human right of every human person and all peoples. It has since failed to mature into treaty form because of polarized views over critical elements such as the right's philosophical coherence, its distinctive content and nature of corresponding obligations, amongst others, between developing and developed countries in the UN right to development discourse aimed at progressing it towards comprehensive realization and treaty form. The DRD is, however, to-date the most authoritative, detailed and authentic expression of the international community on the subject of the right to development as a human right. It has been the reference for attempts at practice. A challenge of persistent divergence of views calls for its interpretation in the light of the objects and purposes with recourse to the context of its adoption, subsequent practice, related agreements, experts' opinions, and preambular statements. A finding of convergence of positions and an informed interpretative outcome is facilitative of turning the DRD into hard law. The considerations of the declared objects affirm the right to development as a freedom from neo-colonialism, and other economic structures and systems of exploitation and exclusion of internal origin. A re-visit of the DRD more concretely specifies infringements, highlights responsive operational preconditions, makes provisions for the involvement of relevant expertise, monitoring, and state reporting illustrated in the case study of Ghana. As an inalienable human right, it portends the protection of the rational autonomy of } individuals and peoples in development to equitable outcomes and fulfilment. The right is, in this sense, philosophically coherent, and implementatble. It should thus mature into a treaty to protect human agency against the predations of neo-colonialism, and other economic structures and systems of exclusion and exploitation of internal origins.

Texte remanié de: Thesis Ph. D.--Philosophical Faculty I--Berlin--Humboldt-Universität, 2005. Titre de soutenance : Neuordnung and Hungerpolitik : the development and compatibility of political and economic planning within the Nazi hierarchy for the occupation of the Soviet Union, July 1940-July 1941.
Bibliogr. p. 222-234.

Natural resources are vital to a country's development, particularly for those, like Malaysia, in the "take-off" stage. Optimal use of such resources is important, but also there should be a balanced consideration in regard to the profitability and socio-cultural impacts of such use. This study is concerned with land resource allocation between agriculture and mining for tin ore in the Kinta Valley of Peninsular Malaysia. Conventional calculations are made which show that mining activity is very profitable compared with agriculture over a short period. Mining appears to produce as much financial profit as agriculture can produce over 30 years. The allocation of land for mining becomes more attractive if the mined land can be allocated to another use immediately after mining operation ceases. However, this is not always possible and the financial profitability of mining agricultural land becomes questionable in the long term. The thesis also argues that financial profitability should not be the sole criterion in the allocation of land between agriculture and tin mining. A study is made of former and existing villages in the Kinta Valley to estimate the socio-cultural consequences of mining agricultural land. Even though the socio-cu1tural consequences of mining are difficult to quantify, the study shows how mining disrupts village life. While villagers are resettled, often with financial compensation, cohesive village communities, which have been developed over many generations, are destroyed. These negative socio-cultural effects are very severe and can be felt for many years after resettlement. The study estimates that any positive effects are outweighed by negative effects, with the compensation paid to villagers for the mining of their farmland failing to redress the balance. However, it appears that group, as compared with individual, resettlement with better housing facilities, can improve the standard of living of affected villagers and lessen the effects of being relocated to an unfamiliar environment.

This thesis aims to explore how a critical reaading of the novel Things Fall Apart (1958) can provide valuable perspective for educators and students when examining socio-economic issues in  a colonial context in the ESL classroom. The main issues being analysed are how the novel reveals and explores socio-economic forms of exploitation under colonialism, and how a critical reading of the novel can be used in teaching to inform and persuade learners about social injustices. To show this, the essay examines the novel from a marxist perspective, and more specifically by drawing on the concept of primitive accumulation to understand and explain the changes brought about by the introduction of colonial rule. The changes in this context include the Igbo community's relation to land, its socio-economic and cultural aspects as well as the introduction of trade. The discussion and analysis of the novel centre on social injustices due to land expropriation, breakdown of traditional values and customs, and economic changes brought about by the arrival of Europeans in the context of colonialism. Expanding on this, the essay also reflects on the pedagogical implications of its arguments by showing how a critical reading of Things Fall Apart might provide an opportunity for teachers to underline issues of social injustice, material, and economic forms of exploitation under colonialism and beyond. This literary analysis also discusses and reflects on the practical challenges and possibilities of teaching such issues in the ESL classroom by using the concept of critical literacy.

This thesis aims to explore how a critical reading of the novel Things Fall Apart (1958) can provide valuable perspective for educators and students when examining socio-economic issues in  a colonial context in the ESL classroom. The main issues being analysed are how the novel reveals and explores socio-economic forms of exploitation under colonialism, and how a critical reading of the novel can be used in teaching to inform and persuade learners about social injustices. To show this, the essay examines the novel from a marxist perspective, and more specifically by drawing on the concept of primitive accumulation to understand and explain the changes brought about by the introduction of colonial rule. The changes in this context include the Igbo community's relation to land, its socio-economic and cultural aspects as well as the introduction of trade. The discussion and analysis of the novel centre on social injustices due to land expropriation, breakdown of traditional values and customs, and economic changes brought about by the arrival of Europeans in the context of colonialism. Expanding on this, the essay also reflects on the pedagogical implications of its arguments by showing how a critical reading of Things Fall Apart might provide an opportunity for teachers to underline issues of social injustice, material, and economic forms of exploitation under colonialism and beyond. This literary analysis also discusses and reflects on the practical challenges and possibilities of teaching such issues in the ESL classroom by using the concept of critical literacy.

