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Rezai, Armon, Duncan K. Foley, and Lance Taylor. "Global Warming and Economic Externalities." Springer Verlag, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3037/1/GlobalWarmingGS101206TexGeneric.pdf.
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Despite worldwide policy efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) remains a negative externality. Economic equilibrium paths in the presence of such an uncorrected externality are inefficient; as a consequence there is no real economic opportunity cost to correcting this externality by mitigating global warming. Mitigation investment using resources diverted from conventional investments can raise the economic well-being of both current and future generations. The economic literature on GHG emissions misleadingly focuses attention on the intergenerational equity aspects of mitigation by using a hybrid constrained optimal path as the "business-as-usual" benchmark. We calibrate a simple Keynes-Ramsey growth model to illustrate the significant potential Pareto-improvement from mitigation investment, and to explain the equilibrium concept appropriate to modeling an uncorrected negative externality.
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von, Coester Sorbas. "Bubbles and chaotic dynamics in economies with externalities." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1427/.
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The present thesis deals with some consequences of the existence of external effects a la Homer, i.e. positive spillovers from the capital stock onto the efficiency of labour, and is mainly considering problems of discrete dynamics in the absence of any intrinsic (i.e. exogenous) shock. In the first chapter, using a one-sector three- period OLG model with borrowing constraints, it is shown that the standard result stating that, in the presence of externalities, any simple tax/subsidy policy undertaken to get rid of a bubble on an intrinsically useless asset creates an IOU which has exactly the same negative effects as the bubble itself, fails if there are agents who must borrow at some moment of their life. The other three chapters are mainly studying the problem of endogenous fluctuations in competitive equilibrium models. The second chapter looks at the possibility of Hopf bifurcations in the dynamical system characterizing a two-sector OLG economy meeting all neo-classical assumptions from the point of view of the private sector, and its ILA analogue : it demonstrates the existence of economies with stable closed orbits, derives some conditions on the parameters and compares the results to the continuous time modelization, concluding to a non robustness with regard to the time structure assumption. The third chapter is considering endogenous fluctuations in self-sustaining growth : using the same framework as previously, but under another assumption on the externalities, we establish that even if production inputs substitute perfectly and savings increase monotonically with the interest rate, cycles or even chaotic trajectories of the growth rate are possible. We show that this requires a strong externality in the consumption good sector in the absence of bubbles or sunspots, but not necessarily in their presence. Furthermore, we prove the existence of economies where, in the absence of any intrinsic uncertainty, the only possible equilibria involve bubbles or sunspots. The last and very short fourth chapter is a critical note on a recently published paper ; its main purpose is to show why current mathematical knowledge does not allow to sustain the claim of chaos in the proposed ILA framework.
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Lo-Quiroz, Wai-chi Yany. "The economic externalities of solid waste treatment facilities /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37120165.
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Lo-Quiroz, Wai-chi Yany, and 勞慧慈. "The economic externalities of solid waste treatment facilities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501341X.
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Burriel, Llombart Pablo. "Matching, education externalities and the location of economic activity." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2107/.
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In this thesis we demonstrate how important the existence of a pool of qualified workers within the local labour market is for the process of job creation and the location of economic activity. In chapter 1 the basic theoretical model is developed. Using a matching model it is shown that Job Creation will be higher if firms have a larger pool of qualified workers from which to fill their vacancies, since their expected profits per vacancy opened will be greater. At the same time, individuals have a higher incentive to invest in education if job creation is higher. The interaction between these two forces generates a pecuniary externality in the labour market. In chapter 2, we extend the theoretical model by considering two regions and the possibility of migration. In equilibrium, areas where the pool of qualified workers is larger attract more jobs and skilled workers. Job Creation will be higher in such areas since firms located there are able to find a more qualified worker with greater ease. At the same time, given the sunk cost of moving, only the most skilled workers will find migration to these areas worthwhile. The interaction between these two forces generates a pecuniary externality that encourages concentration of economic activity in areas with a larger pool of qualified workers. In chapter 3 we estimate the effect of the pecuniary education externality on the process of matching in the UK regional labour market in the 1990s. We find a significant effect of the average level of education in a region on the conditional probability of finding a job in that region using a duration model. This effect is positive for skilled occupations and negative for unskilled ones. Finally, in Chapter 4 we estimate the effect of the education externality on the individual decision to stay-on in education. We find that the share of the region's working age population with degree has a positive and significant effect on the education decisions of sixteen and eighteen year-olds, while the share with high vocational has a similar effect for seventeen year-olds.
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Miracky, William F. (William Francis). "Economic growth in cities : the role of localization externalities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11894.
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Pasidis, Ilias. "Urban transport externalities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404487.
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Chapter 2 of this dissertation estimates the joint causal effect of highway and railway Infrastructure on the suburbanization of population in European cities. Using a unique dataset of 579 European cities from 29 European countries during the period 1961-2011, I provide evidence that an additional highway ray displaces on average approximately 9 percent of the central city population to the suburbs in Europe's cities. However, Roman and Medieval cities appear to be more resilient to this process. Indeed, this existence of historical amenities in the cities of Europe appears to provide a reasonable explanation for these differences, providing some of the first empirical evidence for Brueckner et al. ( 1999)'s theory.
Chapter 3 of this dissertation tests and confirms the 'fundamental law of highway congestion' for the cities of Europe. Using different approaches, I find an elasticity of Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) with respect to highway lane km in the range of 0. 7-1. In a second stage, I estimate the effect of the increase in highway traffic on the emissions of some of the most harmful air pollutants. For nitrogen oxides, the estimated elasticity is approximately 0.10 - I.e. a ten-percent increase in highway traffic causes a one-percent increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. Sulphur dioxide also seems to increase considerably with highway traffic. Furthermore, the heterogeneous analysis shows that the increase in traffic congestion and urban air pollution is higher in cities with- out tolls - a finding that substantiates congestion pricing - and in cities without subways - a finding that corroborates rapid transit policies.
Chapter 4, in contrast, analyses the bidirectional relationship between high- way accidents and traffic congestion for highways In England. The research design is based on the daily and hourly specific mean reversion pattern of highway traffic, which can be used to define a recurrent congestion benchmark. Using this benchmark, I am able to identify the causal effect of accidents on non-recurrent traffic congestion. The results of this analysis suggest that a marginal decrease in the average speed due to an accident is about 7.8 km/h, while the journey time increases by around 27 percent when I consider the duration of this effect. Another important finding is that the effect declines by 70-75 percent after the first quarter of an hour. Finally, a back-of- the- envelope calculation suggests that an accident causes on average a 70-minute traffic delay per km for the users of that particular highway segment, while this effect Is 160 minutes in recurrently congested segments.
Chapter 5 uses geo-located data of retail rents, shop vacancies and footfall in the Netherlands to quantify shopping externalities. First, a theoretical model formalizes the existence of vacancies in the property market and establishes the relationship between shop rents and footfall, as well between vacancies and footfall. Identification is obtained using a novel research design based on spatial differences of footfall between intersecting shopping streets. The estimates imply an elasticity of rental in- come with respect to footfall of about 0.25 and about 0.1 with respect to the number of shops. The latter is substantial compared to the elasticities in the agglomeration economies literature. A shop's marginal benefit of a pedestrian passing by Is about 0.004 euros. The study also shows that footfall reduces shop vacancy rates consider-ably. Using the estimated elasticity of rental income, welfare considerations can be made taking into account new and existing shops. An average annual subsidy of about 10 percent of the rent to a new shop is welfare optimal, but when subsidies are given to existing shops, subsidies to shops that generate more footfall should be substantially higher.
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Vescia, Alessandro. "Essays on the impact of pollution externalities on economic activity." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39167.
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This thesis considers how pollution affects economic activities. Chapters 2 considers effects of pollution on humans' health. In an overlapping generation model with capital accumulation, agents' status is negatively affected by pollution. Individuals may invest in private health to reduce the burden of the environmental degradation, but this reduces the aggregate savings. Lower savings reduce the capital accumulation dynamic, reducing the optimal growth of the economy. The government can intervene to improve agents' health with public health spending, which crowds out private health investment and is complementary to savings. This work shows that, according to the initial level of capital of the economy and to the “net dirtiness", i.e. the difference of the pollution elasticity with respect to output minus the public health spending elasticity, the economy experiences different longrun growth equilibriums. Chapter 3 evaluates and compare the capacity of an emission tax and of free issued (non-auctioned) permits in terms of the incentives in investing in emission abatement research and in the social welfare. In the model, firms compete a la Cournot with knowledge spillovers. There are two different timing of the game: one where the government can credibly commit to the level of environmental policy; and the second timing where the government cannot credibly commit, and adjust optimally the policy after the firms innovate. This work shows that firms invest more in research when the government can credibly commit to the chosen level of policy. Chapter 4 investigates the role of pollution as a source of income inequality. Blackburn and Chivers (2015), in an overlapping generation model without credit market imperfections but in presence of loss aversion and uncertain return of investment, model agents that inherited from their parent and leave as a bequest to their offspring a positive amount of human capital. If the human capital is below a certain threshold, the loss aversion strongly influence agents, thus avoiding the investment. This reduces their possibility of realising profits and agents may end up in a low-income growth equilibrium with persistent income inequality. We extend their model introducing the pollution flow, which reduces the productivity of human capital and an abatement policy, which mitigates the negative effect of pollution. This work shows that in the presence of pollution, income inequality may increase and that the government can mitigate it through pollution abatement.
