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1
Lawens, M., H. Eckhardt, and S. Gramel. "Core aspects of international water supply and wastewater disposal with a focus on developing countries in the Asia and Africa region." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (April 2, 2019): 1809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.056.
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Abstract Water crises are already stressing societies, economies, and the environment worldwide and especially developing countries. The expected growth in population, urbanization and economic activity, as well as the impact of climate change, will exacerbate the situation in the coming decade. In developed countries, conventional water supply and wastewater disposal systems ensure safe access to drinking water, sanitation and wastewater services. The worldwide application of conventional systems is, however, only possible to a limited extent. The reason for this is that these systems are designed for certain climatic conditions and also do not consider the varying requirements regarding water supply and wastewater disposal typical for developing countries. Although there are alternative water supply and wastewater disposal systems that have proved to be successful throughout the developing world, there are still several barriers to their worldwide adoption. To increase the establishment of these approaches this paper focuses on aspects of particular relevance for developing countries, namely: water reuse (untreated wastewater), alternative sewerage (settled and simplified sewerage), alternative wastewater treatment (waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors) and management of water losses (real and apparent losses).
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Gamza, L., and E. Zaklyazminskaya. "The COVID-19 pandemic as a factor of China’s foreign and domestic policies." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2020): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2020-2-63-80.
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The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Chinese foreign and domestic policies during 2020. The main provisions, approaches, and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy in its key regional directions – towards the United States, European Union, the Asia-Pacific region, Russia, and some developing countries – are considered. Against the background of China’s domestic success in suppressing the COVID-19 infection, Beijing also intentionally uses the coronavirus agenda to boost the nation’s foreign policy that is increasingly acquiring global character. As the China-U.S. relations remained in poor shape, the Chinese foreign policy has continued to shift its focus towards the EU and the Asia-Pacific region with the purpose of stepping up economic cooperation with these regions. The authors explore in detail the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China’s economy and the key measures taken by the authorities to ensure economic stabilization and steady progress. These measures aim at searching for a new model of development based and centered on the domestic market. The effectiveness of these new approaches has so far allowed China to cope with the pandemic with minimum losses, as compared with other large countries, and to maintain positive dynamics of its development.
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Hotak, Shafiq Rahman. "Ways to Improve the Organizational and Economic Framework for the Use of Marketing in Agriculture in the Context of Modernization of the Economy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35520.
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After 20 years of neglect by international patrons, agriculture is now again in the headlines because high food prices are increasing food anxiety and poverty. In the coming years, it will be important to increase food productivity and production in developing countries, expressly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian countries like Afghanistan with smallholders. This, however, wants finding viable solutions to a number of complex procedural, institutional, and policy issues, including land markets, research on seeds and inputs, agricultural extension, credit, rural organization, connection to markets, rural non-farm employment, trade policy and food price stabilization. This paper reviews what the economic poetry has to say on these topics. It debates in turn the role played by agriculture in the development course and the interactions between agriculture and other economic sectors, the determinants of the Green Revolt and the foundations of agricultural growth, issues of income diversification by farmers, approaches to rural growth, and issues of international trade policy and food security, which have been at the root of the crisis in agricultural commodity instability in recent years.
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Tchitchinadze, Boris. "GEORGIA'S MACROECONOMIC CHALLENGES AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE WORLD PANDEMIC." Economic Profile 15, no. 20 (December 25, 2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.02.
