Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic Order Quantity'

Inventory management is today seen as more competitive oriented, process oriented and better integrated into the companies than before. But still do several companies run their inventories according a traditional approach. There is therefore a need for some companies to evaluate their inventory management and adapt the new view. There is also a need to adjust for increased focus on sustainability, previous research calls for strategies and tools that include sustainable parameters without lowering the profitability. The purpose with this study is to assess inventory management principles and purchasing routines related to the acquisition of packaging material in a process industry. The study aims to develop a framework for decision makers in inventory management. This framework will be the basis for a support tool incorporating a relatively simple and easy-to-use user interface. This master thesis is performed as a case study research and uses several data collection methods, such as a literature review, observations, and interviews. The findings from the data collection is used to evaluate which impact inventory management has on a company’s profitability, and which basic parameters that could be included in the support tool. The empirical findings show that Barilla Sweden’s current inventory management match the traditional approach, but also that they strive to become more competitive and process oriented in their management of inventories. There is however some constraints in their working strategy that prevents them from taking the next step. Comparison between Barilla Sweden’s current order size and an economical order quantity (EOQ) and just-in-time (JIT) approach is made. The comparison shows that Barilla Sweden has money to save and warehouse space to release with changed order quantities. Adapting a new inventory management approach require review of uncertainties, such as delivery accuracy and forecast changes. It is also necessary to evaluate supplier relations and internal working strategies. The effect of these parameters on inventory management can be noticed in the support tool. The tool compares total costs, average stock, tied capital, and environmental and social consequences between the EOQ model and JIT. The support tool visualizes drawbacks and benefits with different order sizes and has an easy-to-use interface.

Study question: How can the process for article classification and procurement be improved in a new implementable inventory policy with the objective to reduce inventory costs. Purpose: The purpose of this degree project is to design a procurement policy which helps to minimize the annual capital tied up in inventory. Method: The procurement policy is created by a mixed method with a focus on the quantity inputs of secondary data and minor involvements of qualitative from primary data. Inventory management formulas from the theoretical framework constitute the conducted model. With the ground work from theory and inputs from interviews, the research approach has been deductive and followed the guidelines of Ali and Birley (1999). ABB Capacitors is the case study of this degree project which the model has been tested and verified upon. Conclusion: The degree project resulted in procurement policy which includes a calculation model and inventory analysis which has shown success from the theoretical comparisons, and it indicates that the procurement policy is functioning as intended. Mathematical formulas are mere tools in a procurement policy, experience and know-how are two pieces which importance should not be neglected.Weaknesses of this policy concern inventory capacity because the calculations’ purpose is to minimize inventory cost by procuring to an economic optimum. There is a chance that physical structure allows fewer quantities than what is financially best. The policy is recommended for manufacturing industries.
Frågeställning: Hur ska artiklar till lagret köpas in och klassificeras i en ny inköpsstrategi med målet att minska lagerkostnaderna och minimera lagernivåerna till givna förutsättningar. Syfte: Syftet är att ta fram en inköpspolicy som ska minimera årliga kapitalbindningen i lagret. Metod: Inköpspolicyn är utvecklad med hjälp av en blandad metod med fokus på den kvantitativa sekundärdatan med små delar av den kvalitativa primärdatan. Beräkningsmodellen består av de lagerstyrningsformler som presenteras i teorin. Med grunden från teorin och inläggen från intervjuer har forskningsmetoden varit deduktiv och följt riktlinjerna från Ali och Birley (1999). ABB Capacitors är fallstudien för detta examensarbete som modellen har blivit testat och verifierad hos. Slutsats: Examensarbetet resulterade i inköpspolicy som består av en beräkningsmodell och en artikelanalys som har visat sig framgångsrik från de teoretiska jämförelserna och det visar på att inköpsstrategin fungerar som tänkt. Matematiska modeller är bara verktyg i en inköpsstrategi, erfarenhet och kunnande är två komponenter vars betydelse inte ska förminskas. Svagheter i modellen rör kapaciteten i lagret eftersom modellens syfte är att minimera årliga lagerkostnaden genom att köpa in ur en ekonomisk synvinkel. Det finns en risk att den fysiska lagerytan tillåter mindre kvantiteter än vad som är optimalt. Modellen rekommenderas för tillverkande industrier.

The subject of this thesis is to propose a new inventory management system, that was found in particular company as one of the biggest shortages, which the company currently faces. The first part of thesis contains theoretical background focused on inventory management, expecially on function and types of supplies, ordering systems of supplies and on methods of their inventory. The second part focuses on the analysis of the current state in company processes. Following the theoretical part, there were suggested appropriate inventory management systems to simplify the work in warehousing and logistic, but also to bring economic benefits to the whole company. In addition to these proposals were included also possible solutions of less problematic processes.