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Ochiai, Hiroshi. "Essays on aggregate dynamics : externalities, liquidity and financial crises." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12525/.
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In the second chapter, we consider a mechanism of unstable fluctuations of aggregate investments by means of a global game approach. For this purpose, we extended a static global game to a dynamic one and paid attention to the effect of past aggregate investments on current profitability. Once this effect of aggregate investments between periods is taken into account, we can show that firms’ equilibrium strategies of investments become highly volatile over time. Moreover, long persistence of high or low economic activity can be explained by this model as well. The third chapter examines the effect of firms’ funding liquidity on macroeconomic dynamics and the role of liquidity markets. Here, we regard liquidity as firms’ accumulated net worth and introduce heterogeneity between firms with regard to their productivities and accumulation of their net worth. From our analysis, we show that under existence of externality between probabilities of liquidity shocks 1) the economy without liquidity markets is highly volatile. 2) Liquidity markets insulate the economy from liquidity shocks. 3) During an unstable economic environment, the economic activity can sharply drop in the existence of liquidity markets. The fourth chapter aims at showing risk shifting behaviour of financial intermediaries in the context of an economic growth model to analyze financial crises. In the low capitalized economy in which a rate of return on safe assets is high and households’ assets are scarce, investing in corporate sectors is more profitable than that of risky assets because the option value from investing in risky assets is low. However, as the economy grows, the rate of return on safe assets is decreasing whereas individual assets are increasing. In this situation, the option values of risky assets are increasing, which gives banks incentive to invest in risky assets leading some of the banks to be insolvent.
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Zeelie, Eben Johannes. "Benchmark value chain clusters, agglomeration economies and dynamic externalities : an intergrated approach to regional economic development." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1086.
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From the broad overview of the cluster literature, the proposition emerges that the manipulation of regional economic structural and cluster factor conditions within a geographically proximate region can translate into sustainable regional economic growth outcomes. As a first step in exploring this research, a theoretical framework for the conceptualisation of industry clusters was established and a methodological framework applied to statistically identify major manufacturing value chain clusters in the Eastern Cape Province. This methodology combines a strength-of-linkage measure for all pairs of supply and use sectors (as revealed in the systematic analysis of intermediate purchasing and sales patterns in the South African Final Supply and Use Tables: 2002) with the application of Ward’s hierarchical cluster algorithm to map the national benchmark value chain clusters in the South African national economy. The ensuing national value chain benchmark cluster framework was then transposed to the Eastern Cape Province to reveal cluster concentrations and gaps that exist in the value chain clusters in the province. The methodology applied in this study provides an objective and clear perspective of inter-industry linkages in the South African economy and produces more detailed and evenly distributed clusters than traditional cluster identification methodologies. Secondary linkages were determined for each of the twenty-six core value chain clusters to depict the diversity of sectors linked to the respective core clusters. In transposing the national benchmark value chain cluster framework onto the Eastern Cape Province economy, a number of distinct advantages emerge. Firstly, it reveals gaps in value chain cluster groupings that may be filled through industry recruiting or regional business development strategies. However, not all industries absent from value chain clusters in the region are equally attractive for recruitment. Henceforth, the number of direct and indirect linkages to industries absent from the Eastern Cape Province serves as a measure of their relative attractiveness when considering their recruitment into the region. vi The benchmark value chain cluster framework alone does not explain which agglomeration externalities are generated and exploited within each cluster, but it served as the overarching framework for the remainder of the research. Accordingly, the value chain cluster framework was applied to evidence whether specialisation, competition or diversity (represented by MAR, Porter and Jacobs economies respectively) is the operative mechanism in generating cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province. Since agglomeration externalities are not directly observable, construct-valid indicators for the various externalities, as well as appropriate mechanisms to empirically assess the statistical relevance of MAR-, Porter and Jacobs economies in stimulating cluster growth, were established. This thesis added to agglomeration literature by disaggregating the standard measure of diversity externalities into two unique diversity indicators, namely supply diversity (SDiv) and use diversity (UDiv). The SDiv- and UDiv coefficients measure the degree to which a value chain cluster’s supplying/user sectoral mix at provincial level differs from that of the cluster grouping at the national level. This distinction between supply-and use diversity developed in this study firstly provides a clearer insight into the relative regional presence of supplying- and using sectors to the various value chain clusters, and secondly, serves as a useful mechanism to regional policymakers in identifying industries that may be targeted for investment into a region. Therefore, by separating the diversity into its two components, a clear distinction can be drawn between the impact of supplying- and using sectors on value chain cluster growth in a particular region. From a narrow perspective, the empirical findings validate both the Marshall Arrow Romer- (small positive impact of regional cluster concentration) and the Jacobs theory (significant positive impact of cluster supply- and use diversity on cluster growth), while it invalidates Porter’s theory (no correlation between competition and cluster performance). The positive effect size recorded between the level of value chain cluster concentration and differential growth indicates that policy makers in the Eastern Cape Province will be well advised to direct growth interventions towards larger concentrated clusters, than towards smaller, incipient value chain clusters. Additionally, vii the effectiveness of targeted inward FDI to the Eastern Cape Province may be raised by evaluating the economic impact against current value chain cluster structure, as well as the effect on the supply- and use diversities of existing value chain clusters in the province. This thesis has also illustrated that value chain clusters that are concentrated in the region, show a positive effect size with the level of supply diversity in the region. Conversely, value chain clusters that reflect high levels of competitiveness record a positive effect size with use diversity. Policy interventions aimed at raising the performance of value chain clusters typified by smaller players in a competitive environment, should therefore consider raising the respective levels of use diversity in the region. This research awakens the proposition that a reliance on a serendipitous approach to generate dynamic externalities is not sufficient, and that certain factor conditions favour the transfer of tacit knowledge between cluster members. Accordingly, this research empirically explored whether statistically significant relationships can be detected between the common cluster elements, or factor conditions, that serve as conduits for the transfer of dynamic externalities and value chain cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province. The findings indicate that linkages with knowledge generating institutions in the Eastern Cape Province do, albeit to a relatively small extent, have an impact on value chain cluster growth, and validates the assertion that cognitive enhancing institutions contribute to cluster growth. The importance of backward and forward linkages in nurturing regional growth is signified by the moderate effect size recorded by the level of vertical linkages and total value chain cluster growth. Similarly, a moderate effect size was recorded between the level of horizontal linkages and value chain cluster growth, which shows that cooperation amongst competing firms do stimulate cluster and regional growth in the Eastern Cape Province and affirms the proposition that inter-firm linkages on both vertical- and horizontal levels stimulate cluster growth. An expectation was that the institutional framework conditions would have a significant impact on value chain cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province. However, the empirical findings reflect that the institutional framework conditions have no statistical impact on value chain cluster growth. The study also found a moderate, positive effect size between value chain cluster size (number of employees) and growth, which shows viii that size matters in regional growth. In other words, in contrast to their European counterparts, the larger the number of employees per value chain cluster, the greater the impact on value chain cluster growth in the Eastern Cape Province.
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Munoz-Trochez, Camilo. "Inclusion of energy externalities in the economic level of leakage (ELL) model." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9533.
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The Economic Level of Leakage (ELL) is the leakage level which minimizes the total of the present value cost of leakage management and the present value cost of the water lost through leakage. Reducing the leakage below the ELL would cost a water utility more than the benefits of the leak reduction. The overall aim of this research is to contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions associated with management of water leakages in water distribution networks. This study adapted an IWA methodology for the determination of an Economic Level of Leakage that incorporates energy externalities associated with active leakage detection, for a water distribution zone in the city of Zaragoza, Spain, which has no history of active leakage management. The methodology used in this research divided the leakage into four components: Reported Burst Volumes, Estimated Background Leakage, Trunk Mains and Service Reservoir Leakage and Economic Unreported Real Losses. In the case of the Economic Unreported Real Losses, the calculation requires only three system-specific parameters: Cost of Intervention (CI), Variable Cost of Lost Water (CV), and Rate of Rise of Unreported Leakage (RR). Of these parameters, the most critical in the research was the RR due to the experimental nature. The Estimated Background Leakage was calculated using the Burst and Background Estimate (BABE) method which requires field data such as the number of bursts, the average zone night pressure, length of mains, trunk-main losses, and number of billed properties that might not be available but that can be obtained by the water utility with a reasonable level of investment. According to the experience with the Water Utility in Zaragoza, the lack of a centralized depository of information in the Water Utility made the data collection process complicated for some data. It was noted that the main problem is not the lack of standardization between databases, but the lack of awareness of the information collected or considered by other teams in the water utility. This awareness can be improved by sharing the access to information between teams. Implementing a centralized information management system can solve the problem. The utility in Zaragoza estimated non-revenue water (NRW) to the tune of 21 million m3 (i.e. 34% of system input volume) in 2008 when the fieldwork was carried out. Approximately half of the NRW (about 9-12 million m3) was estimated to be physical losses in the distribution network. The model developed as part of this study show that the estimated ELL was 1,638 m3x103/yr, based on only one approach for active leakage detection (using noise loggers). It can be seen that the physical losses are between 5.5-7.3 times bigger than the ELL. This shows that investment in Active Leakage Control would provide significant economic and financial benefits, and improve the performance of the water utility. This research found that inclusion of energy externalities raised the ELL value by 0.4%, which appears insignificant. However, quantifying the emissions will be useful in future scenarios when various national legislations will make it compulsory to report on the energy emissions. Therefore, the model developed in this research can be adapted by utilities with limited data to quantify the effect of energy externalities in the water distribution systems. This has future important implications for policy and practice.
