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Academic literature on the topic 'Economic externalities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic externalities"

Kozlov, Dmytro V. "Analysis of Externalities of Economic Activity of the Enterprise." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation 2021, no. 2 (2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2021.92.09.

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The problems of research of internalities and externalities with the further development of the general classification of externalities of economic activity of the enterprise are defined. The influence of negative and positive externalities on society and enterprise is considered. The concept of negative externalities differs from transaction costs. It is noted that transaction costs can be reflected in cash and can be offset by market inclusion in the price of the products, but this is not possible for externalities. It is emphasized that the purpose of economic activity of any enterprise is to exceed the positive externalities over the negative and achieve the maximum difference between them. The different time duration of the impact of the enterprise on third parties is given. The sign of externalities on the scale of action is emphasized. The externalities of the enterprise are considered in their essence according to the principles of sustainable development, highlighting economic, social and environmental externalities. It is emphasized that economic externalities can arise in the course of the whole business cycle of full-fledged work of all parts of the enterprise. In contrast to economic, social externalities affect people both within the enterprise, that is workers and citizens of the society in which the enterprise operates. And when it comes to environmental externalities, the mediator between the source and recipient of externalities is the environment. Externalities are distinguished according to the means of accounting and the degree of influence on the subject of perception. The necessity of regulation of externalities through internalization and actions of the enterprise with the help of state and market instruments is substantiated. It is emphasized that internalization is the transformation of negative externalities into positive ones in terms of convergence of marginal costs and benefits of the enterprise to marginal social costs and utility.

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International Monetary Fund. "Externalities. Incentives, and Economic Reforms." IMF Working Papers 90, no. 10 (1990): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451926477.001.

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Ibrahim, Izani, and Craig R. MacPhee. "Export externalities and economic growth." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 12, no. 3 (September 2003): 257–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0963819032000132076.

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Azariadis, Costas, and Allan Drazen. "Threshold Externalities in Economic Development." Quarterly Journal of Economics 105, no. 2 (May 1990): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937797.

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Rezai, Armon, Duncan K. Foley, and Lance Taylor. "Global warming and economic externalities." Economic Theory 49, no. 2 (January 29, 2011): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-010-0592-4.

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K, Dhananjaya. "Economic Growth and Negative Externalities in India." Journal of Global Economy 15, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v15i3.587.

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Of late the world has realized that the growth models that believed in growth- environment tradeoff are not sustainable. In the pursuit of increasing their GDP, countries have ignored the negative externalities of growth, which would seriously threaten the survival of the future generation. Two kinds of damage are caused by unsustainable growth. Firstly, productive base, particularly, natural capital, like forest, minerals, energy, is depleting. Secondly, environmental pollution and climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions are threatening human lives in terms of deteriorating health conditions and increasing temperature level (OECD, 2012). In the light of these concerns, sustainable development has become an important goal of nations. This study attempts to assess the extent of negative externalities in India and analyze the relationship between negative externalities and growth of GNI. The study finds that the economic growth of India is more sustainable as compared to all income categories countries. Further, the analysis detected a bidirectional relationship between negative externalities and GNI growth in the post-1990s. Keywords: Negative Externalities, Sustainable Development, and Genuine Saving Rate. JEL Classification: Q560

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Sutter, Daniel. "Externalities in the Economic Theory of Regulation." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 17, no. 2 (October 1, 1999): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569299x15665365039580.

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Abstract This article considers the regulation of externalities within the interest group model of politics. A group concerned about correcting an externality generates zero marginal support at the efficient level of regulation. Politicians respond to interests directly affected by policy and thus inefficiently correct externalities.

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Doyle, Christopher, and Martin Weale. "Education, Externalities, Fertility and Economic Growth." Education Economics 2, no. 2 (January 1994): 129–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09645299400000014.

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Pillet, Gonzague. "Emternalities as counterpart to economic externalities …!" Ecological Modelling 178, no. 1-2 (October 2004): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.12.030.

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Fuadah, Nikmatul, and R. Moh Qudsi Fauzi. "EKSTERNALITAS PADA PERUSAHAAN AIR MINUM SANTRI SIDOGIRI PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA ALAM ISLAM." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 6, no. 5 (January 17, 2020): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol6iss20195pp899-912.

