Dissertations / Theses: 'Economic orientation'

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Gallagher, Brendan J. "The economic orientation of Islam." Thesis, Boston University, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32864.

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Thesis (B.A.)--Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-01

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Liao, Hailin. "Economic growth, productivity and outward orientation in East Asian economies." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417000.

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Sab, Normee Che. "Trade orientation, industrial policy and economic performance : the case of Malaysia." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296954.

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Le, Roux Ingrid. "Economic and management science learning area of Curriculum 2005 and entrepreneurial orientation." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11242003-170243/.

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Oudan, Rodney. "Market orientation benefits to firm and economic development, theories, concepts and methods." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/985163828/04.

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Nooney, Hannah F. "Argentina Trapped: The Intimate Link Between Short-Term Policy Orientation and Economic Volatility." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/502.

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Argentina, throughout its history, has fallen prey to a unique brand of “exceptionalism.” While it is well-endowed with both the physical and demographic inputs to successful economic growth and development, its story has been defined by a consistent inability to reach its economic potential. This work examines how the nation’s political economy dynamics create an environment that is not conducive to long-term economic development. Through an analysis of both historical factors and the country’s present situation, it focuses on how the primacy of short-term factors has become entrenched in the economic policymaking process. The discussion is comprised of a fusion of economic, political, sociological, and psychological elements, which join together in attempting to explain the duration, magnitude, and repetitive nature of Argentina’s economic woes. This exploration of the past, the present, and their interaction offers insight into the specific factors that continue to keep Argentina from achieving a sustainable development path.

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Ofem, Brandon. "ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION, COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS, AND NONPROFIT PERFORMANCE." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/busadmin_etds/3.

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In this mixed-method study, I explore the idea that an entrepreneurial orientation serves as a key driver of nonprofit organizational performance, and that a focal nonprofit’s set of collaborative ties moderates that relationship. I theorize that for nonprofits operating in an environment characterized by resource scarcity, possessing an EO is vital. More specifically, I theorize that organizations with smaller and less heterogeneous sets of collaborative ties benefit more from an EO than those with larger and more heterogeneous sets. I also explore the possibility that a focal nonprofit’s pattern of collaborative ties may be a function of that nonprofit’s EO. These ideas are tested using an original data set collected from a sample of the estimated 200 economic development organizations operating in eastern Kentucky. This is an area where economic growth has been particularly elusive, and where a deeper understanding of the entrepreneurial and collaborative practices of nonprofits might be especially valuable. The results reveal some significant empirical support for these ideas, and point to a promising research program aiming to uncover the interactive effects of EO, collaborative networks, and nonprofit performance across a range of organizational contexts.

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Tian, Xiuzhu. "Entrepreneurial marketing and technology orientation : a case-based study of the UK energy service industry." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8586/.

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The aim of this PhD research is to address the role of Technology Orientation (TO) and Entrepreneurial Marketing (EM) in new firms within the energy service industry. It mainly focuses on how Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), Market Orientation (MO) and TO (inclusive of digitally enhanced marketing activities) contribute towards young firms' EM performance. The Technology Entrepreneurship Marketing and Performance (TEMP) model is conceptualised and developed using extant theory and mixed qualitative methodologies including semi-structured interviews and observational web-based research. Findings identified several themes identified in earlier EM literature and five new emerging themes that offer insights into the potential relationship between EO, MO and traditional (administrative) marketing and digital marketing. From this, the research conceptualises technology driven marketing techniques as being a significant part of a firm's TO and this implicitly compliments the entrepreneur's ability to market the firm, products and services to customers. Implications include the implicit value of a combined EM approach which includes TO, and widening the research agenda to include new policy driven SMEs in 'green' technology industries.

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Lynch, Christopher F. "The effects on economic growth of the orientation of the trade and payments regimes of less Developed countries." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91087.

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Economists have debated whether an inward oriented economy (one which is protected from competition of world prices) or an outward oriented economy (which has equivalent incentives for imports or domestic production) would better promote economic development. Previous studies in this area by Bela Belassa and Anne Krueger have been inconclusive. This study examines the hypothesis that an outward oriented trade and payments regime would enhance economic growth in less developed countries. The tests of the data presented in this paper indicate that an outward oriented trade and payments regime is positively correlated with higher economic growth. A description of the theory, the methods used, and the results is included.
M.A.

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Burch, Lisa Samantha. "Impact of gender, sexual orientation and socio-economic factors on HIV treatment outcomes in the UK." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041026/.

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The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to greatly improved prognosis for people living with HIV, such that they now have a similar life expectancy to the general population. However, these improvements over time have not necessarily been seen equally among all demographic groups. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the differences in virological response to ART, treatment adherence, and late HIV diagnosis by gender and sexual orientation among people with HIV in the UK, and assess whether any differences have narrowed in more recent years. Additional analyses explored whether socio-economic factors could explain the observed differences in outcome across gender/sexual orientation groups. The analyses were based on data from two observational UK studies: the Royal Free HIV Cohort Study and the Antiretrovirals Sexual Transmission Risk and Attitudes (ASTRA) questionnaire study. Results showed that, among individuals on ART, women and men who have sex with women (MSW) had a higher prevalence of detectable viral load and lower CD4 counts than men who have sex with men (MSM). Similarly, for initial response to first-line ART, virological outcomes were less favourable for women and MSW, compared to MSM even in the most recent years, and there was no evidence that these differences in outcome were narrowing over time. Socio-economic disadvantage (financial hardship; non-employment; renting; unstable housing status; non-university education) was strongly associated with higher prevalence of ART non-adherence and poorer virological outcomes. Socio-economic status explained much of the disparities in treatment outcomes between MSM and women, but less between MSW and MSM. A considerably higher prevalence of late diagnosis was seen among women and MSW compared to MSM. In conclusion, this thesis identified ongoing disparities in HIV outcomes between gender/sexual orientation groups. Clinical management strategies should focus on demographic and socio-economic groups at risk of poorer treatment outcomes.

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Jancenelle, Vivien E. "Signaling Normative and Economic Orientations during Earnings Conference Calls: Market Performance Antecedents and Consequences." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1488814095926987.

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Konate, Ismael Sidiki. "Politique industrielle, développement économique et orientation des spécialisations productives." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ0002.

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Depuis une dizaine d’années, on observe un regain d’intérêt pour la politique industrielle au niveau institutionnel en Europe, mais surtout dans le monde anglo-saxon où elle apparaît comme le moyen de façonner la spécialisation économique des pays. Pour le montrer, il faut pouvoir expliquer que, dans un contexte international, une politique industrielle compatible avec les mécanismes de concurrence permet d’orienter la spécialisation productive d’une économie dans une direction plus favorable à sa croissance. Dans cette perspective, la thèse est organisée en deux parties. La première partie reprend différents travaux de Greenwald et Stiglitz, d’Haussmann et Rodrik, de Hodler, mais aussi de Aghion, Cai, Dewatripont, Du, Harrison et Legros, qui proposent une véritable refondation de la politique industrielle. Celle-ci repose sur un renversement complet de perspective. On y passe d’une conception dans laquelle les marchés sont efficaces et où la principale source des mauvaises performances de l’économie découle de l’intervention du gouvernement, à une autre qui considère au contraire que les marchés peuvent être défaillants et que l’efficacité économique nécessite l’intervention des pouvoirs publics. La deuxième partie de la thèse étend cette approche au domaine des relations économiques internationales. Il s’agit de proposer une extension du modèle Aghion, Cai, Dewatripont, Du, Harrison et Legros de 2015, pour expliquer comment la politique industrielle contribue à orienter la spécialisation productive d’une économie en distinguant deux domaines d’application qui correspondent à des approximations d’un contexte d’économie ouverte sur l’extérieur, à savoir le cas d’une union économique et celui d’une union douanière. Les résultats de la thèse permettent ainsi d’apporter également une réponse analytique au problème soulevé par Paul Krugman en 1979, selon lequel, en concurrence imparfaite, les schémas de spécialisation nationaux sont indéterminés. En effet, il est désormais possible d’expliquer pourquoi et comment une politique industrielle fondée sur l’innovation et la connaissance peut, tout en renforçant la concurrence entre les entreprises, contribuer à orienter la spécialisation productive d’une économie et devenir ainsi un levier essentiel de sa compétitivité internationale
During the last decade or so, we have observed a resurgence of interest for industrial policy at the institutional level in Europe, but especially in the Anglo-Saxon world where it appears as a means of shaping the economic specialization of countries. To show this, it is necessary to be able to explain that, in an international context, an industrial policy compatible with the mechanisms of competition can permit to guide the productive specialization of an economy in a direction more favorable to its economic growth. In this perspective, the thesis is organized in two parts. The first part takes up various works maded by Greenwald and Stiglitz, Haussmann and Rodrik, Hodler, as well as Aghion, Cai, Dewatripont, Du, Harrison and Legros to show that they propose a real overhaul of industrial policy. It is based on a complete reversal of perspective since we move from a conception in which the markets are efficient and that the main source of the poor performance of the economy stems from the intervention of the government, to one which on the contrary considers that markets are inherently failing and economic efficiency requires government intervention. The second part of the thesis extends this result to the field of international economic relations. This involves proposing an extension of the Aghion, Cai, Dewatripont, Du, Harrison and Legros model of 2015, to explain how industrial policy contributes to orienting the productive specialization of an economy by distinguishing two fields of application which correspond to approximations of an open economy context, namely the case of an economic union and that of a customs union. The results of the thesis thus also make it possible to provide an analytical response to the problem raised by Paul Krugman in 1979, according to which, in imperfect competition, national specialization patterns are indeterminate. Indeed, it is now possible to explain why and how an industrial policy based on innovation and knowledge can, while strengthening competition between companies, help to shape the productive specialization of an economy and thus become a lever essential to its international competitiveness

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Matchaba-Hove, Mtonhodzi. "The entrepreneurial orientation of small businesses in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1017139.