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The presented paper analyzes the economic situation in Georgia against the background of the world pandemic. The relevant statistical data on the high tax balance and dollarization ratio of Georgia are presented in detail. The article notes that Georgia did not have a good starting economic rate even before the Coronavirus pandemic, which creates a precondition for future problems. The paper focuses on the need for rapid economic reforms. The paper presents conclusions and recommendations on the measures to be taken by the government in the near future. If the recommendations presented by the central government in the near future do not take into account the pandemic in the country, the socio-economic situation will become even more complicated, which will pose a significant threat to political stability as a whole. An analysis of the economic situation in Georgia prior to the spread of the coronavirus clearly demonstrates the need for a rapid, time-bound, national economic policy. This reforms should be provide to get healthy the situation, which caused coronavirus pandemic and develop of the economy from 2021. Georgia has all the necessary resources (intellectual, natural, strategic location) to deal with the negative consequences of the global pandemic and to take effective steps compared to other countries to ensure the stabilization of the economy. Therefore, in order to improve the overall macroeconomic situation of the country, appropriate reforms should be carried out quickly. When carrying out reforms, it should be taking into account that an important impediment to improving the country's economic situation will be the fact that significant problems have accumulated in the modern global world in the following areas, such as: international rating companies, international financial institutions and international lobbying institutions. Despite the effective steps taken to solve the problem, the situation in this direction is entering in deeper crisis, and overall it is hindering the real improvement of the economic situation of countries (especially developing countries). it is necessary that The Government of Georgia take into account the significant problems existing in the above-mentioned international organizations when pursuing national economic policy. Although various international financial institutions, compared to other countries, make positive forecasts about the economic situation in Georgia, it still does not entitle us to calm down. It is well known that the governments and central banks of almost every country in the world have allocated colossal sums of money to alleviate the difficult economic situation caused by the coronavirus. Complicating the situation is the fact that it is still unknown whether there will be a second wave of virus outbreaks. In the world is an extraordinary and difficult to predict situation in this regard. International organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Bank, the World Trade Organization, etc., can not forecast the current situation and can not offer relevant recommendations to countries, while such recommendations are vital, especially developing countries. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the Nobel Prize winners in the field of economics do not make any predictions about the extraordinary situation and do not offer appropriate action plans to the governments of the countries of the world. Therefore it is still unknown in the near future what socio-economic problems will be in countries the light of this pandemic. Given the complex and unpredictable economic situation in the world, the Government of Georgia needs to prepare a short-term and long-term strategic development plan based on local resources (National Academy of Sciences, higher education institutions, national research institutions, etc.) Will facilitate handling. According to this strategic plan, Georgia should avoid the expected risks as much as possible.
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Buccola, Steven. "Islam, Nurul, and Saji Thomas. Foodgrain Price Stabilization in Developing Countries: Issues and Experiences in Asia . Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, Food Policy Review No. 3, 1996, viii + 136 pp., paper $@@‐@@4.50." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79, no. 1 (February 1997): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243968.
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Khan, Mohsin S. "Stabilization and Economic Growth in Developing Countries (Invited Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i3pp.341-361.
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The need for stabilization typically arises when a country experiences an imbalance between domestic aggregate demand and aggregate supply, which is reflected in a worsening of its external payments position and an increase in the rate of inflation. To combat these twin problems, policies are required that restrain domestic demand and, at the same time, expand the production of tradeable goods, thereby easing the balance of payments constraint. Policies to influence the aggregate level or rate of growth of domestic demand and absorption, generally labelled as "demand side policies", include the whole range of monetary and fiscal measures, while the shifting of resources towards the production of tradeables involves altering the country's real exchange rate through devaluation. In general, monetary and fiscal policies and exchange rate action are considered an integral, if not an indispensable component of any stabilization programme.
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KOLOSOVA, Viktoriia. "Trends in the transformation of Bretton-Wood organizations in global space." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2020, no. 8 (October 23, 2020): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2020.08.072.
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The article highlights the historical aspects and preconditions for the creation of the International Monetary Fund (the IMF) and the World Bank, which since 1944 have been the most influential international financial organizations and have played the role of the world's largest creditors. The essence of the transformations of their activity caused by the phenomena of the new economic reality is revealed. The solution to the problems of financial stability on a global scale in the postwar period by the United States and the newly created the IMF was to peg national currencies to the US dollar in the Fund's arbitration. The events related to the crisis of the Bretton Woods system of single fixed exchange rates and the irreversible disruptions in the world circulation of oil and its derivatives in the 1970s were important reasons for changing the principles of the world monetary and financial system towards the introduction of free exchange. At the same time, due to the intensification of domestic trade and investment, there were abrupt outpacing transformations of the economies of the south-eastern part of the Asian continent. Following the irreversible events involving the collapse of the socialist camp, support for reform programs in transition economies has been added to the IMF's targets. The activities of the World Bank under the impact of these total changes were also significantly renewed. Further, the IMF and the World Bank began to work more closely, integrating anti-crisis approaches and measures, while remaining a universally recognized instrument of stabilization in the global dimension. The activities of the Bretton Woods organizations are aimed at assisting the governments of developing countries in implementing market economic policies to protect the rights of all forms of ownership, modernize institutional structures, achieve financial balance, and improve the social situation of all segments of the population. It is concluded that in order to ensure sustainable development, the strategic renewal of the IMF and the World Bank provides for the expansion of quotas to support structural reform programs, improve the allocation of credit and financial resources, support opportunities to meet the needs of socio-economic systems, develop human capital and efforts for solving macroeconomic problems, etc. The directions of impact of these international financial institutions on solving actual problems concerning climate change, displays of corruption, overcoming inequality, resistance to threats of destabilization, struggle against a pandemic of a coronavirus disease of COVID-19 are defined.
