Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic Load Dispatch (ELD)'

Distributed power system is the basic architecture of current power systems and demands close cooperation among the generation, transmission and distribution systems. Excessive greenhouse gas emissions over the last decade have driven a move to a more sustainable energy system. This has involved integrating renewable energy sources like wind and solar power into the distributed generation system. Renewable sources offer more opportunities for end users to participate in the power delivery system and to make this distribution system even more efficient, the novel "Smart Grid" concept has emerged. A Smart Grid: offers a two-way communication between the source and the load; integrates renewable sources into the generation system; and provides reliability and sustainability in the entire power system from generation through to ultimate power consumption. Unreliability in continuous production poses challenges for deploying renewable sources in a real-time power delivery system. Different storage options could address this unreliability issue, but they consume electrical energy and create signifcant costs and carbon emissions. An alternative is using electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, with two-way power transfer capability (Grid-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid), as temporary distributed energy storage devices. A perfect fit can be charging the vehicle batteries from the renewable sources and discharging the batteries when the grid needs them the most. This will substantially reduce carbon emissions from both the energy and the transportation sector while enhancing the reliability of using renewables. However, participation of these vehicles into the grid discharge program is understandably limited by the concerns of vehicle owners over the battery lifetime and revenue outcomes. A major challenge is to find ways to make vehicle integration more effective and economic for both the vehicle owners and the utility grid. This research addresses problems such as how to increase the average lifetime of vehicles while discharging to the grid; how to make this two-way power transfer economically viable; how to increase the vehicle participation rate; and how to make the whole system more reliable and sustainable. Different methods and techniques are investigated to successfully integrate the electric vehicles into the power system. This research also investigates the economic benefits of using the vehicle batteries in their second life as energy storage units thus reducing storage energy costs for the grid operators, and creating revenue for the vehicle owners.

Orientador: Edmea Cassia Baptista<br>Resumo: O problema de Despacho Econômico com Ponto de Válvula é um importante problema relacionado aos Sistemas Elétricos de Potência, que pode ser formulado como um problema de otimização não linear, não convexo e não diferenciável, o que dificulta sua resolução através de métodos exatos. Pode-se observar na literatura que diversos métodos heurísticos são propostos para a resolução do mesmo, os quais são eficientes e com um baixo custo computacional. Uma das desvantagens desses métodos é o tamanho do espaço de busca para realizer tais testes. Pesquisas realizadas apontam que, na grande maioria das vezes, os pontos ótimos para o problema de Despacho Econômico com Ponto de Válvula se encontram em pontos nos quais a função modular, presente na formulação do problema, possui valor nulo, ou estão na região destes e tais pontos são denominados de Pontos Singulares. Neste trabalho, com o bjetivo de propor um método heurístico com espaço de busca reduzido, é proposto um método de Busca Tabu direcionada a Pontos Singulares, o qual utiliza o método de Busta Tabu para percorrer os pontos nos quais a função modular se anula. O método se mostra eficiente para problemas de DEPV de 3, 13 e 40 geradores, com valores próximos aos valores ótimos obtidos por métodos determinísticos e com baixo custo computacional.<br>Abstract: The problem of Economic Load Dispatch with Valve Point (EDVP) is an important problem related to Electric Power Systems, that can be formulated as a non-linear, non-convex and non-differentiable optimization problem, that difficults resolution through deterministic methods. We can observe in the literature that many heuristic methods are proposed for the resolution of the same, being efficient with a low computational cost. One of the advantages of this methods is the size of the search space necessary to perform the tests. Researches points out that, in most cases, the optimal points for the Economic Load Dispatch with Valve Point problem are at points where the modular function present in the problem formulation has zero value, or in the region thereof, these points are called Singular Points. In this work is proposed, with the objective to propose a heuristic method with the search space reducted, a Tabu Search Directed to Singular Point Search, which uses he tatbu search method to the points in which the modular function cancels out. The method is efficient for resolution of Economic Load Dispatch with Valve Point problems of 3, 13 and 40 generators unities, with values close to optimal obtained by deterministic methods values and low computational cost.<br>Mestre

