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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic normatives'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kushnirsky, Fyodor I. "The new role of normatives in Soviet economic planning." Soviet Studies 41, no. 4 (1989): 526–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668138908411835.

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2

Allen, Megan Elizabeth. "“Worthy my blood”: Inheritance, Imitation, and Gendered Familial Emotions in John Marston’s Antonio Plays." Renaissance and Reformation 37, no. 1 (2014): 110–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v37i1.21284.

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Examining the Antonio plays by John Marston, I argue that the metaphors used to portray familial emotions reveal the ideologies that underpin both excessive and normative versions of familial relationships; these metaphors reveal the pressures placed on family emotions by economic and political ideologies. While critics have traditionally read instances of family breakdown in plays as moments that violate kinship norms, I argue that such moments of violence are caused by ideologies associated with inheritance structures which underpin descriptions and experiences of normative familial emotions

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3

Rousková, Lucie, Ivan Hruška, and Stanislav Filip. "Issues and Ethical Problems of Stem Cell Therapy – Where is Hippocrates?" Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 51, no. 2 (2008): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.13.

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Stem cells and their therapeutic use present many questions associated with ethical problems in medicine. There is great effort on the part of physicians to help millions of patients while there are ethical problems with the use of new methods and technologies and all of these are affected by economic and political influences. How will the current generation deal with these problems? Medicine, in this begard, is experiencing a stormy evolution of human culture in the relationships between disease, patient and doctor. Philosophy approaches the same juncture of human culture, but seemingly from

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4

Zsolnai, Laszlo. "Beyond Positivism and Normativism." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 4, no. 2 (1992): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9200400203.

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The author rejects the usual division of economics (Positive Economics versus Normative Economics). Since actions and perceptions are not contrary but complementary phases of the same process such an economics seems to be right which is able to serve both economic actions and perceptions. The author argues for the utilization of the Action Research and Evaluation Research methodologies in economics. In the light of these methodologies the constructive and valuative aspects of economics are desirable. Constructive economic researches discover, new earlier non-existent possibilities for the econ

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5

Hédoin, Cyril. "Neo-Samuelsonian Welfare Economics: From Economic to Normative Agency." Revue de philosophie économique 21, no. 1 (2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpec.211.0129.

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6

Mäki, Uskali. "Mark Blaug's unrealistic crusade for realistic economics." Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 6, no. 3 (2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v6i3.152.

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Mark Blaug's normative methodology of economics is an attempt to articulate certain intuitions about how economic science could be improved by making it more "realistic". I discuss two such articulations, one in terms of falsificationist principles, the other in terms of an alleged trade-off between relevance and mathematical rigour. My conclusion is that Blaug's methodology is itself unrealistic, both descriptively and normatively. His (well intended) methodological prescriptions for the improvement of economics are not based on a systematic, consistent, descriptively adequate, and normativel

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7

Schwintowski, Hans-Peter. "An Economic Theory of Law." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 12, no. 1 (2000): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x00001200101.

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What has to be developed here is a comprehensive general economic theory of law, based on normative individualism, i.e. the notion of individual freedom. Such a theory can only be evolutionary in character. It must recognize empirical knowledge and transfer it into norms, yet remain open to innovation on all levels and have the capacity to translate these experiences normatively through a corrective rule that has only existed in current law as the norm checks implied at the level of constitutional law. An economic theory—guided by consensus and nevertheless efficiency-oriented—would be based o

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8

Zinam, Oleg. "Toward a Normative Economic Metaparadigm." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (1991): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis199131/24.

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This essay proposes the formulation of a metaparadigm encompassing three major aspects of economic science: positive, normative, and applied. Such a metaparadigm represents a broader conceptual framework within which existing paradigms can be placed as special cases for comparative evaluation. The historical development of religions and their influence on economies and economics are legitimate areas of inquiry for positive economics. Yet the Mecca of the religion-based schools of economics is within a normative metaparadigm. Though Christian economics has not attained thus far the status of po

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9

Yudenko, A. N. "Standard values as key element in man-hour management of ship construction and repair." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre S-I, no. 2 (2021): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-2-s-i-80-83.