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Park, Jong H. "The East Asian Model of Economic Development and Developing Countries." Journal of Developing Societies 18, no. 4 (December 2002): 330–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x0201800403.
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This paper examines the debate on the East Asian model of economic development in light of the different approaches undertaken by different groups of countries (economies) in Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. The common strengths and weaknesses shared by the East Asian countries (economies) have helped to reinforce the misconception that there is a single East Asian model of economic development. There are, however, significant differences in economic structures as well as development experiences among the East Asian economies, especially between the economic development paradigms of Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia. Nonetheless, one single common thread underlies the differences in development strategies and experiences among the East Asian economies—the role of the government. The governments of East Asia have recognized the limitations of markets (or market failures) in the allocation of scarce resources in the economy, and have used government interventions to promote economic development. The recent Asian crisis hardly signifies the end of the so-called East Asian model of economic development.
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Kandil, Magda. "Economic stabilization in developed and developing countries: An empirical investigation." Journal of Macroeconomics 15, no. 2 (March 1993): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-0704(93)90032-h.
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Siddiqui, Rehana, and Afia Malik. "Debt and Economic Growth in South Asia." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.677-688.
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After 1980s, in most developing countries, the rate of debt accumulation and increase in debt servicing are highlighted as major factors affecting the growth rate of output. Most of these countries lost their competitiveness in the international market mainly as a result of insufficient exchange rate adjustments. In addition, the weakening of terms of trade, economic mismanagement and crisis of governance also lowered growth rates in the developing countries. The downward pressure was larger in the countries facing higher debt burden as these countries faced higher interest rates, decline in the external resource inflow, lower export earnings, lower domestic output and lower imports. In case of South Asian countries, the external debt scenario has changed over time. According to World Bank (2001) Pakistan’s ranking worsened to ‘severely-indebted low income country’ from ‘moderately-indebted low income country’ in 1997, where as India’s ranking improved to ‘less indebted low income’ country from ‘moderately indebted’ in 1997. The rapid accumulation of debt, rising repayment burden and the economically and politically resource inflow or rescheduling motivated rescheduling of debt (as in case of Pakistan) has raised concerns regarding the impact of debt on the growth process of the South Asian countries.
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Gornostaeva, D., and N. Levitskaya. "SCO: opportunities for developing economic cooperation." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2001-03.
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The article considers the most relevant and important advantages of participation of countries in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), as one of the largest modern organizations in Central Asia. The article analyzes the spheres of interests of the SCO founding countries: Russia and China, their diff erences and contradictions, as well as the problems of economic interaction within the organization that result from this. Based on the speech of the SCO General Secretary Vladimir Norov, which took place on January 15, 2020, conclusions were made on the prospects for further cooperation of the SCO members.
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Hallett, A. J. Hughes. "Would commodity market stabilization agreements redistribute economic resources to developing countries?" Resources Policy 13, no. 2 (June 1987): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4207(87)90013-4.
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De la Barra, Victor H., Mary A. Marchant, and Aida C. Isinika. "Stabilization Policies and Agricultural Impacts in Developing Countries: The Case of Bolivia." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27, no. 1 (July 1995): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019726.
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AbstractThis research examines the success of stabilization policies to control hyperinflation in Bolivia. Money demand functions for the hyperinflation and stabilization periods were econometrically estimated and statistically tested. We conclude that the demand for money in Bolivia changed after stabilization policies were implemented, indicating that the new government's objectives were met. Stabilization policies resulted in real economic growth for Bolivia's economy, including its agricultural sector, where agricultural export shares increased tenfold as stabilization policies corrected overvalued exchange rates.
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Rogozhina, N. "Developing Countries: Problems of Environment and Development." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-88-98.
