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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic Net Present Value'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Disney, S. M., R. D. H. Warburton, and Q. C. Zhong. "Net present value analysis of the economic production quantity." IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 24, no. 4 (2013): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpt002.

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2

de Villiers, J. U. "The Relationship Between Economic Value Added, Net Present Value and True Return." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 29, no. 3 (2005): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10800379.2005.12106394.

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3

Scott, Michael. "Small company economics–net present value versus net cash flow." APPEA Journal 51, no. 1 (2011): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10023.

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This paper is primarily written for the benefit of the small company that survives hand-to-mouth on a day-to-day basis. Personnel working in large profitable oil companies that spin off lots of positive cash flow may have difficulty empathising with the example. Net present value is a commonly accepted method of project valuation. Globally, projects are valued, ranked, justified, bought and sold using this technique. For all companies, however, cash is considered to be king. Cash funds exploration activities and corporate costs and allows companies to continue trading without returning to shar

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4

Žižlavský, Ondřej. "Net Present Value Approach: Method for Economic Assessment of Innovation Projects." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 156 (November 2014): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.230.

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5

Countryman, D. W., and J. C. Murrow. "Economic analysis of contour tree buffer strips using present net value." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55, no. 2 (2000): 152–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224561.2000.12436388.

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6

Gollier, Christian. "Expected net present value, expected net future value, and the Ramsey rule." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 59, no. 2 (2010): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2009.11.003.

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7

Rivers, George, Jonathan Foo, Dragan Ilic, et al. "The economic value of an investment in physiotherapy education: a net present value analysis." Journal of Physiotherapy 61, no. 3 (2015): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.015.

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8

Tubetov, Dulat, Syster Christin Maart-Noelck, and Oliver Musshoff. "Real options or net present value?" Agricultural Finance Review 73, no. 3 (2013): 426–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-06-2012-0031.

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9

Meek, M. S., J. C. Whittier, N. L. Dalsted, F. A. Thrift, and T. L. Stanton. "Estimation of Net Present Value of Beef Females of Various Ages and the Economic Sensitivity of Net Present Value to Changes in Production." Professional Animal Scientist 15, no. 1 (1999): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31723-x.

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10

Reinhardt, Uwe E. "The Net Present Value and Other Economic Implications of a Medical Career." Academic Medicine 92, no. 7 (2017): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000001582.

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Mohd Arshad, Mohd Nahar, and Nur Nadhira Baharuddin. "The Economic Benefits of Malaysian University Degrees." IIUM Journal of Educational Studies 7, no. 1 (2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijes.v7i1.197.

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AbstractThis study analyzes the net returns of educational investment in Malaysia using the net present value approach. The estimations consider the tuition payments of nine different bachelor degree programs of public and private universities in Malaysia and the forgone earnings while undertaking the degree programs as the cost of investments in human capital. The returns to education investment are based on the expected income accrued by the individual over the employment period until retirement. Under the assumptions that an individual would work until the retirement age of 60 years and a d

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Karol, Zaborski, Banaś Jan, and Kożuch Anna. "10.2478/frp-2020-0007." Determining the value of standing timber for harvest planning optimization 81, no. 2 (2020): 64–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4725354.

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Forest managers conducting sustainable forest management are guided by the principles of sustainable use of natural resources, which involve the need for long and short-term planning in organizational units of the State Forests. Plans often differ from reality by the time individual treatments and cuts are to be performed. For economic reasons, it is important to optimize harvest planning, not only focusing on the volume of timber to be harvested, but also the price differences of individual tree species and sort types of wood. The purpose of this study was to present methods evaluating standi

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13

Kumar, Ravinder, Avdhesh Kr Sharma, and P. C. Tewari. "Thermal Performance and Economic Analysis of 210 MWe Coal-Fired Power Plant." Journal of Thermodynamics 2014 (February 12, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/520183.

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This paper presents the thermal and economic performance of a 210 MWe coal-fired power plant situated in North India. Analysis is used to predict coal consumption rate, overall thermal efficiency, mass flow rate of steam through boiler, and Net present value (NPV) of plant for given load. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out using mass and energy equations followed by empirical correlations. Predicted mass flow rate of steam, coal consumption rate, and thermal efficiency give fair agreement with plant operating data. The economic analysis includes operational activities such as equipment cos

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14

Hao, Meng Hui, and Kun Wang. "Analysis on Economic Benefit of Pavement Layer Based on Net Present Value Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1735.