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Hanley, N. D. "An economic analysis of agricultural externalities with special reference to straw-burning." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374764.
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Blankenburg, Stephanie Margarethe Therese. "Essays on the contemporary theory of economic growth : externalities, knowledge and institutions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613070.
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Chin, Hok Ling Hawkins. "Efficiency externalities of foreign direct investment in China's industrial sector." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1468.
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GUASTELLA, GIOVANNI. "Knowledge Spillovers, Externalities and Regional Economic Growth in the EU : Theories and Empirical Evidences." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1493.
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Coesione e competitività sono i principali obiettivi della politica regionale Europea. È però possibile che investimenti in competitività possano beneficiare maggiormente le regioni più sviluppate, a discapito della coesione. Si tratta di una contraddizione? In questo lavoro si risponde a questa domanda approfondendo tre argomenti. Il primo riguarda le determinanti della crescita regionale. Il secondo interessa il ruolo degli spillover di conoscenza per l’innovazione regionale. Il terzo è relativo al contributo delle infrastrutture di conoscenza all’attività innovativa regionale. I principali risultati possono essere sintetizzati in questa maniera. Una più alta crescita nella regioni meno sviluppate è importante ma non sufficiente a garantire convergenza. La crescita, nel lungo periodo, è determinata dagli investimenti in conoscenza, che producono rendimenti crescenti. La mancanza di sviluppo nelle regioni più arretrate può essere attribuita a questi divari di conoscenza, non sempre facili da colmare. Le esternalità alla base dei rendimenti crescenti sono estremamente localizzate e non si diffondono facilmente nelle economie. D’altra parte la conoscenza non si produce solamente con investimenti in ricerca. La promozione della ristrutturazione economica regionale verso modelli basati sulla conoscenza dovrebbe dedicare particolare attenzione alle fonti esterne di conoscenza, quali, accanto alle università, i servizi ad alto contenuto di conoscenza.Cohesion and competitiveness are the two main objectives of the EU regional policy. It seems however that improving competitiveness will benefit developed regions more, implying a less cohesive Europe. Is that a contradiction? This work answers this question by studying three related topics. The first concerns the determinants of regional growth in Europe. The second is about the importance of interregional knowledge spillovers for the regional innovative activity. The third is related to the way knowledge infrastructures can shape regional innovative activity. The main results can be summarized as follows. The higher growth in least developed region is important but not sufficient to catch-up. Growth, in the long-run, is determined by investments in knowledge, which produce increasing returns. The lack of development of lagging regions could be accordingly ascribed to the existence of knowledge gaps which are not as easy to be filled. Knowledge externalities, the essence of the more than proportional returns, are extremely localized and do not necessarily spread across the economies. However knowledge is not only produced through R&D. The promotion of economic restructuring of lagging regions toward a knowledge-based economy should deserve special attention to external knowledge sources like, alongside universities, Knowledge Intensive Business Services.
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Ercole, Roberto. "The impact of agglomeration externalities on manufacturing growth within Indonesian locations." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/28563/.
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Differences in agglomeration externalities and industrial regimes between locations generate performance differentials for their localized economic activities. For more than two decades, scholars have debated which externality is dominant for growth and under which regime. The present study aims to resolve this debate by analysing the influence of agglomeration economies on the growth of five-digit manufacturing sectors and firms in Indonesia between 2000 and 2009 discriminating cities and regencies. Specialization, competition, population density, human capital, and a set of varieties are employed. This is conducted shedding the light on policy implications of economic variety sectoral decomposition functional to revitalize Indonesian manufacturing growth after the Asian Financial Crisis, which substantially hits the Indonesian economy and manufacturing. Empirical evidence reveals that Indonesian policymakers should develop initiatives to support the competitiveness of key labour-intensive industries and manufacturing transformation towards knowledge-based productions. This can be achieved through promoting key specialised clusters characterized by large sectoral interconnectivity favouring inter and intra-industry knowledge spillovers, which allow underpinning the competitiveness of clusters and overcoming the two typical drawbacks of highly specialized locations (lock-in and lack of resilience). The formation of human capital, and the development of technologically advanced industries come to light as crucial drivers to construct a more conductive innovative environment and reduce manufacturing exposure to external industry-specific shocks. Population density and industrial diversity antithetically influence manufacturing growth in cities and regencies due to their economic heterogeneities.
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Möhlmeier, Philipp [Verfasser], Herbert [Akademischer Betreuer] Dawid, and Agnieszka [Akademischer Betreuer] Rusinowska. "The Role of Externalities in Social and Economic Networks / Philipp Möhlmeier ; Herbert Dawid, Agnieszka Rusinowska." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150181435/34.
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Persson, Lars. "Environmental policy and transboundary externalities : coordination and commitment in open economies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1917.
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Dorner, Wolfgang. "Environmental economic aspects of river basins and their catchment. Identification and quantification of flood related land use externalities." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2009. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006189/.
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[Abstract]This thesis investigates a common problem of land use impacts on flood damage costs on a catchment scale. It does this through a particular case study, to quantify the technical upstream-downstream dependencies and highlights the externalities through hydroeconomicanalysis of flood damages and mitigation costs. The substantive content of the project is cross disciplinary.Peak and volume of river flows are functions of the catchment surface characteristics. This means that any impacts to the run-off regime (for example surface sealing or river training) could affect people and land users in the lower catchment. Thus, upstream activities cancause higher flood peaks, and also entail higher damages downstream. These damages are either borne by the affected parties or they are mitigated by state financed flood defence works or offset with financial compensation. These costs are usually not included in the economic considerations of the upstream land user who is partially causing them. In economic terms, these effects are referred to as unidirectional externalities. This means that a producer can export parts of his production costs to third parties and these are not included in the price of the product.The Herzogbach is a small tributary of the Danube River in Lower Bavaria. It is located in a rural area, dominated by intensive farming practices. Two villages (Bachling and Buchhofen) in the headwaters and middle section of the catchment and one city (Osterhofen) in the lowercatchment were analysed to determine the impact of upstream land use practices on the flood situation.A combination of hydrological and hydraulic modelling provided the core data to allow the interpretation of economic data, using methods of cost damage estimation. A hydrological model of the catchment provided hydrograph simulations based on (a) a regionalisation approach,(b) hydrologic flood routing and (c) hydrologic reservoir routing. A two dimensional stream flow model was then used to convert the hydrographs into flood levels, to simulatethe run-off in settled areas and determine the flood affected areas, flood levels and flow velocities. Estimates for flood damages or mitigation costs resulting from different hydrological scenarios were compared. The scenarios are based on different land uses and alloweconomic externalities to be estimated.It was found that intensive farming and river training increase the peaks, shape and volume of flood waves in comparison to extensive land use, grassland or forest. In the study area, especially river training reduced the detention effect of the river bed and the natural floodplain. These significant changes to the natural run-off regime directly affect land use in the lower catchment through flood damages and increased flood risk, and by reducing the effectiveness of planned or existing flood protection works.The thesis concludes with linked technical and economic findings which indicate a rich potential new area for research - “hydroeconomics”. The published literature shows few people have worked in this cross disciplinary area. The technical finding is that changes to land use, especially in agriculture, can increase the flood damages in downstream settlements or increase the cost of flood mitigation works significantly. From an economic point ofview, this is a unidirectional externality which should be considered in catchment and flood management. Possible solutions could include the control of land use and instruments such as separate waste water fees for rainwater and sewage or run-off certificates.
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Keyser, John G. "Economic performance and corporate structure: an analysis of corporate crime causation." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94508.
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The objective of this study was to assess the affect of economic performance, relative performance and corporate structure on the frequency of corporate crime. The data utilized in this study were obtained from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research and were originally collected by Marshall Clinard and Peter Yeager (1979). In addition to this data source, disaggregated economic data were collected in order to assess the volatility of economic performance for the corporations in the study. The collected data were then merged with the existing data set using the corporate identification numbers provided with an agreement of anonymity.
Pearsons's r was used to assess the zero-order relationships among all the variables in the analysis. A series of T-tests were also performed to examine whether offending corporations had significantly lower economic performance measures than did their non-offending counterparts. Finally, multiple regression techniques were utilized to assess the predictive capability of economic performance and corporate structure on corporate offending.
The bivariate analysis showed little correlation among the economic performance variables and the total and total serious violation categories. Concentration and diversification were significantly correlated with the violation categories. Diversification was also found to be highly correlated in a negative direction with all of the volatility measures. Similar results were found when analyzing the relative performance measures.
When comparing the mean economic scores of offending and non-offending corporations, mean performance was generally lower among offending corporations. Offending corporations, however, were shown to experience less economic volatility than their non-offending counterparts. With respect to relative performance, offending corporations were found to have lower mean economic performance measures than non-offending firms. However, offenders were found to be less volatile relative to their industry than non-offenders.