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This article deals with the role of developing countries in strengthening the global ecological security, because the focus of environmental crisis has been shifting towards them. Taking into consideration the dynamics of their socio-economic and demographic changes, these countries will determine environmental situation in the world. Ecological crisis in developing countries is subjected to the industrial society formation that is accompanied by heavy demand on natural resources and pollution of environment. The author concludes that inevitable environmental costs of extensive economic growth are multiplied by continuing population growth and poverty increase. Today the developing countries are in extremely hard situation: they won’t overcome economic gap which is the main cause of ecological disruption without accelerating the development. But at the same time, the uncontrolled increase of economic production results in intensification of environmental crisis. It determines the urgent need to shift from the traditional model of industrial development relying on the postulate "growth first clean up later" to the model of "green" development. This economic concept is defined as eco-industrial revolution. In order to carry this task these states have to include the elements of post-industrial "green" development into the model of the industrial type development catch up. In its practical realization this model may cause further differentiation of developing countries and inequality on the global level. The emerging economics of the Asia Pacific region possess enough technological, financial resources and political will to join the "green world". But scarcely the poor countries of Africa or South Asia will demonstrate the same high interest in providing secure ecological development. Sustainable economics will probably facilitate entering the "green world".
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Smirnov, V. V. "Analyzing the financial and economic conditions of Russia as a border between developing countries of Europe and Asia." Finance and Credit 26, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 1228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.6.1228.
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Subject. The article considers the financial and economic status of Russia as compared to developing countries of Europe and Asia. Objectives. The aim is to determine the financial and economic role and opportunities for development of Russia as a border between the developing countries of Europe and Asia. Methods. The study rests on the systems approach, using the methods of descriptive statistics and cluster analysis. Results. The study identifies the GDP deflator as a common dominating indicator. It reflects the activity and instability of the price index. Developing countries have consistently low values relative to Russia, the Russian GDP deflator is the limit. Asia, having less capital-intensive economies, is more stable in terms of the growth rate of the relevant indicator. Russia is defined as a source of price index instability and a benchmark for developing countries of Europe and Asia. The main causes of instability are governance and GDP. Conclusions. The success of Russia's development as a border between the developing countries of Europe and Asia depends on the consistency between the limits of economic relations and the existing structure of the Russian economy.
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EZEIBEKWE, OBINNA FRANKLIN. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Global Economy Journal 20, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2194565920500165.
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What are the economic, political, institutional, socio-cultural, and geographical determinants of financial development in developing countries? This paper uses the two-way fixed effects (with clustered standard errors) and annual panel data from 1980 to 2018 for 69 developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa, East and South Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean to address this question. The principal component analysis is employed to construct a financial development index based on three financial development indicators. This study builds on the previous studies by introducing new potential determinants of financial development such as the perception of corruption, and by exploring important quadratic and interaction effects. The results show that national income, trade openness, indices of political stability and Polity2 (a democracy score), perception of corruption, the predominant religion in the countries, and geographical factors such as territorial access to the sea explain the differences in the levels of financial development across countries and regions. A rise in national income leads to a higher level of financial development and countries with a high perceived level of corruption have a lower level of financial development. There is strong evidence of threshold effects as trade openness has a diminishing marginal effect on financial development while the auxiliary growth regressions show that financial development has an increasing marginal effect on national income. Of the five regions studied, East and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have the highest and lowest levels of financial development, respectively. Also, fuel-exporting countries, least developed countries, and landlocked countries tend to have lower levels of financial development. These results have relevant policy implications for developing countries in their continued efforts to achieve better financial development and ultimately, sustainable economic development.
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Das, Khanindra Ch. "International Connectivity Initiatives by China and India: For the Developing Countries." South Asian Survey 24, no. 2 (September 2017): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971523118808075.
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China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) has prompted the emergence of alternate regional connectivity projects such as the Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC). The emergence of alternative projects has been driven by both strategic and economic considerations. The article contrasts OBOR and AAGC and assesses the initiatives’ likely contribution towards promoting the larger goal of economic development and stability across developing countries in Asia and Africa. While the developing countries have the choice of integrating with the projects under either or both the initiatives, the participating countries need to weigh economic and strategic benefits and challenges so that the achievement of country-level developmental goals can be fostered.
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Tang, Donny. "ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AMONG THE ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION COUNTRIES: Linder Effect on Developed and Developing Countries (1985-1999)." International Trade Journal 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 19–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853900309536.
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Tang, Donny. "ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AMONG THE ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION COUNTRIES: Linder Effect on Developed and Developing Countries (1985–1999)." International Trade Journal 17, no. 1 (January 2003): 19–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853900390152791.
