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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic history, Egypt, 1913'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Marsot, Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid, and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." American Historical Review 90, no. 1 (1985): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860873.

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2

Clay, Christopher, and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." Economic History Review 38, no. 3 (1985): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597034.

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3

Daly, M. W., and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." International Journal of African Historical Studies 19, no. 4 (1986): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219148.

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4

SLUGLETT, PETER. "SAMIR SAUL, La France et L'Egypte de 1882 à 1914: Intérêts économiques et implications politiques, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France (Paris: Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, 1997). Pp. 787. Fr 249 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (2001): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801252064.

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This is an exhaustive study of French economic interests in Egypt, the development of a particular type of capitalism in Egypt, and Franco-British relations in Egypt between the British Occupation in 1882 and World War I. It is based on an extraordinarily wide range of sources from Belgium, Britain, Egypt, and France, including British, Egyptian, and French diplomatic documents and material from a variety of banks and business enterprises, such as the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, Crédit Lyonnais, La Compagnie du Canal de Suez, and La Société Générale. The book was published in 1997, but—an

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5

Gvaryahu, Amit. "A Hebrew Letter on Papyrus and Its Contexts: Oxford MS Heb.d.69(P)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 65, no. 5-6 (2022): 675–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341579.

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Abstract This article is a new reading of a Hebrew letter, Oxford MS Heb.d.69(P), written on papyrus and dated tentatively by scholars to the 6th century. The article begins with a new edition of the letter, first published in 1903, its first translation into English, a discussion of its language and epistolary conventions, including layout, script, and formulary. In the letter, written by the scribe Isi, the lender Lazar describes to Jacob the borrower the history of their contract, and the former’s attempts to collect, and demands payment. I discuss the currency mentioned in this description

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6

Farajat, Mazen Mohammad, and Rabie Khaled AlFarajat. "A New Rrivalry between Great Britain and France over the Middle East and The Mediterranean Sea during the First World War." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 52, no. 3 (2025): 5010. https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v52i3.5010.

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Objectives: This study aimed at highlighting the new rivalry between Great Britain and France over the middle east and the Mediterranean Sea between 1912 and 1916. Method: The researchers used the quantitative method; mainly the inductive-deductive method for analyzing the events in historical texts in the years under study. Results: The study results showed that English ambitions were confronted with a united reaction by the French government and the emerging colonial entities. They also showed that the French policy adopted a number of political, diplomatic and military strategies which did

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7

Roessel, David, and Eva Leaverton. "A Sapphic Ode by Thornton Wilder: A Previously Unpublished Playlet." Thornton Wilder Journal 4, no. 1 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/thorntonwilderj.4.1.0001.

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Abstract The manuscript of A Sapphic Ode exists in the Thornton Wilder Papers at the Beinecke Library at Yale University and is published here for the first time. This article contends that the playlet is a response to the discovery of papyrus fragments of Sappho at Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, in 1914. The playlet is of interest for two reasons. It shows Wilder engaging with a recent archaeological discovery, and how archaeology can be a part of literary history. It also shows a young Wilder creating a comedy with a contemporary setting, which differs in tone from the short plays he later collected in

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8

Krikh, Sergey B. "The History of Ideology: Yu.P. Frantzev on Ancient Eastern Philosophical Thought." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2022): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-8-184-194.

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The author of the article focuses on the analysis of an unpublished chapter for a collective work on the history of philosophy, written by Yu.P. Frantzev (1903–1969) in 1951 and dedicated to the formation of ancient Eastern ideologies. The author of this unpublished text began his scholar career as an Egyptologist and researcher of early religions; he was a student of the Orientalist V.V. Struve, whose works played an important role in the genesis of Soviet ideas about the sequence of socio-economic formations in world history. After WWII Frantsev almost completely departed from historical st

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9

Ladynin, Ivan A. "The Journey Begins: Letter from Vasily Struve to Mikhail Rostovtzev of 25 May 1914." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2020): 1119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-1119-1130.