The regression analysis revealed a positive relationship with the trend of profit and a negative relationship with volatility of profit, both contradict theoretical expectations. In addition, the structural variables were found to be positively related to corporate violations, but they had little mediational effect with respect to the economic variables, as hypothesized.
Based on the findings of this study, the limitations and implication for an economic explanation of corporate offending are discussed.M.S.
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Dabrowska, Kornelia Anna. "LINKING PROFITABILITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND EXTERNALITIES: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OHIO DAIRIES." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269360484.
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Wang, Fan. "FDI and technological upgrading in Chinese cities : externalities of foreign expansion process and industrial structures." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/30952.
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Technological upgrading, as the key engine of Chinese economic development, does not take place in isolation, but is largely dependent on access to external knowledge sources. FDI has long been regarded as an external knowledge source because of its intra- and intercity technological spillovers. Meanwhile, both foreign expansion time-based characteristics and industrial structures could affect technological upgrading, but there is a heated debate about whether they enhance FDI spillovers in host cities. In this PhD thesis, I integrate these two streams of literature into a theoretical framework, and hope to investigate how foreign expansion time-based characteristics and industrial structures moderate both intra- and intercity relationships between inward FDI and technological upgrading in Chinese cities. Moreover, I link cluster theory to FDI spillovers, and establish a theoretical model in which government and market orientations can affect knowledge transfers and disseminations between domestic and foreign firms. Overall, this research aims to extend the existing literature by bridging literature of FDI spillovers, foreign expansion process, and industrial structures from a contingency perspective. It deepens our understandings about both intra- and intercity dimensions of FDI technological spillovers in explaining host city technological upgrading. Based on specific panel datasets from the Chinese Urban Statistical Yearbooks and the Annual Industrial Survey Database, I adopt Pooled OLS and Spatial Durbin Model to explore intra- and intercity externalities of foreign expansion process and industrial structures in FDI spillovers. My results indicate that FDI spillovers contribute to both intra- and inter-city technological upgrading in China. Irregular foreign expansion process diminishes FDI spillovers within a given city, but facilitates intercity knowledge dissemination. Cities with a high degree of related variety can reap benefits from FDI technological spillovers. However, such empirical results may change between different urban groups, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shanghai-Yangtze River Delta respectively. Therefore, the findings of this PhD thesis not only provide convincing evidence for the debate regarding the relationship between FDI and host city technological upgrading, but also highlight government and market orientations to assist with policy making in the future.
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Félix, Telma Vasconcelos. "O crescimento urbano-industrial de Manaus e o efeito transbordamento sobre municípios vizinhos." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2008. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2517.
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Previous issue date: 2008-04-28SUFRAMA - Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus
The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of scale and absorbed by the municipalities that make up oil spill region Metropolitana de Manaus as Iranduba, Manacapuru, Careiro da Várzea, Rio Preto da Eva, Presidente Figueiredo, Itacoatiara and Novo Airão, in the period 1995-2005, situated in the surroundings of Manaus on behalf of its economic growth. To do so, used primarily as a theoretical basis, studies of economic agglomeration to compose a list of the region's economic situation and the theories of regional development, who analyze the dynamics of economic growth between cities and surrounding regions. In order to scale the overflowing effects were compared data generated in Manaus with those generated in the other seven remaining municipalities that make up the metropolitan area, among them is the number of formal jobs, energy supply, Human development index (HDI), education, gross domestic product (GDP), agricultural production, population growth and financing fund, which received through statistical analysis of the Pearson Correlation in order to measure the existence of relationship between these variables, where he came to the conclusion that there was some overflow of Manaus to the other municipalities of the metropolitan area, however it can be said that the economic externalities created from Manaus were restricted to a few municipalities, among them President Figueiredo and Itacoatiara.
O objetivo deste trabalho é dimensionar e analisar os efeitos de transbordamento absorvidos pelos municípios que formam a Região Metropolitana de Manaus como Iranduba, Manacapuru, Careiro da Várzea, Rio Preto da Eva, Presidente Figueiredo, Novo Airão e Itacoatiara, no período 1995-2005, situados no entorno de Manaus por conta de seu crescimento econômico. Para tanto, utilizou-se primeiramente, como base teórica, os estudos da economia de aglomeração para compor uma relação da situação econômica da região e as teorias do desenvolvimento regional, que analisam a dinâmica do crescimento econômico entre cidades e regiões vizinhas. A fim de dimensionar os efeitos de transbordamento foram comparados os dados gerados em Manaus com os gerados nos outros sete municípios restantes que compõem a região metropolitana, entre eles está o número de empregos formais, fornecimento de energia, Índice de desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), educação, Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), produção agrícola, crescimento populacional e fundo de financiamentos, que receberam análise estatística por meio da Correlação Pearson, para medir a existência de relação entre essas variáveis, aonde se chegou à conclusão que houve algum transbordamento de Manaus para os outros municípios da área metropolitana, no entanto pode-se dizer que as externalidades econômicas criadas a partir de Manaus ficaram restritas a poucos municípios, entre eles Presidente Figueiredo e Itacoatiara
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Granlund, David. "Economic policy in health care : Sickness absence and pharmaceutical costs." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1137.
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Neta, Maria EnÃsia da Silva. "Piscicultura no AÃude CastanhÃo em Jaguaribara CearÃ: Uma AvaliaÃÃo EconÃmica, Social e Ambiental." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17250.
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A DissertaÃÃo avalia os efeitos da atividade pesqueira associativa em tanques redes em comunidades selecionadas e localizadas no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, no AÃude CastanhÃo e a sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na atividade no aÃude CastanhÃo. Para alcanÃar os objetivos desse trabalho, foi feito um estudo de caso sobre os projetos de piscicultura em tanques-rede do AÃude CastanhÃo - CE, tendo por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade aquÃcola e sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na produÃÃo. Daà a importÃncia das pesquisas em mecanismos que resultem em um equilÃbrio entre aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais. A pesquisa utiliza dados primÃrios coletados junto aos piscicultores da comunidade. Estimam-se indicadores de bem-estar econÃmico e social bem como de privaÃÃes das famÃlias envolvidas nas atividades, buscando entender se o padrÃo atual de vida difere daquele que prevalece no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, onde està inserido. O estudo determina a alocaÃÃo econÃmica dos recursos e avalia a conveniÃncia econÃmica da produÃÃo escalonada por trimestre bem como avaliar se à viÃvel, de um ponto de vista econÃmico a retirada das vÃsceras para serem vendidas separadamente. Este Ãltimo elemento tem impacto importante de um ponto de vista ambiental, tendo em vistas que de outra forma esse material altamente poluente, se depositado em lixÃes ou em qualquer outro espaÃo, contaminaria tanto eventuais mananciais aquÃferos de superfÃcie como de subsolo. Para estudar a otimizaÃÃo da produÃÃo escalonada, minimiza-se a funÃÃo de custo de produÃÃo, conhecendo-se os custos unitÃrios trimestrais. Os preÃos de venda do pescado coletado foram levantados junto aos entrevistados. Assim geram-se restriÃÃes de receita mÃnima que, no trabalho foi estabelecida como ao menos um salÃrio mÃnimo por trimestre. Para o caso das vÃsceras estabeleceu-se valores equivalentes a 10% do peso vivo do animal como valor de venda. Os custos obtidos sÃo aqueles associados à utilizaÃÃo da mÃo de obra no trabalho de retirada das vÃsceras. Os resultados mostraram que os criadores de peixes envolvidos na pesquisa tÃm padrÃo de vida bem melhores do que aqueles observados no municÃpio de Jaguaribara em 2010. A pesquisa tambÃm sugere que os custos mÃnimos de produÃÃo acontecem quando a produÃÃo se distribui nos quatro trimestres estudados, mas com maior concentraÃÃo no terceiro. No que se refere à retirada das vÃsceras para venda em separado, os resultados econÃmicos foram satisfatÃrios e mostraram que a maior concentraÃÃo de produÃÃo desses resÃduos, objetivando minimizar custos, deve acontecer no segundo trimestre. A pesquisa conclui que o projeto tem viabilidade econÃmica, proporciona melhores padrÃes de vida para os envolvidos, e tem forte externalidade ambiental positiva, na medida em que utiliza as vÃsceras para produzir biodiesel, que poupa petrÃleo, e nÃo contamina o ambiente.This thesis evaluates the effects of associative pens aquaculture activities in selected communities located in the municipality of Jaguaribara, into the CastanhÃo reservoir, and its capacity into promoting sustainable development for the involved communities into the CastanhÃo. To reach the objectives of this work, a case study was conducted upon pens aquaculture projects into the CastanhÃo reservoir, aiming at evaluating the effects of aquiculture activity and its capacity to promote sustainable development for the communities involved into the production. Hence the importance of researches based on mechanisms that result in a balance between economic, social and environmental aspects. The study uses primary data collected with the communitiesâ fishermen. We estimate economic and social well-being and also deprivation indicators of the families involved into the activities, seeking to understand if the current living pattern is different from the dominant pattern of the municipality of Jaguaribara. The study determinates the economic allocation of resources and evaluates the economic convenience of trimestral scaled production as well as if it is viable, on an economic point of view, to separate and sell viscus. This last subject has an important environmental impact, as it is highly pollutant, and is disposed inappropriately, it would contaminate either superficial reservoirs or underground aquifers. To study the scaled production optimization, we will minimize the production cost function, as we know the trimestral unitary costs. Selling prices of collected fishes were registered through interviews. This way, we generated minimum income restrictions, which was established in this study as at least one minimum wage by trimester. As for the viscus, we established a value equivalent to 10% of the living fish weight as a selling value. Costs considered are those regarding manpower need for viscus extraction. Results show that fishermen involved in this study have a much better standard of living than those observed in the municipality of Jaguaribara in 2010. The study also suggests that minimum production costs occur when production is distributed within the four analyzed trimesters, but with a higher concentration during the third trimester. Regarding the viscus extraction for separate sell, economic results were satisfactory and showed that a higher concentration of production, seeking minimizing costs, should occur during the second trimester. This study concludes that the project is economically viable, offers better living standards for the involved and has a strong environmental positive externality, as it uses viscus to produce biodiesel, saving oil and not contaminating the environment.