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This paper explains the method and theory of cost net present value, and uses this method to analyses the economic benefits on several pavement inter layer (emulsified asphalt seal coat, rubber modified asphalt and stress absorbing layer of fiberglass polyester paving mat) during the 15-year period, results showed that rubber modified asphalt and stress absorbing layer of fiberglass polyester paving mat is superior to emulsified asphalt seal coat.

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15

Sredojevic, Zorica, Damir Nađ, and Vasili Vasilije Ostojić. "THE NET PRESENT VALUE OF INVESTMENTS IN RAISING AND EXPLOITING WALNUT PLANTATIONS." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 72, no. 2 (2025): 483–500. https://doi.org/10.59267/ekopolj2502483s.

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The subject of the research is the application of the net present value and methods based on it for the assessment of the economic justification of raising walnut plantations of Sejnovo variety on 3 and 10 ha, with same cultivation form and planting system. The research was conducted on the basis of data collected during the period 2022-2024. in Western Serbia. For a plantation of 3 ha, indicators of economic effectiveness per unit area are lower than indicators for a plantation of 10 ha, i.e. 53,378 €/ha<8,375 €/ha (net present value) and 69,204 €/ha<73,089 €/ ha (capitalised value). Pa

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16

Magni, Carlo Alberto. "Investment decisions, net present value and bounded rationality." Quantitative Finance 9, no. 8 (2009): 967–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14697680902849338.

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17

Su, Chen. "Literature Review on the Net Present Value Method of Project Investment Decision." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 60, no. 1 (2024): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/60/20231156.

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Net present value method is one of the most commonly used evaluation methods in enterprise investment decision, which has great influence on the success of investment. Its research has important theoretical reference significance for enterprise investment decision. This article provides the current status of NPV in actual investment practice and decision making. This paper summarizes the similarities and differences of the definition of net present value from the related theories, concepts, formulas and economic significance. This paper further discusses the advantages and limitations of its a

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18

Irwansyah, Defi, Dahlan Abdullah, Zara Yunizar, Zalfie Ardian, and Fadly Arrahman. "Decision support system for determining capital investment value in biodiesel production using the net present value method." Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 8, no. 6 (2024): 8368–77. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3802.

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Biodiesel is a renewable alternative that is a biofuel for diesel engine/motor applications. It is a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) that is produced from vegetable oil or animal fat and can be renewed. The esterification/ transesterification process results in low CO2/CO2 emissions. Indonesia's energy consumption has increased by 7% annually in recent years, while the global energy consumption has only increased by 2% annually. This condition accelerates the rate of exploitation of fossil resources, including oil, natural gas, and coal, in comparison to the discovery of new reserves (replace r

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19

Juhász, Lajos. "NET PRESENT VALUE VERSUS INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN." Economics & Sociology 4, no. 1 (2011): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2011/4-1/5.

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20

Ardi, Pradipta Risma Rukmana, Muhammad Milzam, Vita Paramita, and Didik Ariwibowo. "Techno Economic Modelling of Dried Black Potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius)." Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research 1, no. 1 (2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jvsar.v1i1.4295.

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The techno economic modeling of dried black potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius) was studied by employing electrical cabinet oven. The parameters investigated were including parameter obtained from analysis of capital budgeting, breakeven point and financial ratio of rentability. The obtained payback period was 2 years 11 months by investing 53.000.000 rupiah for machinery and 10.000.000 rupiah for start-up cost as initial capital. By assuming 10 years of dried black potato production, the value of net present value was equal to 1.207.982.611 rupiah. The value of gross profit margin and net pro

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21

Storesletten, Kjetil. "Fiscal Implications of Immigration-A Net Present Value Calculation." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 105, no. 3 (2003): 487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.t01-2-00009.

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22

Xiao, Dong, Mingjie Liu, Li Li, et al. "Model for economic evaluation of closed-loop geothermal systems based on net present value." Applied Thermal Engineering 231 (August 2023): 121008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121008.

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23

Wang, Yingrui, Haiyan Fang, Qianqian Ren, et al. "Prospects for the Industrialization of Nitride-Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Research Achievements: A Net Present Value Analysis." Sustainability 17, no. 9 (2025): 3902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093902.

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With the annual increase in carbon emissions and the warming of the global temperature, it is imperative to accelerate the construction of a green, low-carbon, circular economic system. The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 can convert the emitted CO2 into valuable carbonaceous products, which is of great significance for alleviating the global CO2 emission problem. In this study, the literature on the “photocatalytic reduction of CO2” from two Chinese and foreign databases was used as the analysis sample. From the perspective of net present value, nitride-based catalysts were selected as the re

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24

Fonseca, Raquel J., and Luísa Cunha. "A net present value approach to health insurance choice." Decisions in Economics and Finance 43, no. 2 (2020): 709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10203-020-00290-y.