An electric power system consists of several generating stations which cater to the load demands of various regions. The prime function of any generating utility is to optimally schedule the real power output of its generating units to meet any specified real power demand subject to various constraints on the operation of the units and the system. The optimal scheduling of individual generators at the least possible cost is referred to as the economic dispatch or economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. The ELD studies play a vital role in the day­to­day operation of the power system and in formulating economic operating strategies, besides ensuring the stability and security of the system. This thesis work makes an effort to probe deeper into some aspects of the economic load dispatch problem and the underlying mathematical formulations and attempts to come up with generalized algorithms that can effectively handle different types of systems under different operating conditions and, to a certain extent, to try and resolve some aspects hitherto unresolved. The primary focus is on developing efficient computational techniques to solve some Specific types of ELD problems in a simple and systematic manner. In the course of this investigation, we highlight some imperfect assumptions involved in the solutions proposed for the ELD problems for systems with complicated constraints like prohibited operating zones (POZ). We also set forth new concepts and strategies and develop new techniques in this investigation to help resolve some of these incorrect propositions and ambiguities. The first chapter introduces the ELD problem in general and proceeds to discuss the effects of the transmission losses and the presence of POZs on both the scheduling of the generators and the complexity of the ELD analysis. It also provides a brief review of some relevant aspects of the state-of-the-art solution techniques and clearly spells out the motivation for the present work. The second chapter presents a generalized algorithm for solving the ELD problem efficiently. The algorithm is effectively applicable to any system comprising power generating units with any type of well-defined, smooth and monotonic cost functions, besides quadratic cost functions usually considered in conventional algorithms. The proposed method first identifies the units that are forced to operate at their generating limits for any given value of the system demand. Subsequently, it limits the ELD problem to calculating The system's incremental cost of received power and the power output of only those units operating within their normal feasible range. The specific improvement introduced here is the development of an efficient computational scheme for calculating the value of the system incremental cost accurately. In addition to quadratic and higher order polynomial cost functions, the proposed algorithm can easily be generalized to include units with smooth, monotonic, non­ polynomial cost functions. The major advantages of the proposed ELD scheme are its inherent simplicity, scalability, rapid convergence and high computational efficiency. These characteristics are particularly important for real-time online implementation. The results obtained for test cases from the literature and some new ones as well are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The third chapter proposes an algorithm for solving the ELD problem considering power losses in the transmission network. The losses are computed using the transmission loss­ formula A coefficients method suggested by Nanda and Bijwe as an alternative to the conventional B­loss coefficients approach popularized by Kirchmayer. The proposed ELD­with­ Losses scheme builds upon the ELD scheme developed in the second chapter for the lossless case. The specific contribution of the third chapter is the computational approximation suggested for the iterative procedure involving The Newton­Raphson (NR) method with the losses considered, while still retaining the elegant solution scheme developed in the earlier chapter. The results obtained using test cases from the literature are presented to demonstrate the precision and effectiveness of the proposed technique. The fourth chapter presents a novel algorithm for efficiently solving the ELD problem for systems having generators with prohibited operating zones. The proposed ELD­ POZ scheme partitions the no convex solution space into simpler convex intervals in which the ELD scheme developed in the second chapter can be applied directly. The improvisation lies in the optimal ordering­cum­sorting strategy adopted to systematically determine the output levels of the units constrained by POZs and to adjust the output power of the remaining units appropriately. The proposed scheme also recognizes and exactly computes the multiple, equivalent optimal solutions wherever applicable–– another significant contribution of this thesis work. It also seeks to clarify and set right some unintentionally imperfect propositions and assumptions currently prevalent in the literature regarding the formulation and analysis of the ELD problem considering POZs. The results generated for a number of systems using test cases from the literature along with some new ones are presented to clearly illustrate the validity as well as the Simplicity and superiority of the proposed scheme for different types of systems. The final chapter briefly recounts the work done in this thesis work. It also presents a summary of the significant results obtained using the schemes proposed in the earlier chapters, along with the conclusions drawn in support of the validity and superiority of the proposed algorithms. More areas for further investigation and some possible avenues for future applications of the proposed techniques are also indicated.