This thesis focuses on a key component of societal relations, namely the creation and exploitation of economic leverage. It explores how, in the context of protracted territorial conflicts, relevant actors craft it and use it. Finally, it examines to what ends economic leverage is exploited, if at all. Generally, economic leverage can translate into a considerable form of power. This thesis scrutinizes how this occurs in more specific contexts post-ceasefire agreement conflict protraction, and what the finalities of the actors concerned are. It does so by focusing on a number of relevant actors, and by treating conflict protraction as the specific context in which economic power is exploited. Two cases are examined, namely those of the South Ossetian and the Abkhaz protracted conflicts. This thesis does not focus on the historical conditions and political events that caused the separatist conflicts in Georgia, but on their consequences and on the periods following the ceasefire agreements (signed respectively in 1992 and 1993), which came to a close with the Russo-Georgian war over South Ossetia in August 2008.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'économie de la région du Moyen-Orient dépend fortement de l'agriculture comme source de nourriture et de revenus. Ces pays ont lancé des politiques agricoles qui préconisent l'intensification de leurs systèmes de production. Ces politiques encouragent une plus grande utilisation des intrants subventionnés et l'achat de la production agricole à des prix subventionnés. La méthodologie de ce travail a consisté à commencer par un sondage complet sur les exploitations agricoles suivi d'une analyse par grappes pour aider à identifier et évaluer la diversité des systèmes agricoles dans la région et leurs performances. Ensuite, proposer des scénarios de variations de la disponibilité et des prix de l'eau, des prix du marché des produits agricoles et des primes accordées aux agriculteurs afin de tester la vulnérabilité des systèmes de culture actuels aux chocs. Et enfin, construire un modèle bio-économique pour aider à capturer les indicateurs de résilience des systèmes agricoles dans la région. Baalbek-Hermel, dans la partie nord de la vallée de Bekka au Liban, a été choisi pour être représentatif en raison du fait qu'il s'agit de la zone la plus désertification dans le pays et l'une de ses zones agricoles les plus pauvres. Il a des conditions biophysiques variées / mosaïques, avec une forte fluctuation des précipitations. L'intensification de l'agriculture dans la région a commencé délibérément dans les années 1970. L'enquête au niveau de la ferme a été effectuée en choisissant d'abord les fermes représentatives: un échantillon de 97 agriculteurs sur 486 ont été sélectionnés et ont reçu un questionnaire quantitatif contenant des questions fermées couvrant le profil socioéconomique du fermier, les pratiques agricoles, la production, les coûts engagés et l'accès au marketing stratégies. Estimation de la quantité d'eau d'irrigation par culture, puisque l'eau d'irrigation est distribuée aux exploitations par heure ou par superficie, et non par le volume d'eau appliqué. Pour estimer la quantité d'eau d'irrigation appliquée par culture et, par la suite, son coût, initialement exprimé en zone ou en temps, deux étapes de calcul ont été définies: cartographier les systèmes spatiaux de distribution d'eau dans la zone d'étude et estimation du débit d'eau pour chaque source de l'eau d'irrigation.Pour classer les différentes exploitations dans la zone d'étude selon leurs modèles de culture, une analyse de composante principale (ACP), suivie de Classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH) a été effectuée. La typologie de la ferme a ensuite été suivie d'une analyse de sensibilité pour déterminer dans quelle mesure les revenus agricoles étaient sensibles aux prix et aux variations de subvention. L'analyse effectuée visait à évaluer, pour chaque type de ferme, la perte de revenu, mais aussi la perte de productivité en réponse à la suppression des subventions pour chaque culture (blé, raisin et pomme de terre), ou à l'augmentation des prix de l'eau d'irrigation en afin de réduire sa consommation. Enfin, des scénarios de vulnérabilité ont été définis, composés principalement de quatre éléments: horizon temporel, échelle spatiale, forces d'entraînement externes, et indicateurs / variables intermédiaires. Le modèle bio-économique récursif dynamique, est développé pour évaluer les scénarios et calculer les indicateurs de résilience. Nos résultats ont montré que les voies d'intensification ont conduit à cinq types différents de systèmes agricoles. Bien que ces types de cultures suivent des trajectoires différentes, ils atteignent toujours des revenus similaires avec différents impacts environnementaux potentiels. Cette étude montre que l'intensification de l'agriculture a permis aux agriculteurs d'augmenter leurs revenus, mais souvent au détriment de la dégradation de l'environnement. Cependant, cette amélioration reste très dépendante des niveaux de soutien direct ou indirect accordés aux agriculteurs
The economy of the Middle East relies heavily on agriculture as a source of food and income. These countries have initiated agricultural policies that advocate the intensification of their production systems. These policies encourage greater use of subsidized inputs and the purchase of famers’ production at subsidized prices compared to international market prices. The methodology of this work was to start with comprehensive farms survey followed by a cluster analysis to help identify and assess the farming systems diversity in the area and their performances. Then to propose scenarios of variations in water availability and prices, market prices of agricultural produce, and premiums given to farmers for the purpose of testing the vulnerability of the current cropping systems to shocks. And finally to construct a bio-economic model to help capturing the resilience indicators of the farming systems in the area. Baalbek-Hermel, in the northern part of the Bekka Valley in Lebanon, was selected to be representative for Lebanon as well as the MENA region due to the facts that it is the most desertification prone area in country and one of its poorest agricultural areas. It has diverse /mosaic biophysical conditions, with high fluctuation in rainfall. Agricultural intensification in the area started deliberately in 1970. Survey at the farm level was conducted by first selecting representative farms: a sample of 97 farmers out of 486 were selected and given a quantitative questionnaire containing closed questions covering the farmer’s socio-economic profile, farming practices, production, costs incurred, and marketing access strategies. Estimation of amount of irrigation water per crop followed since irrigation water is distributed to farms on a per hour or per area basis, and not based on the volume of water applied. To estimate the amount of irrigation water applied per crop, and subsequently its cost, which is initially expressed as area or time, two calculation steps were defined: mapping the spatial water distribution systems in the study area, and estimation of water flow for each source of irrigation water. To classify the different farms in the study area according to their cropping patterns, a principal component analysis (PCA), followed by Hierarchical Ascendant Classification (HAC) was performed. The farm typology was then followed by a sensitivity analysis to investigate the extent to which farm incomes, in the study region, were sensitive to prices and subsidy variabilities. This includes sensitivity to allocated premiums or/and product price, and irrigation water prices, taking into consideration farming system diversity in the region. The analysis carried out was intended to assess, for each farm type, income loss, but also productivity loss in response to the suppression of subsidies for each crop (wheat tobacco, grape, and potato), or to the increase in irrigation water prices in order to reduce its consumption. Finally, scenarios for vulnerability were defined, which were composed of mainly four components: time horizon, spatial scale, external driving forces, and indicators/intermediate variables. The dynamic recursive bio-economic model was developed to assess the scenarios and calculate the resilience indicators. Our results showed that intensification pathways led to five different types of farming systems, except for conventional extensive cereal farms. Although these farming types follow different trajectories, they still achieve similar incomes with different potential environmental impacts. Beyond the results obtained at study zone level, this study shows that the intensification of agriculture has allowed farmers to increase their incomes, but often at the cost of environmental degradation. However, this improvement remains very dependent on direct or indirect support levels granted to farmers

Natural resources and economic development in Africa take place within a set of external and internal factors. These factors range from issues that prevail in the international trading system, political factors and other issues that confront natural resource exploitation and development. Community participation in natural resource development in Africa should incorporate direct economic benefit to host communities, in appropriate cases, as part of equitable benefit and development. In advancing this argument, the research will answer the following question: Are there rights under international and regional human rights regimes that host or local communities in Africa can utilise in order to advance their claim for direct economic benefit from participation in natural resource exploitation?
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of prof Tobias van Reeneen, Faculty of Law, University of Western Cape, South Africa.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第10288号
人博第175号
14||139(吉田南総合図書館)
新制||人||43(附属図書館)
UT51-2003-H709
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科文化・地域環境学専攻
(主査)教授 光谷 拓実, 教授 福井 勝義, 助教授 松井 章, 教授 小林 達雄
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à la nature des innovations générées par les acteurs et à la gestion dialectique des phases d’exploitation et d’exploration au cours d’un processus d’innovation socio-économique, à partir d’une recherche-intervention longitudinale conduite dans une entreprise de service pendant cinq ans. Elle positionne ce processus dans le champ des processus d’innovation ambidextres et analyse s’il y a poursuite simultanée d’actions d’innovation d’exploitation et d’exploration dans le cadre d’un processus de changement organisationnel piloté et instrumenté basé sur le recyclage des dysfonctionnements en actions d’innovation
This doctoral dissertation focus on the nature of innovation generated by the actors and on the dialectic management of exploitation and exploration phases among the socio-economic (SEAM) innovation process. The research is based on an intervention-research carried out during five years in a SME from computing industry. It aims at putting this innovation process is the field of ambidextrous innovation process. In the framework of a steered and instrumented organizational change process, this research is presenting the recycling of dysfunctions into innovation actions