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25

Beaves, Robert. "The Case for a Generalized Net Present Value Formula." Engineering Economist 38, no. 2 (1993): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137919308903091.

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26

John, Shibu, Komal Dabas, and Iffat Naseem. "Economic Evaluation of an Eye Hospital in Terms of Net Present Value and Profitability Index." International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration 2, no. 1 (2014): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1013.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Hospital projects are highly cost intensive and therefore, it takes few years to become a profit oriented entity. The success of these hospital projects can be measured through various economic evaluation methods. Economic evaluation can also be called as an effort to analyze inputs and outputs together and logically help decision makers evaluate whether a certain level of output is worth the amount of resources expended to produce it. Method of the study The present study was planned to do the economic evaluation of an Eye hospital, in Haryana state. Two parameters were

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27

Elariane and Dubé. "Is Smart Housing a Good Deal? An Answer Based on Monte Carlo Net Present Value Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (2019): 4193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154193.

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The smart cities are considered to be an engine of economic and social growth. Most countries started to convert their existing cities into smart cities or construct new smart cities in order to improve the quality of life of their inhabitants. However, the problem that facing those countries while applying the concept of smart cities is the costs, especially for the residential sector. Despite the high initial and even operation costs for adopting different technologies in smart housing; the benefits could exceed those costs within the lifespan of the project. This article is shedding the lig

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28

HARTMAN, JOSEPH C. "ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF NET PRESENT VALUE AND MARKET VALUE ADDED AS MEASURES OF A PROJECT'S ECONOMIC WORTH." Engineering Economist 45, no. 2 (2000): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137910008967543.

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29

Illés, Mária. "The Positive Net Present Value of Loss-making Projects: Economic Content of the Two Internal Rates of Return." Theory, Methodology, Practice 16, no. 2 (2020): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2020.02.04.

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This paper examines the economic content of the positive net present value of a project type that is loss-making and has two internal rates of return. The most important finding is that the economic content of a positive net present value is false in such cases. The financial source of the missing amount to reach the level of business efficiency is a false interest income generated by the method. In such cases, the two internal rates of return are also derived from false interest income. The revealed and mathematically proved causality relationships usually prevail in some form in the case of

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30

Mitchell, Kenneth J. "SYLVER: Modelling the Impact of Silviculture on Yield, Lumber Value, and Economic Return." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 2 (1988): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64127b1-2.

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Intensive forest management requires an understanding of the effect that silvicultural treatments have on wood properties, standing yield, log quality, product value, and net present value. These needs are addressed by a system of models (SYLVER) which includes the Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS), Root Rot Simulator (ROTSIM), Sawmill Simulator (SAWSIM), and the new Financial Analysis System (FAN$Y). The latter will be used by field foresters to compare the merits of candidate treatments for specific stands. Key words: Silviculture, growth and yield, juvenile wood, log quality, end-product valu

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31

Zohreh, Mohammadi, Limaei Soleiman Mohammadi, Lohmander Peter, and Olsson Leif. "Estimating the aboveground carbon sequestration and its economic value (case study: Iranian Caspian forests)." Journal of Forest Science 63, No. 11 (2017): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/88/2017-jfs.

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The aim of the study is to estimate the aboveground carbon sequestration and to determine the economic value of forests in carbon sequestration as a way of mitigating climate change. This research was conducted at Asalem forests in the north of Iran. In order to estimate the amount of annual carbon sequestration, the annual volume growth of stand was determined using the diameter increment data and tariff. The amount of carbon sequestration was estimated based on wood density and using the allometric equation. The carbon model was obtained for each species. The value of sequestrated carbon in

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32

Webb, David C. "The Trade-Off between Cash Flow and Net Present Value." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 95, no. 1 (1993): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3440135.

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33

Allegrante, John P., and Michael F. Roizen. "Can net-present value economic theory be used to explain and change health-related behaviors?" Health Education Research 13, no. 3 (1998): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/13.3.317.

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34

Braddock, David. "The use of regional economic models in conducting net present value analysis of development programs." International Journal of Public Administration 18, no. 1 (1995): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699508524999.

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35

Purwanti, Ari. "Green Investment Appraisal: A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating Environmental and Financial Returns." Atestasi : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi 6, no. 2 (2023): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.57178/atestasi.v6i2.778.