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The purpose of this research is to know externalities on Santri drinking water company, Sidogiri which reviewed by Islamic economic resources. Externalities are analyzed include positive externalities and negative externalities. Then, researcher will conduct a discussion with Islamic perspective to find out the way of externalities could happen on research object. This study uses qualitative methods with descriptive case studies strategy. The object of this research is factory of bottled drinking water Santri, Sidogiri. This research uses interview to six informants consisting of leadership of PT. Sidogiri Mandiri Utama, main production manager of PT Sidogiri Mandiri Utama, and the surrounding people as a tool for getting information . After done interview, research results will be analyzed by triangulation to get a conclusion.The results of this research which conducted by observation and interview to six informants is finding of positiveexternalities’s domination on economic and social fields while maintaining the balance of nature in comparison with negative externalities. Keywords: Externalities, Positive Externalities, Negative Externalities, and Islamic Economic Resources

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic externalities"

Rezai, Armon, Duncan K. Foley, and Lance Taylor. "Global Warming and Economic Externalities." Springer Verlag, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3037/1/GlobalWarmingGS101206TexGeneric.pdf.

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Despite worldwide policy efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) remains a negative externality. Economic equilibrium paths in the presence of such an uncorrected externality are inefficient; as a consequence there is no real economic opportunity cost to correcting this externality by mitigating global warming. Mitigation investment using resources diverted from conventional investments can raise the economic well-being of both current and future generations. The economic literature on GHG emissions misleadingly focuses attention on the intergenerational equity aspects of mitigation by using a hybrid constrained optimal path as the "business-as-usual" benchmark. We calibrate a simple Keynes-Ramsey growth model to illustrate the significant potential Pareto-improvement from mitigation investment, and to explain the equilibrium concept appropriate to modeling an uncorrected negative externality.

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von, Coester Sorbas. "Bubbles and chaotic dynamics in economies with externalities." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1427/.

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The present thesis deals with some consequences of the existence of external effects a la Homer, i.e. positive spillovers from the capital stock onto the efficiency of labour, and is mainly considering problems of discrete dynamics in the absence of any intrinsic (i.e. exogenous) shock. In the first chapter, using a one-sector three- period OLG model with borrowing constraints, it is shown that the standard result stating that, in the presence of externalities, any simple tax/subsidy policy undertaken to get rid of a bubble on an intrinsically useless asset creates an IOU which has exactly the same negative effects as the bubble itself, fails if there are agents who must borrow at some moment of their life. The other three chapters are mainly studying the problem of endogenous fluctuations in competitive equilibrium models. The second chapter looks at the possibility of Hopf bifurcations in the dynamical system characterizing a two-sector OLG economy meeting all neo-classical assumptions from the point of view of the private sector, and its ILA analogue : it demonstrates the existence of economies with stable closed orbits, derives some conditions on the parameters and compares the results to the continuous time modelization, concluding to a non robustness with regard to the time structure assumption. The third chapter is considering endogenous fluctuations in self-sustaining growth : using the same framework as previously, but under another assumption on the externalities, we establish that even if production inputs substitute perfectly and savings increase monotonically with the interest rate, cycles or even chaotic trajectories of the growth rate are possible. We show that this requires a strong externality in the consumption good sector in the absence of bubbles or sunspots, but not necessarily in their presence. Furthermore, we prove the existence of economies where, in the absence of any intrinsic uncertainty, the only possible equilibria involve bubbles or sunspots. The last and very short fourth chapter is a critical note on a recently published paper ; its main purpose is to show why current mathematical knowledge does not allow to sustain the claim of chaos in the proposed ILA framework.

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Lo-Quiroz, Wai-chi Yany. "The economic externalities of solid waste treatment facilities /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37120165.

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Lo-Quiroz, Wai-chi Yany, and 勞慧慈. "The economic externalities of solid waste treatment facilities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501341X.

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Burriel, Llombart Pablo. "Matching, education externalities and the location of economic activity." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2107/.