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
A indústria do calçado em Portugal tem contribuído de forma substantiva para o desenvolvimento produtivo nacional, apostando na qualidade e numa efetiva gestão. Face às mudanças que esta indústria determina, designadamente pelas exigências sazonais da moda, gerir stocks, e em particular restos de coleções, é determinante para a redução de custos. A gestão de stocks calcula a quantidade ótima para qual as encomendas devem ser feitas minimizando os custos de efetivação de encomenda e custos posse de stock. Nesse estudo foram aplicados teorias e modelos de gestão de stocks numa empresa da indústria do calçado (3 sapatarias), designadamente baseados na previsão da procura, na quantidade económica de encomenda e na classificação ABC, com o objetivo de analisar a atual gestão de stocks e avaliar possíveis alterações que permitam a redução de custos. Foram recolhidos os dados referentes às vendas de 2017 e analisados cerca de 350 produtos. A aplicação do método da QEE aos artigos da Classe A permite verificar que o número de encomendas se reduz em quase todos os artigos. Assim, como conclusão destaca-se que a correta gestão de stocks poderia ter permitido uma poupança de 26,50% no custo total anual de stocks no ano de 2017.
The shoe industry in Portugal has contributed substantially to productive national development, betting on quality and efetive management. Due to the industry changes, specifically seasonal fashion demands, managing stocks and managing collections leftovers is decisive to reducing costs. Stock management calculates the optimal amount that orders should be done minimizing dispatch costs and shipping costs. In this study there have been applied theories and academic management models in a shoe industry company (3 shoe stores), specifically based on predicting demands, economic order quantity and ABC classification, with the purpose of analyze the actual stock management and evaluate possible modifications that allow costs reduction. There were compiled sales data of 2017 and analyzed approximately 350 produts. The application of EOR in class A allows to verify that the number of orders is reduced in almost every product. Thus, in conclusion we can note that the correct stock management costs could allow savings of 26,50% in 2017 stock management.
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Spare parts are, for many companies, a complex product to logistically handle. This is in part due to the varying characteristics and sporadic demand patterns of spare parts. Obstacles can often arise when companies utilize the same approach to their spare parts stock as they do with their general warehouse manufacturing inventory. By using the same approach, companies risk neglecting the widespread variation of the spare parts. With the help of established routines, a clear set of guidelines and factors, the chances of a successful handling of spare parts inventory is increased. The study is a qualitative case study with the purpose of identifying specific factors and to make recommendations of models for companies to take into account when evaluating and storing spare parts. Through unstructured/semi-structured interviews conducted with four case company employees, information was gathered which was used to assist in identifying these specific factors and models for companies. A theoretical frame of reference was produced through analyzing research articles and was compared to the compiled empirical data in an analysis. The departments within the case study based their work on single factor which were considered important for each specific department, without inter-departmental communication. The factors that were identified in the study include service, competitive advantage, tied up capital, size capacity, complexity, sales frequency and material. Four of these were considered to be a priority for the case company. The study showed that different models for spare parts management and outsourcing could be implemented in the case company. By integrating the different models for spare parts management and outsourcing, combined with communication, a new model has been proposed for handling the spare parts storage.
Reservdelar är för många företag en komplex produkt att hantera utifrån dess varierande egenskaper och sporadiska efterfrågemönster. Problematiken härstammar ofta från att många företag hanterar reservdelslager utifrån samma förutsättningar som dess allmänna lagerhantering, därigenom försummas reservdelarnas olika egenskaper. Förutbestämda riktlinjer och faktorer krävs vid hantering av reservdelar och en viktig komponent för att lyckas med detta är kommunikation. Arbetet är en kvalitativ fallstudie med syftet att ta fram faktorer och rekommendationer av modeller att ta hänsyn till vid värdering och lagerhantering av reservdelar. För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna utfördes ostrukturerade/semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra medarbetare på fallföretaget. En teoretisk referensram togs fram genom litteratursökningar som sedan ställdes i en jämförelse mot den sammanställda empirin i en analys. Studien visade att de olika avdelningarna på fallföretaget främst utgått från en enda faktor som ansetts vara viktig för den specifika avdelningen. Utifrån de framtagna faktorerna i studien; service, konkurrensfördel, kapitalbindning, fyllnadsgrad, komplexitet, försäljningsfrekvens och material, ansågs fyra av dessa vara av prioritet för fallföretaget. Studien visade att olika modeller för reservdelshantering och outsourcing skulle kunna implementeras på fallföretaget. Genom att integrera de olika modellerna för reservdelshantering och outsourcing, kombinerat med kommunikation, har en ny modell föreslagits för hantering av reservdelslager.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that global warming poses a grave threat to the world’s ecological system and the human race. This phenomenon is very likely caused by increasing concentrations of carbon emissions, which mainly results from such human activities as fossil fuel burning and deforestation (IPCC, 2007). A powerful action is required to stabilize the rising temperatures, involving many countries with a common objective. As asserted by Stavins (2008), without an effective global climate agreement no result will be accomplished. In order to mitigate global warming, the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), and many countries have introduced some policies and mechanisms to contain the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Among these, one of the primary legislations is the European Union Emission Trading System (EU-ETS). On the contrary, other nations still consider the efforts to mitigate global warming as obstacles to striving for economic growth. Therefore, without a comprehensive engagement, some actors are advantaged and more competitive in the global economy. Some others, involved in emission saving policies, have to face stronger investments and restrictions, with the risk of suffering economic disadvantages. Since the emissions released by companies’ operational activities into the air are one of the main causes of global climate change (He et al. 2015), businesses are becoming increasingly conscious of their carbon footprint and have begun to incorporate environmental thinking into their business strategy and supply chain management. In order to help managers driving companies towards sustainable and efficient purchasing decisions, in this research work the Sustainable Economic Order Quantity (S-EOQ) Model introduced by Battini et al. (2014) is improved by developing a bi-objective lot-sizing model with two different objective functions to minimize (costs and emissions) and integrating the Cap and Trade regulatory policy (characteristic of the EU-ETS). This S-EOQ model is useful in practice to support managers in understanding the Pareto frontier shape linked to a specific purchasing problem, defining the cost-optimal and emission-optimal solutions and identifying a sustainable quantity to purchase when a Cap and Trade mitigation policy is present. The model behavior is analyzed according to variation in the market carbon price and it is analytically demonstrated that today carbon prices are still far too low to motivate managers towards sustainable purchasing choices. Moreover, two innovative bi-objective Sustainable Joint Economic Lot Size (S-JELS) Models under a Cap and Trade policy are introduced (applying the Cap and Trade regulation only to the buyer or to both buyer and supplier), in order to consider costs and emissions related to a two-echelon supply chain, not only to the buyer. By considering two different objective functions to minimize (costs and emissions), both economic and sustainable issues are equally considered and integrated in the contest of a supply chain. In this way, the models lead the Decision Makers to more sustainable and efficient logistic and purchasing solutions, considering a supply chain point of view. With the purpose of helping companies analyzing the trade-offs among different supplies, the S-JELS models can be run iteratively for many sourcing options, in order to build the Pareto frontiers for each supplier and compare then the frontier shapes, the cost-optimal solutions and the emission-optimal ones. One of the two S-JELS models presented (the one with Cap and Trade regulation applied only to the buyer) is then integrated into a procedure for assessing a Sustainable Supplier Selection. The objective is to provide the managers with numerical KPI and user-friendly graphs, in order to help them on analysing the trade-offs among different supplies and on evaluating the selection criteria for each potential supplier in an easier, faster, analytical and correct way. In the end, it is presented a case study from the manufacturing industry. The objective is to help managers on carrying out a Sustainable Supplier Selection between a Domestic and a Far East sourcing, by applying the S-JELS model integrated in an AHP supplier selection procedure. The model is exploited in order to provide the Decision Makers (DMs) with the tools for selecting the best sourcing option for their company. The DMs by iterating the solution process can obtain and compare different Pareto frontiers, being able to consider trade-offs before taking a purchasing strategy decision.
Secondo l’Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), il riscaldamento globale rappresenta una grave minaccia per il sistema ecologico mondiale e quindi anche per l’umanità. Questo fenomeno è causato in gran parte dall'aumento di emissioni di CO2, derivanti principalmente da attività umane come la combustione fossile e la deforestazione (IPCC, 2007). Risulta quindi necessaria una decisa azione per stabilizzare le temperature in aumento, tale da coinvolgere molti Paesi per il raggiungimento di un obiettivo comune; come sostenuto da Stavins (2008), senza un efficace accordo globale non sarà possibile raggiungere alcun risultato. Al fine di mitigare il riscaldamento globale, le Nazioni Unite (ONU), l'Unione Europea (UE) e molti altri Paesi hanno introdotto politiche e meccanismi per contenere la quantità totale di emissioni di gas serra. Tra questi, una delle normative più rilevanti è l’European Union Emission Trading System (EU-ETS). Altre Nazioni, al contrario, considerano gli sforzi per mitigare il global warming un ostacolo alla loro crescita economica e risultano quindi avvantaggiate e più competitive rispetto a quei Paesi coinvolti in politiche per la riduzione delle emissioni. Dato che le emissioni rilasciate nell’aria dalle attività operative delle imprese sono una delle principali cause del cambiamento climatico globale (He et al., 2015), le aziende stanno prendendo consapevolezza del loro impatto ambientale e iniziano a seguire una filosofia più sostenibile sia a livello di strategia aziendale, che di gestione della supply chain. In questo lavoro di ricerca, il Sustainable Economic Order Quantity (S-EOQ) Model introdotto da Battini et al. (2014) viene perfezionato, al fine di aiutare i manager a guidare le aziende verso decisioni di acquisto sostenibili ed efficienti. Si sviluppa un modello di dimensionamento del lotto con due diverse funzioni obiettivo da minimizzare (costi ed emissioni), inoltre viene integrata la politica di regolamentazione Cap and Trade, caratteristica dell’EU-ETS. Questo modello S-EOQ risulta utile per varie ragioni: comprendere la forma della di frontiera di Pareto associata ad uno specifico problema di acquisto; definire le soluzioni ottimali in termini di costi e di emissioni; identificare una quantità sostenibile di acquisto quando è presente una politica di Cap and Trade delle emissioni. Il comportamento del modello viene analizzato in relazione alla variazione del prezzo delle emissioni di carbonio, dimostrando analiticamente che i prezzi attuali sono ancora troppo bassi per motivare i manager verso scelte di acquisto sostenibili. Inoltre, vengono introdotti due Sustainable Joint Economic Lot Size (S-JELS) Models nell'ambito di una politica di Cap and Trade (applicando la regolamentazione solo al buyer o sia al buyer che al supplier), in modo da considerare i costi e le emissioni relativi ad una catena di fornitura, non solo al buyer. Considerando due differenti funzioni obiettivo da minimizzare (i costi e le emissioni), le problematiche economiche e sostenibili sono ugualmente tenute in considerazione e integrate nel contesto di una supply chain. In questo modo, i modelli supportano i manager nel prendere decisioni logistiche e di acquisto più sostenibili ed efficienti, considerando il punto di vista della supply chain. Con lo scopo di aiutare le aziende ad analizzare i trade-off tra diverse forniture, i modelli S-JELS possono essere eseguiti iterativamente per varie opzioni di sourcing, al fine di costruire le frontiere di Pareto per ciascun fornitore e confrontare quindi le forme della frontiera, le soluzioni ottimali in termini di costi e in termini di emissioni. Uno dei due modelli S-JELS presentati (quello in cui la politica di Cap and Trade è applicata solo al buyer) viene inoltre integrato in una procedura per effettuare una Sustainable Supplier Selection. L'obiettivo è fornire ai decisori KPI numerici e grafici user-friendly, al fine di aiutarli ad analizzare i trade-off tra le diverse opzioni di fornitura e valutare quindi i criteri di selezione per ogni potenziale fornitore in modo più semplice, rapido, analitico e corretto. Infine, viene presentato un caso studio del settore manifatturiero. L'obiettivo è quello di aiutare i manager a condurre una Sustainable Supplier Selection tra un fornitore Nazionale ed uno collocato nel Far East, applicando il modello S-JELS, integrato in una procedura AHP per la selezione dei fornitori. Tale modello viene dunque impiegato per fornire ai Decision Makers (DMs) gli strumenti per selezionare la migliore opzione di approvvigionamento aziendale. I DMs, iterando il modello, possono ottenere e confrontare diverse frontiere di Pareto, valutando così i trade-off prima di prendere una decisione in merito alla strategia di acquisto.