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This article presents a comprehensive framework for evaluating green investments, considering environmental impacts and financial outcomes. This framework is designed to assist decision-makers in identifying projects that provide high financial returns while considering positive environmental impacts. The proposed green investment evaluation methods include net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and cost-benefit analysis, which considers the economic value of environmental impacts. The proposed green investment evaluation method includes Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Ra

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36

Vundla, Thulile, James Blignaut, Nonophile Nkambule, Tshepo Morokong, and Shepherd Mudavanhu. "The opportunity cost of not utilising the woody invasive alien plant species in the Kouga, Krom and Baviaans catchments in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 5 (2016): 814–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i5.1603.

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This study estimates the opportunity costs of using woody invasive alien plants (IAPs) for value-added products by estimating the net economic return from the value-added industries in South Africa. By 2008, IAPs were estimated at the national level to cover an area of 1 813 million condensed hectares in South Africa. A market has formed around their use for value-added products (VAP) like charcoal, firewood and timber in the Kouga, Kromme and Baviaans River catchments in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The net economic return from these value-added industries was estimated for the

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37

Zimmermann, Fabian, and Christian Jørgensen. "Bioeconomic consequences of fishing-induced evolution: a model predicts limited impact on net present value." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 4 (2015): 612–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0006.

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Fishing reduces stock size and shifts demographics, and selective mortality may also lead to evolutionary changes. Previous studies suggest that traits may change evolutionarily because of fishing on decadal time scales. Here we examine the potential bioeconomic impacts of fishing-induced evolutionary change. We used a life-history model with stock dynamics based on evolving maturation age, which has consequences for size-at-age, coupled with a fishing module that describes costs and economic yield. Size-dependent natural mortality and trawl-like fishing mortality are drivers of selection, and

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38

Cucchiella, Federica, Idiano D’Adamo, and Massimo Gastaldi. "Sustainable Italian Cities: The Added Value of Biomethane from Organic Waste." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112221.

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This work focuses on the profitability of biomethane plants and the environmental benefits obtained recovering the organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Italy. The economic model is based on the calculations of the net present value, considering multiple capacities of biomethane production (ranging from 50 to 500 m3/h) and alternative scenarios based on the variation in subsidies, the selling price of biomethane, and the net revenues from the treatment of organic waste. The environmental analysis quantifies the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions obtained by natural gas vehicles fuele

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39

Rugthaicharoencheep, Nattachote, Natchapol Ruangsap, and Supawud Nedphokaew. "Shortening the Payback Period of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits from Photovoltaic Rooftop Systems." Energies 17, no. 23 (2024): 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236159.

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This paper presents an analysis of shortening the payback period of greenhouse gas reduction benefits from photovoltaic rooftop systems. The objective was to evaluate the amount of carbon credits generated and their returns. The study includes an economic analysis and a comparison of the economic outcomes with and without the consideration of carbon credits from 149.80 kWp and 25.68 kWp photovoltaic rooftop systems. The study evaluated the amount of electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic rooftop systems, estimated using the PVsyst program version 7.3.1, at a factory in Pathum Thani Pro

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40

Gradl, Paul R., Alisha D. Youngblood, Paul J. Componation, and Sampson E. Gholston. "Considering Risk Within Net Present Value: Calculations for Government Projects." Engineering Economist 54, no. 2 (2009): 152–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137910902902861.

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41

Kim, Yong H., George C. Philippatos, and Kee H. Chung. "Evaluating Investment in Inventory Policy: A Net Present Value Framework." Engineering Economist 31, no. 2 (1986): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137918608902931.

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42

Rohleder, Thomas R., and Gary D. Scudder. "An Experimental Comparison of Time-Based and Economic-Based Scheduling Methods to Maximize Net Present Value." Decision Sciences 24, no. 5 (1993): 1037–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00502.x.

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43

Wicaksono, Fermi Dwi, Yusri Bin Arshad, and Haeryip Sihombing. "Monte Carlo Net Present Value for Techno-Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Production Sharing Contract." International Journal of Technology 10, no. 4 (2019): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v10i4.2051.

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44

Arbab, Nazia, Jason Grabosky, and Richard Leopold. "Economic Assessment of Urban Ash Tree Management Options in New Jersey." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (2022): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042172.