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The article presents a publication of the letter from Vasily Vasilievich Struve (1889–1965), pioneer in the research of the Ancient Near East societies in the Soviet Union, to Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzev (1870–1952), the prominent Classicist, one of the first scholars in socio-economic history of the Antiquity in pre-revolutionary Russia. The letter was written during Struve’s post-graduate sabbatical in Berlin in 1914; it is stored in the Russian State Historical Archives in St. Petersburg. The document is significant due to its information on Struve’s stay in Berlin and on his contacts with

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10

Ceylan, Okan. "From Entomological Disaster to Agricultural Modernization, the Effect of Pink Bollworm on Cotton Farming in Çukurova (1914-1928)." Belleten 88, no. 313 (2024): 997–1030. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.997.

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Since the second half of the 19th century, pink bollworm, which has been effective on a global scale, spread to Çukurova as a result of cotton seed imports from Egypt after the First World War (the WWI). In 1924 and 1925, pink bollworm, which had a negative impact on cotton yields, was initially seen as an entomological problem in cotton, but turned into a social, economic and political problem due to the key importance of cotton in Türkiye’s foreign trade, textile industry and rural development. As a matter of fact, the agricultural control against pink bollworm led to technical advances, sci

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11

Redwood, Stewart D. "The Origin of the Porphyry Deposit Name: From Shellfish, Tyrian Purple Dye, and Imperial Rome to the World’s Largest Copper Deposits." SEG Discovery, no. 118 (July 1, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2019-118.fea.

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Abstract The porphyry deposit name has a long and fascinating etymological history of over 3,000 years. “Porphyry” is derived from the ancient Greek word porphyra (πoρϕύρα), or purple. It was originally applied to a rare purple dye, Tyrian purple, extracted by the Phoenicians from murex shells. It was later applied to a prized purple porphyritic rock, Imperial Porphyry or Porfido rosso attico, quarried by the Romans from Mons Porphyrites in the Eastern Red Sea hills of Egypt from the first to fifth centuries A.D., and used as a monumental stone in Imperial Rome and Byzantium (Istanbul). The na

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12

Goldschmidt, Arthur. ":The Striking Cabbies of Cairo and Other Stories: Crafts and Guilds in Egypt, 1863–1914.(SUNY Series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East.)." American Historical Review 110, no. 4 (2005): 1288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.110.4.1288.

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13

Selby, A. K. "Robert L. Tignor: State, private enterprise, and economic change in Egypt, 1918-1952. (Princeton Studies on the Near East.) xvi, 317 pp. Princeton, N.J.:Princeton, University Press,[1984]. £37." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 1 (1987): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00053386.

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14

Karp, Sławomir. "Karp Familly from Rekijow in Samogitia in 20th century. A contribution to the history of Polish landowners in Lithuania." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 303, no. 1 (2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134970.

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The article concerns the fate of Felicjan Karp’s family, one of the richest landowners of Samogitia (Lithuania) in the first two decades of the 20th century. After his father, he inherited approximately 40,163 hectares. The history of this family perfectly illustrates the changes that this social class has undergone in the past century. The end of their existence was the end of the landowner’s existence. The twilight of the Samogitian Karps took place quite quickly, for only a quarter of a century from July 28, 1914, the date of the outbreak of World War I to the Soviet invasion of the Republi

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15

Lone, Stewart. "The Japanese Annexation of Korea 1910: The Failure of East Asian Co-Prosperity." Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (1991): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015870.

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While Britain was amassing the largest empire ever seen, her policy makers continued to believe that economic ties were a far more effective means of control than costly and provocative military domination. Fortunately for British empire-builders, the peoples they encountered were frequently divided amongst themselves, and lacked confidence in their ability to challenge British domination. This was not entirely the case with Japan's attempts to establish hegemony over Korea following the Russo-Japanese war (1904–05). Although there were serious political and regional divisions within Korea, th

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16

Elzer, Herbert. "Lockruf der Levante. Legationsrat Hans Strack, das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und die deutsch-ägyptischen Außenhandelsbeziehungen 1949–1953." Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 101, no. 1 (2014): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2014-0001.