Cette thèse étudie la façon dont les sociétés utilisent, entretiennent et préservent les ressources naturelles qui façonnent fondamentalement le bien-être de l'humanité, l'environnement et l'économie. Les liens entre la prospérité économique, ressources et impacts environnementaux et la protection environnementale sont complexes et variés. Cela signifie que, si toutes ces dimensions ne sont pas prises en compte dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques, tout progrès dans la réalisation des ambitions dans ces domaines peut être entravé par des conséquences négatives. Une question importante dans les études sur le développement est de savoir comment la richesse en ressources naturelles affecte la croissance économique à long terme. Dans la perspective de répondre à cette question, le premier chapitre étudie l'impact de l'exploitation des ressources non-conventionnelles sur le secteur manufacturier des États-Unis sur la période 1997-2013. Dans la même perspective, le troisième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'abondance de ressources naturelles fossiles et minérales sur l'économie en exploitant le canal de la volatilité de la rente due aux ressources naturelles sur un panel de 103 pays entre 1985-2014. Par ailleurs, l'extraction et la transformation des ressources naturelles sont souvent des activités à forte intensité énergétique qui impliquent des modifications à grande échelle des écosystèmes. Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse étudie l'impact de l'abondance des ressources naturelles sur l'intensité en CO2 dans les pays développés sur la période 1995-2014
This thesis examines how societies use and sustain the natural resources that fundamentally shape human well-being, the environment and the economy. The links between economic prosperity, resources and environmental preservation are complex and diverse. This implies that, if all dimensions are not taken into account in public policy making, any progress in achieving objectives in these areas can be hindered by undesirable outcomes. A key issue in development studies is how natural resource wealth affects long-term economic growth. In order to address this question, the first chapter examines the impact of non-conventional resource development on the US manufacturing sector over the period 1997-2013. In the same veine, chapter 3 examines the impact of abundant natural resources on the economy by exploiting the volatility channel of natural resources rent on a panel of 103 countries between 1985-2014. Moreover, the extraction and processing of natural resources are often energy-intensive activities that involve large-scale ecosystem alterations. Chapter 2 of the thesis investigates the impact of natural resource abundance on CO2 intensity in developed countries over the period 1995-2014

If as argued the Mediterranean consisted in Antiquity of a unity determined by similar environmental factors and crises which were mitigated through established networks of trade and exchange, the border regions of the Roman Mediterranean, particularly to the South and East, were characterised by a radically different environment. This thesis focuses on the development of three of the arid regions bordering the ancient Mediterranean, namely the Fazzan oases in the Libyan Sahara, the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the region of Palmyra in Syria. These arid regions have received considerable archaeological attention in recent years, and a review of them will highlight the factors which enabled these regions to interact with the Roman Empire through trading dynamics, but also through the development of local resources. Central questions within this thesis concern the extent to which the environment would have tailored the potential of these regions, and if the existence of trade routes and social networks both affected and were affected by settlement and exploitation patterns in the region. Trade was created by geographically much broader social requirements for foreign or exotic goods, yet was restricted by the possibility to pass through these regions. Developments were conditioned by the constant need for balance between the state as a power enforcing and representing peace and security and local entities, and what the local social organisation had to offer in term of rent and stability to the state as an institution. After an introduction (Chapter 1) delineating the aims of the thesis, Chapter 2 defines influential theories and models that will be considered for this thesis, namely environmental factors, social networks and institutional economics. The archaeological evidence is then discussed in each relevant chapter: Chapter 3: The Libyan Sahara; Chapter 4: The Eastern Desert of Egypt; Chapter 5: Palmyra. Chapter 6 discusses major factors that may work as explanations for the development of agriculture, the exploitation mineral resources, and trade in these regions. The choice of regions both inside and outside the Roman Empire also allows a discussion on the rise of economic activities linked to the imperial economy. As such, the thesis moves away from a romano-centric perspective and proposes to look instead for internal factors, such as the development of complex societies with organisational frameworks and social networks which enable them to overcome the challenges of their geo-climatic settings. This study concludes that the developments identified in each chapter were not a factor of environmental changes but human agency. The state, or private individuals or communities successfully organised the resources necessary to integrate the regions into wider networks of intense trade in the imperial period. These concerned both physical infrastructure, and the development of far-reaching social networks.

The thesis investigates the long history of the drainage of the Lake Copais in Boeotia, Greece in the 19th and 20th century and examines the social, political and mainly the economic implications of the exploitation of the revealed lands in the wider area of Boeotia. The study begins with a geographical portrayal of the area concerned prior to the drainage which, together with its geological description and the climatic conditions in the past, provide the reader with vital introductory information. At the same time, the area's demographic structure after the drainage, presented in the second part, attempts to show not only the dynamics and capacities of the local population but also the possible effects of the drainage itself on the population changes. The survey is concentrated on the time period after 1900 and especially in the inter-war years. However, a historical account of the economic situation of the regions surrounding Lake Copais in the years before and immediately after the drainage is essential to comprehend the social and economic reasons that rendered the necessity of the project.After a brief reference to early unsuccessful efforts to drain Lake Copais, the thesis examines the nature of the foreign Company which finally undertook the operation, considering its investment strategies over the years. The frequent political and institutional obstacles raised by the Greek State, the long-standing conflicts between the Company and the Boeotian villagers and the difficult reclamation works are all important parameters of the Copais question which reveal the complex political, social and technical problems that were encountered. The attention is then focused on the exploitation of the Copais lands and its repercussions on the local economy. A comparative analysis, over a long period of time, of the organisation of the Copais estate, the characteristics of the land tenure system and the structure of land holdings reveal the main reasons for the relatively low productivity in the Copais lands and the belied expectations that had initially been entrusted both at local and national level. Research will also show the positive results obtained in the Copais estate in the later part of the inter-war period following radical changes in investment and land tenure policy.