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The high failure rate among small businesses in South Africa has created an urgent need to identify strategies that will improve their levels of performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation of small businesses in the Eastern Cape and their level of business success. Entrepreneurial orientation was assessed in terms of the 5 dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, namely Innovativeness, Proactiveness, Competitive aggressiveness, Risk-taking and Autonomy. Business success was assessed in terms of profitability and growth. A literature overview was firstly conducted. The nature and importance of small businesses were described, and the important contributions they make to economic growth, job creation and innovation, as well alleviating poverty and redistributing income were highlighted. The various challenges faced by small businesses were also discussed. Among these challenges, the lack of entrepreneurial orientation was specifically highlighted as a major barrier to small business success. The nature of entrepreneurial orientation and the five dimensions thereof were described. A theoretical framework was proposed illustrating the relationships between the 5 dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and business success that were to be empirically tested. A positivistic research paradigm was followed and a quantitative approach was implemented. Convenience sampling was used and a total of 350 questionnaires were distributed to small businesses in the Eastern Cape; 317 usable questionnaires were yielded. A measuring instrument was developed based on reliable and valid items from existing studies. Statistical techniques including descriptive statistics, Pearson's product moment correlations, Structural Equation Modelling and an Analysis of Variance were performed on the gathered data. Demographic data relating to the gender, age and race of the respondents, as well as data relating to the number of employees, the tenure of the business, and nature of industry in which the small businesses operate, were collected. An exploratory factor analysis was undertaken, and Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients were calculated to assess the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument. The independent variables, Innovativeness and Proactiveness, could not be confirmed by the factor analysis and a new dimension emerged which was named Proactive innovativeness. As a result of the factor analysis the operational definitions were rephrased. The Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients reported were all greater than 0.7, deeming the scales measuring the various dimensions reliable. Descriptive statistics were calculated to summarise the sample data, and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients were established to investigate the associations between the variables. Significant positive correlations were reported between all of the variables. SEM was performed to determine the significance of the relationships hypothesised between the independent and dependent variables in this study. The results of this study showed that the independent variables Competitive aggressiveness, Proactive innovativeness and Autonomy have a significant positive influence on the dependent variable Business success, while Risk-taking was found to have a significant negative influence on Business success. Furthermore, the results showed that Proactive innovativeness was higher in larger-sized small businesses, Autonomy was reported to be higher in small businesses where the owner was in possession of a tertiary qualification, and Risk-taking was found to be higher in small businesses owned by people of colour than in businesses owned by White respondents. In a business environment where change is constant, small business owners need to be able to adapt their operations and strategies to these changes and the consumer demands these changes may bring. Small business owners need to be able to strategically reinvent their businesses if they are to survive over the long term. The level of entrepreneurial orientation has been identified as having a positive influence on business success. The more small businesses implement Proactive innovativeness, Competitive aggressiveness, calculated and cautions Risk-taking and Autonomy, the better the chances are that they will be successful

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Reid, Veronica. "A study of the influence of individual-level cultural value orientation on the formation of service quality expectations." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12008/.

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The service industry accounts for an ever-growing share of the global economy, and service aspects have become increasingly important for all goods. Since service expectations play a key role in the quality perceptions that consumers ultimately develop, it is important for service marketers to understand the nature of consumer expectations and the influences upon these expectations. Current research indicates that national culture affects service expectations, especially the information sources that consumers use and their opinion seeking propensity. However, cross-cultural expectation formation is a particularly under-researched area and researchers using national culture as an explanatory variable tend not to develop rigorous conceptual models clearly explicating how culture is meant to affect the consumer behaviour being examined. This research examines cross-cultural expectation formation and thus contributes to increasing academic understanding and improving marketers’ ability to manage the expectation formation process across cultures. Specifically, this research sought to empirically test the influence of individual-level cultural dimensions on the relative importance of the key antecedents of consumers’ expectations of service quality. A conceptual framework linking cultural factors to the formation of expectations was developed and empirically tested in a multicultural setting to explore similarities and differences between customers with significantly different cultural values. An experimental design was used in which five sets of 1x2 manipulations were developed for the manipulated independent variables (past experience, advertising, price, firm image, and word-of-mouth). Existing scales from the literature were used to measure predicted service quality expectations (the dependent variables) and individual-level cultural values (the measured independent variables). Data were collected in English via the Web from university students of different nationalities across three countries (UK, Malaysia, and China) and the final sample size was 486 respondents. To test the hypotheses and propositions five separate 2x2 between-subjects MANCOVAs were performed on the dependent measure in aggregate as well as on the three decomposed elements of predicted service quality expectations identified in this research: Tangibles, Customer Care, and Empathy. The findings indicate that service quality expectations are significantly influenced by the five antecedents of expectations investigated and that word-of-mouth communications and past personal experience explained a greater proportion of the variance in service quality expectations than explicit and implicit service promises. Adding to previous studies, findings show that advertising was significant only as an antecedent of Tangible expectations, word-of-mouth communications was particularly important in developing Empathy expectations, and price was most important for developing Customer Care expectations. The findings also supported the proposed conceptualisation, indicating that individual-level cultural factors moderate the relationship between the antecedents of expectations and predicted expectations. Long-term Orientation and Power Distance moderated the relationship between the antecedents and predicted expectations the most. Long-term Orientation and Masculinity have tended to be overlooked in the research stream but this research indicates that all five individual-level variables moderate the relationship between the antecedents of expectation and predicted expectations and also that these dimensions may explain consumer behaviour best when used in tandem. This information is also important for managers, who need to recognise that customers’ usage of various information sources in forming service quality expectations is partially culturally determined. Finally, the examination of cultural values at the individual level allows academics to develop a ‘cultural service personality’ at this level and allows practitioners, with the use of their Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, to collect this information from consumers and use it to inform the type of information directed at consumers’ with different cultural service profiles.

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Lynch, Jane. "Configuring the strategic orientation of manufacturing firms for economic sustainability : a study of the UK touring caravan industry." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/74526/.

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The main purpose of this research is to examine the role of strategic orientation for effective supply chain management (SCM). A form of strategic orientation which focusses on a process-base, supply chain orientation (SCO) has already been established as a pre-requisite for SCM (Mentzer et al. 2001; Min and Mentzer, 2004, Esper et al. 2010) but as a key concept, SCO research is less developed than SCM. This research contributes to fulfilling this shortfall by identifying SCO as a multiple construct requiring the alignment of three other strategic orientations which are all function-based: purchasing orientation, marketing orientation and production1orientation. This study investigates why it is important for an organisation to retain a configuration, meaning an alignment of strategic orientation approaches, not just to rely on one approach. Existing studies have identified that individually, these three function-based strategic orientation approaches support the necessary flows, such as product, capital and information flows, within the organisation for effective SCO and SCM. To achieve SCO, Esper et al. (2010) acknowledged the importance of managing specific behaviours, such as cooperation and trust. This study examines how these behaviours form the organisational culture to create important linkages and dependencies between purchasing orientation, market orientation and production orientation that can contribute towards achieving SCO. Utilising a case study approach, empirical evidence was gathered between 2009 and 2015 from a single industry, the UK touring caravan manufacturing industry. The UK touring caravan manufacturing industry had not previously been the focus of an academic supply chain study, thus it provided an original platform to conduct the research. The initial data collection period was between 2009 and 2011, a time when manufacturing managers were facing a period of economic hyper-turbulence. During such times, senior managers of UK manufacturing organisations struggled to align the internal business strategy with the business environment which was being shaped by multiple challenging factors: hyper-competition, economic hyper-turbulence and globalisation. Thus, there was a need for managers to go beyond the strategy level and to re-examine the way their businesses were fundamentally orientated. Systems Theory (Biology), as a single theoretical approach, has been frequently applied in supply chain research. This research explores how in order to manage a system effectively, two additional theoretical pillars; Resource Dependence Theory (Strategic Management) and Resource Based View (Strategic Management), may be relevant. These theoretical lenses underpin the investigation which is framed by three research questions:  RQ1: How does supply chain orientation support supply chain management?  RQ2: How may supply chain orientation be applied as a strategic orientation?  RQ3: What is the role of strategic orientation? This research mainly builds on the SCO study by Esper et al. (2010), acknowledged in Chapter II as the first authors to conceptualise SCO. It contributes eight new research contributions, which are offered to further develop the understanding of SCO and the concept of strategic orientation: 1. The research offers a new Strategic Orientation Pyramid framework for better understanding the components of strategic orientation. 1 Production replaces operations in manufacturing context ii 2. A new Research Model improves understanding of the likely variables for measuring SCO. 3. There are new theoretical developments in understanding the relationship between SCO and SCM by defining the role of strategic orientation in the supply chain context. 4. The case study findings from this research suggest that optimally configuring and harmonising the firm's internal function-based strategic orientations is a pre-requisite for managing SCO as an antecedent for SCM in pursuing a more sustainable competitive advantage. 5. The research proposes that in order for the manufacturing organisation to manage its supply chain effectively through SCO, the purchasing, marketing and production functions should be seen as operating interdependently. The evidence from this research suggests that this interdependence MUST be supported by specific behaviours such as trust, commitment and cooperation amongst all employees from all three strategic business functions. 6. Building on the existing purchasing literature, the purchasing function is this research has been observed as being the first area to be adversely affected during periods of economic uncertainty. Therefore, in wider context of manufacturing, the purchasing function may need to be strategically elevated and aligned with marketing and production functions to support the firm’s SCO and SCM. This would become important when managers are forced to adapt their manufacturing strategy due to variations in demand levels which affects their management of the supply chain. 7. Case study findings indicate that strategic purchasing can play an important intermediary role in smoothing over the conflicting strategies between marketing and production. 8. Similarities are found between the manufacturer’s MRPII system and SCO in that the purchasing, marketing and production functions need to be strategically aligned and coordinated to enable effective strategic planning, forecasting, managing the supply chain, ordering of the materials and implementing caravan production for meeting customer demands. In addition to these theoretical developments, the research offers four methodological contributions and gives practical guidance for managers in understanding the important role of strategic orientation, which affects the organisation’s success or failure.

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Chew, Tze Cheng. "The effects of cultural dimensions, government regulations and entrepreneurial orientation on firms' international performance : a study of SMEs in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8663/.