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17

Vitalis, Robert. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918–1952. By Robert L. Tignor · Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. xvi + 371 pp. Charts, tables, appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $44.50." Business History Review 63, no. 4 (1989): 994–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115994.

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18

Palen, M. W. "The Imperialism of Economic Nationalism, 1890-1913." Diplomatic History 39, no. 1 (2014): 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dh/dht135.

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19

de la Escosura, Leandro Prados. "Spain’s international position, 1850-1913,." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 1 (2010): 173–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261090999005x.

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AbstractSpain’s financial position during the late 19thand early 20thcenturies has usually been presented as one of persistent deficit on current account, which resulted from her integration into international commodity and factor markets and this, in turn, slowed down the growth of the economy. In this essay a preliminary reconstruction of the balance of payments on current account allows us to reject this view. In fact, a net capital inflow made possible to meet the demand for investment-boosting economic performance. Current account reversals in a context of macroeconomic domestic imperfect

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20

Greasley, David, and Les Oxley. "Segmenting the contours: Australian economic growth 1828–1913." Australian Economic History Review 37, no. 1 (1997): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8446.00003.

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21

Verburg, Jelle, Tal Ilan, and Jan Joosten. "Four Fragments of the Hebrew Bible from Antinoopolis, P.Ant. 47–50." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 105, no. 2 (2019): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307513320905848.

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An expedition of the Egypt Exploration Society in 1913–14 discovered four fragments of the Hebrew Bible (from the books of Kings and Job). This article presents the first critical edition of the fragments. With a few minor exceptions, the fragments conform to the Masoretic Text. The possible datings of these fragments range from the third to the early eighth centuries ce. Very little is known about the transmission of the text of the Hebrew Bible in the so-called ‘silent’ or ‘dark’ period between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Cairo Genizah. The fragments also testify to the presence of a Jewish

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22

Khanin, Grigory. "Important Contribution to the Coverage of National Income Statistics and the Economic History of Pre-Revolutionary Russia and the USSR." Ideas and Ideals 15, no. 2-2 (2023): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2023-15.2.2-247-260.

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The author of this paper analyses the book by A. Markevich and M. Harrison, “Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia’s National Income, 1913 to 1928”. He highlights the fact that the authors’ (A. Markevich and M. Harrison) calculations introduced in this article significantly expand and clarify the economic situation in Russia and the USSR in 1913-1928 from an economics point of view. For the first time, M. Harrison and A. Markevich evaluate the dynamics of national income and production of individual economic sectors, including the service industry, and compare the economies of Russia and

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23

Salem, Sara. "Historicising the Left in the Middle East: On Agency, Archives and Anti-capitalism." Historical Materialism 25, no. 4 (2017): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341547.

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AbstractThis article is a review of Ilham Khuri-Makdisi’s bookThe Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Capitalism, 1860–1914. I argue that this book is a valuable contribution to historiographies of the Left in the Middle East, a field that remains under-represented given the importance of labour to the nationalist movements as well as broader worker-activism in the region throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. I review the main debates of the book, and raise critical questions about aspects that could have been probed further, among them the questions of imperialism an

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24

Tignor, Robert L., and Iliya Harik. "Economic Policy Reform in Egypt." International Journal of African Historical Studies 31, no. 2 (1998): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221144.

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25

Yousef, Hoda A. "Pleading for a place in modern Egypt: negotiating poverty and patriarchy, 1908–1913." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 47, no. 2 (2018): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1491298.