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Man-hour norms as an economic parameter have not only technical significance but a social dimension, too, because they sometimes determine the level of salaries, industrial revenues, production volumes and welfare of whole regions. The studies on man-hour norms, update of obsolete man-hour standards and appraisal of those newly introduced to industrial practice enable efficient application of shipbuilding normatives in terms of manufacturing preparation. Rumb Industrial Research Centre of SSTC has started its work towards updating the regulations on labour and man-hours, as well as implementin

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10

Davis, John B. "Cooter and Rappoport on the Normative." Economics and Philosophy 6, no. 1 (1990): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100000687.

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In a recent examination of the origins of ordinal utility theory in neoclassical economics, Robert D. Cooter and Peter Rappoport argue that the ordinalist revolution of the 1930s, after which most economists abandoned interpersonal utility comparisons as normative and unscientific, constituted neither unambiguous progress in economic science nor the abandonment of normative theorizing, as many economists and historians of economic thought have generally believed (Cooter and Rappoport, 1984). Rather, the widespread acceptance of ordinalism, with its focus on Pareto optimality, simply represente

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11

Berg, Nathan. "Normative behavioral economics." Journal of Socio-Economics 32, no. 4 (2003): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(03)00049-0.

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12

Hands, W. "Normative Rational Choice Theory: Past, Present, and Future." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 20, 2012): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-10-52-75.

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The paper shows that the theory of rational choice should be better understood as a normative, prescriptive, and not as a descriptive theory of human behavior. Such an interpretation amounts to claiming that there is a «normative turn» in economics. This turn means that the majority of economists no longer regards rational choice theory as an adequate description of economic activity. The author also tries to free the normative issues from ethical meanings that are commonly attributed to it in economic theory. Perspectives of the normative turn in the context of a recent development of behavio

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13

Vargo, Stephen L. "On A Theory of Markets and Marketing: From Positively Normative to Normatively Positive." Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) 15, no. 1 (2007): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1441-3582(07)70029-0.

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14

Khaulani, Dzarin Gifarian, and Bening Fathima Rabbaniya Ammatillah. "Rationality and Religiosity of Islamic Economy in Facing Global Challenges." International Journal of Nusantara Islam 11, no. 1 (2023): 91–97. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v11i1.25876.

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Islamic economics actually still has the opportunity to develop and become an alternative in facing global challenges. However, the development of Islamic economics requires a strong theoretical foundation. The purpose of this study is to show the importance of epistemological research in the field of Islamic economics. There are two approaches that can be used in analyzing Islamic economics, namely descriptive and thematic. Both are interrelated in the process of strengthening the study of Islamic economics. Therefore, based on the epistemological approach, there are two types of Islamic econ

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15

Zeberio, Blanca. "Derechos de propiedad y sistema normativo en la Argentina del siglo XIX." Economia 29, no. 57-58 (2006): 233–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/economia.200601.006.

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Este ensayo apunta a analizar el rol que conceptos como familia, herencia y propiedad jugaron para el desarrollo de la moderna sociedad argentina. Especialmente acerca de las rupturas y continuidades que sugieren los diferentes criterios. Los debates jurídicos y los Códigos Rurales de 1865 y Civil de 1869 buscaron resolver el problema de la convivencia en tierras pampeanas de formas diversas de propiedad, así como la existencia de una fuerza de trabajo que poseía formas de supervivencia extra mercado. Ambas situaciones dificultaban o entorpecían, las necesidades de un grupo social que apuntaba

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Krstic, Bojan, and Milos Krstic. "Normative rational choice theory: Past, present, and future." Theoria, Beograd 58, no. 2 (2015): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1502049k.