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This research advances an integrative approach to examining the complex interplays between various internal and external determinants to the firm, in order to provide a fuller understanding of the international performance of firms. Specifically, this research aims to enrich our understanding of the role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in driving the international performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). For this purpose, the research integrates the resource-based view (RBV) with the institutional perspective to explicate the dynamic interactions among EO - a core firm-specific resource - and two institutional factors, i.e. cultural dimensions and government regulations in explaining the international performance of SMEs. The research conceptualises and examines four core sets of associations that relate to: i) EO and international performance of firms; ii) cultural dimensions and EO; iii) government regulations on the association between EO and international performance; and iv) government regulations on the association between cultural dimensions and EO. The study employed a quantitative research method and conducted a large-scale, self-administered questionnaire survey in Malaysia. The statistical analysis of data of 203 internationalised SMEs confirms the positive impact of EO on the firms’ international performance. Moreover, analyses provide evidence of the association of cultural dimensions of high individualism, high masculinity and low uncertainty avoidance with EO; and of the premise that government regulations positively moderate the individualism-EO and masculinity-EO relationships. The incorporation of the RBV and the institutional perspective offers a fuller explanation of the international performance of SMEs. Specifically, it advances understanding of the importance of EO - a critical resource for firms, whose manifestation and strength are influenced by institutional factors - in the internationalisation of firms. The research also contributes to the institutional perspective in two ways. First, the focus on the macro institutional factors based on a micro perspective reflected through the perception of the key decision-maker advances the understanding of the entrepreneurship phenomenon. It explains that how firms perceive and respond to the institutional context within which they are embedded will, in turn, prompt the responding entrepreneurial behaviours and subsequently affect international performance. Second, it explicates the interacting and reinforcing effect of cultural dimensions and government regulations, which are an informal and a formal component of institutions, on the genesis of EO. Significant practical implications are derived accordingly for business practitioners and policy makers to promote SMEs’ international business development and growth.

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Heatwole, Kathleen B. "A Determination of the Association of Competition and Regulation With Hospital Strategic Orientation." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1804.

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Leung, Ka Shing Wilson. "The role of customer orientation support, individual swift trusts and trust in promoting social commerce." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/672.

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Social commerce (s-commerce) relies on social media to support the buying and selling activities between customers and sellers. S-commerce sites have nowadays enabled their sellers to form their individual community, constitutes invited members of other shoppers, serving as trusted agents or targets and share shopping information and experience with their new customers. This study termed this new facet of communities as social commerce individual vendor community (SCIVC). A recent business paradigm of s-commerce sites indicates that customers spend a little time with s-commerce sellers and/or members in SCIVC, and thus swift trust, a quickly formed trust in a new relationship, deems be more appropriate representing as a basis of their trust building formulated. From the perspective of trust transfer theory, this thesis firstly develops the swift-based trust transfer process model and then examines how both swift trusts factors of individual sellers and members in SCIVC would affect customer trust in s-commerce sites. Secondly, this thesis verifies how the social support affects the model constructs of the swift-based trust transfer process, and subsequently how they further affect relationship outcomes on s-commerce sites. In this thesis, we quantified social support based on functional customer orientation construct and relational customer orientation construct; whereas respective swift guanxi and swift credibility constructs used to measure factors of swift trust factor between a customer with their seller and between a customer with their members of SCVIC. Lastly, we measured relationship outcomes by the following factors: repurchase intention, social shopping intention (i.e. measured by WOM adoption), and social sharing intention (i.e. measured by WOM intention). Based on a survey of 287 s-commerce shoppers from a s-commerce site - WeChat, our results revealed that the customer trust in s-commerce sites can be transferred from both respective swift trusts. This implies that their trust can be influenced by s-commerce parties, that are individual sellers and members of SCVIC. Our results also showed that the proposed social support factors, namely functional and relational customer orientation, both have mainly a positive relationship on respective swift guanxi, swift credibility, and customer trust factors, and subsequently influenced the three proposed factors of relationship outcomes. Exceptional insignificant cases included the relationship between relationship customer orientation and customer trust, the relationship between swift guanxi and WOM adoption and the relationship between swift credibility and WOM intention. In conclusion, this thesis makes three main contributions. First, it confirms consumer trust in s-commerce sites can be transferred from their sellers via guanxi trust and members in SCVIC via credibility trust. Second, it confirms functional and relational customer orientation have a profound total effect on both the proposed relationship mediator of trust and relationship outcomes. Lastly, it confirms the proposed customer orientation constructs and relationship mediator of trust promote not only s-commerce shopping behavior through collaborative sharing and social shopping but also individual-based repeat buying decisions.

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Andersson, Lina (current name Aldén Lina). "Essays on economic outcomes of immigrants and homosexuals." Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Ekonomihögskolan, EHV, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-6010.

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This thesis consists of five essays on the economic outcomes of immigrants and homosexuals on the labour and housing market. Essay I evaluates the effect of an in-work benefit on the labour supply of single immigrant women by means of simulation. Although, on average, there is no significant effect, we find that the in-work benefit increases the working hours of single women with low incomes and slightly decreases the working hours of those with high incomes. The increase in working hours is primarily a result of increased participation. As expected, the positive effect is largest for the immigrant groups with the lowest participation rates and lowest labour incomes. Essay II studies intergenerational transmissions in self-employment. The results show that immigrants transfer general human capital over three generations in the sense that individuals whose fathers and grandfathers are self-employed have a higher self-employment propensity. For natives, only the father’s self-employment affects the son’s probability of becoming self-employed. Furthermore, the results show that natives transfer specific human capital from father to son, which increases the probability of sons becoming self-employed in the industry in which their fathers are self-employed. Essay III explores the effect of self-employment experience on subsequent earnings and the employment of male and female immigrant wage earners. We find that, relative to continued wage employment, self-employment is associated with lower earnings and difficulties in returning to paid employment for both immigrant men and women. The effect is less severe for natives. Among immigrant groups, the results give little support that self-employment experience improves earnings and employment prospects compared to experience from wage employment. Essay IV applies a field experiment to investigate how increasing the information about applicants affects discrimination against male Arab/Muslim applicants on the rental housing market. The Arab/Muslim applicants received fewer responses from the landlords than did the Swedish applicants. All of the applicants gained by providing more information about themselves, but the magnitude of discrimination against the Arab/Muslim applicants remained unchanged, indicating that increasing the amount of applicant information will not reduce discrimination. Essay V studies possible discrimination against lesbians in the rental housing market using a field experiment. We let two fictitious couples, one heterosexual and one homosexual, apply for vacant apartments on the Internet. We then explored if there were differences in callbacks, invitations to further contact and/or showings. The results show no indication of differential treatment of lesbians by landlords.

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Schneider, Christian Elias. "Orientation towards Asia Pacific or Europe - Political, economic and socio-cultural aspects of the current discourse on identity in New Zealand." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02604973001/$FILE/02604973001.pdf.

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Hoogendoorn, Marc. "Firm-level entrepreneurship in the Second Great Depression : A quantitative study on the influence of EO on performance in the economic crisis." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-76239.

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Anno 2013 Europe resides in a severe economic crisis that has been lasting for five years. Companies are struggling to deal with the influences of this crisis and require strategic insights to maintain performance. According to theory entrepreneurship and innovation are central mechanisms in the creation of wealth in the capitalist system and an entrepreneurial strategy could provide relatively much benefit in a crisis period. This study focuses on the central question: How does an entrepreneurial orientation affect the performance of companies in the economic crisis? To answer this question a variety of theories on entrepreneurship, innovation and the creation of wealth in capitalism were examined. On many occasions quantitative research has been performed to measure the relationship between an entrepreneurial orientation and performance. This study provides an extra dimension by using archival financial data of companies during and before the crisis to draw comparisons and examine developments in performance in relation to an entrepreneurial orientation. Data on the entrepreneurial orientation was collected with an online survey which was sent to companies. The results of the survey indicated the degree of entrepreneurial orientation of the companies in separate categories; innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking. The results were linked to their financial performance which was obtained from a database. Comparisons between the performance before and during the crisis in relation to the scores on entrepreneurship were made, and the development of their financial performance since the crisis was examined. The results of this study indicate that an entrepreneurial orientation has a relatively more positive influence on performance during the crisis. However the relationship between an entrepreneurial orientation and performance is highly dependent on the company and type of industry so no unilateral positive correlations with performance were found. For a set of industrial, manufacturing, chemical and service companies the development of the financial performance since the crisis is highly positively correlated with innovativeness and proactiveness. For a set of other company types including foundations, (public) utility companies, (public) real estate companies, construction companies, trade and investment firms no correlations were found. The findings in this study indicate that depending on the type of company and industry, an entrepreneurial orientation can have a strong positive effect on the development of financial performance in the crisis.

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Akah, Ndang William. "The entrepreneurial orientation and performance of African immigrant-owned small businesses in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13868.