Dans la quête de la mise en place d’une stratégie d’aménagement écosystémique (AE) dans la forêt boréale de l’est du Canada, nous avons réalisé une étude de faisabilité sur la viabilité économique, l’acceptabilité sociale et la pertinence écologique. À l’aide de modèles d’approvisionnement en bois, nous avons comparé une stratégie AE à une stratégie de normalisation des forêts (status quo) afin d’en évaluer sa robustesse et son l’adaptabilité face à l'augmentation du taux de brûlage et des anomalies de croissance induites par les changements climatiques. Les modèles d'approvisionnement en bois utilisent le plus souvent un modèle de croissance et de rendement calibré à l'échelle du peuplement (tables de production) pour projeter l’évolution du volume marchand des strates d’aménagement. Puisque les stratégies d'aménagement écosystémique ont tendance à repousser l'âge d'exploitabilité, il est pertinent d'évaluer jusqu'à quel degré les tables de production actuelles peuvent être utilisées comme intrant dans un contexte d'aménagement écosystémique. Lorsqu’une table de production est évaluée relativement à un modèle de croissance calibré à l’échelle de l’arbre, nous montrons que bien que le modèle à l’échelle d'arbre semble moins biaisé, aucun modèle performe de manière adéquate pour prédire la croissance en volume marchand dans notre aire d’étude, particulièrement lorsque nous subdivisons les données par les attributs qui peuvent jouer un rôle pendant la mise en place d’AÉ. Pour les deux modèles, la source majeure d’erreur est liée à la densité du peuplement. Grâce à leur simplicité relative, nous avons préféré utiliser les tables de production pour élaborer nos modèles d’approvisionnement en bois. La programmation linéaire standard a été utilisée pour tester les effets de quatre enjeux clefs sur le niveau d’approvisionnement en bois: (1) tendre vers une structure d’âge forestière établie à partir du régime naturel des feux et de la dynamique forestière, (2) agglomérer les blocs de récolte dans des chantiers de récolte afin de reproduire les patrons de perturbation naturelle à l’échelle du paysage, (3) maintenir les taux cumulés de coupe totale et de perturbation naturelle à l’intérieur du domaine historique de variabilité, et (4) exclure de la récolte les aires d’intérêt potentiel pour les peuples autochtones. Comparé à un scénario de status quo, l’inclusion des trois premiers enjeux résulte en une baisse de 3 à 22% de l’approvisionnement périodique et une période de restauration requérant que la coupe totale soit exclue sur 43 à 67% de la superficie productive pour les prochains 50 ans. Une validation des filtres bruts utilisés dans cette étude (les trois premiers enjeux) a été faite en utilisant les besoins en habitats du caribou des bois (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Pratiquement tous les scénarios induisaient un taux de perturbation susceptible de permettre le maintien du caribou des bois d’ici 25 ans. Enfin, nous avons intégré le taux de brûlage et la sensibilité des tables de production au climat dans nos modèles d’approvisionnement afin de quantifier les incertitudes induites par le climat et les feux pour les deux stratégies d’aménagements. Les deux modèles suggèrent une réduction de l’approvisionnement périodique en bois entre 13 et 79%. Même si les indicateurs écologiques favorisent l’AE par rapport la normalisation des forêts, juste un changement de stratégie n’est pas suffisant faire face aux impacts du risque de feu et des changements climatiques en forêt boréale. Mots clefs: Forêt boréale, aménagement écosystémique, croissance et rendement, faisabilité, adaptation, feux de la forêt, changements climatiques
In the quest of implementing an ecosystem-based management (EBM) in a boreal forest in eastern Canada, we conducted a feasibility study focusing on ecological suitability, economic viability and social acceptability. Through timber supply models, we compared the outputs of EBM with a business as usual (BAU) management to determine former’s robustness and adaptability to the increase in wildfire and growth anomalies induced by climate changes. Timber supply analyses use yield models, most often at the stand-level to project harvestable volume over the planning horizon. Since EBM tend to delay harvesting age, the question may be raised on to what extent existing yield tables can be used with such strategies. When a yield table is rated against a tree-level model, we show that although the tree-level model is less biased, none of the models performed adequately to predict the volume growth of our study area, especially when subdividing the data by attributes that may have an important role while implementing EBM. For both models, the major source of error was related to stand density. Due to its relative simplicity, we chose stand-level yield tables to build our timber supply models. We then carried out a feasibility study of implementing an EBM strategy in a boreal forest in eastern Canada. With standard linear programming, we tested four policy issues; age structure, harvest agglomeration; limit of cumulative disturbance, and land base of aboriginal interest. These issues were dealt with 3% – 22% reduction in periodic wood supply and a transition period of 50 years where clear-cut needs to be excluded in 43% – 67% of the productive area. Validation of the outputs through habitat requirement of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) as a fine filter showed that most of the scenarios should likely allow a self-sustaining caribou population within next 25-years. Finally, we integrated climate sensitive fire burn rates and yield tables in the timber supply models to quantify the uncertainty induced by climate and fire under both management strategies. Both models responded with a reduction of periodic wood supply by 13% – 79%. Although ecological indicators are relatively better under EBM, merely switching the management strategy is not enough to address the impacts of fire and climate change in the boreal forests. Key words: Boreal forest, ecosystem-based management, growth and yield, feasibility, adaptation, wildfire, climate change

A partir do exame comparativo dos regimentos passados aos governadores-gerais Antônio Telles da Silva, em 1642, Jerônimo de Ataíde, em 1653, e ao mestre-de-campo general Roque da Costa Barreto, em 1677, o presente trabalho procura, em sua primeira parte, determinar e sistematizar as atribuições e competências do Governo-Geral no que se refere à administração do Estado do Brasil, buscando apresentar como a instituição se organizava, do ponto de vista formal.Na segunda parte, examina-se a prática administrativa dos referidos governadores, tendo por foco as questões relacionadas à defesa e conservação da América portuguesa, como também a sua exploração econômica. Objetiva-se, com isso, verificar as condições de governabilidade, a posição do governador-geral dentro da estrutura administrativa da América, sua interface com os grupos da sociedade e seus distintos interesses, possibilitando compreender seu efetivo funcionamento e sua penetração na sociedade. Pretende-se, dessa forma, apreender a aplicação das normas regimentais e sua recepção no corpo social, identificando, a partir da articulação entre a forma normativa, expressa nos regimentos, e a da prática administrativa, o alcance e os limites do poder da Coroa.
From the comparative examination of the regiments passed to the Governors General Antônio Telles da Silva, in 1642, Jerônimo de Ataíde, in 1653, and Field Master General Roque da Costa Barreto, in 1677, this paper aims at, in its the first part, determining and systematizing the duties and powers of the General Government in relation to the State administration of Brazil, seeking to present itself how the institution was organized from the formal point of view.The second part examines the administrative practices of those governments focusing on issues related to protection and conservation of Portuguese America, as well as its economic exploitation. The aim is, thus, verify the conditions of governance, the position of the Governor General within the administrative structure of America, its interface with society groups and their different interests, allowing to understand its effective operation and its penetration in society. The purpose is therefore to seize the application of procedural rules and its reception in the social body, identifying, from the articulation between the normative form, expressed in the regulations, and administrative practice, the scope and limits of the power of the Crown.

The United Nations' Convention on the rights of the child presents a legislative framework that nations worldwide through their ratification have promised to aim for. Going from theory to practice this field study intends to investigate how the work to implement the children’s rights is carried out in reality by social institutions in Somoto Nicaragua. This essay specifically looks at how a children’s rights approach is performed in the work with working children and will therefore focus on two rights that protrude as relevant to the target group; the right to education and the right to be protected from hazardous work and economic exploitation. Furthermore, this paper considers existent criticism towards the human rights conventions for being Eurocentric in its visions and not always applicable to local conditions. Therefore the perception of working children locally in Nicaragua is examined to see how well this is in accordance with the legislation on children’s rights or if the social institutions have met difficulties in the implementation. Fundamental in the work carried out by the social institutions has been to raise awareness in the society on the children’s rights. The conclusion is that attitudes to working children have gone through a change since the introduction of a children’s rights approach in Somoto, but what remains the major obstacle to implementation is the restricted access to economic resources.