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In this paper, we have tried to explain the normative turn in more recent work on experimental economics and behavioral economics. In section two, we discussed the various arguments that philosophers have offered in related to a normative interpretation of rational choice theory. We used the Friedman-Savage work on Expected Utility Theory as an example of the differences between the way that economists and philosophers see rational choice theory. We concluded that economists have traditionally equated the normative with ethically. In the third part, we examined the results of experimental and

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17

Popov, E.V., and I.V. Lavrov. "Institutes of economics of well-being: theory and methodology." Society and Power, no. 3 (June 5, 2009): 66–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13311277.

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Theoretical and methodological bases of economics of well-being are considered in the article, approaches of the Russian and foreign scientists to a problem of formation of institutes within the limits of the normative economic theory (the theory of economics of well-being) are analyzed. Authors show, that in modern Russian conditions representative institutes of well-being and leadership, social responsibility, trust and prospect are of great value for the development of national economics.

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18

Machan, Tibor R. "The normative basis of economic science." Economic Affairs 18, no. 2 (1998): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00092.

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19

Mustafa. "Islamic Economics as an Alternative Economy in Facing the Global Economic Recession." Islamic Economics as an Alternative Economy in Facing the Global Economic Recession 1, Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): May, 2023 (2024): 14. https://doi.org/10.59890/ijeps.v1i1.120.

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As a scientific discipline, Islamic economics must have a complete scientific building such as a solid body of knowledge, a methodology for producing theories, theories that explain economic doctrine and reality as well as the accumulation and systematization of knowledge in Islamic economics as a body of knowledge. Islamic economics must be built on the principles of Islamic epistemology which recognizes God's revelation (al-wahy) in the form of the Qur'an and Al- Hadith as a source of knowledge, in addition to empirical facts and the accumulation of human experience (facts) and intellectual

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20

Lecouteux, Guilhem. "Reconciling normative and behavioural economics." Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 8, no. 2 (2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v8i2.206.

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21

LANDSBURG, STEVEN E. "The Methodology of Normative Economics." Journal of Public Economic Theory 9, no. 5 (2007): 757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00329.x.

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22

Jennings, Colin, and Iain Mclean. "Political Economics and Normative Analysis." New Political Economy 13, no. 1 (2008): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563460701859702.

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23

Northrop, Emily. "Normative Foundations of Introductory Economics." American Economist 44, no. 1 (2000): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943450004400107.

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According to Robert Solow, the orthodox model “underplays the significance of ethical judgments both in its approach to policy and in its account of individual and organizational behavior.” This paper demonstrates that introductory texts promote, without acknowledgment or debate, the following ethical judgments and value-laden choices are equally meritorious, economic growth is desirable, consumerism, to ignore markets' sometimes coercive nature and the “non-externality” types of harm to third parties, anthropocentrism, the only unequivocal “good” is rearrangements which produce only winners,

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24

Śleszyński, Jerzy. "Normative ecological economics as a condition for sustainable development." Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 83, no. 4 (2023): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.83.4.516.

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This paper aims to highlight the absolute competitiveness between positive and normative economics. The article presents this controversy as a pretext to analyse a specific field of operation of ecological economics. The normative approach in the ecological economics is needed in the complex age of increasing deficits and confronting threats to biological and social sustainability. Reliable data from biology, physics, chemistry and medicine inform us what is dangerous. They also suggest directions of changes and their necessary scale. The normative approach, based on the guidelines from the ba

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25

Jagathesan, Dr T. "A critical study of the evolution of Mathematics in Economic Analysis." JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH STUDIES 08, no. 08 (2021): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53422/jdms.2021.8801.

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Mathematical economics is an electrifying division of study in economics. It is helpful in model building and provides mathematical form of a descriptive theory in a simple as well as easily understandable way. Economics axiomatization can be embedded with mathematical formula to make it more scientific. Some of the concepts and theories like input-output analysis, linear programming, theory of games and economic behaviour, economic problems of optimum allocation of resources, organizing and planning of production, hyper formalistic methods now the application of computer simulation, normative

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26

Hayati, Riska Fauziah, Busyro Busyro, and Arifki Budia Warman. "ISLAMIC ECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC DISRUPTION: CHALLENGES, MODIFICATIONS, AND TRANSFORMATIONS." Khatulistiwa 13, no. 2 (2023): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/khatulistiwa.v13i2.2377.