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Given the rapid inflow of African immigrant entrepreneurs into South Africa, as well as the lack of understanding and research attention given to African immigrant entrepreneurial orientation, the failure rate of their businesses in South Africa is very high. The purpose of this study is to contribute to more effective and robust African immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa by investigating the impact of African immigrant entrepreneurial orientation on business performance. With this purpose in mind, the primary objective of this study is to establish the level of entrepreneurial orientation of African immigrant-owned small businesses in the Eastern Cape Province, and to determine the influence of this orientation on business performance. This study sets out to pull together previous findings and theories on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, and business performance, to find support for the theories on the determinants of entrepreneurial orientation in the literature, and to combine these findings into a simple model. An overview of small businesses was first conducted, in which the nature of small businesses and African immigrant-owned small businesses was taken into consideration, as well as the role small businesses play within the economy and the different challenges small businesses face. The dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation were discussed. These included Innovativeness, Pro-activeness, Risk-taking, Competitive aggressiveness, and Autonomy. Business performance was discussed and was measured in terms of financial and non-financial measures. The resource based view was also discussed and human, social, and financial capitals were taken into consideration. A proposed theoretical framework was established to show the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of African immigrant-owned small businesses and this was later tested by developing a hypothesis. A structured questionnaire was developed and data was collected through these self-administered questionnaires. They were made available to the respondents by a means of the snowball technique and data was collected from 218 respondents. Each construct was defined and operationalised. This was done by using themes from previous studies, as well as self developed themes. Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients were used to confirm reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Completed questionnaires were subject to different statistical tests. A descriptive analysis was carried out, as well as an exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression and an analysis of variance. The findings of this study showed that Innovativeness has a negative relationship to Business performance whilst Competitive aggressiveness, Proactiveness, Risk-taking, and Autonomy have a significant positive relationship to Business performance. Furthermore, the findings established that Financial capital has a significant relationship to Competitive aggressiveness, Innovativeness, and Proactiveness, whilst there is no relationship to Risk-taking and Autonomy. In addition, it was established that there is a significant relationship between Human capital and Competitive aggressiveness, Proactiveness, and Autonomy, whilst there is no relationship to Innovativeness and Risk-taking. Moreover, the study also showed that a relationship exists between some selected demographic variables of the African immigrant-owned small business and entrepreneurial orientation, as measured by Innovativeness (H1a), Pro-activeness (H1b), Risk-taking (H1c), Competitive aggressiveness (H1d) and Autonomy (H1e). An exception was the demographic variable, the Level of education, which was not found to be as stipulated in the hypothesis. In the context of this study, it was found that 62% of change in African immigrant-owned small business performance is affected by entrepreneurial orientation while other factors accounted for the remaining 38%. Management should revisit its entrepreneurial orientation capabilities and determine whether these are delivering values. This will require a review of policies and procedures in addition to benchmarking these activities to identify whether the business is committing an unwarranted and misplaced amount of resources to a given entrepreneurial orientation activity. Blind pursuit of the uniform implementation of an entrepreneurial dimension is not an effective way for African immigrant-owned small businesses to create an advantage.

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Hunt, Nicholas. "Taxpayer compliance from three research perspectives: a study of economic, environmental, and personal determinants." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849613/.

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Tax evasion is a serious issue that influences governmental revenues, IRS enforcement strategies, and tax policy decisions. While audits are the most effective method of enforcing compliance, they are expensive to conduct and the IRS is only able to audit a fraction of the returns filed each year. This suggests that audits alone are not sufficient to curb the billions of dollars of tax evaded by taxpayers each year and that a better understanding of factors influencing compliance decisions is needed to enable policymakers to craft tax policies that maximize voluntary compliance. Prior research tends to model compliance as economic, environmental, or personal decisions; however, this study models it as a multifaceted decision where these three perspective individually and interactively influence compliance. It is the first to decompose perceived detection risk into two dimensions (selection risk and enforcement risk) and investigates how these two dimensions of risk, decision domains (refund or tax due positions), and three personal factors (mental accounting, narcissism, and proactivity) influence taxpayers’ compliance decisions. I conducted a 2x2 fully crossed experiment involving 331 self-employed taxpayers. These taxpayers have opportunities to evade that employed taxpayers do not. For example, they can earn cash income that is not reported to the IRS by third parties. For self-employed taxpayers (especially those wanting to evade), perceived selection and enforcement risks may be distinctly different depending on a taxpayer’s situation, what they believe they can control, and what risk they are willing to accept. For example, selection risk may be perceived as the greatest risk for those with unreported items on their return, while enforcement risk may be more prominent for those perceiving certain levels of selection risk. Thus, I believe self-employed taxpayers are the most appropriate population to sample from and are likely have reasonable variation in the three personal factors of interest. I find that taxpayers do differentiate between selection and enforcement risks but the difference only manifests for taxpayers in certain decision domains. Taxpayers in a refund position (i.e. conservative mindset) had a greater sensitivity to the form of payment (cash vs. check) and appeared to use this information to make inferences about enforcement risk which was significantly different from their perceptions of selection risk. Conversely, tax due taxpayers (i.e. aggressive mindset) appeared to overlook the form of payment and did not assess these two risks as significantly different. Evaluating the full sample suggests that both selection risk and enforcement risk have a positive influence on compliance. Further, these risks interact to influence compliance. Specifically, compliance is greatest when taxpayers perceive a high likelihood of being selected for an audit and enforcement risk only matters when selection risk is low. This finding is interesting and suggests that avoiding interaction with the IRS is a primary objective of taxpayers. In line with my findings of taxpayers perceiving different risks in refund and tax due positions, the influence of risk perceptions on compliance differed for taxpayers in these positions. Refund taxpayers were influenced by both selection and enforcement risk, similar to the full model; however, tax due taxpayers were only influenced by selection risk and appeared to completely overlook enforcement risk when making their reporting decision. Lastly, the study shows that personal characteristics can also influence compliance in the presence of economic and environmental determinants, but some characteristics only manifest in specific decision domains. Of the three personal characteristics investigated, only mental accounting orientation was a significant predictor for the full sample. When the sample was split by decision domain, only proactivity was a predictor of compliance for refund taxpayers, while only mental accounting orientation was a predictor of compliance for due taxpayers. While I did not find results for narcissism and compliance, my subsequent analysis suggests that individual dimensions of narcissism may be better predictors of compliance than the full measure. Specifically, the exploitation dimension was a significant predictor of compliance for those in a tax due position. This study make several contributions to the accounting and tax literatures. First, this study provides support for a two-construct conceptualization for perceived detection risk that includes both selection and enforcement risks. Second, it answers calls to investigate more comprehensive compliance models and finds economic, environmental, and personal characteristics individually and interactively influence compliance. Third, this study investigates three personal factors that have not been investigated in the tax compliance literature. Finally, this study answers calls for research on self-employed taxpayers and suggests that the IRS will be more successful in increasing compliance by playing on taxpayers’ aversion to being selected for an examination than communicating information on the IRS’ ability to detect noncompliance during an examination.

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Abdul, Hamid Nor Fuad. "Family business culture, entrepreneurial orientation and the new economic policy on family business survival : a study between the Malays and Chinese of micro-and small-sized family businesses in Malaysia." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4300/.

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This thesis explores the influence of family business cultures (FBC) through three-circle model of family business by Gersick et al., (1997), entrepreneurial orientation (EO) by Covin and Slevin (1991) and the New Economic Policy (NEP) from 1971-1990 as the Malaysian government's intervention and affirmative policy on the survival of Malay (MFB) and Chinese (CFB) family businesses, specifically on micro- and small-sized family businesses. Since there was very little knowledge of the operation and survival of family business (FB) in the context of Malaysia across ethnicities, this research study takes a retrospective approach in reviewing secondary-source literature which covers the period from the era of British colonialism starting in the eighteenth century until the post-independence period, especially during the implementation of the NEP from 1971, in order to be able to gain a fair and adequate view of the socio-economic situations across the two major ethnicities i.e. the Malays and Chinese. In addition, two empirical studies were carried out in the Klang Valley as the fastest growing economic region and where the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, is located using the mixed-method research approach by combining both quantitative (Study 1) and qualitative (Study 2) research designs in order to derive more robust and reliable findings. The 226 MFB participants in the study completed a survey questionnaire designed to provide quantitative data, while a further ten samples, five each from MFB and CFB, undertook an in-depth interview of qualitative design. As well as entrepreneurs, the study was complemented by the inclusion of ten non-entrepreneurs, comprising two experts in the two different Malaysian ethnic businesses, two politicians from the ruling and opposition parties, two government policy makers and four bankers, including both commercial and government bankers in order to derive more conclusive understanding. The main findings revealed that the MFB and CFB were rooted differently in terms of their cultural resources, as the former were imbued with the religious beliefs of Islam while the latter practised Confucian cultural values in their businesses. Both ethnicities exhibited longer-term survival in their businesses succeeding beyond the critical first three years, but the CFB had the further advantage of strong bonding in terms of social capital networking within their ethnic group which surpassed that of the MFB, and this explained their dominance in the various businesses since the colonial period. A surprising result was the encouraging number of MFBs which had developed positive links with Chinese business networks, as well as the fact that both ethnicities exhibited similar characteristics in terms of EO. The findings on the effectiveness of the NEP’s implementation on the MFB’s and CFB’s survival were mixed in that there were both direct and indirect influences on their business survival, and that micro-sized businesses struggled more than small-sized businesses and that the more-educated owners gained an advantage in comparison with the less-educated in terms of access to micro and small financing schemes. This study advances the understanding of these issues in its theoretical, methodological and practical contributions; its limitations are acknowledged and suggestions for future research are recommended.

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Goldthorpe, Christopher C. "Resource-based industrialization in Peninsular Malaysia : a case study of the rubber products manufacturing industry." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4456.

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This economic history and examination of the rubber products manufacturing industry in Peninsular Malaysia contributes to the subject of resource-based industrialization in the field of development studies. The development of the industry is traced from the 1920s to 2005 when the Second Industrial Master Plan came to an end. The findings are that local interests control 80 per cent of the industry, with foreign direct investment in the remaining 20 per cent, either as subsidiary companies of overseas manufacturers or in joint ventures with Malaysian investors. The industry has a dualistic structure, with foreign-owned and joint venture companies typically being more heavily capitalized and employing a larger workforce than wholly Malaysian-owned companies. Foreign and joint venture enterprises are more likely to export a greater volume of production than local firms. Nevertheless, the industry as a whole has a strong export-orientation and Malaysian-based exporters sell into markets worldwide. A detailed examination of the industrial components production sector by means of a questionnaire indicates that Malaysian producers rely on the Malaysian Rubber Board for the transfer of manufacturing technology. Technology transfer in the foreign and joint venture sector is from parent companies and joint venture associates overseas. The conclusion is that the rubber manufacturing industry is vertically integrated with local production of natural rubber used as raw material to produce a range of goods for sale to domestic and international markets. The 80 per cent Malaysian component indicates a stable domestic industry ably supported by local technology resources.

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Blom, Björn. "Marknadsorientering av socialtjänstens individ- och familjeomsorg : om villkor, processer och konsekvenser." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-61698.