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Tantra, Ignatius Hubert. "Singapore, A Growing Economic Titan from South East Asia." Jurnal Sentris 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i2.4164.42-54.
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Singapore has one of the fastest economic development pace throughout South East Asia. Despite the fact that by land mass, it is not the biggest or the most fertile country. By demographic factor, it is not the most populated nor the most culturally diverse country. It also didn’t have the natural resources that its neighboring countries boasted as their main commodity. Yet, Singapore is a country with one of the most efficient implementation of living space, land usage, and education programme in the world. Because of its greatness, Singapore can be put in the same class with the others developed countries in the world. This is despite all the handicap that this country has, through the thick and thin of its history. The author believes that these successes can be atributted mostly to the efficient leadership of Singapore as a nation state in the international system, and that these successes can be adapted throughout Asia, and the world as a whole. This essay was made exactly to achieve this successful impact on ASEAN’s countries economics. In this writing, the author will examine what makes Singapore such a great economic titan, and how it can turn its unlikely position into a flourishing market economy and becoming a model for other developing countries to replicate, with institutional leadership. All of these, for the purpose of learning, and in the bid of rejuvenating economic vigor that most Asian countries and developing countries needed to keep up and even compete with more prominent countries in the international political system of the world.
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Baxter, Les. "Food Security in Southeast Asia." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 1 (2012): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12038.
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Food security, defined by the 1996 World Food Summit as existing ?when all people at all times have access to sufficient nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life?, has been identified as a major issue for Southeast Asian countries. In the majority of developing countries the most effective means of ensuring food security is broad-based economic growth in agriculture. Public support for agriculture has waned significantly since the mid-1980s. Australia has been a leader in the recent resurgence of aid investment in agriculture. This has involved lifting investment in agricultural research in developing countries, through ACIAR, and AusAID programs, in particular in the Mekong countries, South Asia and Africa.
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Sarker, Sandip, Arifuzzaman Khan, and Mehdad Mamur Mannan. "Urban population and economic growth: South Asia perspective." European Journal of Government and Economics 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2016.5.1.4316.
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Previously economic growth was generally discussed in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), educational growth, savings, investments, inflation as well as trade openness of a nation. Very recently it has been identified that population is one of the major determinants of economic growth of a nation. In the recent years, the study of urbanization has gained a matter of concern in developing countries as it has been recognized as part of a larger process of economic development which is affecting developing countries. South Asian countries are one of the emerging economics and growing at a faster rate over the past few years. At the same time, population of South Asia is growing at a significant rate. Therefore the study has attempted to identify the causal relationship between urban population and economic growth in South Asia using a panel data analysis. The study makes use of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP), Pesaran as well as Fisher methods for panel unit root test. The panel Pedroni cointegration test suggests that there is long run relationship between the variables. The further panel Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggests that there is long run causality running from urban population growth to economic growth in South Asia. The study concludes that the growth of urban population can have significant impact on economic growth in South Asia in the long run.
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Borlea, Sorin Nicolae, Codruta Mare, Monica Violeta Achim, and Adriana Puscas. "Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth. Evidence for Developing Countries." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2016-0006.
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Abstract The results of extensive studies that analyzed the existence and meaning of correlations between the economic growth and the financial market development lead us to a more thorough study of these correlations. Therefore, we performed a broad study of the developing countries from around the world (the developing part of each region constructed by the World Bank through its Statistics Bureau). The regions taken into analysis were: Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, the Arab world, Latin America & and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. For comparison purposes, we have also included in the sample the North American countries, the Euro Area and the European Union as a whole, because these last three areas are the main benchmarks of the financial markets. The results are consistent with those from previous studies on the subject and vary depending on region and financial indicator considered.
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Басовский, Leonid Basovskiy, Басовская, and Elena Basovskaya. "The sustainability of economic development of the countries of Southeast Asia." Economics 1, no. 5 (December 3, 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1732.
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The method of determination of turning points of economic development and
evaluation of economic dynamics. The turning points of economic development
proposed to diagnose on anomalous dispersion rates of economic growth. Type
the economic dynamics of the country invited to be determined by comparing
the average rate of economic growth and the growth of the world economy.
The risk of instability of economic dynamics are encouraged to estimate
indicator, reflecting the relative variation in the pace of economic growth in
comparison with the variation of the growth rate of the world economy.