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In this thesis we demonstrate how important the existence of a pool of qualified workers within the local labour market is for the process of job creation and the location of economic activity. In chapter 1 the basic theoretical model is developed. Using a matching model it is shown that Job Creation will be higher if firms have a larger pool of qualified workers from which to fill their vacancies, since their expected profits per vacancy opened will be greater. At the same time, individuals have a higher incentive to invest in education if job creation is higher. The interaction between these two forces generates a pecuniary externality in the labour market. In chapter 2, we extend the theoretical model by considering two regions and the possibility of migration. In equilibrium, areas where the pool of qualified workers is larger attract more jobs and skilled workers. Job Creation will be higher in such areas since firms located there are able to find a more qualified worker with greater ease. At the same time, given the sunk cost of moving, only the most skilled workers will find migration to these areas worthwhile. The interaction between these two forces generates a pecuniary externality that encourages concentration of economic activity in areas with a larger pool of qualified workers. In chapter 3 we estimate the effect of the pecuniary education externality on the process of matching in the UK regional labour market in the 1990s. We find a significant effect of the average level of education in a region on the conditional probability of finding a job in that region using a duration model. This effect is positive for skilled occupations and negative for unskilled ones. Finally, in Chapter 4 we estimate the effect of the education externality on the individual decision to stay-on in education. We find that the share of the region's working age population with degree has a positive and significant effect on the education decisions of sixteen and eighteen year-olds, while the share with high vocational has a similar effect for seventeen year-olds.

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Miracky, William F. (William Francis). "Economic growth in cities : the role of localization externalities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11894.

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Pasidis, Ilias. "Urban transport externalities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404487.

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Chapter 2 of this dissertation estimates the joint causal effect of highway and railway Infrastructure on the suburbanization of population in European cities. Using a unique dataset of 579 European cities from 29 European countries during the period 1961-2011, I provide evidence that an additional highway ray displaces on average approximately 9 percent of the central city population to the suburbs in Europe's cities. However, Roman and Medieval cities appear to be more resilient to this process. Indeed, this existence of historical amenities in the cities of Europe appears to provide a reasonable explanation for these differences, providing some of the first empirical evidence for Brueckner et al. ( 1999)'s theory. Chapter 3 of this dissertation tests and confirms the 'fundamental law of highway congestion' for the cities of Europe. Using different approaches, I find an elasticity of Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) with respect to highway lane km in the range of 0. 7-1. In a second stage, I estimate the effect of the increase in highway traffic on the emissions of some of the most harmful air pollutants. For nitrogen oxides, the estimated elasticity is approximately 0.10 - I.e. a ten-percent increase in highway traffic causes a one-percent increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. Sulphur dioxide also seems to increase considerably with highway traffic. Furthermore, the heterogeneous analysis shows that the increase in traffic congestion and urban air pollution is higher in cities with- out tolls - a finding that substantiates congestion pricing - and in cities without subways - a finding that corroborates rapid transit policies. Chapter 4, in contrast, analyses the bidirectional relationship between high- way accidents and traffic congestion for highways In England. The research design is based on the daily and hourly specific mean reversion pattern of highway traffic, which can be used to define a recurrent congestion benchmark. Using this benchmark, I am able to identify the causal effect of accidents on non-recurrent traffic congestion. The results of this analysis suggest that a marginal decrease in the average speed due to an accident is about 7.8 km/h, while the journey time increases by around 27 percent when I consider the duration of this effect. Another important finding is that the effect declines by 70-75 percent after the first quarter of an hour. Finally, a back-of- the- envelope calculation suggests that an accident causes on average a 70-minute traffic delay per km for the users of that particular highway segment, while this effect Is 160 minutes in recurrently congested segments. Chapter 5 uses geo-located data of retail rents, shop vacancies and footfall in the Netherlands to quantify shopping externalities. First, a theoretical model formalizes the existence of vacancies in the property market and establishes the relationship between shop rents and footfall, as well between vacancies and footfall. Identification is obtained using a novel research design based on spatial differences of footfall between intersecting shopping streets. The estimates imply an elasticity of rental in- come with respect to footfall of about 0.25 and about 0.1 with respect to the number of shops. The latter is substantial compared to the elasticities in the agglomeration economies literature. A shop's marginal benefit of a pedestrian passing by Is about 0.004 euros. The study also shows that footfall reduces shop vacancy rates consider-ably. Using the estimated elasticity of rental income, welfare considerations can be made taking into account new and existing shops. An average annual subsidy of about 10 percent of the rent to a new shop is welfare optimal, but when subsidies are given to existing shops, subsidies to shops that generate more footfall should be substantially higher.

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Vescia, Alessandro. "Essays on the impact of pollution externalities on economic activity." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39167.