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
Num mundo cada vez mais competitivo e global, onde a otimização dos recursos e serviços tem um impacto bastante significativo na performance das empresas, este trabalho final de mestrado tem como objectivo analisar uma empresa do sector alimentar especializada em Vending Machines medindo a sua competitividade e performance através da gestão de Stocks que prioriza e reduz todos os custos operacionais. Para esse efeito, foram recolhidos dados da empresa (cujo nome nunca será referido, por motivos de confidencialidade) exclusivamente inserida no sector alimentar. Neste presente estudo, é primeiramente definido o conceito de procura e a sua respectiva relevância para uma correcta utilização de modelos de gestão de Stocks inseridos na gestão da cadeia de Abastecimento, e o impacto desta, na sustentabilidade e eficiência operacional e financeira das empresas
In a world, which is more and more competitive and global, where the optimization of resources and services has a significant impact on the performance of companies, this end of master ́s project has the objective to analyse a company in the food sector specialised in Vending Machines measuring its competiveness and performance through stock management that prioritizes and reduces all operational costs. For this effect, company data was collected (due to confidentiality the company ́s name will never be disclosed) exclusively inserted in the food sector. In this current study, it is primarily defined the concept of demand and its respective relevance for a correct use of stock management inserted in supply chain management, and its impact, on operational and financial sustainability and efficiency of companies.
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Este é um trabalho teórico-empírico que visa principalmente verificar o estado da literatura científica no que diz respeito à consideração dos custos de financiamento da necessidade de capital de giro (NCG) aplicado em mercadorias (NCGp), especialmente em relação aos aprimoramentos do modelo do lote econômico de compras/produção (LEC/LEP). A revisão de literatura mostra diversos modelos aprimorados do LEC/LEP que usam as técnicas de valor presente líquido e fluxos de caixa descontados para considerar o custo do capital no tempo, mas, segundo diversos autores, a diferença entre o LEC original e o uso de tais técnicas é desprezível. Além do mais, o uso destas técnicas não significa que tais modelos tenham incorporado o custo do financiamento da NCGp. Alguns trabalhos, mais recentes, já trazem simulações que levam em consideração o NCGp, outros até já exibem a fórmula NCGp = Estoquesp+Clientesp+Fornecedoresp. Neste trabalho foram feitas 128.000 simulações estocásticas de um modelo dinâmico, de onde se extraíram as variáveis da DRE de cada membro de uma cadeia de suprimentos (CS) hipotética. Foi testada a hipótese de ser este modelo aprimorado, porque incorpora o custo do capital de giro empregado nas mercadorias, mais correto que o modelo que não o incorpora. Para fazer este teste, foi feita uma modelagem (em Excel R) de uma CS contendo dois fornecedores industriais, uma fábrica, um atacadista e um varejista. O modelo recebe como inputs as demandas agregadas do varejista nos dias de cada simulação, que são 360 dias. Os dados foram importados no software estatístico R e as variáveis de saída foram então analisadas nos diversos cenários, regimes e tipos de demanda. Os resultados da análise dos diferentes cenários mostram que é importante considerar os custos financeiros da NCGp.
This is a theoretical and empirical work that primarily aims to check the status of scientific literature with regard to the consideration of the costs of financing the working capital needs (WCN ) applied to goods (WCNp), especially in relation to improvements of economic order/- production quantity (EOQ/EPQ) models. The literature review shows several EOQ/EPQ enhanced models that use net present value and discounted cash flows techniques to consider the cost of capital over time; but according to several authors, the difference between the original EOQ model and with the use of such techniques is negligible. Moreover, the use of these techniques does not mean that such models have incorporated the cost of financing the WCNp. Some latest papers make simulations that consider the WCNp, others have even used the formula WCNp = Inventoriesp +Receivablesp +Payablesp. In this study we made 128,000 stochastic simulations of a dynamic model, from where the were obtained the result\'s variables for each member of a hypothetical supply chain(SC).We tested the hypothesis that this enhanced model, because it incorporates the cost of working capital employed in goods, is more correct than the model that does not. For this test, we made a model (in Excel R) of a CS containing two industrial suppliers, a factory, a wholesaler and a retailer. The model takes as inputs the aggregated demands of the retailer in the days of each simulation, which is 360 days. Data were imported into R statistical software and the output variables were then analyzed in different scenarios, regimes and types of demand. The results of the analysis of different scenarios showed that it is important to consider the financial costs of WCNp, maybe incorporating them into an enhanced EOQ/EPQ model.