To determine the prospects for economic development in South-East Asia
investigated the economic dynamics of Burma (Myanmar), Brunei, Vietnam,
Cambodia (Kampuchea), Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and
the Philippines. It is established that the countries of Southeast Asia except
Brunei is developing at an accelerated pace. Rates of growth of economy of
these countries exceed the growth rate of the world economy. South-East Asia
countries except Brunei are developing steadily. Stability and development of
Vietnam and Laos exceed the level of stability of development of the world
economy. Therefore, in South-East Asia should be considered to be preferable
business and trade partners of Vietnam and Laos.
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Tung, Le Thanh, Pham Nang Thang, and Lam Tu Uyen. "Does Economic Integration Affect Inequality in Developing Countries? Evidence from a Global Sample." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n2p579.
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Economic integration plays an important role in promoting economic growth. However, it can also increase inequality, although the relationship between economic integration and inequality is still unclear. Our paper aims to study the impact of economic integration on income inequality with a global sample regarding 59 developing countries collected from 1996-2016. Besides, we divide the overall sample into three smaller examples including developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin-America. Unlike previous studies, our research results confirm that economic integration has a multidimensional impact on inequality in countries. In detail, trade openness can help to reduce inequality, however, foreign direct investment increases inequality during the study period. The Kuznets' inverted-U curve among income and inequality is confirmed in the cases including the overall sample, Asia and Africa, excluding for the Latin-America. Finally, technology development and remittances are found to play a negative impact on inequality, while inflation leads to an increase in inequality level in developing countries. Keywords: economic integration, inequality, trade openness, FDI, Kuznets, developing country
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Gheewala, Shabbir H., Beau Damen, and Xunpeng Shi. "Biofuels: economic, environmental and social benefits and costs for developing countries in Asia." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 4, no. 6 (July 11, 2013): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.241.
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Mazyrin, V. "CAFTA – New Format of Economic Interaction in East Asia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2010): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-11-50-58.
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On January 1st, 2010, the free trade zone China–ASEAN (CAFTA) was launched officially. The creation of such zone is of special importance under the conditions when the international financial crisis has not yet come to its end, but trade protectionism is increasing worldwide. Developing countries with lagged economy or other economic problems are suffering from the crisis shock the most. Conversely, the regional trade liberalization allows to overcome contraction of demand for commodities produced in Asia, opens up new export possibilities. The capability of the regional countries to counter crisis developments rises particularly due to extension of trade and economic cooperation with China.
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O'CONNOR, DAVID. "Applying economic instruments in developing countries: from theory to implementation." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000078.
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The paper describes a number of developing country applications of economic instruments (EIs), focusing on how policy makers—mostly in Asia and La tin America—have addressed implementation problems. The informational and institutional demands of EIs can be as great as with regulations; in any event, the former are mostly used to complement not replace the latter. Consideration of political acc eptability has conditioned both instrument design (e.g. grandfathering of tradable permits, non-compliance fees rather than simple pollution charges) and phasing of implementation (e.g. starting with local experimentation, setting low initial charge rates). With the advance of market-oriented economic reforms in the developing world, the policy and institutional environment should become more conducive to applying EIs; with greater political openness in many countries, the scope for involving the media, n on-governmental organizations, and the public at large in environmental enforcement (e.g., through information disclosure programmes) should also increase.
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Khairul Amri Kamarudin, Mohd, Noorjima Abd Wahab, Mahadzirah Mohamad, Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi, Mohamad Shaharudin Samsurijan, Muhammad Hafiz Md. Saad, Siti Nuratiqah Yusri, et al. "Population Growth and Economic Development in Developing and Developed Countries." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (December 13, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.23842.
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This research examines the effects of population growth on the economic development between the two developed and developing countries which is Singapore and Malaysia. They were many previous studies that have sought to gauge the effects or impact of population growth along the economic development. It was said that there was a strong relationship between the effects of population growth and the economic development, which is the growth of population is depending on the economic growth. Singapore was well known worldwide as a highly developed free-market economy. The economy of Singapore has been ranked as the most open in the world and the most-pro business. The population in the country is estimated at 5.5 million recently. As for Malaysia, it is known as the most competitive developing countries and is ranked on the 5th largest in South Asia. The population estimated at 31.63 million in Malaysia.
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Son, Hyun H. "Inequality of Human Opportunities in Developing Asia." Asian Development Review 30, no. 2 (September 2013): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00017.