In most developing countries, forest resources are a major source of livelihood for forest dwellers. Forests provide fuel wood, farm products, meat, timber and plants of high medicinal value, including Prunus africana. The collection of medicinal plants is also an important source of cash income for some forest communities, and widely relied on to cure illnesses (Poffenberger, 1993). Because of this, the poor forest dwellers in particular are forced to exert pressure on their surrounding environment to make ends meet. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources has cost some forest dwellers dearly as they are now experiencing marked reduction of wildlife, forest cover, soil fertility and most importantly water supply, which is a key to life. Prunus africana has a very high economic and medicinal value locally as well as internationally. The exploitation of this species is a very profitable activity in most parts of Africa where it occurs, including the Mount Cameroon region. In recent years, most youths and young men in the Mount Cameroon region have seemingly become less interested in their usual income generating activities (farming, hunting, etc.) because of reduced productivity and have taken up Prunus harvesting as their major source of income. Increase in demand for this species by the French pharmaceutical company (Plantecam), weak institutional capacity to control exploitation, uncontrolled access into the forest, scramble for diminished stock by legal and illegal exploiters, destruction of wild stock by unsustainable practices, and insufficient regeneration of the species in the past have almost driven this species to extinction in certain parts of Cameroon and made it severely threatened in others. Prunus africana is presently threatened with extinction in the entire Mount Cameroon region. In response to this, the Mount Cameroon Project (MCP) and the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MINEF) helped some communities (Bokwoango and Mapanja) in the Mount Cameroon region to form Prunus africana harvesters’ unions with the aim of preserving the resource and improving the socio-economic benefits. The principal aim of the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union is to ensure sustainable exploitation of Prunus africana while saving money for important development projects for individual members, their families and the entire community. This piece of work highlights the different facets of Prunus africana management in Cameroon in general and the Bokwoango community in particular. The study examines the socio-economic impact of Prunus africana management in the Bokwoango community and shows specifically the management role played by the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union to reduce the rate of exploitation of Prunus africana and also to ensure benefit sharing of the earnings from sales of Prunus bark. It at the same time brings out the constraints encountered by harvesters as well as the opportunities that can make the union become more viable to the socio-economic development of the Bokwoango community. Results of this study show that for the short period that the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union has existed, the socio-economic changes in this community are encouraging if one compares the present situation with that before the formation of the union. Most importantly, there has been increased awareness on the great need to conserve not only the threatened Prunus africana species but also other threatened plant and animal species in the region through sustainable hunting, harvesting and regeneration. Some proposals are made for efficient natural resource management and improvements on livelihood through alternative income generating activities. The study ends with recommendations for policy and institutional reforms as well as suggestions for further research in sustainable management of Prunus africana.

O litoral norte paulista, no fim do século XVIII, tem a produção do açúcar e aguardente como os principais produtos exportados aos portos do Rio de Janeiro e de Santos através da navegação de cabotagem. O café aparece na região logo nos primeiros anos do século XIX, e torna-se dentro de dez anos o maior produto agrícola a ser exportado pelas vilas do litoral norte paulista. A região sofre com duas restrições comerciais do governo paulista que visava desenvolver a agricultura na província, em finais do século XVIII e início do XIX, o que marcará a decadência da produção açucareira e de aguardente. O potencial econômico da região só é retomado alguns anos depois com a produção cafeeira, o que eleva o número da população livre, o contingente escravo, e também, a posse média dos proprietários de cativos. O crescente econômico da região se apresenta até meados da primeira metade do século XIX, entrando a seguir em um declínio econômico acentuado devido à concorrência do café de outras regiões próximas, que detinham maior potencialidade de produção e distribuição. No início do século XIX a região também se dedicou a outras atividades comerciais como a pesca de baleias e o corte venda de madeiras de alto valor comercial empregada na construção naval. A decadência econômica do litoral norte paulista só tem fim com a descoberta pelo turismo e um novo planejamento econômico nacional no início da segunda metade do século XX.
The north coast of São Paulo, in the end of the XVIII century, has sugar and sugar cane brandy as the main products exported to the Rio de Janeiro and Santos ports through the coast. Coffee shows up in the region right in the first years of the XIX century,becoming in a period of ten years the biggest agricultural product exported by the north Coast villages. The region has suffered with two commercial restrictions from São Paulo´s government that aimed to develop the agriculture in the province,in the end of XVIII and beggining of XIX century, that will point the decay of sugar and sugar cane brandy production.The region economical power is retaken only some years later with the coffee production, which increases the number of free population, the number of slaves, and also, the average number slave owners. The region economic growth is present until the first half of XIX century, getting into a severe economic decline due to the coffee competition of other close regions, which had more production and distribution power. In the beggining of XIX century the region has also been into other commercial activities, such as the whaling and the cutting and selling of timbers of high commercial value used in ship building. The north coast economic decay has only an end with the tourism and a new national economic planning in the beggining of the second half of the XX century.

E Nord-Cameroun comme toutes les zones arides et semi-arides de l’Afrique subsaharienne est confronté à la désertification qui est causée par les aléas climatiques et la surexploitation des ressources naturelles. L’une des conséquences est la baisse des rendements des cultures due à la dégradation des sols cultivables. Dans cette situation, l’une des voies pour améliorer le niveau de vie paysan est de développer la plantation des ligneux à usages multiples. L’introduction de l’A. senegal dans les années 90 dans les exploitations agricoles avait l’optique de restaurer la fertilité des sols et de diversifier les sources de revenus des agriculteurs par la production de gomme arabique. Malgré la multifonctionnalité de cet arbre et les efforts des projets pour sa vulgarisation, les résultats et les réactions des populations pour sa plantation restent peu concluants et sélectifs. La thèse identifie et analyse les facteurs socio-économiques et leurs effets sur la décision paysanne à planter A. senegal. La méthode est basée sur les enquêtes et entretiens semi-directs. Les résultats montrent que la plus grande production en gomme obtenue par une exploitation est de seulement 50 kg/ha/an. Toutefois les recettes des ventes éventuelles des autres produits des plantations complètent celles de la gomme. Les planteurs n’ont pas tous disposé d’information ni de formation suffisantes. Une plate forme de concertation est à mettre en place pour redéfinir les rôles des acteurs de la filière gomme. Pour une gestion durable des plantations d’A. senegal, les projets de développement et les décideurs doivent faire respecter les normes de différentiation des prix de la gomme
The North Cameroon like all arid and semi-arid zones of African sub-Saharan is facing desertification caused by climatic factors and over exploitation of natural resources.One of the consequences is the decline of crop yields due to degradation of arable land. In this situation, promotion of multipurpose trees plantations can improve the farmers’ livelihood. The introduction of A. senegal in the 90’s in agricultural farms had the aim to restore soil fertility and diversify sources of income for farmers through the production of arabic gum. Despite the multifunction aspect of this tree and the involvement of different development projects for its extension, the results and reactions of local people to its plantation remain inconclusive and selective. The thesis identifies and analyzes the socio-economic factors and their effects on the farmers decision to plant A. senegal. The method is based on surveys and semi-structured interviews. The results show that the best gum yield observed on the exploitation is 50 kg / ha / year. However, the revenue can be increased with the sale of byproducts of A. senegal. Not all farmers are sufficiently informed or trained. A platform for dialogue is to be set in order to redefine the roles of stakeholders in the market chain. For the sustainable management of A. senegal plantations, development projects and policy makers need to meet the standards of gum price differentiation