The master’s thesis deals with study of the supply management in production company Česká zbrojovka, a.s. The theoretical solutions deal with spheres needed for determination of optimal supply of the specified materials. On the basis of an analysis of the actual state of affairs, conducted ABC analysis (analysis and calculation of the optimal supply for specified materials) contains the proposals and methods for economic order quantity for other inventory. The outputs of my thesis are the methods of the dealing with optimal supplies and the proposal.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka optimala orderstorlekar på kaffeproducenten Zoégas förpackningslinjer i Helsingborg. Bakgrunden är att företaget är omedvetna om hur dagens orderstorlekar påverkar produktionen, med hänsyn till produktivitet samt ställ- och lagerhållningskostnader. Fallföretaget har dessutom en vilja att på längre sikt att införa ”pull planning”, vilket understödjer vetskap om förpackningslinjernas förutsättningar. Studien är i huvudsak uppdelad i två distinkta moment; ett som jämför historisk produktivitet i förhållande till orderstorlek och ett som beräknar optimal orderstorlek med hjälp av schemaläggningsverktyget ”Economic lot scheduling problem” (ELSP). Ena förpackningslinjen utmynnar i ett klassiskt fall av ”basic period approach”, som frekvent har behandlats inom litteraturen för ELSP. De andra linjerna har ställtider som beror på ordning, vilket komplicerar tillvägagångssättet. Huvuddelen av datainsamlingen har möjliggjorts genom tillgång till data från företagets produktions- och affärssystem. ELSP-resultatet genererar orderstorlekar och tillverkningsscheman för samtliga förpackningslinjer; optimerade med kostnadsminimering. Studien fann även statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan orderstorlek och produktivitet på Zoégas; samband som resulterade i gränsvärden för mest produktiva orderstorlekar. Majoriteten av ELSP-storlekarna placerade sig innanför dessa gränser. Slutligen fann studien att företaget, vid implementering av studiens förbättringsförslag, kan öka sin produktomsättning och på så sätt vara bättre förberedda för införande av ”pull planning”.
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate optimal order quantities at the coffee producer Zoéga’s packaging lines in Helsingborg. The company is currently unaware of how order quantities affect their production; with regards to productivity as well as setup- and holding costs. With a long-term vision of incorporating “pull planning”, the case company also needs to evaluate the capabilities of their current production system. The case study mainly addresses two areas; one comparing historical productivity in relation to order quantity, and one determining optimal order quantity with the scheduling-tool known as “Economic lot scheduling problem”. One of the packaging lines results in a classic case of “Basic period approach”, a problem frequently reviewed in ELSP-literature. The other lines have sequence dependent setup times, which required a more complex model. The primarily data collection has been from internal production- and management systems. The ELSP-results generated optimal order quantities and production schedules for all packaging lines. The study also found statistically significant correlations between order quantity and productivity for Zoéga’s. These correlations compiled upper and lower limits for the most productive order quantities; where most of the ELSP-quantities placed inside these limits. Finally, the study shows that by implementing these suggestions, Zoéga’s could speed up their product turnover and be better prepared for “pull planning” implementation in the future.