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Eidelwein, Fabrício. "Desenvolvimento de um método para elaboração da demonstração do resultado econômico-ambiental: aplicação em uma empresa do setor petroquímico." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5180.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
Os negócios e a natureza estão intimamente conectados e o desenvolvimento humano depende de uma relação harmoniosa entre ambos. Enquanto a disponibilidade de recursos naturais é pressionada pelo crescimento populacional, por níveis crescentes de poluição e por padrões de consumo inadequados, as organizações procuram referências para crescer de modo sustentável. Tendo em vista a dependência que os negócios têm da natureza, a busca por soluções de menor impacto ambiental é, além de uma boa prática, uma condição sine qua non para a manutenção da competitividade. O atual formato de avaliação dos resultados econômicos nas empresas é incompatível com a mensuração do real valor gerado. Além de estimular ações de curto prazo que, muitas vezes, geram impactos ambientais no longo prazo, a Demonstração de Resultado do Exercício (DRE) desconsidera uma série de efeitos ambientais externos gerados pelas organizações, os quais impactam a sociedade sem que ela seja recompensada. Estes impactos são conhecidos como externalidades ambientais, as quais podem ser positivas, embora sejam, majoritariamente, negativas. No Brasil, a indústria petroquímica é rigidamente controlada pela legislação ambiental e pela ação das comunidades com as quais se relaciona. Ainda assim, é um ramo industrial sujeito à geração de externalidades. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método para a elaboração da Demonstração do Resultado Econômico-Ambiental (DREA), a qual internaliza as externalidades ambientais, bem como a aplicação em uma empresa do setor petroquímico. Para tanto, o método de pesquisa utilizado foi o Design Science Research (DSR). Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que as externalidades ambientais presentes planta fabril avaliada são predominantemente negativas. A internalização destes custos externos impactaria o resultado econômico consolidado da empresa em valor correspondente a 12,5% do Lucro Líquido do exercício considerado. Além disso, é possível concluir que o método desenvolvido é adequado para a elaboração da DREA e configura-se em um passo importante no avanço da contabilidade.
Business and nature are closely connected and human development depends on a harmonious relationship between them. While the availability of natural resources is pressed by population growth, by increasing levels of pollution and inadequate consumption patterns, organizations seek drivers to grow sustainably. Given the dependence that businesses have of nature, the search for lower environmental impact solutions is, besides a good practice, a sine qua non condition for maintaining competitiveness. The current format for evaluating economic results in companies is inconsistent with the measurement of the real value generated. Besides stimulating short-term actions, which often cause environmental impact in the long term, the traditional Income Statement disregards a series of external environmental effects generated by organizations, which affect the society without a compatible reward. These impacts are known as environmental externalities, which can be positive, although they are mostly negative. In Brazil, the petrochemical industry is tightly controlled by the environmental legislation and by the action of the communities with which it interacts. Even so, it is an industry subject to the generation of externalities. In this sense, this research aimed to develop a method for the preparation of the Economic and Environmental Income Statement (EEIS), which internalize environmental externalities, and test this method in a petrochemical company. To support this study, the research method used was the Design Science Research (DSR). The results of this research indicate that environmental externalities present in the assessed petrochemical plant are predominantly negative. The internalization of the relative external costs would impact the consolidated economic results of the company in an amount equal to 12.5% of net profit for the year considered. In addition, it can be concluded that the developed method is suitable for the preparation of EEIS and sets up an important step in advancing the accounting.
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Oliveira, Juliana Melo. "Efeitos das externalidades espaciais sobre o crescimento econômico: um ensaio para Alagoas." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1415.
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For a long time, economists have been interested in understanding what drives economic growth. As a result of that, they have conducted theoretical and empirical studies to explain economic growth differences among countries, regions and cities. In this literature, the idea of geographical space increased the explanatory power of the models by identifying the boundaries of externalities and also by taking into account how distance affects transportation costs. This paper draws on this literature to investigate the existence of spillover effects and how they affect the economic growth of cities in the state of Alagoas. In order to do that, I intend to take into account the centripetal and centrifugal forces that affect externalities and then, access whether or not there is spatial dependence and how this dependence might affect the state economic development.Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
Não é recente o interesse de diversos economistas sobre os determinantes do crescimento econômico. Vários estudos teóricos e empíricos vêm sendo realizados com o intuito de explicar as diferenças de crescimento entre países, regiões ou cidades. A introdução da idéia do espaço no estudo de crescimento econômico traz algumas vantagens, pois, além de identificar os limites geográficos de atuação das externalidades, considera o papel da distância e suas implicações sobre os custos de transportes de bens e serviços. Dessa maneira, este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a existência e os efeitos de spillovers espaciais sobre o crescimento econômico de municípios do estado de Alagoas – levando em consideração à atuação de forças centrípetas e centrífugas que influenciam as externalidades – para que se possa verificar a existência ou não de dependência espacial, e possíveis consequências para o desenvolvimento estadual.
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Fischer, Manfred M., Monika Bartkowska, Aleksandra Riedl, Sascha Sardadvar, and Andrea Kunnert. "The impact of human capital on regional labor productivity in Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3963/1/SSRN%2Did1304654.pdf.
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This paper employs a spatial Durbin model for analyzing the impact of human
capital on regional productivity using for 198 NUTS-2 European regions for the
sample period from 1995 to 2004. The study provides evidence for the existence
of spatial externalities and interactions of the sort as emphasized by new growth
theory. To interpret results meaningfully, we calculate summary measures that
account for the simultaneous feedback nature of the underlying model. By
sampling from the parameter distribution we present measures of dispersion,
revealing that it is relative regional advantages in human capital that matter most
for productivity growth. (authors' abstract)
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Comola, Margherita. "Network Externalities in Developing Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7372.
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Esta tesis consta de tres ensayos basados en microeconometria, teoria de redes y desarrollo económico. En los primeros dos me focalizo en paises en desarrollo (Tanzania y Nepal respectivamente) por estudiar como los habitantes de zonas rurales forman redes sociales, y cómo la existencia de estos lazos informales afecta su bienestar. El tercer ensayo se centra en el comercio internacional de armas e investiga si la orientación política del gobierno tiene un impacto sobre la politica de exportacion de armamentos.This thesis contains three essays on microeconometrics, networks and economic development. In the first two essays I focus on developing country settings (Tanzania and Nepal respectively) to study how rural villagers form their social networks, and how the existence of these informal links impacts their welfare. The third essay focuses on the international trade of weapons to investigate whether the political orientation of government in power makes any difference to arms export policy.
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Fischer, Manfred M. "A spatial Mankiw-Romer-Weil model: Theory and evidence." Springer Verlag, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-010-0384-6.
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This paper presents a theoretical growth model that extends the
Mankiw-Romer-Weil [MRW] model by accounting for technological
interdependence among regional economies. Interdependence is assumed to work
through spatial externalities caused by disembodied knowledge diffusion. The
transition from theory to econometrics leads to a reduced-form empirical spatial
Durbin model specification that explains the variation in regional levels of per worker output at steady state. A system of 198 regions across 22 European countries over the period from 1995 to 2004 is used to empirically test the model. Testing is performed by assessing the importance of cross-region technological interdependence, and measuring direct and indirect (spillover) effects of the MRW
determinants on regional output. (author's abstract)
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Fischer, Manfred M. "A spatial Mankiw-Romer-Weil model: Theory and evidence." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3959/1/SSRN%2Did1364060.pdf.
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This paper presents a theoretical growth model that extends the
Mankiw-Romer-Weil [MRW] model by accounting for technological
interdependence among regional economies. Interdependence is assumed to work
through spatial externalities caused by disembodied knowledge diffusion. The
transition from theory to econometrics leads to a reduced-form empirical spatial
Durbin model specification that explains the variation in regional levels of per
worker output at steady state. A system of 198 regions across 22 European
countries over the period from 1995 to 2004 is used to empirically test the model.
Testing is performed by assessing the importance of cross-region technological
interdependence, and measuring direct and indirect (spillover) effects of the MRW
determinants on regional output. (author's abstract)
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Comola, Margherita <1979>. "Network Externalities in Developing Economies." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2220/.