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Since the end of the 1980s, the introduction of market mechanisms in the public sector has been a dominant feature in Sweden. The same is true for the social services in several municipalities, where business style behaviour and organisation, and competition have become salient features of market-oriented social services. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse: the structural conditions for market oriented personal social services; how social workers pursue client centred work in market oriented personal social services; the consequences of this market orientation on the personal social services. The empirical study is a case study of the personal social services in the municipality of Linköping. The purchaser-provider model in Linköping is one of the most advanced and discussed in Sweden. The research comprises a quantitative pilot study and a qualitative main study. The main study is based on twenty semi-structured interviews with experienced social workers and their immediate superiors. The analysis of the interviews reveals that the personal social services are only achieving to a lesser extent the ends that a quasi-market, theoretically, should achieve. The conditions that have to be satisfied to achieve the ends of the quasi-market are only partly met. Bureaucratic control is one important reason why the personal social services are imperfect as a quasi- market. The re-organisation has resulted in a number of, to some extent, positive consequences. The re-organisation has, however, also resulted in some negative consequences. In the thesis these are categorised in terms of fragmentation, antagonism and obscurity. A linguistic change, in market oriented personal social services, appears to have influenced social workers to think and act differently in relation to their work. The most important conclusion drawn from the study is that the market oriented personal social services partly function as a responsive quasi-market for strong, rational and well- informed clients. However, in relation to the most vulnerable, it is failing in many respects.
digitalisering@umu

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Silva, Cinthia Barbosa. "Determinantes da estrutura de capital: evidências da orientação econômica a mercado versus bancos nos países desenvolvidos-G5 e BRIC." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2015. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/830.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cinthia Barbosa Silvaprot.pdf: 1405136 bytes, checksum: 2b98a11d2fc1dad8f4d0e99f0e0ca038 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-04
In this research paper we examine the determinants of capital structure using data of the investigated countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, France, Germany and Japan (Banks Oriented); and United States and the United Kingdom (Market Oriented). The observations of the sample firm-year for the period period from 2000 up until 2013 collected in the Compustat database, Thomson Reuters datastream and The World Bank - World Development Indicators. Our results indicate the positive effect of market liquidity in the leverage of Brazilian firms, Indian, German and American. In addition, the positive impact of the interaction between the bank credit and the leverage of firms in Brazil and Germany, and negative leverage of firms from India, Japan and the USA. The research also suggests the negative impact of the interaction between leverage and profitability of firms. The results of variables: growth opportunities, performance in the stock price, the tax benefit of not debt, size and tangibility of the effect is different between the investigated countries.
Esta pesquisa mensura e analisa os determinantes da estrutura de capital avaliando dados dos países investigados: Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China, França, Alemanha e Japão (orientação econômica a bancos); e, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido (orientação econômica a mercado). As observações firma-ano da amostra para o período entre 2000 e 2013 foram coletadas nas bases de dados Compustat, Thomson Reuters datastream e The World Bank - World Development Indicators. A análise de dados em painel encontrou evidências que sugerem o efeito positivo da Liquidez de mercado na alavancagem das firmas brasileiras, indianas, alemãs e americana, além do efeito negativo nas firmas japonesas. Adicionalmente, o estudo indica que o crédito bancário afeta positivamente a alavancagem das firmas do Brasil e Alemanha, e negativamente a alavancagem das firmas da Índia, Japão e EUA. A pesquisa sugere ainda a relação negativa entre a alavancagem das firmas e a rentabilidade. Nos resultados das variáveis: crescimento de oportunidades, desempenho no preço das ações, benefício fiscal da não dívida, tamanho e tangibilidade o sinal da correlação depende do país investigado.

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Kutu-Adu, Solomon Gladstone. "Aligning internal market orientation (IMO) with market orientation (MO) to impact performance in the banking sector in Ghana." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2017. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1269/.

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The study is the first in Sub-Saharan Africa to use the aligned effects of IMO/MO to determine their relationship with employee/customer satisfaction in the financial services industry. The pioneering studies of Lings and Greenley on internal market orientation (IMO) in the 2000s and that of Kohli and Jaworski experience enormous investigation empirically. Although some reasonable amount of studies on the above constructs have been undertaken within the newly developed and developing economies, there have been little attempt at exploring the alignment of the two concepts, in terms of their relationship with organizational performance, particularly in the services sector. To address this research gap, a multidimensional construct describing the five managerial behaviours associated with internal marketing conceptualized as IMO in alignment with market orientation (MO) has been tested to see how their integration relates with employee/customer satisfaction. The first stage involved a qualitative study to gain a deeper and better understanding of the IMO/MO constructs and their implementation in the commercial and universal banking sector in Ghana. The qualitative research findings independently established a strong association between IMO/MO and employee/customer satisfaction. The second stage employed a survey to test a conceptual framework based on the IMO/MO constructs using hypotheses formulated based on reviewed literature. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed to analyse the survey responses. The model demonstrated a good fit to the data in terms of face and content validity; convergent, discriminant and nomological validity; reliability and stability; and showing improvement to existing scales. A major contribution of this research was the use of a robust model that explained the application of the five dimensions of the IMO construct and their effect on employee in-role behaviour (IRB) to impact employee satisfaction within the Ghanaian banking sector. These findings were not totally consistent with various previous research works in the IMO literature. However, employee in-role behaviour (IRB) has been seen to drive market orientation, and market orientation has been established as a key driver of performance in terms of customer value and satisfaction. These findings are in support of established theoretical positions in the MO literature. Another contribution of the study to knowledge in managerial decision making is that, a better understanding and implementation of the IMO construct in the strategic planning efforts of the banks and subsequent employment in their business processes, and activities will positively affect employee job satisfaction. Effective staff commitment to duty will drive the banks’ prospects to exploit the vast opportunities in financial intermediation driven by liberalization and deepening of Ghana’s economic development and growth in higher levels of savings, investment, production and poverty alleviation. Again, positive in-role behaviours of the banks’ managers will affect their commitment to their subordinates in their work roles, and this will increase the responsiveness of staff to customers’ needs and wants. This process will create trust among customers to their banks to accept formal banking as a good, safe, convenient and rewarding experience.

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Abrantes, Miguel João Alves. "Relação entre os componentes de liberdade económica e a actividade empreendedora de orientação internacional dos países." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12406.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
O empreendedorismo é reconhecido como um processo dinâmico e complexo, que resulta da combinação de um conjunto de fatores. Vários estudos sugerem que a Liberdade Económica (LE) representa um dos fatores que explicam os níveis de Atividade Empreendedora (AE) dos diferentes países. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente trabalho passa por avaliar em que medida a LE afeta ou estimula a AE nacional e internacional de cada país. Tendo como referência o Index of Economic Freedom (IEF), que mede o grau de LE presente em cada país do mundo, com base em 10 componentes, e utilizando os dados relacionados com o indicador Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), neste estudo foi identificada uma relação significativa entre alguns dos componentes de LE e a AE. Países caracterizados por: elevada LE (no global), Liberdade Financeira, com elevados Gastos do Governo e fracas Liberdade Fiscal, Empresarial e de Comércio favorecem o aumento da AE. Outro dos objetivos passa por perceber se esta relação se mantém, quando a motivação para empreender é internacional (International Orientation early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity). Os resultados demonstram que os países que impulsionam a AE de orientação internacional são caracterizados por uma forte proteção dos Direitos de Propriedade, Gastos do Governo baixos e uma elevada Liberdade Empresarial, do Comércio, e do Investimento.
Entrepreneurship is recognized as a dynamic and complex process that is influenced by several factors. Many studies suggest that Economic Freedom (EF) represents one of the factors that explain the Entrepreneurial Activity levels (EA) of different countries. So, the purpose of this study is to assess in what dimension the EF affects or stimulates national and international EA of each country. Based on the Index of Economic Freedom (IEF), which measures the degree of EF in the world?s nations through 10 components, and using the data related to the Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), it was identified in this study a meaningful relationship between some of the EF components and EA. Countries characterized by: high EF (in general), Financial Freedom, with high Government Spending and a weak Fiscal Freedom, Business Freedom and Trade Freedom enhance the growth of EA. This study also aims to realize if this meaningful relationship is confirmed when entrepreneurship motivation is internationally oriented (International Orientation early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity). The results show that countries that increase the International Orientation EA are characterized by a high protection of Property Rights, low Government Spending and high Business Freedom, Trade Freedom, and Investment Freedom.

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Wyatt, Marla Jean. "Curriculum orientations of home economics leaders and characteristics of recommended home economics curriculum documents /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487858417982004.

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Vilain, Jean-Baptiste. "Three essays in applied economics." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0009/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur plusieurs questions relatives à l'économie de l'éducation et à l'économie des équipes. Dans le premier chapitre, basé sur une collaboration avec Laurent Rossignol, nous nous concentrons sur l'orientation scolaire. Nous mettons en évidence l'existence de biais d'orientation dans le système éducatif français : l'orientation des élèves ne dépend pas uniquement de leur performance académique mais aussi de leur sexe et de leur origine sociale. Notre contribution principale est de distinguer l'impact des aspirations des élèves de l'impact de la notation des professeurs et de leurs recommandations sur ces biais d'orientation. Le second chapitre, coécrit avec Antoine Chapsal, vise à comprendre certaines incitations et effets psychologiques associés au travail en équipe, à partir de données sur les championnats par équipe de squash. Nous montrons que les joueurs valorisent le fait de participer au succès de leur équipe, ce qui explique en partie pourquoi les incitations à l'effort sont plus fortes dans des contextes collectifs que dans des contextes individuels. Le troisième chapitre, issu d'un travail initial avec Rodrigo Lopez-Kolkovsky, a pour but de développer une procédure d'estimation pour mesurer la productivité individuelle en équipe, à partir de données sur le football européen. Nous confrontons ensuite cette mesure à la valeur de marché des joueurs et nous montrons que les joueurs Noirs sont discriminés sur le marché
In this dissertation, I investigate several questions of interest in the fields of economics of education and economics of teams. In the first chapter, based on initial work with Laurent Rossignol, we focus on tracking in education. We provide evidence of tracking gaps in the French education system: tracking does not solely depend on academic performance but also on gender and socio-economic status. Our main contribution is to disentangle the impact of differences in students' aspirations from the impact of teachers' grading and track recommendations on these tracking gaps. The second chapter, joint with Antoine Chapsal, aims at understanding some of the incentives and psychological effects associated to teamwork, based on team squash data. We show that players value the fact of being responsible for the success of their team, which partly explains that team-based contests can yield higher effort than individual-based contests. The third chapter, built upon initial work with Rodrigo Lopez-Kolkovsky, aims at developing an estimation procedure to measure individual productivity in teams, based on European football data. We confront this measure to players' market value and provide evidence for racial discrimination on the football market

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Roa, Rodríguez Rodrigo. "Tiling heuristics and evaluation metrics for treemaps with a target node aspect ratio." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211512.