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This paper departs from the phenomenon of disruption that has shaken various orders of life, including sharia economics. This paper wants to examine the challenges of the era of disruption to Islamic economics, and how Islamic economics accommodates and modifies to answer these challenges. This is a qualitative research with data, namely related literature on sharia economics and economic disruption. Data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative. This study finds that there are several challenges faced by Islamic economics, including: legal rules are not yet complex, human resources are not op

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27

Avsar, Rojhat Berdan. "Ideographic use of economic terms." On the Horizon 23, no. 3 (2015): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-05-2015-0018.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to challenge the claim that economics is of neutral value and unveil common value judgments underlying the standard policy positions in economics. These value judgments are communicated through the economic lexicon. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses discourse analysis and focuses on certain authoritative economic terms, most of which are metaphors, functioning like arguments. The author calls such terms as “deadweight loss” ideographs in the sense McGee (1980) used the term. Findings – Economic language is not neutral. Certain terms that are t

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28

Dröge, Kai, and Olivier Voirol. "Online dating: The tensions between romantic love and economic rationalization." Journal of Family Research 23, no. 3 (2011): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-200.

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This paper will at first show how romantic love and economic rationality have emerged in modernity as two distinct spheres, which are characterized by their own normative principles, expectations and practical orientations – two spheres that have systematically been opposed in sociological tradition. In a second part, it will be analyzed how these two distinct sets of normative principles and practical orientations are both introduced into the field of online dating. This leads to the third part which investigates on an empirical basis how people deal with the ambivalences and tensions between

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29

Weston, Samuel C. "Toward a Better Understanding of the Positive/Normative Distinction in Economics." Economics and Philosophy 10, no. 1 (1994): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100001681.

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This essay argues in favor of retaining the positive/normative distinction in economics, in spite of developments in methodology and epistemology that have cast doubt on the possibility of a “value-free” economics. The central claim is that it is worthwhile to distinguish between positive economic analysis and normative judgments, even if economics is viewed as being permeated with ethical values. This argument is presented without trying either to demonstrate that there is (or is not) a profound epistemological difference between science and ethics or to show that positive science can (or can

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30

Ivanov, Denis. "The debate on distributive justice revisited: The political philosophy and the economic perspectives on economic (in)equality." Open Research Europe 2 (July 20, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14940.1.

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This paper reviews the broad literature on the concept of socio-economic inequality. It presents the debate between political philosophers and economists from an economic history perspective. In political philosophy, the concept of distributive justice is a normative principle which is closely related (although not identical) to economic inequality or income distribution in economics (and political economy). Originating in the 17th century, the study traces the evolution of the debate between egalitarianists and utilitarians to the modern times. It then continues to propose the alternative the

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31

Kapeliushnikov, Rostislav. "Behavioral economics and the 'new' paternalism." Russian Journal of Economics 1, no. (1) (2015): 81–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2015.05.004.

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The paper provides a critical appraisal of the normative program of behavioral economics known as 'new paternalism'. First, it explores the theoretical foundations of behavioral economics, describes major behavioral anomalies associated with bounded rationality of economic agents and discusses its normative principles and political implications. It then discusses the main empirical and conceptual drawbacks of new paternalism and provides arguments for the alternative non-welfarist normative tradition based on the idea of freedom.

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32

Losonc, Alpar. "Marketing that hits the sky: Critical review of economic aspects of "atmosphere" regulation I." Privredna izgradnja 48, no. 1-2 (2005): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0502031l.

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The author treats in this article the modalities of ecological-political regulation. At first he analyzes the modalities of regulation that are government-related and connected to the normative engagement of government. The author especially emphasizes the advantageous and less advantageous aspects of the normatively based interventions of government. He critically explores the disadvantageous dimensions of the ecological aid and shows the discrepancy between the short and long run concerning the effects of aid-practice. At second the author deals with the regulation based on the market-mechan

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33

Leming, James S. "On the Normative Foundations of Economic Education." Theory & Research in Social Education 15, no. 2 (1987): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00933104.1987.10505537.