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur socioekonomisk segregation behandlas och kommuniceras inom olika instanser. Studien undersöker om kommuner och nationella organ arbetar utifrån samma mål och strategier rörande socioekonomisk segregation. Studien har en lokal avgränsning till det nyexploaterade området Gävle strand i Gävle. Segregationen mellan olika socioekonomiska samhällsgrupper har ökat under de senaste årtiondena. Höga bostadspriser och uppsatta hyreskrav gör det svårt för samhällsklasser med lägre inkomst att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden. Detta leder till att socioekonomiskt starka grupper har större möjlighet att följa utvecklingen på bostadsmarknaden. Studien har genomfört en kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt en kvalitativt jämförande analys, där en jämförelse har gjorts mellan den kommunala stadsplaneringen och nationellt uppsatta mål och strategier som berör ämnet socioekonomisk segregation. Ämnet tystnad i text har också behandlats. Studiens resultat visar att det finns tydliga likheter och skillnader i hur ämnet socioekonomisk segregation behandlas i de olika dokumenten. För att säkra mångfalden i bostadsområden anses i majoriteten av dokumenten att blandade upplåtelseformer är viktigt. Samtidigt beskrivs det i dokumenten om problematiken med att nyproduktion är för dyrt och leder till homogenitet. En stor skillnad i denna studies resultat är hur i de nationella dokumenten lyfts fram vikten av att ställa mer krav i den kommunala planeringen. Samtidigt som det i de kommunala dokumenten redogörs att kommunen inte vill begränsa byggherrarnas byggkoncept. Det finns även skillnader internt hur kommunala och lokala plandokument behandlar socioekonomisk segregation. Studien har skapat en ökad förståelse för hur arbetet kring socioekonomisk segregation behandlas och genomförs genom att påvisa vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan olika styr- och plandokument. Studiens resultat kan användas för att bättre förstå dessa likheter och skillnader i syfte att kunna säkerställa att arbetet på kommunal och nationell nivå i större utsträckning behandlar socioekonomisk segregation likvärdigt i framtiden.
This study aims to investigate how socio-economic segregation is treated and communicated within different instances. The study examines whether municipalities and national agencies work on the same goals and strategies regarding socio-economic segregation. The study has a local delimitation to the newly developed area of Gävle Strand in Gävle. Segregation between different socioeconomic social groups has increased in recent decades. High housing prices and rental requirements make it difficult for social classes with lower incomes to establish themselves in the housing market. This leads to socio-economically strong groups having a greater opportunity to follow developments in the housing market. The studies have conducted a qualitative content analysis as well as a qualitative comparative analysis, where a comparison has been made between the municipal urban planning and national targets and strategies related to socio-economic segregation. Silence has also been addressed in the text. The results of the study show that there are similarities and differences in how the subject socio-economic segregation is addressed in the documents. In order to ensure the diversity of residential areas, most of the documents considered mixed forms of tenure to be important. At the same time, the documents describe the problems of new production being too expensive and leading to homogeneity. A big difference in this study's results is how the national documents emphasize the importance of placing more demands on municipal planning, while the municipal documents explain that they do not want to limit the building concepts of the building developers. There are also differences internally between municipal and local plan documents that deal with socio-economic segregation. The study has created an increased understanding of how the work on socio-economic segregation is treated and implemented, by demonstrating what differences and similarities exist between different control and planning documents. The study's results can be used to better understand these similarities and differences in order to ensure that work at the different levels to a greater extent deals with socio-economic segregation in the same way in the future.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Criminologia
No âmbito do Projeto de Graduação, enquanto parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do Grau de Licenciatura do Curso de Criminologia, debruçamo-nos sobre uma temática bastante pertinente no âmbito criminal, mais propriamente no respeitante à exploração ilícita do jogo, em colaboração estreita com a ASAE (Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica) onde ocorre a nosso período de estágio. Mais concretamente, norteada pelo espírito intrínseco à natureza de investigação, a partir dum mapeamento do Porto, com base nas denúncias recebidas na ASAE, tentar-seá perceber as causas essenciais da exploração e prática ilícita do jogo e suas repercussões nas mais multifacetadas áreas, nomeadamente a nível social e económico. De igual forma, tentar-se-á compreender a atuação da ASAE, tendo em consideração os pressupostos legais que sustentam a sua ação de prevenção, fiscalização, face ao suporte legal que juridicamente a contempla. Como corolário, a partir da base de dados elaborada pela aluna e obtenção dos resultados esperados e sustentados a partir da abordagem concetual há a relevar ter alcançado o objetivo essencial e norteador do presente estudo, a partir da compreensão e alcance do fenómeno da exploração ilícita do jogo.
In the extend of the Graduation Project, while as part of the requirements for obtaining the degree of Bachelor of Criminology course, we leaned over on a quite pertinent theme in the criminal extent, more properly the illegal gambling exploitation, in cooperation with ASAE (Food and Economic Security Authority), where it occurs to our probationary period. More specifically, based on the intrinsic spirit of the investigation nature, from a mapping of Oporto, based on the complaints received at the ASAE, it will be tried to understand the essential causes of the illegal exploitation and practice of gambling and its repercussions in the most multifaceted areas, particularly at social and economic level. In the same way, will be attempted to understand the ASAE performance, taking into account the legal assumptions that support its action of prevention, inspection, in view of the legal support that it contemplates. As a corollary, from the database developed by the student and obtaining the expected and sustained results from the conceptual approach, it is important to note that is has achieved the essential and guiding objective of the present study, based on the understanding and scope of the phenomenon of illegal gambling exploitation.
N/A

Cette étude traite des stratégies allemandes pour prendre le contrôle des ressources en bois d’oeuvre dans l’espace baltique entre 1840 et 1914. Centré sur le commerce dans les bassins de la Vistule et de la Warta, elle montre comment la puissance allemande montante y est parvenue à sécuriser un accès bon marché et stable aux ressources ligneuses. Les firmes établirent leur domination commerciale en développant des technologies de transport et en renforçant leurs capacités financières et organisationnelles, tout cela en tirant profit des faiblesses économiques et politiques locales. En analysant les dimensions écologiques et économiques de l’extraction et de la transformation des bois, la thèse souligne le rôle joué par les importations dans la préservation des forêts allemandes. Elle présente également les impacts de cette évolution sur les populations locales et l’environnement. En conclusion, la thèse plaide pour une histoire authentiquement globale de la forêt allemande
This thesis deals with the German attempts to take control over timber resources in the Baltic area between 1840 and 1914. Focused on the trade in the Vistula and Warta river basins, it shows how the rising German economy managed to make the local forests into its backyard by securing cheap and stable access to timber resources. German firms progressively achieved trade dominance by developing transport technologies and reinforcing their financial and organizational capacities. They also managed to take advantage of the local economic and political weaknesses. Through ecological and economic explanation of timber extraction and processing, the thesis underlines the role played by foreign timber in the preservation of the German forests. It also describes the impact of this process on the local population and environment. Finally, the thesis advocates for a truly global history of the German forest