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This thesis contains three essays on microeconometrics, networks and economic development. In the first two essays I focus on developing country settings (Tanzania and Nepal respectively) to study how rural villagers form their social networks, and how the existence of these informal links impacts their welfare. The third essay focuses on the international trade of arms to investigate whether the political orientation of government in power makes any difference to arms export policy.
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Porteiro, Fresco Nicolás. "Economies with externalities: regulation and incentives." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4029.
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La tesis consta de tres capítulos independientes en los que aplico técnicas de Organización Industrial y de Teoría de Juegos (tanto cooperativos como no cooperativos) a distintas interacciones económicas En todos los problemas que se estudian, el elemento esencial para el análisis es la presencia de externalidades.En el primer capítulo estudio un problema de regulación medioambiental en presencia de selección adversa, cuando la empresa puede sufrir un cierto grado de ignorancia acerca de su "tipo". En este marco analizo las implicaciones de la presencia de terceros agentes informados, en el proceso de regulación. Estudio y comparo el papel que pueden jugar los ecologistas y los expertos. Los resultados obtenidos apoyan la legislación existente sobre la "Valoración del Impacto sobre el Medio Ambiente de Proyectos Públicos y Privados" en la Unión Europea. También tienen implicaciones para valorar el potencial uso de la información procedente de agentes interesados, en un proceso de regulación.
En el segundo capítulo, propongo un mecanismo de negociación sencillo, que puede ser usado en situaciones en las que un grupo de agentes intenta cooperar en la producción y asignación de un bien con efectos externos. El proceso se basa en una subasta que asigna el derecho a tener la iniciativa en el proceso negociador, más un requerimiento de unanimidad en la decisión final. El proceso es dinámico, de modo que a una ronda de negociación infructuosa le puede seguir otra, si los agentes optan por ello. Muestro que el resultado de cualquier equilibrio de Nash perfecto en subjuegos y estacionario, genera una asignación eficiente del bien con efectos externos, así como un reparto igualitario del excedente generado por la cooperación.
Finalmente, el tercer capítulo está dedicado al estudio de un proceso de formación endógena de coaliciones, en presencia de externalidades. Proponemos un protocolo de formación de coaliciones basado en acuerdos bilaterales. Aplicamos el análisis a un marco de competencia à la Cournot entre empresas. Mostramos que, contrariamente a lo obtenido en la literatura ya existente, el resultado es la completa integración de las empresas (monopolio), si el número inicial de empresas excede un cierto umbral, y éstas valoran suficientemente los beneficios futuros.
The thesis consists of three independent chapters where I apply tools of Industrial Organization and of Game Theory (both cooperative and non-cooperative) to different economic interactions. In all the problems I study, the essential element for the analysis is the presence of externalities.
In the first chapter, I study a problem of adverse selection in the context of environmental regulation, where the firm may suffer from a certain degree of ignorance about its own type. In this framework, I analyze the impact of the presence of informed third-parties on the regulatory process. I study and compare the role of environmentalists and of unbiased experts. The analysis performed allows supporting the spirit of the actual E.U. legislation concerning the assessment of the impact of public and private projects on the environment. It also provides insights about the potential role of interested parties as information providers in a regulatory process.
In the second chapter, I construct a simple mechanism that can be used in situations when a group of well informed agents try to cooperate in the production and allocation of a good with external effects. The process starts by auctioning the right to have the initiative in the negotiation. Then the winner proposes an allocation that is implemented if the rest of the players unanimously accept it. In case of a rejection, the process is started again. I present two different versions of the mechanism to encompass two alternative environments. In one, non-cooperation is the status-quo and in the other, is an outside option. I show that the outcome of any stationary subgame perfect Nash equilibrium leads to an efficient allocation of the good with externalities, together with an equal split of the surplus that cooperation generates.
Finally, the third chapter is devoted to study a process of endogenous coalition formation, in the presence of externalities. We propose a sequential protocol for coalition formation based on bilateral agreements among the players. We apply the game to an environment of Cournot competition among firms. We show that, contrary to other papers in the literature, it can lead to total integration (monopoly) if the initial number of firms in the market exceeds a certain threshold, and the agents value sufficiently future profits.
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Angeli, Deivis. "Dynamic coordination with network externalities: procrastination can be efficient." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24023.
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I analyze a dynamic coordination model under quasi-hyperbolic discounting. The main result is that present bias can induce a society to coordinate efficiently. When considering a transition from network A to B, higher present bias induces individuals to ask for higher relative quality of B, which is also what the central planner dictates, but for different reasons. Present biased agents overvalue relative quality, as positive externalities coming from more individuals in network B are more distant in the future, because transitioning takes time. The planner's motives are the negative externalities inflicted on agents 'stuck' in A during a transition.
É analizado um modelo de coordenação dinâmica sob desconto quasi-hiperbólico. O resultado principal é que a presença de miopia temporal pode induzir uma sociedade a coordenar eficientemente. Considerando a transição de uma rede A para uma rede B, maior miopia temporal induz indivíduos a serem mais exigentes em termos de qualidade intrínseca relativa da rede B, o que é a mesma coisa que um planejador central ditaria, mas por razões diferentes. Indivíduos com miopia temporal valorizam excessivamente a qualidade relativa, pois as externalidades recebidas por haver muitos indivíduos na rede B estão em um futuro distante e as transições não são imediatas. Os motivos da sugestão do planejador central são as externalidades negativas infligidas em agentes 'presos' na rede A durante uma transição.
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Braga, Márcia Bello de Oliveira. "Contratação administrativa como instrumento de fomento econômico a partir da entrada em vigor da Constituição da República de 1988." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/135509.
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A presente dissertação trata da contratação administrativa como instrumento de fomento econômico, pelo prisma da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 e legislação posterior, com o objetivo de apurar se há suporte constitucional para o fomento das áreas escolhidas pelo legislador e contempladas pelo Direito Administrativo Contratual vigente; se é legítima a utilização das contratações públicas como instrumento de fomento, finalidade que extrapola o interesse direto da Administração na aquisição do bem, na execução da obra ou na prestação do serviço; e qual o impacto dessas medidas nos procedimentos de contratações administrativas. Na primeira parte do trabalho, com o objetivo de melhor compreender a relação entre a função estatal de incentivo e os contratos administrativos, são buscadas balizas constitucionais para a atuação do Estado como agente normativo e regulador da atividade econômica, mediante o melhor entendimento da sua função de incentivo e a busca de objetivos, pessoas e/ou áreas que poderiam ser destinatárias do fomento econômico, investigando-se no que consiste a vantagem a ser buscada pela Administração em suas contratações e a sua relação com o fomento econômico. Na segunda parte do trabalho, são examinadas as principais alterações legislativas que visam à utilização das contratações administrativas como instrumentos de fomento econômico, que foram agrupadas em dois blocos. Um para exame dos benefícios concedidos às microempresas, às empresas de pequeno porte, às cooperativas e para outras formas associativas; outro para exame das preferências estabelecidas para proteção do mercado nacional e do meio ambiente e para o incentivo à inovação tecnológica.The present work deals with the administrative signings as an economic fomentation tool, through the prism of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988 and subsequent legislation, in order to determine whether there is constitutional support for the fomentation of the areas chosen by the legislator and, contemplated by Contractual Administrative Law in force; if is legitimate the use of public contractings as a fomentation tool, purpose that goes beyond the direct interest of the Administration at the acquisition of the property, carrying out the work or providing the service; and what impact of these measures in the procedures for administrative hirings. In the first part of the work, in order to better understand the relationship between the state function of incentives and administrative signings, constitutional goals are sought for the State acting as a normative and regulating agent of economic activity through a better understanding of their function incentive and the pursuit of goals, people and / or areas to be the recipients economic fomentation, investigating on what is the advantage to be sought by management in their hirings and their relationship with economic fomentation. In the second part of the work are investigated main legislative changes aimed at the use of administrative signings as instruments of economic fomentation, which were grouped into two blocks. One for the examination of the benefits granted to micro-enterprises, to small businesses, cooperatives and other forms of association; another exam of the preferences established for the domestic market protection and the environment and to encourage technological innovation.
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Mareš, Josef. "Vyhodnocení cíle politiky v oblasti nakládání s komunálními biologicky rozložitelnými odpady z hlediska efektivity." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-110476.
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The work deals with the critical assessment of the requirement of Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste for a gradual reduction in landfilling of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW). The aim of this work was to evaluate this requirement in terms of economic efficiency using the meta-analysis of selected complex studies based on cost-benefit analysis. Studies focused on natural and technical parameters and available specific data for Czech Republic of particular ways of processing BMW were also used for finding of private and social costs and benefits balance. Based on the results of this balance is not possible to decide whether fulfillment of the requirement will increase economic efficiency. Results are calculated from large number of input values, some of which shows significant variability. Oxidation rate of uncaptured CH4 in the process of landfilling BMW is characteristic example. This parameter varies between values 10 % and 90 %. While for value 10 % would separate collection of biowastes and its composting presented option with higher economic efficiency, for value 90 % is the result opposite.
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Howard, Gregory E. "Three Essays on Intergenerational Externalities." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343142443.