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
Hoje em dia com o aumento da globalização e da competitividade, as empresas sentiram-se obrigadas a melhorar a sua performance organizacional para conseguirem dar respostas a todas as necessidades dos seus clientes. Consequentemente, as empresas foram forçadas a estabelecer métodos mais eficazes para gerirem os seus stocks, uma vez que a gestão dos mesmos é um dos processos mais importantes para o sucesso organizacional. Uma das mais valias deste processo é a diminuição do nível de stocks, que por sua vez tem um impacto positivo na performance organizacional e na redução dos custos. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar e otimizar a gestão de stocks de uma marca portuguesa de marketing olfativo, a Airquality, de forma a minimizar os seus custos anuais de stock. A Airquality pertence à Nortempresa Perfume Lab, uma empresa nacional que possui a maior fábrica de perfumes da Península Ibérica, única em Portugal. Neste estudo, foram analisados os modelos de controlo e classificação de stocks, e posteriormente foi realizada a análise ABC e aplicado o modelo da Quantidade Económica de Encomenda (QEE). Através da análise ABC é possível classificar os produtos com base na sua importância financeira para a empresa, enquanto o modelo da QEE define qual a quantidade ótima de encomenda que deve ser pedida, de forma a minimizar os custos associados ao stock. Concluindo, foi analisado e verificado que há possibilidade de minimizar o custo total da Airquality referente ao ano 2018 em 30,17%, com base nos modelos académicos aplicados a este estudo.
Nowadays the increasing globalization and competitiveness have led companies to improve their organizational performance, in order to be able to meet all their customers' needs. Consequently, companies were forced to establish more effective methods to manage their stocks, because managing them is one of the most important processes for organizational success. One of the advantages of this process is the decrease in stock levels, which in turn has a positive impact on organizational performance and costs reduction. The main goal of this study is to analyze and optimize the stock management of a Portuguese brand of olfactive marketing, Airquality, in order to minimize its annual stock costs. Airquality belongs to Nortempresa Perfume Lab, a national company that owns the largest perfume factory in the Iberian Peninsula. In this study, the stock control and classification models were analyzed, then the ABC analysis was performed and finally the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model was applied. Through the ABC analysis, it is possible to classify products based on their financial importance to the company, while the EOQ model defines the optimal order quantity that should be ordered to minimize the costs associated with stock. In conclusion, it was analyzed and verified that there is a possibility to minimize the total cost of Airquality for the year 2018 by 30.17%, based on the academic models applied to this study.
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Mestrado Bolonha em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
Num mercado competitivo como o atual, as empresas são forçadas a estabelecer métodos mais eficazes para gerirem os seus stocks uma vez que a gestão dos mesmos é um dos processos mais importantes para o sucesso das organizações. Uma das mais valias deste processo é a diminuição do nível de stock que por sua vez tem um impacto positivo no desempenho organizacional e na redução dos custos totais das empresas. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar e otimizar a gestão de stocks de uma Estação de Serviço da Repsol Portuguesa de forma a minimizar os seus custos anuais de stock. A Repsol é uma empresa multienergética internacional nascida em Espanha e com presença notória em Portugal desde 1990. Este relatório de dissertação pretende ser uma contribuição prática para encontrar o equilíbrio entre a compra e a procura dos produtos vendidos numa Estação de Serviço da Repsol Portuguesa e permitir, deste modo, uma melhor tomada de decisão. Neste estudo serão analisados os modelos de controlo e classificação de stocks e posteriormente aplicado o modelo da Quantidade Económica de Encomenda (QEE). O modelo da QEE define qual a quantidade ótima de encomenda, de forma a minimizar os custos associados ao stock. No final do estudo, é alcançada uma otimização da gestão de stocks, ou seja, existe a possibilidade de redução do custo total do stock em 39,69% com base nos modelos académicos aplicados.
In a competitive market as the current one, companies are forced to establish more efficient methods to manage their stocks, since stock management is one of the most important processes for the success of organizations. One of the advantages of this process is the reduction in the stock level which in turn has a positive impact on organizational performance and on the reduction of the companies’ total cost. The purpose of this study is to analyze and optimize the stock management of a Repsol Portuguesa Gas Station to minimize its annual stock costs. Repsol is an international multi-energy company born in Spain with a notable presence in Portugal since 1990. This dissertation report aims to be a practical contribution by finding the balance between the purchase and the demand for the products sold at one Repsol Portuguesa Gas Station thus allowing better decision making. In this study the stock control and classification models will be analyzed and then the Economic Order Quantity (QEE) model will be applied. The QEE model defines the optimal order quantity that should be ordered to minimize the costs associated with stock. At the end of the study, an optimization of stock management is achieved, meaning that there is a possibility of reducing the stock total cost by 39,69% based on the applied academic models.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
As questões relacionadas com a melhoria da gestão de stocks têm assumido uma importância maior no seio das organizações, e nesse sentido têm-se desenvolvido estudos com vista a procurar soluções para minimizar o Custo Total de Aprovisionamento. No presente trabalho de projeto pretende-se demonstrar que é possível reduzir o atual Custo Total de Aprovisionamento da empresa Imarpec, sendo que para isso foram utilizados modelos académicos, como o QEE (Quantidade Económica de Encomenda) para encontrar a resposta à pergunta "Quanto encomendar?", que satisfaça a procura anual e que ao mesmo tempo minimiza os custos, assim como o MPE (Modelo do Ponto de Encomenda), de forma a encontrar a resposta à pergunta "Quando encomendar?", determinando o nível de stock para efetuar-se nova encomenda. Para este estudo foi escolhida a Classificação ABC, ferramenta útil para distinguir os três tipos de itens em inventário, de acordo com o peso financeiro que cada um representa, focando depois nos itens tipo A para a análise de custos. Os resultados obtidos permitem tirar conclusões sobre a importância que a gestão de stocks tem nas empresas, devendo ser feita de forma diferenciada para cada classe de stock, sendo os itens tipo A, aqueles que merecem uma gestão mais rigorosa pelos custos financeiros que incorrem. Por fim é apresentada uma proposta específica que a empresa pode seguir com vista a melhorar a gestão de stocks atual, permitindo obter uma poupança até 86% relativamente ao Custo Total de Aprovisionamento incorrido em 2016.
The related issues with stocks management improvement has considered an huge importance in the center of organizations, thus has been developed studies to looking for solutions to minimize the total inventory cost. In the present work project, intend to show that is possible reduce the current total inventory cost of Imarpec, then are used academical models, than EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) to find the answer to the question "How much to order?", that both satisfy annual demand and minimize costs, as well as ROP (Reorder Point) model, to find the answer to the question "When to order?", to determine the stock level and place new order. For this study was chosen the ABC classification, it's a useful tool to distinguish the three types of itens in inventory, according with the financial proportion that each one represent, and then focused in itens type A to costs analysis. The results obtained allow drawing conclusions about the importance that stocks management have in companies, that should be done in a differentiated way to each classe of stock, and classe A are the ones that deserve more rigorous stocks management because of financial costs that incur. At the final, is presented a specific proposal that enterprise can follow to actual stocks management improve, allowing achieve a save until 86% about total inventory cost incurred in 2016.
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Inom byggindustrin är det svårt att skapa standardiserade logistikprocesser eftersom det vid varje nytt bygge även skapas en ny organisation. Förutsättningarna skiljer sig även mellan olika byggen, vilket försvårar ett förbättringsarbete. Skanska Väg och Anläggning Norr fick under 2017 uppdraget att bygga om Vasaplan i centrala Umeå, och i september 2018 stod projektet klart. Ombyggnationen var i det stora hela ett mycket lyckat projekt, men efter färdigställandet av projektet har problem angående materialtillgång identifierats. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur leveranser till en byggarbetsplats kan optimeras samt hurvida ett mellanlager kan underlätta hanteringen av leveranserna till byggarbetsplatsen. En jämförelse har gjorts där det har undersökts ifall det är mer lönsamt att använda sig av lagerhållning, eller endast av JIT-leveranser. Förhoppningen är att arbetet kan bidra till att Skanska i framtiden får ett mer standardiserat tillvägagångssätt vid planering av leveranser till byggarbetsplats av material som kräver liknande lagerhållning och transport som granithällar. För att lösa detta har två matematiska modeller använts; Anläggningslokaliseringsproblemet (ALP) samt en matematisk modell som optimerar placering av material på en lageryta. Två stycken produktionsflödesmodeller, JIT och EOQ, har även använts i beräkningarna. Resultatet från produktionsflödesmodellerna, JIT och EOQ, visar att JIT-leveranser med hjälp av en omlastningscentral alltid är den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen då lageryta är en direkt kostnad för Skanska. I de fall lager inte är en direkt utgift för Skanska så rekommenderar den matematiska modellen för ALP en optimal användning av de lager som är tillgängliga.
For every new construction project, a new organisation is created. It is therefore a challenge for the construction industry to create standardized logistic processes. In addition, different construction projects have different traits, which results in further challenges for improvement efforts for the construction logistic processes. In 2017 Skanska Väg och Anläggning Norr did the reconstruction of Vasaplan in the central of Umeå, and in September 2018 the reconstruction project was done. The reconstruction was in its entirety a very successful project, however when the project was finished problems regarding material supply were identified. The aim of this paper is to analyze how deliveries to a construction site can be optimized and whether storage spaces can aid in the handling of deliveries to the construction site. A comparison has been made between storing material and using JIT-deliveries. The hope is to help Skanska in developing a more standardized approach when it comes to planning the deliveries of materials that has similar storage and transport conditions as the slabs of granite used. To solve this two mathematical models have been used; Facility location problem and a mathematical model that optimizes the placement of materials in a storage space. Two production flow models, JIT and EOQ, were also used when performing the calculations. The result from the production flow models, JIT and EOQ, show that JIT deliveries are always the most cost effective solution when storage space is a direct cost for Skanska, when used together with a logistics center. However, when storing is no extra expense for Skanska, the mathematical model for the Facility location problem suggests a optimal use of the storage spaces that are available.