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This thesis considers how pollution affects economic activities. Chapters 2 considers effects of pollution on humans' health. In an overlapping generation model with capital accumulation, agents' status is negatively affected by pollution. Individuals may invest in private health to reduce the burden of the environmental degradation, but this reduces the aggregate savings. Lower savings reduce the capital accumulation dynamic, reducing the optimal growth of the economy. The government can intervene to improve agents' health with public health spending, which crowds out private health investment and is complementary to savings. This work shows that, according to the initial level of capital of the economy and to the “net dirtiness", i.e. the difference of the pollution elasticity with respect to output minus the public health spending elasticity, the economy experiences different longrun growth equilibriums. Chapter 3 evaluates and compare the capacity of an emission tax and of free issued (non-auctioned) permits in terms of the incentives in investing in emission abatement research and in the social welfare. In the model, firms compete a la Cournot with knowledge spillovers. There are two different timing of the game: one where the government can credibly commit to the level of environmental policy; and the second timing where the government cannot credibly commit, and adjust optimally the policy after the firms innovate. This work shows that firms invest more in research when the government can credibly commit to the chosen level of policy. Chapter 4 investigates the role of pollution as a source of income inequality. Blackburn and Chivers (2015), in an overlapping generation model without credit market imperfections but in presence of loss aversion and uncertain return of investment, model agents that inherited from their parent and leave as a bequest to their offspring a positive amount of human capital. If the human capital is below a certain threshold, the loss aversion strongly influence agents, thus avoiding the investment. This reduces their possibility of realising profits and agents may end up in a low-income growth equilibrium with persistent income inequality. We extend their model introducing the pollution flow, which reduces the productivity of human capital and an abatement policy, which mitigates the negative effect of pollution. This work shows that in the presence of pollution, income inequality may increase and that the government can mitigate it through pollution abatement.

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Ochiai, Hiroshi. "Essays on aggregate dynamics : externalities, liquidity and financial crises." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12525/.

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In the second chapter, we consider a mechanism of unstable fluctuations of aggregate investments by means of a global game approach. For this purpose, we extended a static global game to a dynamic one and paid attention to the effect of past aggregate investments on current profitability. Once this effect of aggregate investments between periods is taken into account, we can show that firms’ equilibrium strategies of investments become highly volatile over time. Moreover, long persistence of high or low economic activity can be explained by this model as well. The third chapter examines the effect of firms’ funding liquidity on macroeconomic dynamics and the role of liquidity markets. Here, we regard liquidity as firms’ accumulated net worth and introduce heterogeneity between firms with regard to their productivities and accumulation of their net worth. From our analysis, we show that under existence of externality between probabilities of liquidity shocks 1) the economy without liquidity markets is highly volatile. 2) Liquidity markets insulate the economy from liquidity shocks. 3) During an unstable economic environment, the economic activity can sharply drop in the existence of liquidity markets. The fourth chapter aims at showing risk shifting behaviour of financial intermediaries in the context of an economic growth model to analyze financial crises. In the low capitalized economy in which a rate of return on safe assets is high and households’ assets are scarce, investing in corporate sectors is more profitable than that of risky assets because the option value from investing in risky assets is low. However, as the economy grows, the rate of return on safe assets is decreasing whereas individual assets are increasing. In this situation, the option values of risky assets are increasing, which gives banks incentive to invest in risky assets leading some of the banks to be insolvent.

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Zeelie, Eben Johannes. "Benchmark value chain clusters, agglomeration economies and dynamic externalities : an intergrated approach to regional economic development." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1086.