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Treemaps are a popular space-filling visualization of hierarchical data that maps an attribute of a datum, or a data aggregate, to a proportional amount of area. Assuming a rectangular treemap consisting of nested rectangles (also called tiles), there are multiple possible valid tiling arrangements. A common criterion for optimization is aspect ratio. Nevertheless, treemaps usually consist of multiple rectangles, so the aspect ratios need be aggregated. The basic definition of aspect ratio (width divided by height) cannot be meaningfully aggregated. Given this, a definition of aspect ratio that does not differentiate height from width was suggested. This definition allows for meaningful aggregation, but only as long as there are no large differences in the data distribution, and the target aspect ratio is 1:1. Originally, a target aspect ratio of 1:1 was deemed to be axiomatically ideal. Currently, perceptual studies have found an aspect ratio of 1:1 to lead to the largest area estimation error. However, with any other target this definition of aspect ratio cannot be meaningfully aggregated. This thesis suggests a correction that can be applied to the current metric and would allow it to be meaningfully aggregated even when there are large value differences in the data. Furthermore, both the uncorrected and corrected metrics can be generalized for any target (i.e. targets other than 1:1). Another issue with current evaluation techniques is that algorithm fitness is evaluated through Monte Carlo trials. In this method, synthetic data is generated and then aggregated to generate a single final result. However, tiling algorithm performance is dependant on data distribution, so a single aggregateresult cannot generalize overall performance. The alternative suggested in this thesis is visual cluster analysis, which should hold more general predictive power.All of the above is put into practice with an experiment. In the experiment, a new family of tiling algorithms, based on criteria derived from the results of the perceptual tests in literature,is compared to the most popular tiling algorithm, Squarify. The results confirm that there are indeed vast but consistent value fluctuations for different normal distributions. At least for a target aspect ratio of 1.5, the new proposed algorithms are shown to perform better than Squarify for most use cases in terms of aspect ratio.

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de, Oliveira Manuel Brandao. "Hodnocení zahraničního obchodu mezi Angolou a ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222281.

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The diploma thesis focuses on evaluation of foreign trade between the Czech Republic and Angola during the period from 2002 to the present. I achieved it through data and information acquired from Czech and Angolan institutions concerned with similar issues. In addition to the evaluation also a SWOT analysis was undertaken to illustrate the strengths, weaknesses, shortcomings and opportunities of the Czech companies operating in the Angolan market. Finally, this thesis focuses on the potential solutions, that could improve the business relations between both countries in the near future.

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FICHEUX, THIERRY. "Gestion hospitaliere : tendances et orientations actuelles." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31112.

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Bridet, Luc. "Essays on the Economics of Information." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10063.

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Le chapitre 1 étudie les efforts de persuasion d’un receveur par une partie informée et montre que l’équilibre est caractérisé par un excès de dépenses de persuasion et un délai excessif avant la prise de décision. Un régulateur, même non informé, peut mettre en place une taxation pigouvienne pour améliorer l’efficacité du processus de persuasion sans pour autant compromettre la qualité de la décision finale. Le chapitre 2, co-écrit avec Margaret Leighton, étudie empiriquement le processus de spécialisation des étudiants américains à l’aide de la base de données Baccalaureate and Beyond. En utilisant les résultats semestriels, nous construisons une mesure individuelle de la date de spécialisation. Recoupée avec les observations de carrières professionnelles, cette observation nous permet d’estimer structurellement le degré de transférabilité des compétences, les coûts de réorientation professionnelle et particulièrement le bénéfice informationnel lie à l’option de retarder la spécialisation. Les paramètres estimés indiquent qu’une politique non-anticipée de spécialisation forcée en première année aurait un coût comparable à une baisse de revenus de 1.5%. Le chapitre 3, co-écrit avec Peter Schwardmann, étudie l’interaction entre le marché des prêts aux entrepreneurs et la propension de ces derniers à évaluer leurs projets de façon objective. Nous montrons qu’en présence de frictions informationnelles, les entrepreneurs marqués par une tendance comportementale à surestimer la qualité de leurs projets bénéficient de leurs préférences non-standard, a l’oppose des mécanismes activés par la concurrence de type néoclassique. Nous montrons également que les croyances des entrepreneurs sont soumises à un certain type de discipline : tant que la part relative des aspirations dans l’utilité des agents reste limitée, les contrats offerts à l’équilibre du marché des prêts donnent aux entrepreneurs une incitation à percevoir de façon réaliste leurs chances de succès
Chapter 1 models persuasion by an informed party and show that laissez-faire leads to excessive persuasion expenditures and delays decisions. An uninformed regulator can use pigouvian taxation to reduce the delay in decision-making and the amount of persuasion expenditures incurred by advocates, with no corresponding decrease in the quality of decisions eventually taken. Chapter 2, joint with Margaret Leighton, is an empirical study of individual learning and specialisation decision by American college students. We use detailed transcript information in the Baccalaureate and Beyond dataset to construct and explain the timing of specialisation decided by each student. By relating its cross-sectional variation to later job market outcomes, we quantify skill transferability, the cost of career changes and most importantly, the informational benefits of a delayed specialisation. We then use these structural estimates to compare the current college system to one which imposes specialization at college entry. Overall, expected earnings fall by 1.5%. Chapter 3, joint with Peter Schwardmann, studies how the marketplace for financial loans interacts with entrepreneurs' cognition. We show that in a market for project financing dominated by informational frictions, market outcomes reward a particular behavioural deviation from standard preferences: a tendency towards optimistic self-deception. This result stands in stark contrast to those obtained under neoclassical competition. We also show that entrepreneurs' beliefs are subject to some market discipline: as long as anticipatory concerns are limited, entrepreneurs are induced to appraise their projects realistically

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36

Lytton, Mikayla. "Narrowing the Gap: New Evidence on Earnings Differentials Based on Sexual Orientation." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1274212168.

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Wong, Pui-ching Caroline, and 黃佩貞. "Change of value orientations in the junior secondary economic and public affairs (EPA) curriculum in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31961150.

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Wong, Pui-ching Caroline. "Change of value orientations in the junior secondary economic and public affairs (EPA) curriculum in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2118379X.

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39

Le, Nguyen Truc. "Export orientation of Polish small and medium-sized enterprises in Gdansk : an empirical analysis." Thesis, Kingston University, 2006. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20246/.

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The success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in industrialised countries has led to the increasing recognition of their role in exports, and in transition economies, this is driven by private-sector-led economic growth. The objective of this thesis is to determine major factors influencing export propensity of Polish SMEs in an expanded European Union (EU). All investigated enterprises are located in the Gdansk province. This study employs the Logit model to explain why some SMEs are exporters (their export propensity) in Poland. The second contribution of this thesis is to find out why some Polish SMEs are non-exporters and will not even engage in future export activities (export aversion). The results of the study indicate that the essential sources of an enterprise's finance, the perception about major problems with respect to export operations and the actions taken to prepare for the accession of Poland to the EU are very important drivers of export propensity and export aversion. More importantly, the results show that the information about special foreign credit available for Polish SMEs and the number of competing firms in domestic market have a positive influence on their export propensity. A strong relationship has been observed between the extent of use of IT tools in distribution-marketing and export propensity. Our results also illustrate that the propensity to export is dependent on the capital of the firm and on profitability of the firm in the domestic market. However, our findings reveal that legal status of firms, the branch of economic activity of the enterprise, the firms with less attractiveness and modernity of products, the firms with little knowledge of EU members' markets and the firms with low technological levels are the factors influencing export aversion of Polish SMEs. Our results demonstrate that the domestic share of the market of the firm is significant in explaining export propensity and aversion. Our empirical results should contribute to policy makers' designing effective assistance programmes to encourage Polish SMEs in their exporting.

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Shihao, Tang, and Shen Shen. "Commercialization and Audit quality : Evidence from Chinese audit market." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20040.

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In recent years, the commercialization of the audit market has become more and more apparent, which is an inevitable trend. After the Enron scandal broke out, researches about commercialization and audit professions, audit quality have arisen. Most of these studies are focus on western audit firms. The purpose of this study is to look at the impact of commercialization of the Chinese audit industry from the auditor perspective. This paper is based on 109 responses to a survey distributed to Chinese auditors, including Big 4 firms and non-Big 4 firms. This study use market orientation, customer orientation and process orientation as indicators of commercialization. Auditor independence and auditor competence as two main cornerstones of audit quality. The data were analyzed by multiple statistics test. Our finding indicates that all three indicators of commercialization of audit market have a positive relation with auditor independence and competence. We are thus concluding that commercialization of the audit market has a positive relation to audit quality. Also, we find that auditors in Big 4 and non-Big 4 audit farm are not much difference. This may be because the Big 4 in the Chinese market do not have the same dominance as in the Western market.

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41

Fini, Riccardo <1978&gt. "Do Academic and Private Entrepreneurs differ? An empirical analysis of the Micro-Foundation of Entrepreneurial Orientation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1158/.