In recent time, several reports have been published about a more and more unhealthy population world wide, with increasing Body Mass Index (BMI) in welfare countries, such as Sweden. Diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, which is strongly connected to a high BMI, have increased and together with them also the medical expenses for society/state. Several initiatives have been started, in different countries, to tackle these problems and some have introduced a “sugar tax” on unhealthy products, like candy and soda, which has become a well- debated subject also in Sweden today. In this MBA master thesis, a literature study has been conducted with the goal of evaluating if an excise tax should be introduced in an efficient way on unhealthy sugar-sweetened beverages in Sweden. This case study is built on secondary data where reports and official statistics, from governments and health authorities/organizations, have been studied both for Sweden as well as from other countries. There has been a particular focus on Sweden's neighbouring countries Denmark and Finland, who has both experiences in the implementation of a “sugar tax”. Our theory is that introducing an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages will reduce the demand and consumption of these products, which will reduce welfare disease such as obesity and diabetes and yield a tax income for the state. However it is important to have in mind that the reduced consumption also will result in less tax income from the no longer sold goods, fewer personnel employed in the producing industries etc. The results showed that the overall sugar consumption actually has decreased in Sweden, as well as the overall consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. However during the same time period the average calorie consumption and BMI has continued to increase resulting in a more unhealthy population that results in increased medical expenses. In conclusion an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages will not solve the welfare disease problems but may positively influence health. However it comes with a price also for the state from both gains and loss in tax incomes and increased administrations costs for managing the new tax. Finally it should be noted that since sugar-sweetened beverages are unhealthy products, which do not contribute to any positive health effects, sugar taxation might still be considered.

碩士
淡江大學
管理科學學系碩士班
101
Some researches derive an optimal solution for the inventory model without derivative. The reason is that some students, especially managers, who are unfamiliar with calculus may not be capable of understanding the solution procedure easily. In practice problems may not know how to contingency; through these means other than calculus to derive a model that can also be used relatively easy way to understand. However, in the inventory issues in the past mostly based on traditional practices do calculus-based derivation, mainly due to the manner by derivation calculus model, the calculated value, in theory should be better than non-calculus. Therefore, this study by Teng et al. (2013) to optimal economic order quantity for buyer-distributor-vendor supply chain with backlogging derived without derivatives, based on its derivation to do the calculus, and follows the same numerical examples, in order to observe the results between ours and Teng et al. (2013). Inventories of work in practice areas, the majority should be a positive integer solution set better, and the model contains four decision variables. Teng et al. (2013) to deliver two decision variables are positive integers ; However, in theory, calculus method for computing the results is better than Teng et al. (2013). The results of this study are mostly non-integer solution, therefore this study considered separately number of deliveries per production cycle from the vendor to the distributor and number of deliveries per replenishment cycle from the distributor to the buyer, these two decision variables belong to integer solution, in order to compare the differences among our integer solution, non-integer solution and the results of Teng et al. (2013).

碩士
國立成功大學
工業與資訊管理學系碩博士班
96
This paper considers EOQ (Economic Order Quantity, EOQ) models for perishable product with imperfect quality where cumulative holding cost is a nonlinear function of time. Since handling the imperfect products in batches could reduce the holding cost and have better profits, this paper develops three models, including EOQ of perishable products, handling imperfect products in batches and handling the perishable products with imperfect quality in batches, and finds the optimal ordering quantity and the number of batches to handle the imperfect products. This paper illustrates the application of developed models by numerical examples and sensitivity analysis. As the result, we find that holding cost do not have the correlation with the numbers of batches to handle the imperfect products. In general, we thought that holding cost can be reduced by larger number of batches. But on another way, we have to notice that larger holding cost can decrease the order quantity. When the ordering quantity decreased, the number of batches would be lower. So, we can explain that the holding cost do not have the correlation with the numbers of batches in this paper. Comparing whether to handle the imperfect products in batches or not, higher holding cost would affect more on the difference of profit. It means that the higher holding cost is, the more important to handle the imperfect products in batches.

碩士
國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
104
Due to the climate change is increasingly aggravating, the concepts of green supply chain management and carbon footprint are taken more seriously. In order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of way to the Energy Efficiency and Carbon Reduction for enterprise to the carbon footprint of products process from the acquisition of raw material, manufacturing, transportation, using to the recycling. This thesis applies the carbon policy of the carbon offset, cabon cap and add the revenue sharing mechanism to the consideration of emission reduction. Exploring a sharing pathway which is considered the carbon reduction with a retailer and a supplier makes the retailer’profit change. Therefore, this thesis mainly refers to the profit function which was proposed by the Hovelaque and Bironneau (2015) and the Chen et al. (2013) in the concepts of carbon cap and carbon offset. It expresses the change of the retailer’s profit after increasing the emission reduction factors. This thesis is mainly exploring a retailer and a supplier’s product ordering and saling problems as a benchmark. In addition, it also adds the carbon offsets and revenue sharing mechanism. Therefore, this study explores the model under the three scenarios. Additionally, we analyze the change of the retailer’s profit in different circumstances. It makes the models in this thesis are not only exploring the product’s ordering and saling but also fulfilling the current market trend. This study expresses the influences of retailer’s profit after the transaction and displays the change of retailer’s profit which was paid out the cost of carbon offset in the Energy Efficiency and Carbon Reduction. It can provide the consideration of total profit for retailer in the different economic ordering model.

碩士
國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
104
Since nineteenth Century, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has more increased. Global temperature has increased 0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius nowadays, and the sea levels have risen by 10~25 centimeters; if we continue to be the pace of global development, and then over 50 to 100 years, the temperature will rise 2 to 3 degrees Celsius; the sea level will rise 30 to 100 centimeters. It will seriously endanger the survival of all mankind. The United Nations in 1992 promulgated “Framework Convention on Climate Change”, and in 1997 the “Kyoto Protocol” and by “the Paris Agreement” in December 2015. The purpose of them are to modify the deficiencies of the Kyoto Protocol, and these are committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We refer to the model proposed by Chen et al. (2013). The thesis base on traditional economic order quantity, and then add the issue of carbon emissions, combined the two unrelated issues. We consider carbon emission dependent demand function, and use the demand function in the economic order quantity model, carbon tax and the cap-and-trade policy. We also use numerical analysis to compare parameters in different situation considering whether effect the retailer’s cost or not. And we can see the result that the retailer's cost of adjusted order quantity lower than the economic order quantity. It means that Chen et al.（2013） is also establish in my research. The parameters of the changes caused by the carbon tax model of large differences in market size, elastic coefficient of carbon emission, carbon emissions per unit of purchased goods when the carbon emission doesn't reach the cap. The parameters set in this study regarding cap and trade has reached the cap on carbon emissions will have no effect on it, because of the available carbon emission have surplus. It doesn't need to charge the tax as a penalty, so it is the same with the traditional economic order model.