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From the broad overview of the cluster literature, the proposition emerges that the manipulation of regional economic structural and cluster factor conditions within a geographically proximate region can translate into sustainable regional economic growth outcomes. As a first step in exploring this research, a theoretical framework for the conceptualisation of industry clusters was established and a methodological framework applied to statistically identify major manufacturing value chain clusters in the Eastern Cape Province. This methodology combines a strength-of-linkage measure for all pairs of supply and use sectors (as revealed in the systematic analysis of intermediate purchasing and sales patterns in the South African Final Supply and Use Tables: 2002) with the application of Ward’s hierarchical cluster algorithm to map the national benchmark value chain clusters in the South African national economy. The ensuing national value chain benchmark cluster framework was then transposed to the Eastern Cape Province to reveal cluster concentrations and gaps that exist in the value chain clusters in the province. The methodology applied in this study provides an objective and clear perspective of inter-industry linkages in the South African economy and produces more detailed and evenly distributed clusters than traditional cluster identification methodologies. Secondary linkages were determined for each of the twenty-six core value chain clusters to depict the diversity of sectors linked to the respective core clusters. In transposing the national benchmark value chain cluster framework onto the Eastern Cape Province economy, a number of distinct advantages emerge. Firstly, it reveals gaps in value chain cluster groupings that may be filled through industry recruiting or regional business development strategies. However, not all industries absent from value chain clusters in the region are equally attractive for recruitment. Henceforth, the number of direct and indirect linkages to industries absent from the Eastern Cape Province serves as a measure of their relative attractiveness when considering their recruitment into the region. vi The benchmark value chain cluster framework alone does not explain which agglomeration externalities are generated and exploited within each cluster, but it served as the overarching framework for the remainder of the research. Accordingly, the value chain cluster framework was applied to evidence whether specialisation, competition or diversity (represented by MAR, Porter and Jacobs economies respectively) is the operative mechanism in generating cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province. Since agglomeration externalities are not directly observable, construct-valid indicators for the various externalities, as well as appropriate mechanisms to empirically assess the statistical relevance of MAR-, Porter and Jacobs economies in stimulating cluster growth, were established. This thesis added to agglomeration literature by disaggregating the standard measure of diversity externalities into two unique diversity indicators, namely supply diversity (SDiv) and use diversity (UDiv). The SDiv- and UDiv coefficients measure the degree to which a value chain cluster’s supplying/user sectoral mix at provincial level differs from that of the cluster grouping at the national level. This distinction between supply-and use diversity developed in this study firstly provides a clearer insight into the relative regional presence of supplying- and using sectors to the various value chain clusters, and secondly, serves as a useful mechanism to regional policymakers in identifying industries that may be targeted for investment into a region. Therefore, by separating the diversity into its two components, a clear distinction can be drawn between the impact of supplying- and using sectors on value chain cluster growth in a particular region. From a narrow perspective, the empirical findings validate both the Marshall Arrow Romer- (small positive impact of regional cluster concentration) and the Jacobs theory (significant positive impact of cluster supply- and use diversity on cluster growth), while it invalidates Porter’s theory (no correlation between competition and cluster performance). The positive effect size recorded between the level of value chain cluster concentration and differential growth indicates that policy makers in the Eastern Cape Province will be well advised to direct growth interventions towards larger concentrated clusters, than towards smaller, incipient value chain clusters. Additionally, vii the effectiveness of targeted inward FDI to the Eastern Cape Province may be raised by evaluating the economic impact against current value chain cluster structure, as well as the effect on the supply- and use diversities of existing value chain clusters in the province. This thesis has also illustrated that value chain clusters that are concentrated in the region, show a positive effect size with the level of supply diversity in the region. Conversely, value chain clusters that reflect high levels of competitiveness record a positive effect size with use diversity. Policy interventions aimed at raising the performance of value chain clusters typified by smaller players in a competitive environment, should therefore consider raising the respective levels of use diversity in the region. This research awakens the proposition that a reliance on a serendipitous approach to generate dynamic externalities is not sufficient, and that certain factor conditions favour the transfer of tacit knowledge between cluster members. Accordingly, this research empirically explored whether statistically significant relationships can be detected between the common cluster elements, or factor conditions, that serve as conduits for the transfer of dynamic externalities and value chain cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province. The findings indicate that linkages with knowledge generating institutions in the Eastern Cape Province do, albeit to a relatively small extent, have an impact on value chain cluster growth, and validates the assertion that cognitive enhancing institutions contribute to cluster growth. The importance of backward and forward linkages in nurturing regional growth is signified by the moderate effect size recorded by the level of vertical linkages and total value chain cluster growth. Similarly, a moderate effect size was recorded between the level of horizontal linkages and value chain cluster growth, which shows that cooperation amongst competing firms do stimulate cluster and regional growth in the Eastern Cape Province and affirms the proposition that inter-firm linkages on both vertical- and horizontal levels stimulate cluster growth. An expectation was that the institutional framework conditions would have a significant impact on value chain cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province. However, the empirical findings reflect that the institutional framework conditions have no statistical impact on value chain cluster growth. The study also found a moderate, positive effect size between value chain cluster size (number of employees) and growth, which shows viii that size matters in regional growth. In other words, in contrast to their European counterparts, the larger the number of employees per value chain cluster, the greater the impact on value chain cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province.