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This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the study of individual behaviours as a result of organizational affiliation. The objective is to assess the Entrepreneurial Orientation of individuals proving the existence of a set of antecedents to that measure returning a structural model of its micro-foundation. Relying on the developed measurement model, I address the issue whether some Entrepreneurs experience different behaviours as a result of their academic affiliation, comparing a sample of ‘Academic Entrepreneurs’ to a control sample of ‘Private Entrepreneurs’ affiliated to a matched sample of Academic Spin-offs and Private Start-ups. Building on the Theory of the Planned Behaviour, proposed by Ajzen (1991), I present a model of causal antecedents of Entrepreneurial Orientation on constructs extensively used and validated, both from a theoretical and empirical perspective, in sociological and psychological studies. I focus my investigation on five major domains: (a) Situationally Specific Motivation, (b) Personal Traits and Characteristics, (c) Individual Skills, (d) Perception of the Business Environment and (e) Entrepreneurial Orientation Related Dimensions. I rely on a sample of 200 Entrepreneurs, affiliated to a matched sample of 72 Academic Spin-offs and Private Start-ups. Firms are matched by Industry, Year of Establishment and Localization and they are all located in the Emilia Romagna region, in northern Italy. I’ve gathered data by face to face interviews and used a Structural Equation Modeling technique (Lisrel 8.80, Joreskog, K., & Sorbom, D. 2006) to perform the empirical analysis. The results show that Entrepreneurial Orientation is a multi-dimensional micro-founded construct which can be better represented by a Second-Order Model. The t-tests on the latent means reveal that the Academic Entrepreneurs differ in terms of: Risk taking, Passion, Procedural and Organizational Skills, Perception of the Government, Context and University Supports. The Structural models also reveal that the main differences between the two groups lay in the predicting power of Technical Skills, Perceived Context Support and Perceived University Support in explaining the Entrepreneurial Orientation Related Dimensions.

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Koch, Kathryn E. "Dress-related attitudes of employed women differing in feminist orientation and work status : emphasis on career apparel /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259580260971.

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43

Colgan, Fiona. "Voice and visibility : tackling the 'invisibility' of the sexual orientation strand in UK organisation equality and diversity research." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2015. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/899/.

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This covering statement introduces the nine published outputs in this submission, and explains their genesis. It considers the implications of the growing visibility of the sexual orientation strand for individuals and organisations operating in the UK context before and after the introduction of the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 (hereafter the Regulations). The PhD advanced knowledge and understanding of the following: the rationale for and drivers of sexual orientation equality work in UK trade union, public, private and voluntary sector organisations over the last two decades; the equality/diversity structures, policies and practices introduced by organisations in order to become more inclusive of lesbian gay and bisexual (LGB) people; LGB people’s perceptions and experiences of these sexual orientation equality and diversity policies and practices; LGB people’s voice, activism and agency in influencing the changes which have been taking place. The covering document provides details of the research projects and the interpretivist case study methodology on which the published outputs draw. It summarises and links the aims and principal findings of each output demonstrating that they form a coherent body of work. It concludes that although the introduction of the Regulations has been a positive trigger to sexual orientation equality work in the UK, progress remains uneven within and across organisations. Thus, it identifies voice mechanisms such as LGBT trade union and company network groups as key tools for inclusion. The conclusion locates the PhD as an original contribution to the advancement of sexual orientation organisation equality/diversity research. It does so by discussing its empirical and theoretical contributions to a sexual orientation research agenda which has been developing in waves subject to social, political and legal change and mobilisation in LGBT communities in different parts of the world.

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44

Torres, Ortega Rosalina. "From market orientation to orientation towards international marjets (OIM) of born global firms: evaluating the impact of OIM on born global firms' performance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/371464.

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No obstante la amplia cantidad de investigaciones dedicadas a la “orientación del mercado”, en las organizaciones empresariales, las referencias de este concepto han sido muy limitadas—específicamente en el contexto de las empresas de rápida internacionalización, como las denominadas Born Globals (BG)— a partir de términos operacionales y de conceptualización. Dicho lo anterior, la presente tesis tiene como objetivo investigar el concepto de orientación al mercado para el tipo específico de las empresas BG. La tesis se enmarca en tres estudios realizados. En primer lugar, realizamos un estudio exploratorio a través de entrevistas de profundidad con cinco empresas españolas provenientes de múltiples sectores y que, además, tenían actividades internacionales. Los datos fueron analizados con la técnica de Casos Cruzados. Los resultados sugieren que la orientación al mercado debería ser desarrollada dentro del concepto propuesto: orientación hacia los mercados internacionales (OMI) en las empresas BG. Este estudio también proporciona los componentes para la medición de la citada orientación, en este tipo de empresas. En segundo lugar, al utilizar las muestras de empresas BG, de países nórdicos y de España, hemos evaluado la dimensionalidad de OMI, con la cantidad óptima de ítems para la escala, (con la excepción del constructo de redes); también analizamos la invariabilidad de los constructos a través de la muestra de múltiples países. Los resultados mostraron el soporte para la conceptualización de OMI como un constructo multidimensional compuesto por la orientación a clientes, la orientación a la competencia, la coordinación interfuncional y, por último, la capacidad de innovación y tecnológica. La invariabilidad de la medida fue evaluada con el análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo. Los factores mencionados anteriormente tienen una dimensionalidad y estructura factorial similar entre los países. Finalmente, en el tercer estudio, examinamos cómo el concepto extendido de la orientación al mercado para las empresas BG —que hemos llamado OMI— afecta el rendimiento de la empresa, medido a partir del rendimiento al cliente y el rendimiento financiero, en el contexto de las empresas BG, asimismo si este efecto varía entre los países. Los resultados muestran cómo los componentes de OMI tienen un efecto positivo y significativo en el rendimiento de las empresas BG en ambos contextos (empresas nórdicas y españolas) a través del rendimiento al cliente y financiero. Con base en los resultados de la investigación, la principal contribución teórica de la tesis es la propuesta de cómo la orientación al mercado debe de ser conceptualizada para las empresas BG. Nuestros hallazgos proveen evidencia de la necesidad de incorporar componentes relacionados al ambiente internacional para este tipo de empresas con el concepto propuesto de OMI. Desde una perspectiva para negocios, esta tesis proporciona una herramienta válida y fiable para medir la orientación hacia los mercados internacionales para estas empresas. Por lo tanto, los gerentes de empresas BG podrían adoptar esta escala para una mejor comprensión de la realidad en los mercados internacionales y para desarrollar una estrategia efectiva que permita atraer y retener a los clientes en los diferentes mercados en el extranjero.
Although there is a considerable amount of research on market orientation, research on this concept in the context of born global firms is still lacking a precise definition and full operationalization. This research aims to investigate how the market orientation (MO) concept could be understood for a specific type of firm: the born global firm. The thesis is framed around three studies. First, an exploratory study that was developed by performing qualitative interviews in a sample of five Spanish firms from different sectors which had international activity. The data were analyzed using cross-case analysis. The results suggests that the market orientation concept should be developed into the concept of orientation towards international markets (OIM) for born global firms. It also provides the components for measuring this orientation in this type of firm. Second, using samples of born global firms from the Nordic countries and Spain, we assess the dimensionality of OIM by considering the optimal number of scale items, with the exception of the network construct, and assess the measurement invariance of the construct across the samples. The results support the conceptualization of OIM as a multidimensional construct, using customer orientation, competitor orientation, interfunctional coordination, and innovativeness and technological capability. Measurement invariance was assessed using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The factors outlined above have a similar dimensionality and factor structure across countries. Finally the third study, examines how the extended concept of market orientation for born global firms that we have called OIM affects business performance, as measured by customer performance and financial performance, in the context of born global firms, and whether this effect varies between countries. The results show that the OIM components have a positive and significant effect on business performance in born global firms in both contexts (Nordic and Spanish companies) through customer and financial performance. Based on these research findings, the thesis’s main theoretical contribution is the suggestion of how MO should be conceptualized for BG firms. Our findings provide evidence that it is necessary to incorporate components that relate to the international scope of this type of firm, with the concept of OIM. From a business practice perspective, this dissertation suggested that the scale we have developed can provide a reliable and valid analytical tool for assessing the orientation towards international markets of these firms. Thus born global managers may adopt the scale for a better understanding of the reality of foreign markets and to develop effective strategies to attract and retain customers in different markets overseas.

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45

Ryu, Sang-Hee. "Curriculum orientations and professional teaching practices reported by Korean secondary school Home Economics teachers and teacher educators /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487951907960049.

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46

Axelsson, Mathias, and Maria Nettersand. "Values at Stake: A 30-Year Retrospective of Shareholder and Stakeholder Value Orientation in Annual Reports of Large Swedish Companies." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1551.

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Bakgrund: Det verkar som om inte en enda dag går förbi utan att det är något i media beträffande företag och deras olika aktiviteter som berör samhället som helhet eller enskilda individer. På senare år har både media och allmänheten kritiserat företag för att ha verksamhet som påverkar såväl individer som hela orter och kommuner negativt. Pudelns kärna i sammanhanget är den klassiska debatten kring företags etiska och sociala skyldigheter samt vems intressen företag egentligen existerar för att tillgodose.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att finna huruvida det under de senaste 30 åren har skett en förändring, eller flera förändringar, avseende "shareholder" versus "stakeholder"-värdeorientering i svenska storföretags årsredovisningar. Vidare belyses och förklaras våra rön utifrån ett historiskt perspektiv.

Resultat: Vi upptäcker två trender i årsredovisningarna. Den första trenden uppvisar en starkare orientering mot att skapa shareholder-värde, medan den andra trenden tyder på en orientering mot att skapa stakeholder-värde. Denna förändring i värdeorientering förefaller inträffa någon gång mellan 1984 och 1990. De två trenderna och förändringen i värdeorientering kan till stor del belysas och förklaras av den historiska kontexten.

Background: It seems as not a single day goes by nowadays without there being something in the news concerning companies and their various activities, which affect society as a whole or single individuals or both. In recent years, both media and the public have debated and criticized companies for undertaking activities that negatively affect everything from single individuals to populations of entire towns and municipalities. What these debated issues and other similar events boil down to is the classical question and debate of the extent to which companies have a moral and social responsibility and whose interests companies exist to serve.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out whether there has been a shift, or several shifts, in terms of shareholder versus stakeholder value orientation in annual reports of large Swedish companies during the past 30 years. Moreover, the findings are elucidated and explained from a historical perspective.

Results: We detect two trends in the annual reports. The first is a stronger orientation towards the shareholder value perspective, followed by a second trend towards the stakeholder value perspective. The shift in orientation seems to occur sometime between 1984 and 1990. The two trends and the shift can to a large extent be explained and elucidated by the historical context.

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47

Ko, Derek M. "The Wage Returns to Same-Sex Parenthood and Their Role in Sexual Orientation Wage Differentials." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1163.