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34

Davis, John. "Explicating the normative content of economic theory." Forum for Social Economics 19, no. 1 (1989): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02827047.

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35

Huang, Yu‐An, Ian Phau, and Chad Lin. "Consumer animosity, economic hardship, and normative influence." European Journal of Marketing 44, no. 7/8 (2010): 909–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561011047463.

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36

Maula, Ismatul. "Cash Waqf in Normative and Economic Linkages." International Journal of Science and Society 4, no. 4 (2022): 710–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i4.683.

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Socio-economic problems in society demand something new in achieving a more prosperous standard of living. Cash waqf has a big role in solving the problems of contemporary society. However, normatively, cash waqf is still being debated among fiqh experts, especially the Syafiiyyah school of thought, which tends to see waqf as the spirit of the immortality of objects, not benefits. This is certainly a problem for people affiliated with this school. However, positive law provides fresh air for the validity of cash waqf through Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf and Government Regulation Numbe

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37

Glick, Mark, Gabriel A. Lozada, and Darren Bush. "Antitrust’s Normative Economic Theory Needs a Reboot." International Journal of Political Economy 54, no. 1 (2025): 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2025.2469946.

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Mukerji, Sujoy. "FOUNDATIONS OF AMBIGUITY AND ECONOMIC MODELLING." Economics and Philosophy 25, no. 3 (2009): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267109990253.

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Are foundations of models of ambiguity-sensitive preferences too flawed to be usefully applied to economic models? Al-Najjar and Weinstein (2009) say such is indeed the case. In this paper, first, we point out that many of the key arguments by Al-Najjar and Weinstein do not apply to quite a few of the ambiguity preference models of more recent vintage, and therefore to that extent do not undermine the foundational aspects or applicability of ambiguity models in general. Second, we argue the focus in that paper on Ellsberg examples is an overly narrow concern; the Ellsberg examples have their u

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39

Khaitkulov, R. "Economic Theory and Ethics: The Problem of intertemporal Justice." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2013): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-11-53-64.

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The article deals with the interconnection of ethics and economics, focusing on the long-term economic modeling. Economic models that pretend to be positive often contain implicit normative assumptions of intertemporal justice. The evolution of ethical assumptions in economics is analyzed and the overview of different justice theories is given.

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Althammer, Jörg. "Karl Homann’s Contractarian Approach to Ethics." Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik 24, no. 2 (2023): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1439-880x-2023-2-184.

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This paper gives an account of Homann’s moral legacy from an economic point of view, both positive and normative. While the economic approach to ethics makes broad use of new institutional economics, it failed in formulating a closed and self-contained moral theory. Moreover, Economic Ethics disregards important strands of the economic literature, such as the theory of market failure and the insights of mechanism design theory. Besides the neglect of a substantiated normative approach to ethics, the use of an oversimplified model of economic interactions leaves this approach theoretically unde

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Libman, A. "Directions and Perspectives of Political-Economic Studies." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2008): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-1-27-45.

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The paper surveys the main directions of political-economic research, i.e. variants of economic and political approaches endogenizing political processes in economic models and applying economic methods to policy studies. It analyses different versions of political-economic research in different segments of scientific community: political economics, evolutionary theory of economic policy, international political economy, formal political science and theory of economic power; main methodological assumptions, content and results of positive studies are described. The author also considers the ro

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Lavrov, I. "On the Problems of Normative Economics." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 20, 2007): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2007-7-59-72.

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The author considers theoretical, philosophical and methodological aspects of normative approach in economic theory. The article discusses normative analysis and types of normative and positive elements in economic theory, basing upon difference between abstract and real objects of science. The specific traits of generations as subjects of economic and socio-political history are determined.

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Sushentsova, M. "The moral dilemma of normative economics." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-3-103-119.