碩士
淡江大學
管理科學學系碩士班
104
Calculus method is often used to solve inventory model, because the results are calculated to have an accurate value. Except calculus method have not easy to understand the situation, and it can''t truly reflect the real situation and other issues. In the reality, we must purchase a lot of products, because transportation cost or a minimum purchase cost is required for the integer unit and other conditions to produce. When the answer can only be given to the optimal solution, but doesn''t conform to the real situation. This research will explore to use difference method to solve the model, whether the results are found to more compliance with realistic demand, and add more output, so that the company can create more profit. Our model is according to Teng et al. (2013) by the "Optimal economic order quantity for buyer-distributor-vendor supply chain with backlogging derived without derivatives" as the basis for calculation. Four decision variables are used before and after taking five units doing the count. We compare this research''s results with Chen''s results using calculus method for this model that are the same or different. The results find that most cases to meet the variable results of the arithmetic and geometric mean inequality and calculus equations rounding mode. Although there are examples show that although the difference method''s cost will increase. But it can increase the number of variables, such as the maximum allowable Out of the amount of buyers from the results of examples, the general will be under the promotion, the company at this time is beneficial, and can create more profits for the company in the future.

碩士
淡江大學
管理科學研究所碩士班
99
Face of firm fierce competitions and drastic changes in the global market business model. How to do effective inventory management to reduce the costs or increase profits has become a major goal to pursue.Inventory of maintain and control often affect the cash flow flexibility of enterprise even though operation of the business. Supplier offers permissible delay in payments to attract attraction retailer order more items. During the trade credit period, retailer does not have to pay when receiving the products, and can use the sales revenue to earn interest. When the trade credit period is due, retailer has to pay interest for the products still in stocks. And, the delayed payments would produce capital opportunity cost for the supplier. Therefore, how to obtain the equilibrium point in inventory has become one of the important considerations. Economic order quantity inventory models with trade credit and allowable shortage are developed in this paper. Chapter 1 involves the motivation and objective of this thesis. In this chapter, literature review about relative research papers is also included. In chapter 2, we established an inventory model with two-part trade credit terms and allowable shortage. In Chapter 3, we extend model for Chapter 2, we established an inventory model with allowable shortage, and assumed that supplier offers an order-size dependent permissible delay in payments. The necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solutions for the two models are shown. In addition, an algorithm is provided to determine the optimal solution for each model. Numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are presented to illustrate the theoretical results. Chapter 4 the conclusion of this thesis and future research directions are proposed.

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
96
In order to cut down (to minimize) the cost effectively and to increase (to maximize) the profit, businesses have to makes different kinds of ordering decisions. This study discusses the relationships among supplier, retailer and customers under the situation of two levels of trade credit. Moreover, this study tries to analyze and make an optimal ordering strategy from retailer’s standpoint. A Retailer has to take both quantity/cash discount conditions between itself and supplier as well as customers into account. In real world, however, the discount policy between retailer and supplier is focused on quantity discount, and the policy between retailer and customer is focused on cash discount. This study is based on traditional inventory policy (economic order quantity, EOQ) with permissible delay in payment (Goyal, 1985) and the concept of two levels of trade credit (Huang, 2003). And the integrated scenarios with discount policy are pondered simultaneously in further discussion. This study separates two conditions at first: retailer’s order meets the quantity discount standard which is given by the supplier; and the other doesn’t. Basing on these two conditions, the researchers try to analyze four possibilities of cycle time lengths with which retailer can make its optimal decision when offering cash discount to its customers. There are eight different scenarios in total that were put into further discussion. And this study further constructs the total relative cost function of retailer to form its economic ordering policy. This study helps the retailers to build their cost model of ordering strategy with two kinds of discount policies. And the solutions were provided to find the optimal cycle time(T＊) when searching for the minimum cost. Finally, some numerical examples were put into different cost functions to reveal the results of each optimal solution. Research suggestions are also demonstrated to facilitate further exploring in this field.

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
97
This study explores the optimal inventory-supply strategies of retailers while considering two levels trade credit model based on present value viewpoint. Suppliers would yield certain duration to delay the payment when retailers order purchase. At the same time, retailers yield certain duration of payment to end customers as well. Suppliers, retailers and end customers get their own advantages through this kind of two levels trade credit model. Except for the delay-payment model, this study researches relative conditions about discount-policy as well. Under the actual transaction circumstances, suppliers may support quantity discount to retailers, which would stimulate retailers’ desire to purchase. While adding the amount of money and quantity, relative cost like holding and carrying cost would raise. This article intends to help retailers to find the most beneficial transaction model based on available conditions under the simulated actual transaction circumstances. It considers relative factors including two levels trade credit model, price differences on purchase and sale, discount policy, and time value of cash flow. Then it calculates net present value of total relevant cost of retailers when the planed period of time is unlimited (business go for permanent). Furthermore, this study explores the optimal cycle time of retailers when the net present value of all relative cost minimized.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
93
In order to operating permanently under high competitive environment, enterprises have to increase revenue and economize cost effectively. Inventory is an important asset, managers therefore face not only decrease inventory to lower cost and prepare goods to satisfy customers’ needs, but also aim at real transaction to control inventory. Traditional EOQ model implies that retailers must be paid for the items as soon as the items are received. However, in fact the supplier will offer the retailer a delay period, and retailer also gives customer a period of time which shorter than supplier gives retailer. This is trade credit.Besides, supplier give retailer a cash discount to attract retailer paid cash earlier. This paper establishes three different functions which reflect the real trade model. One is retailer decide to pay in cash discount period time which shorter than customer’s trade credit given by retailer. Another is retailer decide to pay in cash discount period time which longer than customer’s trade credit given by retailer. The other is retailer decide to pay in trade credit. Conclusion three different situations define two theories which can develop retailer’s decision. This paper also changes some factors to observe results change. With those procedures, we obtain some decision rules or optimal replenishment strategy.