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Funchal, Paulo Henrique Zukanovich. "A contabilização das externalidades como instrumento para a avaliação de subsídios: o caso das PCHs no contexto do PROINFA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-10082011-162902/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o balanço econômico de uma política de incentivos para as fontes de energia renovável, analisando em particular o caso das PCHs (Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétrica) inseridas no Proinfa, o Programa de Incentivo às Fontes Alternativas de Energia Elétrica. A análise é desenvolvida tomando por base a internalização de custos e benefícios para a sociedade do referido Programa. Dentre os benefícios, estão destacados o desenvolvimento de uma fonte alternativa de energia que diminui os impactos ambientais devidos às emissões de gases poluentes, tal como o CO2, NOx o SO2 e o material particulado. Dentre seus custos, o imposto a ser cobrado se faz necessário para que programas dessa natureza se realizem. Para tanto, a revisão da literatura se concentra em assuntos concernentes à avaliação de programas de incentivos, bem como sobre o desenho de políticas de subsídio e das formas que a economia encontra para lidar com externalidades. Em seguida, analisam-se as estruturas propostas de incentivos, verificando-se, à luz da teoria, se essas estruturas são apropriadas aos seus fins e procedendo-se a uma análise de custo/benefício destas.This work has the objective to evaluate the economic balance of an incentive policy for renewable energy source (RES), in particular it analyses the SHP (Small Hydropower Plant) case into the Context of Proinfa, the Brazilian alternative electrical energy source incentive program. This analysis is developed considering the point of view of internalizing the costs and benefits for the society. Among the benefits could be highlighted the development of a RES that reduces environmental impacts caused by pollutant gas emissions, such as CO2, NOx, SOx and particulated material, among the costs is the tax necessary to support this kind of program. To achieve this objective, the literature revision was focused on subjects related to evaluation of an incentive program as well as on the design of subsidy policies and how the economy deals with externalities. Also it is analyzed the incentives framework proposed, verifying based on the economic theory, if this framework is suitable to its own aims, and at the end it is proceed a cost benefit analysis of this structure.
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Bui, Linda T. M. "Studies in trade and transboundary externalities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12693.
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Fei, Ao. "Optimal Mixed Taxation and Multiple Externalities." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-150890.
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This paper explores the optimal policy rules for mixed taxation in a static economy with multiple externalities, where there is asymmetric information between the government and individuals. Our main contribution is to characterize the optimal commodity and marginal income tax structure under different assumptions about externalities and the available tax instruments. The exploration starts with our benchmark model with atmospheric positional and environmental externalities, accessible linear commodity and non-linear income taxes as well as two ability-type consumers. The outcome shows that the marginal value of externalities enters additively into the commodity tax formula without altering the policy rule for marginal income taxation. The analysis surveys two scenarios (the failure of implementing a tax on the positional commodity and upward comparisons) of how other taxes become indirect instruments to correct for the positional externality when the tax on the positional commodity does not fully internalize the positional externality. The results also imply that cross-price effect between two externality-generating commodities matters in the whole tax system.
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Fogelberg, Lövgren Sara. "Markets, Interventions and Externalities : Four Essays in Applied Economics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121424.
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This Ph.D. thesis contains four independent essays summarized as follows. Effects of Competition between Healthcare Providers on Prescription of Antibiotics The introduction of antibiotics as a medical treatment after World War II helped to dramatically increase life expectancy in the industrialized world. However, over-prescription of antibiotics during the last few decades has led to a sharp increase in multi-resistant bacteria, disarming once powerful anti-pathogens. This paper investigates the effects of increased competition between healthcare providers on prescription of antibiotics. The analysis makes use of a competition-inducing reform implemented in different counties in Sweden at different points in time between 2007 and 2010 for a difference-in-differences approach. Since the dataset contains monthly data on all prescribed antibiotics in Sweden it is possible to estimate the effects on all antibiotics prescribed, as well as on different subcategories of antibiotics. The results show that increased competition had a positive and significant effect on prescription of antibiotics. This increase in prescription of antibiotics was not associated with a reduction in sick leave. Effects of Introducing an HPV Vaccination Program for Daughters on Maternal Participation in Cervical Screening Previous literature has established that there is a positive correlation between maternal participation in screening against cervical cancer and having a daughter vaccinated against types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer. In this paper, we investigate the causal impact of introducing HPV vaccination for girls in a general child vaccination program on maternal participation in screening against cervical cancer. We use a difference-in-differences design and estimate the effect on both general cervical screening participation and heterogeneous effects for women with different levels of education. Strategic Withholding through Production Failures Anecdotal evidence indicates that electricity producers use production failures to disguise strategic reductions of capacity in order to influence prices, but systematic evidence is lacking. We use an instrumental variable approach and data from the Swedish electricity market to examine such behavior. In a market without strategic withholding, reported production failures should not depend directly on the market price. We show that marginal producers in part base their decision to report a failure on prices, which indicates that production failures are a result of economic incentives as well as of technical problems. Wind Power Volatility and its Impact on Production Failures in the Nordic Electricity Market Wind power generation of electricity has gained popular support because of its low environmental impact and its low costs relative to other renewable energy sources. However, concerns have been raised in the power sector that wind power generation will come at the price of increased damage to other power generators. Wind power generation is naturally volatile which requires other power sources to start up and shut down in accordance with weather conditions, which for instance coal or gas generators are not built for. The previous literature has used simulations to show that the damage done and the associated costs can be substantial. We use a dataset containing all reported failures in the Nordic electricity market Nord Pool and data for Danish wind power generation. The analysis shows that for both Denmark and the rest of Nord Pool the short-term costs associated with the volatility of wind power generation are non-significant.
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Mion, Giordano. "Essays in spatial economics." Université catholique de Louvain, 2004. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-12172004-112215/.
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The New Economic Geography literature has experienced an impressive success in economic theory. At the same time, the empirical evidence about the forces and mechanisms emphasized by this literature is growing. Nevertheless, there is still much to be gained from empirical analysis. The main objective of this work is thus to help mind this gap by providing further evidence on the relevance of agglomeration forces for the distribution of economic activities. We address this task from an eclectic perspective using both descriptive and structural approaches. We also pay particular attention to plants' heterogeneity and its interaction with spatial externalities. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that pecuniary externalities stemming from final consumption and input-output linkages play an important role in location choice. Furthermore, while big plants are more sensitive to very localized externalities, small units display a stronger spatial correlation pattern and can be found more easily close to big consumers' markets.
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Kretschmer, Tobias. "Essays on the economics of networks and standards." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249716.
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Jude, Cristina. "Investissement direct étranger, transfert de technologie et croissance économique en Europe Centrale et Orientale." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE0510/document.
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A l’issue de la transition économique et dans le contexte de rattrapage au sein de l’Union Européenne, cette thèse étudie le transfert de technologie associé aux investissements directs étrangers (IDE) en Europe Centrale et Orientale. Les externalités technologiques sont considérées comme la contribution principale des IDE au développement économique des pays d’accueil. La première partie de ce travail analyse le mécanisme microéconomique du transfert de technologie. Après avoir évalué le potentiel de transfert à travers l’excédent de productivité et l’intensité des échanges intersectoriels, nous analysons l’effet des externalités sur la productivité des entreprises locales. Nous construisons ainsi plusieurs mesures d’externalités horizontales et verticales, en accordant une toute attention particulière à la position des entreprises dans la filière. Enfin, nous nous intéressons au rôle de la capacité d'absorption locale et du décalage technologique dans la capture de ces externalités. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse nous menons une analyse macroéconomique centrée autour de deux directions : la relation entre les IDE et l’investissement local, ainsi que l’impact agrégé des IDE sur la croissance. Tout d’abord, nous partons de l’hypothèse de destruction créatrice entre les IDE et l’investissement local, puis nous analysons cette problématique dans la perspective des différents types d’IDE. Nous séparons également le mécanisme d’interaction entre les filiales et les entreprises locales selon le marché réel et le marché financier. Ensuite, nous évaluons la contribution des externalités agrégées au progrès technique, ce qui nous permet d’illustrer l’impact global des IDE sur la croissance économique. Enfin, nous considérons la relation IDE-croissance dans une double perspective, afin de montrer l’existence d’un cercle vertueuxAt the end of the economic transition and in the context of catching up within the European Union, this thesis studies the technology transfer associated with foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern Europe. Technological externalities are considered the main contribution of FDI to the economic development of host countries. The first part of this work analyzes the microeconomic mechanism of technology transfer. After having evaluated the potential for spillovers through the productivity gap and the intensity of intersectoral linkages, we identify the impact of technological spillovers on the productivity of domestic firms. We construct several measures of horizontal and vertical externalities, while giving particular attention to local firm’s status throughout the supply chain. Finally, we tested the role of local absorptive capacity and technological gap in the capture of spillovers. In the second part we conduct a macroeconomic analysis oriented on two directions: the relationship between FDI and local investment and the aggregate impact of FDI on growth. We start from the assumption of destructive creation between FDI and local investment and analyze this issue from the perspective of different types of FDI. We also separate the interaction mechanism between the affiliates and the domestic firms according to the real market and the financial market. We then evaluate the contribution of aggregate externalities to technical progress, which allows us to illustrate the overall impact of FDI on economic growth. Finally, we consider the FDI-growth relationship from a double perspective, in order to show the existence of a virtuous circle
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Lopes, Roberto Paulo Machado. "Universidade, externalidades e desenvolvimento regional: As dimensões socioeconômicas da expansão do ensino superior em Vitória da Conquista." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/104602.