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Books on the topic "Economic externalities"

Klenow, Peter J. Externalities and growth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Fund, International Monetary. Externalities, incentives, and economic reforms. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1990.

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Aizenman, Joshua. Externalities, incentives, and economic reforms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Benhabib, Jess. Externalities and growth accounting. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.

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Weale, Martin. Education, externalities, fertility, and economic growth. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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Spatial economic analysis of telecommunications network externalities. Aldershot: Avebury, 1994.

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Castro, E. A. de. Network externalities, telematics and regional economic development. St. Andrews: University of St.Andrews, 1998.

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Jain, Hansa. Trade Liberalisation, Economic Growth and Environmental Externalities. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2887-8.

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Hintermaier, Thomas. Lower bounds on externalities in sunspot models. San Domenico: European University Institute, 2001.

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Fisheries development, fisheries management, and externalities. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic externalities"

Rao, P. K. "Economic Externalities." In The Economics of Transaction Costs, 41–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597686_3.

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Rees, Gareth, and Charles Smith. "Government, Externalities and the Environment." In Economic Development, 169–83. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14689-5_9.

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Rezai, Armon, Duncan K. Foley, and Lance Taylor. "Global Warming and Economic Externalities." In The Economics of the Global Environment, 447–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31943-8_20.

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Smith, Charles. "Government, Externalities and the Environment." In Economic Development, Growth and Welfare, 147–58. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23385-4_9.

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Zhang, Wei-Bin. "Inequalities with Racial Human Capital Externalities." In The General Economic Theory, 93–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56204-5_5.

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Siegler, Mark V. "Negative Externalities and Common Resources." In An Economic History of the United States, 391–410. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39396-8_19.

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Sardadvar, Sascha. "Growth Models with Spatial Externalities." In Economic Growth in the Regions of Europe, 23–28. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2637-1_3.

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Hammond, Peter J. "Allocation Mechanisms, Incentives, and Endemic Institutional Externalities." In Studies in Economic Design, 175–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93809-7_10.

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Ihori, Toshihiro. "Environmental Externalities, Abatement Behavior and Pigovian Taxes." In Economic Theory, Dynamics and Markets, 199–207. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1677-4_15.

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Sakagami, Tomoya, Yasuhiko Kato, Hiroki Inoue, and Hiroki Unoki. "Externalities of Network Formation and Economic Growth." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 215–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5663-5_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Economic externalities"

Pataki, Eva, Andras Sagi, and Kabok Jozef. "Externalities and the optimal allocation of economic resources." In 2015 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sisy.2015.7325376.

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Corrigan, Kiara, and Amip J. Shah. "Quantifying Equilibria Shifts due to Externalities." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54828.

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As environmental sustainability becomes increasingly integrated into the mainstream values, previously ignored externalities may be expected to enter into the economic valuation process. This is already evident, as an illustration, in the price that several entities are beginning to attach to carbon (with examples including cap-and-trade, carbon taxes, etc). In this paper, we present a basic economic partial equilibrium model to evaluate such externalities within the context of a particular industry. We begin by discussing how economic values may be attached to different externalities, and focus our analysis on carbon as an example of an environmental impact which may need to get internalized within the cost structure of a given organization. With such a new cost structure in place, we use historical estimates of the elasticity of supply and demand within a given industry to evaluate how the costs may propagate up and down the value chain. For example, how much of the costs are likely to get absorbed internally within a supply chain? What fraction of costs might a manufacturer reasonably expect to pass along to downstream consumers? With such estimates in place, we then predict using microeconomic theory how the supply-demand equilibrium within a particular market may shift. We discuss how such a simple approach to evaluating externalities may be used to simulate the effects of different policy choices, and illustrate the approach through an example case study of the electric utility industry. We conclude with a discussion of future work that seeks to expand considerations beyond the electric utility industry and methods to extend this simplified modeling framework.

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Rodriguez, G. A. R., and E. O'Neill-Carrillo. "Economic assessment of distributed generation using life cycle costs and environmental externalities." In Proceedings. 37th North American Power Symposium. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2005.1560578.