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The increasing global demand for and dependency on oil provides tremendous opportunities for oil-producing countries. Supported by the unprecedented economic growth in developing countries such as China and India, the global demand for oil is estimated to increase by 50% from the present 83 million barrels a day to 120 million barrels a day by 2025. This increased demand for oil provides the African oil industry with vast possibilities. Countries such as Angola, Cameroon and Nigeria are already experiencing a large increase in direct foreign investment, a higher Gross National Product en more favourable balance of trade. The logical conclusion from the abovementioned advantages of oil-rich countries would seem to imply a sharp rise in the standard of living for the citizens of these countries in the recent past. The purpose of this report is to determine if Angola, as the world’s fastest growing oil-producer in terms of increased production of barrels per day, offers its citizens an economically prosperous future. Points highlighted by the report include the inevitable problems caused by Angola’s colonial history and the recent twenty seven year long civil war. Angola faces internal and external problems caused by • “Dutch Disease” • Fluctuating oil prices • Poor governance • Institutional capacity China now plays an important if somewhat controversial role in Angola’s prosperity by providing finance and aid with less stringent conditions than Angola’s traditional sources. With Chinese aid Angola is now undertaking the rebuilding of its infrastructure which is essential to counteract the negative aspects of the country’s dependency on oil resource exploitation. There is still significant corruption within the oil industry and it seems clear that any attempts by international companies and non-governmental organisations to counteract the problem will have limited success unless the governments and all concerned parties take note of and accept new ethical and socially responsible codes of behaviour. Africa however is entering a new phase of accepting responsibility for its own internal problems. The democratisation of the continent is setting new standards for the fight against corruption. Finally the report indicates that there are lessons to be learned from other countries about using income from natural resources to benefit future generations. Countries such as Botswana (diamonds) and Norway (oil) use investment funds to limit their dependence on the resources and to counteract the effect of fluctuating prices of the commodities. Bearing in mind the above considerations, Angola cannot be expected to achieve success overnight, but the country has all that is required to eventually assume its rightful position on the continent and become another African economic success story.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreld se toenemende vraag na- en afhanklikheid van olie bied tans geweldige geleenthede vir olie-produserende lande. Daar word beraam dat die wêreldwye vraag na olie, gesteun deur ongekende ekonomiese groei in ontwikkelende lande soos China en Indië, met meer as 50% van die huidige vlak van 83 miljoen vate per dag teen 2025 tot 120 miljoen vate per dag sal toeneem. Die moontlikhede wat hierdie verhoogde vraag vir die oliebedryf in Afrika bied, is legio. Lande soos Angola, Kameroen en Nigerië ondervind reeds ʼn groot toename in direkte buitelandse investering, ’n verhoging in bruto binnelandse produk en gunstiger handelsbalanse. In die lig van bogenoemde voordele vir lande wat ryk is aan oliehulpbronne, sou die logiese afleiding wees dat die lewenstandaard van die burgers van hierdie lande die afgelope paar jaar drasties moes verhoog het. Hierdie verslag het dit ten doel om te sien of Angola, wat die wêreld se vinnigs groeiende olieprodusent in terme van verhoogde produksie in vate per dag is, werklik sy burgers ekonomiese voorspoed vir die toekoms bied. Belangrike punte wat in die verslag na vore kom, is die onvermydelike probleme waarmee Angola te kampe het weens die land se historiese agtergrond en die onlangse burgeroorlog van sewe-en-twintig jaar. Interne en eksterne probleme wat Angola teister is die gevolge van • “Dutch Disease” • Skommelende oliepryse • Swak staatsbestuur • Institusionele kapasiteit China is ’n nuwe, hoewel ietwat kontroversiële, faktor in Angola se vooruitgang en stel minder beperkende voorwaardes as Angola se tradisionele bronne vir finansiering en hulpverlening. Met Chinese hulp is Angola nou besig met die heropbou van sy infrastruktuur, wat noodsaaklik is as hy die negatiewe aspekte van die land se afhanlikheid van olie-ontginning wil afskud. Korrupsie binne die oliebedryf is egter nog beduidend en dit is duidelik dat die pogings van internasionale maatskappye en nie-regeringsorganisasies om die probleem die hoof te bied, beperk sal bly tensy die regerings en alle belanghebbende partye kennis neem van nuwe etiese en sosiaal verantwoordelike optredes en dit aanvaar. Afrika gaan deur ’n nuwe fase waar die vasteland self verantwoordelikheid aanvaar vir sy interne probleme. Die demokratisering van die vasteland behels die aanvaarding van nuwe standaarde ten opsigte van die bekamping van korrupsie. Ten slotte noem die verslag dat daar lesse te leer is van ander lande wat hul inkomste uit hulpbron-ontginning tot voordeel van toekomstige geslagte aanwend. Lande soos Botswana (diamante) en Noorweë (olie) maak gebruik van beleggingsfondse om die land se afhanklikheid van die hulpbron te beperk en om die uitwerking van prysskommelings van die kommoditeit teen te werk. Met inagneming van bogenoemde oorwegings kan nie verwag word dat Angola oornag ekonomiese sukses sal behaal nie, maar die land het alles wat nodig is om mettertyd sy regmatige plek op die vasteland in te neem en na vore te tree as nog ’n ekonomiese suksesverhaal uit Afrika.

My thesis deals with a creating of conditions, which limit or implicate the creation of clusters focused on exploitation of renewable energy in regions. The theoretical part is focused on general issues of clusters, especially their definition, financing and last but not least their function. One part is focused on renewable energy, biomass and the cultivation of fast-growing trees. The thesis also deals with the economic aspects of production of the fast-growing trees. The target of my thesis is to sketch the demandingness of the project and to verify if this project is realizable from the economic aspect. The practical part of my thesis is focused on creating principles and rules for the cultivation of fast-growing trees. This part analyses the summary of revenues, costs and their total appreciation. The final part of my thesis evaluates relevant risks of this project and possible recommendations for the implementation of the successful strategy.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA SONAGLIO.pdf: 1315348 bytes, checksum: b79349bc19b60abfc0520b76febd7202 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-24
The Economic Commission for Latin American and Caribean (ECLAC) has spread widely from 90 s, the propose of Productive Transformation with Equity, as basis for the consolidation of economic development able to ally progress with the reduction of poverty. Being the labour the central axis of this propose, the conciliation between productivity and social cohesion understood as the people access to a minimum of well-being, as the insertion in the job , gain strength in the ECLAC that his thinking is assumed as object of reflection of this proposed study. To the ECLAC, the structural heterogeneity the debility of the diffusion of the technical progress, the unemployment and informality has inhibited the growth of economy, contributing for the worsening of poverty in Latin America. In view of this confront of such heterogeneity, the ECLAC emphasize the importance of work for the process of growth by defining it as a determinant of significant economy and stimulating the diffusion of the technical progress, and at the same time, conceiving it as the pillar of the social cohesion in Latin America, for being the mark of income distribution that allows people to actively participate in economic development. Understand the paper of work in the ECLAC s context is the aim of this exploratory study, that search to evidence that, over his thinking, the ECLAC has hidden the exploitation in which the work is submitted in this capitalist mode of production, and deny it as a mechanism of poverty and reproductive existing relations of domination in contemporary times.
A Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) tem difundido amplamente, a partir dos anos 1990, a proposta da Transformação Produtiva com Equidade, como base para a consolidação de um desenvolvimento econômico capaz de aliar crescimento com a redução da pobreza. Sendo o trabalho o eixo central de tal proposta, a conciliação entre produtividade e coesão social entendida como o acesso das pessoas a um nível mínimo de bem-estar, como a inserção no emprego , ganha força na CEPAL cujo pensamento assume-se como objeto de reflexão desse estudo proposto. Para a CEPAL, a heterogeneidade estrutural debilidade da difusão do progresso técnico, o desemprego e a informalidade tem inibido o crescimento da economia, contribuindo para o agravamento da pobreza na América Latina. Tendo em vista o enfrentamento de tal heterogeneidade, a CEPAL enfatiza a importância do trabalho para o processo de crescimento, definindo-o como determinante de uma economia significativa e impulsionador da difusão do progresso técnico, ao mesmo tempo, concebendo-o como o pilar da coesão social na América Latina, por ser o marco da distribuição de renda que permite à população participar ativamente no desenvolvimento econômico. Compreender o papel do trabalho no contexto da CEPAL é o objetivo desse estudo exploratório, que busca evidenciar que, ao longo de seu pensamento, a CEPAL tem ocultado a exploração na qual o trabalho é submetido no modo de produção capitalista, ao negá-lo como mecanismo reprodutor da pobreza e das relações de dominação vigentes na contemporaneidade.