碩士
國立成功大學
工業與資訊管理學系專班
97
One of the most important items for business administration is to think how to improve quality and how to reduce the cost in nowadays-competitive market. However the statement of quality and cost is contradiction, which means people usually need to spend more cost, as they want to improve quality. Therefore, it would be a tough problem to make a perfect balance between quality and the cost. Aerial resonator frequency is the main character of ceramic patch antenna. The production costs will depend on some factors such as the natural characteristics of ceramic material, the process capability and the customer standards. The variation of resonator frequency will be the main cause for the prime cost. According to these factors, the sample company would confront the variance inflation, need to add extra characteristics to revise the cost, and the problem of a superior grade of the production cost. Ceramic substrate material is the principal factor to cause pros and cons of the resonator frequency. How to estimate the advantage or the inferiority of ceramic material is always an un-solved problem for the sample company. The 25mm×25mm×4mm ceramic patch antenna of the sample company is the discussion object in this study. We use the quality loss function concept and measuring the economic order quantity factor to construct the evaluation option models of ceramic substrate material. Analyzing the difference between the diverse ceramic substrate material qualities of vendor to draw out the most suitable ceramic substrate material for output. According to this investigation, we find that, if we don’t consider the economical purchase quantity, BK20 ceramic substrate will be the lowest total cost of ceramic patch antenna in the resonator frequency specification of ±3MHz; however if we consider the economical purchase quantity, SK20 ceramic substrate will be the lowest total cost of ceramic patch antenna in the resonator frequency specification of ±3MHz.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
99
Shelf space is an important resource for automotive retailers since a great quantity of products competes with the limited shelf space for display. Retailer cannot only increase their profit directly without considering product prices, display facing areas, display orientations, shelf-space locations, and cost by proper shelf space management. This research develops a model that considers several aforementioned factors, and captures three dimensional product packaging characteristics. Unlike existing shelf-space allocation models, this research sets out to deepen the cost factor including purchasing cost, ordering cost, holding cost, and display cost. Further, we also take into account how to determine the economic order quantity based on specific range orders to a supplier. This research proposes to extend the limited stream of research by systematically addressing the shelf-space allocation problem and exploring alternative solution technique such as meta-heuristic approaches, more specifically, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to solve the problem.

Practical inventory settings often include multiple generations of the same product on hand. New products often arrive before old stock is exhausted, but most inventory models do not account for this. Such a setting gives rise to the possibility of inter-generational substitution between products. We study a retailer that stocks two product generations and we show that from a cost perspective the retailer is better off stocking only one generation. We proceed with a profit scheme and develop a price-setting profit maximization model, proving that in one and two generation profit models there exists a unique solution. We use the profit model to show that there are cases where it is more profitable to stock two generations. We discuss utility and preference extensions to the profit model and present the general n-product case.

This thesis is called "Stock Management in the Store". The main aim of the thesis is to determine the optimal size and composition of inventory assortment in the store. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretic and practic one. The first part was focused on stock management in the business unit. The selected store was characterized in the practical part. Subsequently, was selected five specific samples of goods selected assortment categories - meat products, dairy products, pasta and drinks. On these groups of products was accomplished optimization. This optimization was accomplished by analysis of selected products, Economic Order Quantity and Direct Product Profilitability.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
管理研究所工業管理學程
87
In this thesis, an integrated model is developed to study the effects of product deterioration and warranty on the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). Traditional EOQ models assume that products do not deteriorate and are sold without warranty. As we will show that product deterioration and warranty do affect the EOQ, especially when a failed item is replaced by retrieving a product from inventory. Based on the integrated model, the optimal ordering quantities are obtained under various warranty policies such that the total cost per unit time is minimized. The comparisons among these policies are conducted numerically to evaluate the effects of product warranty on the EOQ.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
工業管理系所
98
In this research, we modified Harris（1913）proposed economical order quantity（Economic order quantity, EOQ）model to build up a mathematical programming model under pre fixed time and indefinite demand quantity, practice multi-material constraints, transportation capacity constraints and stochastic demand quantity discounts constraints. Based on the numerical analysis algorithm is used, a non-linear inventory model is derived to solve the optimal order quantity and re-order point to reach the goal for the total expected cost minimization. At the single material part, sensitivity analysis is implemented for relevant parameters on the expected total inventory cost function. At the multi-material, the variance analysis is implemented. Finally, this research proposed five concrete conclusions for future studies and practical applications.

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Industrial (área de especialização em Gestão Industrial)
Nas últimas décadas, o Lean Manufacturing tornou-se num dos principais métodos de gestão capaz de contribuir para o aumento da competitividade das indústrias, sempre numa perspetiva de melhoria contínua. É imperativo que durante a adoção de ferramentas e metodologias lean, esteja presente a influência nos fatores humanos, evitando o aumento dos riscos associados ao desenvolvimento das Lesões Músculo-Esqueléticas Relacionadas com o Trabalho (LMERT). A sinergia destes fatores com o Lean pode constituir um contributo positivo na melhoria contínua. A presente dissertação apresenta o projeto desenvolvido numa indústria de fabrico de componentes automóveis, no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Industrial da Universidade do Minho. Este projeto tem como objetivo a melhoria de desempenho do processo produtivo de componentes para a indústria automóvel, com uma perspetiva da influência nos fatores humanos. Numa fase inicial, foi feita uma análise ao sistema produtivo, com recurso a ferramentas como o Value Stream Mapping (VMS) e análise ABC, que permitiram a identificação dos problemas. Da análise efetuada, observou-se a necessidade de melhoria na sequenciação do planeamento da produção na injeção de plástico, que contribuisse para a redução dos custos e aumento da disponibilidade da máquina. Inicialmente, efetuou-se o cálculo dos custos de setup para, posterior, definição da Quantidade Económica de Encomenda (QEE). A partir daqui, foram testados um conjunto de hipóteses de produção que permitissem perceber qual a melhor solução a adotar para a minimização dos custos. Para além disso, o desenvolvimento do VSM permitiu a identificação de problemas adjacentes ao sistema, nomeadamente, elevados tempo de setup, elevado WIP, excesso de movimentação e transporte, entre outros. Pode-se concluir que a implementação das propostas de melhoria não foi possível devido a algumas limitações. A aposta na implementação das propostas sugeridas no trabalho, através a integração das estratégias Lean, seria um trabalho interessante, uma vez que está em causa a melhoria dos processos produtivos.
In the past few decades, Lean Manufacturing has become one of the main management methods in order to increase the competitiveness of manufacturing and logistics companies, always from a continuous improvement perspective. In fact, is important that during the adoption of lean methodologies, the human factors are integrated, avoiding the increased risks associated with the development of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD). The synergy of these factors with Lean can make a positive contribution to continuous improvement. This thesis presents the project developed in the automobile manufacturing industry, in the context of the Master in Industrial Engineering of the University of Minho. The main aim of this study was to improve the performance in the process of producing components for the automotive industry, with a perspective of the influence on human factors. In the first phase, an analysis of the productive process was performed, using tools such as Value Stream Mapping (VMS) and ABC analysis, which allows identification of problems. It was found that there was a need to improve production plan sequence on the plastic injection, which contributes to a reduction in costs and an increase in machine availability. Initially, the calculation of the setup costs was carried out and, later, the definition of the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). A set of production hypotheses was tested that would allow us to understand the best solution to be adopted in order to minimize costs. The development of VSM allowed the identification of another problems in the system, particularly high times of setup, high WIP, excessive handling and transport, among others. It can be concluded that the implementation of improvement proposals was not possible caused by some limitations. The bet on the implementation of proposals suggested in the work, through the integration of the Lean strategies, would be an interesting work, in order to improve productive processes.