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26

ROGERS, EDMUND. "THE UNITED STATES AND THE FISCAL DEBATE IN BRITAIN, 1873–1913." Historical Journal 50, no. 3 (2007): 593–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006279.

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ABSTRACTHistorians of the debate over free trade and tariffs in Britain during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have not taken adequate account of the impact of the protectionist United States. The article first examines how American protectionism influenced the cause of imperial preference. It then looks at how both sides in the fiscal debate used the American economic experience to bolster their cases. Finally, it is demonstrated that the economic success and liberal democratic character of America compelled free traders to attack the American example on a moral and politica

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27

Herranz-Loncán, Alfonso. "Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850–1913." Journal of Economic History 66, no. 4 (2006): 853–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706000350.

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This article reassesses the economic impact of Spanish railroads in 1850–1913, which has usually been considered to be substantially higher than in the most developed countries on the basis of the social saving methodology. The application of growth accounting techniques shows, by contrast, that the direct contribution of railroads to economic growth was lower in Spain than in the United Kingdom, mainly due to the low importance that railroad transport had within Spanish GDP before 1913.

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28

Huberman, M., and W. Lewchuk. "European economic integration and the labour compact, 1850-1913." European Review of Economic History 7, no. 1 (2003): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1361491603000017.

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29

Jansson, Walter. "Stock markets, banks and economic growth in the UK, 1850–1913." Financial History Review 25, no. 3 (2018): 263–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565018000124.

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This article shows that neither stock markets nor commercial banks had a significant impact on the UK's economic growth from 1850 to 1913. These results are based on a new dataset on paid-in capital of securities listed on the UK's stock exchanges, which is analysed using a vector autoregression with time-varying parameters. Econometric results also indicate that the growth of the banking sector and the capital markets was, to a significant extent, driven by factors other than domestic economic growth.

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30

Marren, Marina. "Environmental Degradation, Socio-economic Disparity, and Western Economic Interests in Egypt." Journal of Developing Societies 40, no. 4 (2024): 471–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x241287624.

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Egypt not only suffers from a history of colonial exploitative practices, but also lives in a present that is shaped by new forms of oppression. One clear indication of this fact is the clash between economic interests and environmental concerns. The pattern of Western investments into Egyptian industry and the Egyptian government’s deal-making with the Western stakeholders shows utilization of the region for profit-making without sufficient resource contribution that could offset the damage to the natural environment. Focusing on Egypt, this study contributes to understanding the larger patte

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31

Gemmell, Norman, and Peter Wardley. "The contribution of services to British economic growth, 1856–1913." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 3 (1990): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90016-r.

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32

Warburton, David A. "Un(der)employment in Bronze Age Egypt: Anachronism or Insight?" Journal of Egyptian History 12, no. 2 (2019): 137–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340052.

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Abstract Based on the productivity of ancient Egyptian agriculture, a discussion of economic theory, per capita GDP, economic growth, and agrarian economies through history, this paper tries to isolate the relative roles of land, labor, and grain in the economy of Ancient Egypt. There is little room for full employment in an agrarian economy; in Bronze Age Egypt the labor of a small fraction of the population would have sufficed to nourish all. Aside from services, an agrarian economy cannot expand employment much. Increasing productivity is counter-productive and none of the wealthy agrarian

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33

Islami, Islam. "Political history of modern Egypt." ILIRIA International Review 6, no. 1 (2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.

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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the las

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34

Rizescu, Marilena-Cornelia. "U.S. TRADE STRATEGY (1913-1930): THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC STRUCTURE." Analele Universităţii din Craiova seria Istorie 28, no. 1 (2023): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucsi.2023.1.03.

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This new situation regarding the transformation of the international economic structure from hegemony to bilateral opportunism has substantially modified the American trade strategy. While the United States had relied on the security provided by Britain’s hegemonic leadership in the past, it was becoming necessary to adapt to the mixed interests of its main trading partner. These new constraints, manifested primarily in domestic political discourse as a fear of foreign retaliation for continued protectionism, led to the accommodative trade strategy adopted in 1913 and followed through the late

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35

Foss, Clive. "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, № 1 (2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x09000019.