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A cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is an economic approach to estimate the value of alternative programs, policies or management options. Net present value in CBA is one of the standard approaches to value the future benefits of investments. Due to the complexity of urban tree benefits, little is known about how to estimate the monetary value of the ecosystem services that urban trees provide as future benefits. We modeled the economic analyses of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis) management scenarios for urban ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in New Jersey. These scenarios include: (1) no inf

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45

Gandhi, Prima, Aceng Hidayat, and Sarah Permatasari. "FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AT IPB UNIVERSITY, INDONESIA." JRMSI - Jurnal Riset Manajemen Sains Indonesia 15, no. 02 (2024): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jrmsi.015.2.01.

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More than half of the waste produced at IPB University is organic waste and is routinely generated every day. The waste could have economic value if it has proper management. On the other hand, waste management costs money for investment and operation. Therefore, a proper project plan is needed so the management can generate profits. This research aims to (1) estimate the potential of organic waste from IPB University that can be used optimally to produce economic value and (2) analyze the economic feasibility of organic waste at IPB University. The result of this research shows that the numbe

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46

Cha, Sang-Hyun, and Chang-Kyun Noh. "A Study on Economic Feasibility Analysis of Eco-friendly Electric Powered Fishing Boat." Korea International Trade Research Institute 18, no. 5 (2022): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.18.5.202210.195.

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Purpose – While domestic marine leisure activities during COVID-19 recently increased, marine leisure, which benefits us significantly, is increasing with national interest, and fishing preferences are currently increasing. Design/Methodology/Approach – Problems that may arise due to the increase in the fishing population can occur due to indiscriminate fishing, which can lead to environmental pollution because of reduced fishery resources, marine waste, bait use, food intake, and human excrement. Accordingly, in order to replace environmental pollution greenhouse gases of Korean fishing

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47

Rahmawati, Elsa, Elliza Rizki Wandani, Hasdita Elies Ramadani, Elisa Juniarti, and Mia Maelani. "STUDI KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL USAHA PUDING LAMOTA: PENDEKATAN NET PRESENT VALUE DAN INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN." Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis 10, no. 3 (2022): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.58406/jeb.v10i3.1038.

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Business or business feasibility studies are very suitable for various business categories including UMKM. Business or business feasibility studies have a very large role for the success and sustainability of micro, small and medium enterprises (UMKM). The profitable business scale resulting from business feasibility will have an impact on making the necessary policies or business strategies so that it will have an impact on the sustainability of the UMKM business. The Lamota Pudding Business is one of the UMKM that is engaged in by students of the Faculty of Economics and Management, Samawa U

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48

Hanifa, Riri. "ANALISIS KUANTITATIF SISTEM PEMBIAYAAN UNTUK KREDIT INVESTASI (ALAT BERAT) PADA BANK UMUM DAN LEASING." Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Global Masa Kini 7, no. 1 (2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36982/jiegmk.v7i1.100.

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A Company which is enganged in the procurement of heavy equipment, it would faced with the problem in adding the heavy equipment. This research was conducted in order to determine which one is the more profitable financial institutions for the company when the loan interest rate is having fluctuation which is can not be predicted before. This research is a descriptive by usingÂ secondary data of credit calculation examples, leasing period ,prices of equipment, economic life, residual value, tax rate and interest rateÂ of loan. The analysis technique use two techniques: first, quantitatives ana

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49

Wu, Jing, Cunhua Qian, and Tadashi Dohi. "A Net Present Value Analysis of Opportunity-Based Age Replacement Models in Discrete Time." Mathematics 12, no. 10 (2024): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12101472.

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Two important opportunistic age replacement models, under replacement first and last disciplines, are generalized in discrete time. The net present value (NPV) is applied to formulate the expected total costs. The priority of multiple replacement options is considered to classify the cost model with discounting into six cases. Since the NPV method accurately calculates the expected replacement costs over an infinite horizon in an unstable economic environment, we discuss some optimal opportunistic age replacement policies which minimize the expected total discounted costs over an infinite time

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Fox, Glenn, and Ed Dickson. "An Economic Analysis of Conservation Tillage as a Sediment Control Strategy on Southwestern Ontario Cropland." Water Quality Research Journal 24, no. 2 (1989): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1989.016.

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Abstract:

Abstract This study compares the costs and benefits of conservation tillage as a means of reducing sediment loading in the Thames River watershed. Conservation tillage systems were found to reduce the wealth of farmers in that the present value of net returns to land under conservation tillage were always found to be less than the present value of net returns using conventional tillage systems based on fall moldboard ploughing. Costs to farmers were more than offset, however, by the reduction of off-farm damages from sediment.

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