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Nugroho, Joko P., Dewi Puspitasari, and Ridwan Ridwan. "The Economic and Social Externalities of the Existence of the Cigarette Industry." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Banking, Accounting, Management, and Economics (ICOBAME 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icobame-18.2019.52.

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Manthapuri, Sadhana. "Rethinking the dimensions and approach of circular economy from the perspective of developing countries." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/sjfn8572.

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Developing Nations represents over 60 percentage of Globe. Economic growth of these nations linearly depends on combinations of market externalities, technological progress and gross value addition. Most of these nations were mere supplier of raw materials in the industrial era and still 70% of Nation’s population is dependent on primary sector for livelihood. This new wave of development, Circular Economy is said to create a value addition and trigger the prosperity of these nations by looping the production and supply chain mechanism. Research estimates that up to 85 per cent of opportunities to improve resource productivity lie in developing countries because of existing stage of economic growth. The portrayed illustrations of circular economy will manifest variant in developing nations. This paper focus on examining the applicability of circular economy, its dimensions and approaches for developing nations. The scale of applicability, market externalities, the bygone pillar of social dimension in sustainability etc, were discussed to provide a significant way forward for the concept to be more restorative and sustainable in the context of developing nations.

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WONG, W. S., FRANK LORNE, and K. W. CHAU. "SOLVING EXTERNALITIES PROBLEMS USING INNOVATIVE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN." In Tall Buildings from Engineering to Sustainability - Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701480_0162.

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Sciubba, Enrico. "On the Internalization of Monetary and Environmental Externalities in the Exergetic Analysis of Energy Conversion Systems." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79064.

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The article describes and discusses to some detail a method for computing the cost of a commodity in terms of its resource-base equivalent value (as opposed to its monetary cost). The method is called the extended exergy accounting technique (EEA), and its proper application enables the analyst to perform more complete and meaningful assessments of a complex production system, including of course energy conversion processes. The novelty as well as the decisive advantage of EEA consists in its being entirely and uniformly resource-based: the so-called externalities (labor, capital and environmental remediation costs) are included in the system balance by means of their equivalent exergetic fluxes, which represent the gross amount of primary exergy required to locally generate the specified amount of capital, the specified number of work-hours, or to reduce the emissions below a certain specified level. EEA owes some of its structural formalism to Sraffa’s “network” representation of the economic production of commodities by means of other commodities, which it extends by accounting for the unavoidable energy dissipation in every productive chain. The method has also borrowed several definitions, concepts and procedures from Georgescu-Roegen’s classical work on the economic implications of irreversibility on production chains, from Daly’s pioneering work in resource-oriented economics and from Szargut’s “cumulative exergy content” method. The representation of a general energy conversion process by means of its extended exergy flow diagram is discussed in this article, and it is argued that some of the issues that are difficult to address with a purely monetary approach can be properly resolved by EEA. It is also shown how EEA, being intrinsically “localized” both in time and in space, can account for the non-uniformity of societal conditions without the need of patching the theory with artificial features external to its paradigm. In the conclusions, some indications are given as to the possibility of using the extended exergy accounting technique to supplement and substantially improve Thermo-Economics on one side and Life-Cycle Assessment or Environmental Footprint Analysis on the other side.

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Meng, Xiangyi, and Taofang Yu. "Infrastructure Imbalance, Financial Investment and AIIB’s Role: Non-state Actor in Regional Governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/vxyh8452.

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The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), a new multilateral development bank, is an emerging force to solve the problem of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia. Only a few existing researches focuses on infrastructure investment and spatial governance. Based on the economic geographical framework of density, distance and division, this paper attempts to analyze three traditional governance modes in the context of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia: low-density sprawl, long distance and limited accessibility to central markets, and spatial division. Infrastructure has obvious positive externalities and will widen the differential rent gaps through land value increment, which will bring higher economic density and agglomeration economies. After analyzing the AIIB’s 38 approved investment projects, this paper takes Colombo urban regeneration project in Sri Lanka, Gujarat rural roads project in India and Mandalika tourism infrastructure project in Indonesia as examples, to explore the AIIB’s non-state role in spatial governance.

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Lesina, Mario, and Lovorka Gotal Dmitrovic. "APPLICATION OF SPC AND GROWTH MODELS ON THE ECONOMIC TRAJECTORY OF THE LEATHER AND FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b2/v3/01.