An electric power system consists of several generating stations which cater to the load demands of various regions. The prime function of any generating utility is to optimally schedule the real power output of its generating units to meet any specified real power demand subject to various constraints on the operation of the units and the system. The optimal scheduling of individual generators at the least possible cost is referred to as the economic dispatch or economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. The ELD studies play a vital role in the day­to­day operation of the power system and in formulating economic operating strategies, besides ensuring the stability and security of the system. This thesis work makes an effort to probe deeper into some aspects of the economic load dispatch problem and the underlying mathematical formulations and attempts to come up with generalized algorithms that can effectively handle different types of systems under different operating conditions and, to a certain extent, to try and resolve some aspects hitherto unresolved. The primary focus is on developing efficient computational techniques to solve some Specific types of ELD problems in a simple and systematic manner. In the course of this investigation, we highlight some imperfect assumptions involved in the solutions proposed for the ELD problems for systems with complicated constraints like prohibited operating zones (POZ). We also set forth new concepts and strategies and develop new techniques in this investigation to help resolve some of these incorrect propositions and ambiguities. The first chapter introduces the ELD problem in general and proceeds to discuss the effects of the transmission losses and the presence of POZs on both the scheduling of the generators and the complexity of the ELD analysis. It also provides a brief review of some relevant aspects of the state-of-the-art solution techniques and clearly spells out the motivation for the present work. The second chapter presents a generalized algorithm for solving the ELD problem efficiently. The algorithm is effectively applicable to any system comprising power generating units with any type of well-defined, smooth and monotonic cost functions, besides quadratic cost functions usually considered in conventional algorithms. The proposed method first identifies the units that are forced to operate at their generating limits for any given value of the system demand. Subsequently, it limits the ELD problem to calculating The system's incremental cost of received power and the power output of only those units operating within their normal feasible range. The specific improvement introduced here is the development of an efficient computational scheme for calculating the value of the system incremental cost accurately. In addition to quadratic and higher order polynomial cost functions, the proposed algorithm can easily be generalized to include units with smooth, monotonic, non­ polynomial cost functions. The major advantages of the proposed ELD scheme are its inherent simplicity, scalability, rapid convergence and high computational efficiency. These characteristics are particularly important for real-time online implementation. The results obtained for test cases from the literature and some new ones as well are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The third chapter proposes an algorithm for solving the ELD problem considering power losses in the transmission network. The losses are computed using the transmission loss­ formula A coefficients method suggested by Nanda and Bijwe as an alternative to the conventional B­loss coefficients approach popularized by Kirchmayer. The proposed ELD­with­ Losses scheme builds upon the ELD scheme developed in the second chapter for the lossless case. The specific contribution of the third chapter is the computational approximation suggested for the iterative procedure involving The Newton­Raphson (NR) method with the losses considered, while still retaining the elegant solution scheme developed in the earlier chapter. The results obtained using test cases from the literature are presented to demonstrate the precision and effectiveness of the proposed technique. The fourth chapter presents a novel algorithm for efficiently solving the ELD problem for systems having generators with prohibited operating zones. The proposed ELD­ POZ scheme partitions the no convex solution space into simpler convex intervals in which the ELD scheme developed in the second chapter can be applied directly. The improvisation lies in the optimal ordering­cum­sorting strategy adopted to systematically determine the output levels of the units constrained by POZs and to adjust the output power of the remaining units appropriately. The proposed scheme also recognizes and exactly computes the multiple, equivalent optimal solutions wherever applicable–– another significant contribution of this thesis work. It also seeks to clarify and set right some unintentionally imperfect propositions and assumptions currently prevalent in the literature regarding the formulation and analysis of the ELD problem considering POZs. The results generated for a number of systems using test cases from the literature along with some new ones are presented to clearly illustrate the validity as well as the Simplicity and superiority of the proposed scheme for different types of systems. The final chapter briefly recounts the work done in this thesis work. It also presents a summary of the significant results obtained using the schemes proposed in the earlier chapters, along with the conclusions drawn in support of the validity and superiority of the proposed algorithms. More areas for further investigation and some possible avenues for future applications of the proposed techniques are also indicated.