Mature industries have played and still play a crucial role in national and world economies. To survive and retain competitiveness, they need to innovate, as innovation is the driver of economics growth and industrial transformation. However, existing research does not provide sufficient explanation of how innovation in mature industries can be enabled based on resources and internal development logic of those industries, i.e. endogenously. Some previous studies focused on incremental innovation patterns, which led to an underestimation of innovation potential of mature industries. Other studies acknowledged a high innovation potential of mature industries, but failed to explain how, through what mechanisms, industry-endogenous logic can bring about major innovations. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to systematically address, explain and conceptualize endogenous industry- innovation and its driving mechanisms in mature industries. To achieve this purpose, three main issues are addressed. First, the thesis investigates and conceptualizes the notion of industry endogenous innovation mechanisms based on the path dependency theory. Second, the thesis addresses strategic choices and actions by established companies that are rooted in the industry endogenous mechanisms and result in highly innovative outcomes. Third, the thesis systematically analyses different aspects of radicalness of innovations resulting from industry endogenous mechanisms. The thesis represents a qualitative, embedded case study with two main industry cases, i.e. the global lighting industry and the Swedish pulp and paper industry. The lighting industry and its sub-cases in the form of specific lighting technologies have been studied via the analysis of patents of leading lighting manufacturers, archival and secondary data sources as well as interviews with different types of actors in the industry. The pulp and paper industry and its sub-cases in the form of innovation initiatives have been studied with the help of interviews with leading manufacturers and research institutes, as well the analysis of annual reports and secondary data sources. The outcomes of the study are presented in the form of the thesis cover paper and five appended papers. The results show that innovations of any magnitude can be endogenously developed in mature industries. At the industry level, endogenous innovation is driven by innovation mechanisms that can be conceptualized as reactive sequences and self-reinforcing mechanisms. At the level of individual companies, the exploitation strategy corresponds to the logic of endogenous innovation mechanisms by enabling highly innovative outcomes and building on a wide range of resources available in the industry. The endogenous character of innovation mechanisms imposes certain limitations on the radicalness of the outcomes in the form of trade-offs in terms of how many and what particular aspects can be radically new at once. With these results, the thesis contributes to a more balanced overall understanding of innovation potential of mature industries and allows shifting the focus of discussion from whether mature industries can develop radical innovation to when and under what conditions they can succeed in this process. The results of the thesis also suggest several recommendations for managers in established companies with regard to how they can they can take advantage of industry endogenous innovation mechanisms.
Mogna branscher har traditionellt sett spelat och spelar fortfarande en viktig roll för såväl nationella ekonomier som för världsekonomin. För att överleva och behålla sin konkurrenskraft behöver mogna branscher fortsätta vara innovativa, eftersom innovation driver ekonomisk tillväxt. Även för enskilda, etablerade företag i sådana branscher är innovation centralt – de företag som inte lyckas med innovation riskerar att förlora i konkurrensen och bli ersatta av andra. Det finns emellertid än så länge inte någon bra förklaring till hur innovation i mogna branscher kan möjliggöras endogent, d v s baserat på befintliga resurser och branschens interna utvecklingslogik. Tidigare studier har antingen tenderat att underskatta innovationspotentialen i mogna branscher eller misslyckats med att visa hur – d v s genom vilka mekanismer – branschens egen logik kan möjliggöra radikala innovationer. Syftet med denna avhandling är att förklara och konceptualisera endogena innovation och dess drivmekanismer i mogna branscher. För att uppnå detta syfte undersöker avhandlingen endogena innovationsprocesser på såväl bransch- som företagsnivå samt analyserar i vilken utsträckning olika aspekter av radikala innovationer möjliggörs av endogena mekanismer. Avhandlingen är baserad på kvalitativa fallstudier av två branscher. Den första branschen är den globala belysningsindustrin, där olika belysningstekniker har studerats via analyser av patent, sekundära datakällor samt intervjuer med olika typer av aktörer i branschen. Den andra branschen är svensk pappersmassaindustri, där ett antal olika innovationsinitiativ har studerats framförallt med hjälp av intervjuer med ledande företag och forskningsinstitut. Avhandlingen består av en kappa och fem bifogade artiklar. Resultaten visar att alla typer av innovationer, inklusive radikala innovationer, kan utvecklas endogent i mogna branscher. På industrinivån drivs denna utveckling av innovationsmekanismer i form av reaktiva sekvenser och självförstärkande mekanismer. På företagsnivån kan processen drivas av en innovationsstrategi som bygger på exploatering av befintliga resurser. Trots att alla aspekter av radikala innovationer kan utvecklas endogent, medför endogena mekanismer emellertid vissa begränsningar i form av kritiska avvägningar när det gäller hur många och vilka aspekter som kan hållas radikala samtidigt. Med dessa resultat bidrar avhandlingen till en mer balanserad, övergripande förståelse för innovationspotentialen i mogna branscher och medger ett skifte av fokus i vetenskapliga diskussioner från frågan om mogna branscher kan utveckla radikala innovationer till när och under vilka villkor de kan lyckas med denna process. I avhandlingen ges även rekommendationer för ledare i etablerade företag med avseende på hur de kan dra nytta av branschens endogena innovationsmekanismer.

The paper builds on the Marxist concept of exploitation to explore the meaning of the Post Keynesian notion of uncertainty. Uncertainty is mediated by institutions and is distributed unevenly among different social groups. As different historical social formations entail different institutional structures, the distribution and nature of uncertainty also differ. The configurations between class relations and uncertainty are analyzed for the capitalist, feudal and slave modes of production. It is demonstrated that modes of production do not only imply specific exploitative relations but also different relative distributions of uncertainty amongst classes. Joining Marxian and Post Keynesian approaches allows a richer understanding of exploitive relations and illuminates the full societal impact of uncertainty. It is shown that only in capitalism is the exploited class exposed to a substantial degree of economic uncertainty. (author's abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series