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The paper shows the relation among the number of small, medium and large companies in the leather and footwear industry in Croatia, as well as the relation among the number of their employees by means of the Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient. The data were collected during 21 years. The warning zone and the risk zone were determined by means of the Statistical Process Control (SPC) for a certain number of small, medium and large companies in the leather and footwear industry in Croatia. Growth models, based on externalities, models based on research and development and the AK models were applied for the analysis of the obtained research results. The paper shows using the correlation coefficients that The relation between the number of large companies and their number of employees is the strongest, i.e. large companies have the best structured work places. The relation between the number of medium companies and the number of their employees is a bit weaker, while there is no relation in small companies. This is best described by growth models based on externalities, in which growth generates the increase in human capital, i.e. the growth of the level of knowledge and skills in the entire economy, but also deductively in companies on microeconomic level. These models also recognize the limit of accumulated knowledge after which growth may be expected. The absence of growth in small companies results from an insufficient level of human capital and failure to reach its limit level which could generate growth. According to Statistical Process Control (SPC), control charts, as well as regression models, it is clear that the most cost-effective investment is the investment into medium companies. The paper demonstrates the disadvantages in small, medium and large companies in the leather and footwear industry in Croatia. Small companies often emerge too quickly and disappear too easily owing to the employment of administrative staff instead of professional production staff. As the models emphasize, companies need to invest into their employees and employ good production staff. Investment and support to the medium companies not only strengthens the companies which have a well-arranged technological process and a good systematization of work places, but this also helps large companies, as there is a strong correlation between the number of medium and large companies.

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CHINESE, DAMIANA, GIOACCHINO NARDIN, and PATRIZIA SIMEONI. "INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES IN THE DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND DISTRICT HEATING PLANTS THROUGH EXTERNALITIES: DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY." In Proceedings of the 3rd Dubrovnik Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812771285_0020.

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Reports on the topic "Economic externalities"

Aizenman, Joshua, and Peter Isard. Externalities, Incentives, and Economic Reforms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3395.

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Ciccone, Antonio, and Kiminori Matsuyama. Start-Up Costs and Pecuniary Externalities as Barriers to Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4363.

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Ayala-García, Jhorland, Sandy Dall'erba, and William C. Ridley. Externalities of extreme natural disasters on local tax capacity. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.299.

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This paper studies the impact of extreme weather events on the local tax revenue across Colombian municipalities. We follow a two-step approach to evaluate to what extent a municipality’s tax revenue depends on natural disasters taking place both locally and in its trade partners. In the first step, we estimate a gravity model of bilateral trade and construct a trade flow matrix allowing us to measure the strength of the economic relationships between cities. To do so, we build a novel dataset describing the inter-city trade flows for road transported goods in Colombia for the period 2015–2019. In the second step, we use spatial models to estimate the externalities of extreme weather events. Our results reveal that natural disasters in the destination cities increase the tax revenue in the origin city. We provide evidence of the capacity of trade to mitigate the negative effects of natural disasters.

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Dávila, Eduardo, and Anton Korinek. Pecuniary Externalities in Economies with Financial Frictions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22444.

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Wheeler, Christopher H. Do Localization Economies Derive from Human Capital Externalities? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2005.015.

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Forero-Alvarado, Santiago, Nicolás Moreno-Arias, and Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro. Humans Against Virus or Humans Against Humans: A Game Theory Approach to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Banco de la República, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1160.

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Externalities and private information are key characteristics of an epidemic like the Covid-19 pandemic. We study the welfare costs stemming from the incomplete information environment that these characteristics foster. We develop a framework that embeds a game theory approach into a macro SIR model to analyze the role of information in determining the extent of the health-economy trade-off of a pandemic. We apply the model to the Covid-19 epidemic in the US and find that the costs of keeping health information private are between USD $5.9$ trillion and USD $6.7$ trillion. We then find an optimal policy of disclosure and divulgation that, combined with testing and containment measures, can improve welfare. Since it is private information about individuals' health what produces the greatest welfare losses, finding ways to make such information known as precisely as possible, would result in significantly fewer deaths and significantly higher economic activity.

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Carvajal, Andrés. Testable restrictions of general equilibrium theory in exchange economies with externalities. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.231.

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Aizenman, Joshua, and Peter Isard. Externalities, Incentives and Failure to Achieve National Objectives in Decentralized Economies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3650.

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