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AbstractPapyri from Egypt constitute the largest body of contemporary documentary evidence for the reign of Muʿāwiya. Most notable among them are the 107 texts in the archive of Flavius Papas, a local official of Upper Egypt in the 670s. Most are in Greek and provide insight into the administration, society and economy of a provincial centre. Since many deal with taxes and requisitions, they illustrate the incessant demands of the Islamic regime in Fusṭāṭ and the way local officials dealt with them. In particular, the archive shows the importance of Egypt for providing the men, materials and s

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36

Kotlica, Slobodan. "Globalization and international trade." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 112-113 (2002): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0213245k.

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In this paper, the author discusses main characteristics of integration and globalization as economic phenomena. Basic characteristics of the contemporary wave of globalization were compared with the characteristics of the first wave of globalization (1870-1913). Two waves of globalization have important similarities. Ignoring of data from economic history became a source of myths about processes in modern world economy.

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37

Szabó, Gyula. "Swedish trade policy and its economic impact (1873–1913)." Economy & finance 11, no. 4 (2024): 419–52. https://doi.org/10.33908/ef.2024.4.4.

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Protectionism and the debate surrounding it have a long history. The phenomenon can be better understood by examining a past era characterized by sharp ‘turnarounds’ in trade policy practices. For that purpose we have examined Sweden at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The focus of our research was primarily on uncovering the driving forces behind the economic policy practice that broke with free trade, as well as presenting its impacts on the economy, which we aimed to do by relying on the available historical sources. We also sought to answer the question of whether the Swedish prote

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Warburg, Gabriel R. "Some Social and Economic Aspects of Turco-Egyptian Rule in the Sudan." Belleten 53, no. 207-208 (1989): 769–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1989.769.

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Between 1821 and 1885 most of the area constituting the present Sudan came under Turko-Egyptian rule. The annexation of the Sudan to Egypt was undertaken in 1820-1 by Muhammad 'Ali, the Ottoman Wali of Egypt, and was completed under his grandson, the Khedive Isma'il, who extended this rule to the Great Lakes in the south and to Bahr al-Ghazal and Darfur in the west. In the history of the Sudan, this period became known as the (first) Turkiyya. The term Turkiyya is not really arbitrary since Egypt was itself an Ottoman province, ruled by an Ottoman (Albanian) dynasty. Moreover, most of the high

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39

Prat, Marc. "Textile trade and trade credit in Spain, 1840–1913." Financial History Review 16, no. 1 (2009): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565009000055.

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AbstractTrade credit - the credit provided by suppliers to firms - can be seen as the second-best solution when financial development fails to keep pace with economic growth. This article analyses trade credit between Catalan cotton manufacturers and their clients in nineteenth-century Spain. Spanish historiography has suggested that trade credit had a detrimental effect on the profitability of the cotton firms. Based on an analysis of the archives of several firms, as well as judicial and notary sources, we present a more optimistic interpretation of the system. Manufacturers were, in fact, a

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40

Quandt, William B., William J. Burns, and Hermann Frederick Eilts. "Economic Aid and American Policy toward Egypt, 1955-1981." American Historical Review 90, no. 5 (1985): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1859787.

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41

Russell, Mona L. "Beauty Standards in Egypt." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 17, no. 3 (2021): 366–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-9306846.

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Abstract The creation of a hybrid beauty in the cartoon sphere and in advertising intersected with popular and consumer culture at a moment when women’s roles in the public sphere were changing. Politically the nation was at a crossroads: the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 removed most impediments toward Egyptian independence; however, British troops remained in the Suez Canal zone. With respect to economic history, multinationals were expanding in Egypt, while an emerging bourgeoisie worked to establish local industries. With World War II came economic crisis: inflation, profiteering, black ma

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42

Harvey, Charles, and Peter Taylor. "Mineral Wealth and Economic Development: Foreign Direct Investment in Spain, 1851-1913." Economic History Review 40, no. 2 (1987): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596687.