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This paper analyzes the equity of opportunity in basic education and infrastructure services in seven developing countries, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam. The analysis applies a method developed by the World Bank called the Human Opportunity Index, which measures the total contribution of individual socioeconomic and demographic circumstances to inequality of opportunity in accessing basic services. The new and major contribution of the paper, however, is the development of a methodology that quantifies the relative contribution of each circumstance variable to the inequality of opportunity. This contribution is crucial in identifying which underlying inequalities matter most—which can have important policy implications, for instance, in terms of developing better-targeted interventions. Results of the empirical analysis indicate that more needs to be done to improve the distribution of economic benefits. Opportunities to access basic education and infrastructure services in the seven countries vary widely in terms of availability and distribution. The study also finds that inequality of opportunity is driven mainly by per capita household expenditure. This suggests that household poverty plays a crucial role in determining equitable access to basic services.
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Malik, Muhammad Hussain. "Wadhwa, Charan D. and MukulG. Asher (eds.). ASEAN-SOUTH ASIA Economic Relations. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1985. ix+384pp." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i3pp.336-338.
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The need to enhance their economic relations with each other has long been felt by developing countries. However, their efforts in this regard have met with limited success. One of the reasons for this could be that not much serious work has been done to understand the complexities and possibilities of economic relations of developing countries. The complementarities which exist among the economies of these countries remain relatively unexplored. There is a lack of concrete policy proposals which developing countries may follow to achieve their often proclaimed objective of collective self-reliance. All this needs serious and rigorous research efforts. In this perspective, the present study can be considered as a step in the right direction. It examines trade and other economic relations of developing countries of two regions of Asia-South Asian countries and member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The study also explores ways and means to improve economic relations among these countries
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Rudner, Martin. "Apec: The Challenges of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation." Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (May 1995): 403–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012798.
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International trade figures prominently in the economic growth strategies of East and Southeast Asian countries. Despite the economic recession experienced across much of the world since the early 1990s, the pace of economic growth was sustained virtually unabated in the countries of East and Southeast Asia.During the entire decade of the 1980s the East and Southeast Asian economies grew more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the world economy. Along with this growth performance, international trade in the East and Southeast Asian region increased at about twice the rate of Europe and North America. Merchandise exports in East and Southeast Asia increased at an annual average rate of 10% per annum between 1965 and 1989. In 1990 and 1991 aggregate merchandise exports from Asia's Newly Industrializing Economies (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong) grew by 9.0% and 11.4%, while the four ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) developing countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) recorded average increases of 12.9% and 14.3%, respectively.Expanding merchandise exports were accompanied by surging capital inflows and rising investment rates, culminating in accelerated growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) along with a significant reduction in the incidence of poverty.
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Nip, Ivon Kristin, Suyanto Suyanto, and Made Siti Sundari. "PENGARUH INVESTASI, PENDIDIKAN, PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK, DAN EKSPOR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI 24 NEGARA ASIA PERIODE 2004-2013." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jeb.v20i2.1598.
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The purpose of this study is to examine and to analyze the impact of Investment, Education, Population Growth, Primary Export, and Manufacturing Export to Economic Growth of 24 countries in Asia. The data analyzes under the total 24 countries and disaggregate grouped on developing countries and developed countries. This study utilizes a quantitative research approach and the method of analysis is data Ordinary Least Square (OLS) for panel data. 24 countries in Asia for period 2004-2013 are used as the sample set. The result indicates that Investment, Population Growth, and Manufacturing Export have significanteffect on Economic Growth in developing country. In addition, Investment, Education, and Primary Export significanteffect on Economic Growth in developed country. The results imply lead a country must give support to the government for improve climate and policies investment as well as improve the education system and quality to encourage sustainable economic growth.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. "Concepts of South-South Economic Cooperation." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 3 (November 24, 2019): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-3-30-46.