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During the 20th century the cyclic transition in forming of the key categories of normative economics was observed: from objective to subjective explanation of personal utility, and again - toward more general objective criteria (capabilities). The article is devoted to socio-philisophical background of these processes. In our opinion, behind this conversion the dominance of ethical subjectivism or objectivism, respectively, the values of individual freedom or of well-being was hidden, that can be estimated externally (by an “impartial spectator”, legislation or public discussion).

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Kolm, Serge-Christophe. "A historical introduction to normative economics." Social Choice and Welfare 17, no. 4 (2000): 707–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003550000053.

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45

Mercuro, Nicholas. "Research in Law and Economics: Normative Law and Economics." Journal of Economic Issues 20, no. 4 (1986): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1986.11504584.

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Kremser, Christian E. W. "Positive Wirtschaftsanalyse oder normativer Wirtschaftsentwurf?" Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 67, no. 2 (2018): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2018-0010.

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Abstract Many people consider Adam Smith the first economist to describe the functioning of capitalism. In fact, Smith must be considered less the discoverer of capitalism, but rather as its inventor. The economic laws Smith formulated are institutionally bound to the commercial society, to use the corresponding phrase of Smith, which at that time – at least in its liberal version – has not yet be materialized. In this sense, it represents a utopia of economic policy that still had to be realized. Smith’s comments on commercial society should therefore be understood less as a positive economic

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Chamarro, Asunción de la Iglesia. "Economic crisis and strengthening of the regulatory powers of the Executive." Estudios de Deusto 61, no. 2 (2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ed-61(2)-2013pp69-80.

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El contexto de crisis económica se ha traducido en las fuentes del Derecho en un reforzamiento de los poderes normativos de los Ejecutivos en detrimento de la ley parlamentaria. En España, a nivel nacional prolifera la regulación por decreto-ley, que se transforma después en proyecto de ley a tramitar por el procedimiento de urgencia. Y es que la urgencia se ha impuesto en la adopción de medidas normativas. Esto mismo se aprecia también en el ámbito de las Comunidades Autónomas, donde una de las novedades del último proceso de reformas estatutarias ha sido la incorporación de los decretos-leye

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Egorov, Dmitrij. "On the normativity of mainstream economics (what a positive economic theory may look like)." Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 9 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760021858-2.

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It is shown in the article that there is no fundamental difference between normative and positive theories either in terms of development methods or internal architecture. It is substantiated that the modern neoclassical theory as a whole is not positive. Another way of developing a positive microtheory based on the approach of Maurice Allais is proposed: the concept of searching for surplus within the framework of the cost approach.

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Hengstmengel, Joost W. "THE REFORMATION OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT DUTCH CALVINIST ECONOMICS, 1880–1948." Philosophia Reformata 78, no. 2 (2013): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000548.

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The first decades of the twentieth century saw the emergence of Calvinist economics in the Netherlands. This clearly normative approach to economics was inspired by Abraham Kuyper and was criticized by mainstream economists from the outset. It would eventually disappear under pressure of positive economics, but survived until at least the middle of the century. Calvinist economics itself was highly critical of classical economics and, unlike the neo-classical school, strove after an entire reformation of economic thought. Calvinists writers like T. de Vries, P. A. Diepenhorst, J. A. Nederbragt

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Klein, Alana. "(2012) 30 Windsor Y B Access Just 247 SO LONG AS YOU HAVE YOUR HEALTH: HEALTH CARE DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA AND PROCEDURALIST HUMAN RIGHTS." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 30, no. 2 (2012): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v30i2.4377.

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Health resource distribution in Canada has been criticized for being opaque and increasingly inequitable, with its disproportionate emphasis on curative over preventive care. Yet there has been relatively little scrutiny of priority-setting in publicly funded health care in Canada from bodies monitoring the international human right to health. Recently, however, domestic health governance on the one hand, and international health and human rights on the other, have converged around the promotion of evidence-based policy, accountability, transparency and participation as drivers of more equitab

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