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43

Gatrell, Peter. "After Tsushima: Economic and Administrative Aspects of Russian Naval Rearmament, 1905-1913." Economic History Review 43, no. 2 (1990): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596789.

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44

Aravik, Havis, Fakhry Zamzam, and Ahmad Tohir. "The Economic Portrait of Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt; History and Thought." Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law 4, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v4i1.642.

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AbstractThis article discusses the economic portrait during the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt; The history and thought by aiming to find out how the Islamic economy during the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt was. This research used qualitative research based on the library (library research) with a descriptive qualitative approach and technical analysis and also content analysis. The results of this study indicated that the Islamic economy during the Mamluk Dynasty advanced with various policies such as the governmental system that was the military oligarchic not monarchic, rewarding for scientists and acad

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45

García, Juan Carlos Moreno. "Recent Developments in the Social and Economic History of Ancient Egypt." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 1, no. 2 (2014): 231–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2014-0002.

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AbstractRecent developments in Pharaonic social and economic history help provide a more balanced interpretation of ancient Egypt. Landscape research shows the succession of several micro-regions in the Nile Valley. The conditions prevailing in some of these regions show that cattle rearing played a crucial economic role, while mobile populations from Egypt and abroad could lead lifestyles alternative to cereal cultivation. Trade also appears as a largely underestimated activity, where markets, private merchants and agricultural “entrepreneurs” fuelled exchanges not only within Egyptian border

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Laidler, David. "Meltzer's History of the Federal Reserve." Journal of Economic Literature 41, no. 4 (2003): 1256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205103771800031.

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This review argues that Allan Meltzer's account of the Federal Reserve between 1913 and 1951 complements Friedman and Schwartz's in their Monetary History. Meltzer emphasizes policy making within the system, rather than the evolution of the money supply and its effects on the economy. He stresses the uncertainty of the Fed's independence before the 1951 Accord, and the effects of economic ideas, notably the real bills and Riefler-Burgess doctrines, on policy. Many virtues in the book are noted, and one weakness, namely a failure to explain why inadequate ideas became dominant within the Fed wh

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Moreno García, Juan Carlos. "Elusive “Libyans”: Identities, Lifestyles and Mobile Populations in NE Africa (late 4th–early 2nd millennium BCE)." Journal of Egyptian History 11, no. 1-2 (2018): 147–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340046.

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Abstract The term “Libyan” encompasses, in fact, a variety of peoples and lifestyles living not only in the regions west of the Nile Valley, but also inside Egypt itself, particularly in Middle Egypt and the Western Delta. This situation is reminiscent of the use of other “ethnic” labels, such as “Nubian,” heavily connoted with notions such as ethnic homogeneity, separation of populations across borders, and opposed lifestyles. In fact, economic complementarity and collaboration explain why Nubians and Libyans crossed the borders of Egypt and settled in the land of the pharaohs, to the point t

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Tafunell, Xavier. "Capital Formation in Machinery in Latin America, 1890-1930." Journal of Economic History 69, no. 4 (2009): 928–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709001338.

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Investment in machinery is a key component in the analysis of long-term economic growth during the spread of industrialization. This article offers consistent annual series on the magnitude of machinery imports per capita into all Latin American countries for the period 1890-1930. Analysis of these series shows that machinery imports diverged across countries from 1890 through 1913. After 1913 a number of the more backward countries experienced rapid growth in machinery imports. These large differences in machinery investment contributed to unequal development across the Latin American countri

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Gray, Matthew. "Economic reform, privatization and tourism in Egypt." Middle Eastern Studies 34, no. 2 (1998): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209808701224.

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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.

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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was c

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