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Este trabalho parte do entendimento de que a formação de economias de aglomeração está na base do desenvolvimento econômico de centros urbanos e regiões, especialmente das cidades médias, e defende a tese de que uma universidade pública de médio porte gera externalidades capazes de formar economias de aglomeração, tornando a expansão do ensino superior um núcleo de desenvolvimento setorial regional. O aporte teórico-metodológico utilizado como base para a construção deste modelo de análise será composto pelo conjunto de teorias clássicas da localização e pelo conjunto de teorias de desenvolvimento regional com ênfase nos fatores de aglomeração, sendo cluster o conceito chave do estudo, pelo seu estreito e indissolúvel vínculo ao objeto acima referido e por constituir-se o estado da arte das economias de aglomeração. O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em verificar se a expansão do ensino superior em uma cidade de médio porte contribui de forma marginal ou determinante para o desenvolvimento regional. Para verificar se tal condição se materializa, o presente trabalho analisa a aglomeração de ensino superior na cidade de Vitória da Conquista, na Bahia - formada a partir das externalidades geradas pela Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB) - como motor do desenvolvimento local, confirmando ou refutando a hipótese de que esta aglomeração caracteriza-se como um núcleo de desenvolvimento setorial-regional. Em paralelo buscou examinar se a expansão do ensino superior em Vitória da Conquista contribui para a redução ou aumento das desigualdades no seu Território de Identidade. Secundariamente, mas com uma relação direta com o conceito de aglomerações produtivas, procurou identificar as alterações na localização das atividades econômicas no espaço, a criação de novas centralidades e vetores de crescimento urbano e sua influência no tecido social. Para caracterizar uma aglomeração produtiva utilizou as medidas de especialização – QL (Quociente Locacional) e PRE (Participação Relativa no Emprego) - analisando o seu comportamento dessas variáveis entre 2000 e 2009. Os dados do QL e da PRE foram utilizados para determinar se as externalidades geradas pela expansão do ensino superior em Vitória da Conquista constituem-se como um núcleo de desenvolvimento setorial regional. Para essa caracterização tomou-se por base os valores referenciais calculados pelo Observatório de Atividades Econômicas (2007) da Distribuição Setorial das Atividades Aglomeradas por Território de Identidade da Bahia em 2007. Os resultados mostraram, baseados nas medidas de especialização (QL e PRE), que a expansão dos serviços de ensino superior em Vitória da Conquista constitui-se apenas em um embrião de sistema local de produção. Além disso, mostraram que, no período analisado, na maioria dos municípios do Território de Identidade (61%) a desigualdade aumentou. Portanto, aceita-se a hipótese de que a expansão do ensino superior em Vitória da Conquista contribui para o aumento das desigualdades regionais, aumentando a influência da cidade em sua região de articulação, mas rejeita-se a hipótese de que esta expansão constitui-se como um núcleo de desenvolvimento setorial-regional.UNIVERSITY, EXTERNALITIES AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE SOCIOECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN VITÓRIA DA CONQUISTA. This work starts with the understanding that the formation of agglomeration economies underpins the economic development of cities and regions, especially of medium-sized cities, and defends the thesis that a midsized public university generates externalities capable of forming agglomeration economies, making the expansion of higher education a core of regional sectoral development. The theoretical and methodological framework used as the basis for building this type of analysis will consist on the set of classical theories of location and the set of theories of regional development with emphasis on agglomeration factors. The main goal of this study consists on verifying if the expansion of higher education in a midsize city contributes in a marginal or determinant way for regional development. To verify if such condition materializes, this paper analyzes the agglomeration of higher education in the city of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia - formed from the externalities generated by the State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB) - as an engine of local development confirming or refuting the hypothesis that this cluster is characterized as a core of industrial-regional development. At the same time it sought to examine whether the expansion of higher education in Vitória da Conquista contributes to the reduction or increase in inequality in its Territorial Identity. To characterize a productive concentration it used measures of specialization - QL (location quotient) and PRE (Relative Participation in Employment) - analyzing the behavior of these variables between 2000 and 2009. Data from the QL and PRE were used to determine whether the externalities generated by the expansion of higher education in Vitória da Conquista constitute itself as a regional center for the development sector. The results, based on measures of specialization (QL and PRE), showed that the expansion of higher education services in Vitória da Conquista is only an embryo of local system production. Moreover, they showed that over that period, in most counties of the Territory of identity (61%) inequality has increased.
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Backlund, Kenneth. "Welfare measurement, externalities and Pigouvian taxation in dynamic economies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73540.
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This thesis consists of five papers. Paper [1] analyzes one possible way of replacing dynamic Pigouvian taxes by a static approximation of such taxes from the point of view of social accounting. The idea is to approximate a Pigouvian emission tax by using the instantaneous marginal willingness to pay to reduce the stock of pollution. If this approximation is close enough to the correct Pigouvian tax it will be useful for at least two reasons: (i) it brings the economy close to the socially optimal solution; and (ii) it provides information relevant for social accounting by closely approximating the value of additions to the stock of pollution. Paper [2] analyzes the welfare effects of an agreement between countries to slightly increase their emission taxes. The results indicate that such an agreement need not necessarily increase the global welfare level, even if each individual country has set its prereform emission tax to be lower than the marginal social cost of pollution. Paper [3] provides an economic framework for analyzing the global warming problem, emphasizing the use of forests as a means of carbon sequestration. We explore the difference between the decentralized economy and the socially optimal resource allocation, and discuss the appropriate tax system required to implement the first best optimum. Paper [4] incorporates the uncertainty involved in the production of nuclear energy into a dynamic general equilibrium growth model. We compare the resource allocation in the decentralized economy with the socially optimal resource allocation and design the dynamic Pigouvian taxes that make the decentralized economy reproduce the socially optimal resource allocation. Paper [5] treats externalities from nuclear power in a dynamic differential game framework involving two countries, which differ with regard to their nuclear technology. The model is solved numerically, where one country is considered relatively safe and the other relatively less safe.Härtill 5 delarbeten.
digitalisering@umu
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Ubeda, Rives Luis Antonio. "Why so little trade : externalities asymmetry of information, and welfare." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10333.
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van, Horen Clive. "The cost of power : externalities in South Africa's energy sector." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21698.
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Bibliography: pages [201]-220.The long-awaited birth of political democracy in South Africa in 1994 has led to a fundamental re-assessment of policy in most sectors of society. Although the energy sector has witnessed a clrar shift away from the self-sufficiency concerns of the apartheid era, to more universal goals of economic efficiency, social equity and environmental sustainability, there has, as yet, been very little analysis of problems at the energy-environment interface. In this context, this thesis investigates environmental externalities arising in South Africa's energy sector. Two questions are posed: first and foremost, which environmental problems give rise to the most significant social costs? Secondarily, how helpful is an environmental economic analysis in this context? With respect to the first question, it is hypothesised that the external costs arising from two sectors are significant: the electricity generation sector, and the low-income, unelectrified household sector. Of these two, it is suggested that externalities in the latter are most serious. After reviewing the literature on externalities and environmental valuation, the thesis undertakes an empirical investigation of external costs in both energy sub-sectors. A classification system is developed and used to select those externalities in each sector which are potentially serious and regarding which there is sufficient information for quantification purposes. After reviewing a larger number of impacts, data are collected from both published and unpublished sources for four environmental externalities in the electricity sector, and six in the household sector.
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Warziniack, Travis W. "Trade-related externalities and spatial public goods in computable general equilibrium." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1806724721&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Schwarz, Lukas Marinus. "Pecuniary Externalities in Labor Markets and Questions in Macroeconomics and International Trade." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493425.
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I analyze how various types of structural change including labor market reform, trade liberalization, product market reform and technological progress affect labor markets in closed and open economies. In order to do this, I propose a model of labor markets which captures frictions and pecuniary externalities as well as different types of labor market reform in a very general way. Embedding this framework into general equilibrium models with imperfect competition in product markets and endogenous entry I find that the strength of pecuniary externalities in labor markets is absolutely crucial: In closed economies sufficiently strong pecuniary externalities in labor markets require “supply-side approaches” to labor market reform to raise aggregate employment, while “demand-side approaches” are required otherwise. Product market deregulation and technological progress raise aggregate employment in closed economies only if pecuniary externalities in labor markets are sufficiently strong. Similar results hold in open economies although terms-of-trade-effects may slightly change the picture depending on their strength. Further, distributional conflicts both within and across countries may arise from those effects, but they can be avoided by means of multilateral coordination. Trade liberalization increases aggregate employment only if pecuniary externalities in labor markets are sufficiently strong. Firm heterogeneity amplifies both gains and losses from trade liberalization. Sufficiently strong pecuniary externalities in labor markets also make positive international spill-overs of unilateral structural change more likely. I present my results in terms of threshold-rules for the strength of pecuniary externalities in labor markets and I provide careful analyses of what determines the size of the threshold for each question I address: Generally, the strengths of product-variety-effects and of a mark-ups-channel working through product markets as well as the importance of the extensive margin of production play a central role, but both the importance of network production structures and of international trade matter, too.Economics