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Using data from the 2013 American Community Survey, the author examines the wage returns to same-sex parenthood and their role in the sexual orientation wage gap. Specifically, he compares individuals by gender, sexual orientation, and household earner status. The importance of accounting for household specialization among heterosexual men and women is illustrated by the significant differences in returns to parenthood between heterosexuals of the same gender, but different earner statuses. The empirical results show that gay men face a fatherhood penalty for the presence of children between the ages of 5 and 18 irrespective of earner status. Lesbians on the other hand, experience motherhood premiums for the presence of children under the age of 5, but modest motherhood penalties for the presence of children between the ages of 5 and 18. Ultimately, differences in the wage returns to parenthood for gays, lesbians, and their respective heterosexual counterparts play a negligible role in sexual orientation wage differentials.

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48

Cavalcante, Alexsandre Lira. "TrÃs ensaios sobre discriminaÃÃo no mercado de trabalho." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16229.

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nÃo hÃ
A presente Tese Ã formada pela junÃÃo de trÃs estudos na Ãrea de microeconometria relacionada ao mercado de trabalho brasileiro, buscando levantar questÃes que buscam explicar os diferenciais salariais entre diferentes grupos presentes neste mercado. Em cada capÃtulo foi empregado trÃs diferentes metodologias de estimaÃÃo com o uso de diferentes bases de dados. No primeiro capÃtulo, AnÃlise dos Diferenciais de SalÃrios no Mercado de Trabalho Brasileiro a partir da OrientaÃÃo Sexual, procurou-se medir o diferencial de salÃrios a partir da orientaÃÃo sexual no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, fazendo uso da nova metodologia de identificaÃÃo de arranjos familiares apresentada no Censo de 2010 (IBGE). ApÃs estimar as equaÃÃes de salÃrios com correÃÃo do viÃs de seleÃÃo amostral proposto por Heckman (1979) os resultados apontaram na direÃÃo de ausÃncia de discriminaÃÃo contra as minorias de gays e lÃsbicas no mercado de trabalho nacional. O segundo capÃtulo, DecomposiÃÃo Contrafactual de Oaxaca-Blinder dos Diferenciais de SalÃrios por GÃnero e RaÃa no Mercado de Trabalho Privado Brasileiro com CorreÃÃo de ViÃs de SeleÃÃo Amostral: Uma AnÃlise para Setores EconÃmicos e Tipos de OcupaÃÃes, fez uso da base de dados da PNAD do IBGE (2013), quando se buscou analisar as principais causas da desigualdade salarial por gÃnero e raÃa no mercado de trabalho privado brasileiro detalhando por setores de atividade econÃmica e por tipos de ocupaÃÃo. Para se alcanÃar tal objetivo foi utilizado a metodologia de decomposiÃÃo salarial na mÃdia proposta por Oaxaca-Blinder (1973), apÃs a estimaÃÃo das equaÃÃes de salÃrios quando tambÃm foram feitas as correÃÃes da seletividade amostral. Os principais resultados apontaram para a importÃncia das variÃveis de capital humano para explicaÃÃo de grande parte do diferencial de salÃrios entre homens brancos e os demais grupos investigados via diferenÃas de dotaÃÃes, em especial, a variÃvel escolaridade que ajuda a reduzir o diferencial de salÃrios entre os homens brancos e as mulheres brancas e negras. Chama atenÃÃo a participaÃÃo em alguns tipos de ocupaÃÃes quando as mulheres brancas e negras ganham, em mÃdia, mais que os homens brancos. Por fim, a elevada participaÃÃo e representatividade do termo de intercepto, na explicaÃÃo do diferencial de salÃrios por gÃnero e raÃa, tanto no mercado de trabalho total, como na maioria dos setores econÃmicos e tipos de ocupaÃÃes investigadas explica a maior parte deste fenÃmeno, quando o homem branco ganha mais, simplesmente porque Ã homem e branco. O terceiro e Ãltimo capÃtulo, MudanÃas Estruturais nos Retornos Educacionais e nos Diferenciais Raciais de SalÃrios por GÃnero no Brasil para Diferentes Grupos de Idade: Uma Abordagem de RegressÃo QuantÃlica com CorreÃÃo do ViÃs de SeleÃÃo Amostral, fez 7 uso das PNADS de 2003 e 2013 e de tÃcnicas de regressÃo quantÃlica com correÃÃo de viÃs de seleÃÃo proposto por Buchinsky (1998b) para analisar mudanÃas nos retornos da educaÃÃo e nos diferenciais raciais de salÃrios por gÃnero e por grupos de idade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre os anos dois anos. Diferentes valores para os retornos da escolaridade e para os diferenciais raciais foram observados principalmente nos quantis mais elevados da distribuiÃÃo de salÃrios para quase todas as faixas de idade. Os retornos salariais das mulheres ficaram acima dos retornos salariais dos homens para todos os quantis estimados, em todos os grupos de idade, nos dois anos analisados. Por fim, nota-se uma reduÃÃo nÃtida nos retornos salariais para ambos os sexos e a melhora no padrÃo de discriminaÃÃo no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre anos de 2003 e 2013.
This thesis is formed by the junction of three studies in Microeconometrics area related to the Brazilian labor market, seeking to raise questions that try to explain the pay gap between different groups present in this market. In each chapter was used three different methods of estimation with the use of different databases. In the first chapter, Analysis of Wage Differentials in the Brazilian labor market from the Sexual Orientation, sought to measure the wage differential from sexual orientation in the Brazilian labor market, using the new methodology of identification of family arrangements presented in Census 2010 (IBGE). After estimating the wage equations with correction of sample selection bias proposed by Heckman (1979) the results pointed in the direction of non-discrimination against minorities of gays and lesbians in the national labor market. The second chapter, Counterfactual decomposition of Oaxaca - Blinder Wage Differentials by Gender and Race in the Brazilian Private Job Market with Bias Correction Sample Selection: An Analysis for Economic Sectors and Types of Occupations, made use of the National Household Survey database IBGE (2013), when it sought to analyze the root causes of wage inequality by gender and race in the Brazilian private labor market detailing by sectors of economic activity and types of occupation. To achieve this goal we used the wage decomposition methodology on average proposed by Oaxaca - Blinder (1973), after the estimation of wage equations when the corrections were also made of the sample selectivity. The main results pointed to the importance of human capital variables to explain much of the wage gap between white men and other groups investigated via differences appropriations, in particular the variable schooling that helps reduce the wage differential between white men and white and black women. Noteworthy is the participation in some types of occupations when white and black women earn on average more than white men. Finally, the high participation and representativeness of the intercept term, the wage differential explanation by gender and race, both in the overall labor market, as in most economic sectors and types of occupations investigated explains most of this phenomenon when the white man earns more , simply because he is man and white. The third and final chapter, Structural Changes in Education Returns and Differential Wage Race for Gender in Brazil for Different Groups of Age: An Approach of quantile regression with bias correction of Sample Selection, made use of the National Household Survey 2003 and 2013 and quantile regression techniques with selection bias correction proposed by Buchinsky (1998b) to analyze changes in the returns to education and racial differentials by gender wage and age groups in the Brazilian labor market between 9 the two years. Different values for the returns of schooling and racial differences were mainly observed in the highest quantile of the distribution of wages for almost all age groups. The wage returns of women were above the wage returns of men for all estimated quantile in all age groups in the two years analyzed. Finally, it is worth mentioning the reduction in wage returns to both sexes and the improvement in the standard of discrimination in the national labor market between the years 2003 and 2013.

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49

Nogueira, Madalena Maltês de Almeida. "The relationship between cultural dimensions and goal orientation." Master's thesis, reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26247.

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The purpose of this study consists on understanding the relationship between cultural dimensions and goal orientation. Specifically, the research seeks to explore if some cultural dimensions of GLOBE Project are related to goal orientation, specifically Learning and Performance Goal Orientation. A quantitative research method was used in the study to collect responses from individuals through an online survey previously elaborated. The relationship between five cultural dimensions and Learning and Performance Goal Orientation were tested through multiple linear regressions to understand if there were significant relationships between them and to test if those were positive or negative. The results supported two out of five hypotheses proposed. Performance Orientation was positively related to Learning Goal Orientation, as well as Institutional Collectivism was negatively related to Performance Goal Orientation. Although the opposite relationship was proposed in the hypothesis, the relationship between High Power Distance and Performance Goal Orientation was significant. Remaining relationships tested did not yield significant findings. Finally, the results obtained could provide important information about specific cultural behaviors needed to engage with to incur and follow a particular goal orientation, as well as, significant information to future research in this area.
O objetivo principal do presente estudo é compreender a relação existente entre dimensões culturais e orientação de resultados. Para além disso, a pesquisa pretende explorar se algumas dimensões culturais propostas pelo GLOBE Study exercem influência na orientação de resultados, especificamente orientação por aprendizagem e performance. O método de pesquisa utilizado no estudo foi um método quantitativo na forma de um inquérito online previamente elaborado, para recolher as respostas dos participantes. As relações existentes entre cinco dimensões culturais e Orientação de Resultados por Aprendizagem e Performance foram testadas através de regressões lineares múltiplas com o objetivo de perceber se alguma delas era significativa e ao mesmo tempo testar se eram positivas ou negativas. Duas das cinco hipóteses foram suportadas pelos resultados apresentados. A Orientação por Performance tem uma relação positiva com a Orientação de Resultados por Aprendizagem, assim como o Coletivismo Institucional estabelece uma relação negativa com a Orientação de Resultados por Performance. Apesar de apresentar uma relação oposta àquela prevista na hipótese, a relação que existe entre altos níveis de Distância de Poder e Orientação de Resultados por Performance é significativa. As restantes relações que foram testadas não apresentaram qualquer relevância para o estudo. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos podem fornecer informações relevantes sobre comportamentos humanos importantes a adaptar para incorrer numa especifica orientação de resultados, assim como disponibilizar informação significante de base para futura pesquisa nesta área.

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Cho, Soo Hyun. "Role of Saving Goals in Savings Behavior: Regulatory Focus Approach." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259643705.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic orientation'

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