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The paper traces the evolution of conceptual approaches to South-South economic cooperation. It is shown that with the collapse of the bipolar system and the rise of globalization the interest in South-South cooperation have risen again, and compared to the 1950–1970-ies focuses more on economic relations of developing countries. At the same time, the article shows that the deepening differentiation of the countries of the global South allows us to consider the South-South dialogue as ambiguous process. According to the author, this is a set of relations of very different level of interaction between developing countries, which are part of a more fundamental process of transformation of the existing “Westcentric” world order. The paper identifies four such levels, characterized by very different opportunities for participating in economic ties between developing countries: relations of major countries of the South with each other (especially in BRICS and IBSA groups); the interaction of the largest countries with other developing countries (most known for the cooperation in the framework of “One belt, one road” Chinese initiative); intensive contacts of countries of the global South due to the objectively existing neighborhood effect (the most famous integration groupings are ASEAN in Southeast Asia and MERCOSUR in Latin America); and cross-border ties of small developing countries geographically distant from each other. The paper concludes that South-South cooperation cannot be a full-fledged alternative to other global economic ties. Indeed, countries of the global North dominate in many areas and more often still offer mutually beneficial cooperation to developing countries, so that isolation from the global North is akin to autarky. South-South cooperation should be viewed primarily as a way to develop additional forms of interaction different from that dominant in the contemporary world, prescribed mainly taking into account the views of several leading economic powers. Thus, it is correct to speak of South- non-West cooperation, referring to rather developed countries that are not able to build relations with the US and key EU countries (e.g. Russia).
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G. Sultanova and Kh. Karimova. "POSSIBILITIES OF DEVELOPING A SINGLE FOOD MARKET IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, no. 5(25) (September 30, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30092019/6663.
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Central Asia experienced major socio-economic shocks during the 1990s, which has increased food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty. In response, Central Asia has adopted food self-sufficiency policies. This paper argues that regional and international trade can improve food security if implemented properly. However, a new constraint on food trade has arisen — food safety. Using food commodity data and analysis from Trade Map, this paper analyzes Central Asia’s intra-region food security policies. Evidence shows that food safety practices will affect internal food trade in Central Asia. Finally, a framework for creating a single food market is proposed.
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Hariyani, Happy Febrina, Dominicus Savio Priyarsono, and Alla Asmara. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KORUPSI DI KAWASAN ASIA PASIFIK." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.5.2.32-44.
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The phenomenon of corruption is a big problem faced by countries with rapid economic development. The problem is not only faced by developing countries, but also in some developed countries. The factors that cause corruption classified into three broad categories--economic, political and socio-cultural. The high level of corruption in a country can also cause high cost economy that could hamper economic growth through the obstacles that occur in the investment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the level of corruption and to analyze the impact of corruption on economic growth in the Asia Pacific region. The results show that public budget, political stability, and urban population affect the level of corruption. Low institutional quality, indicated by the failure of the government (corruption), has a bad influence on economic growth performance.
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Hariyani, Happy Febrina, Dominicus Savio Priyarsono, and Alla Asmara. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KORUPSI DI KAWASAN ASIA PASIFIK." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.5.2.2016.32-44.
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The phenomenon of corruption is a big problem faced by countries with rapid economic development. The problem is not only faced by developing countries, but also in some developed countries. The factors that cause corruption classified into three broad categories--economic, political and socio-cultural. The high level of corruption in a country can also cause high cost economy that could hamper economic growth through the obstacles that occur in the investment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the level of corruption and to analyze the impact of corruption on economic growth in the Asia Pacific region. The results show that public budget, political stability, and urban population affect the level of corruption. Low institutional quality, indicated by the failure of the government (corruption), has a bad influence on economic growth performance.
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Legewie, Jochen, and Hendrik Meyer-Ohle. "Does nationality matter? Western and Japanese multinational corporations in Southeast Asia." European Review 8, no. 4 (October 2000): 553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279870000510x.
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Multinational corporations from Japan and Western countries have played an active role in the economic development of Southeast Asia and have, during this time, undergone several developments. The recent economic crisis and efforts by the countries of the region to promote economic integration have again forced corporations to reconsider their strategies. Based on an historical overview, this article examines current strategies and, in particular, addresses the driving forces that are underlying the corporate behaviour of companies from different home countries. It argues that while corporate nationality has, to some extent, been important in the past, it will lose significance as multinational corporations are increasingly developing organizational cultures of their own.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Foreign Direct Investment Between Asian Developing Countries and the EU Member States: The Role of Integration Processes." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, no. 2 (August 17, 2013): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0009.
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This article discusses the conditions surrounding the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) between the developing countries of Asia (East Asia, South-East Asia, Southern Asia, and Western Asia) and the countries with membership in the European Union (EU), including the so-called ‘new’ Member States (EU12). At the intra-regional and inter-regional levels, the flow is especially affected by the world economic crisis, which has effected changes in the positions of the analyzed countries on a global scale. The integration processes taking place in the EU also significantly affect the intensity of FDI flow within the group, while the processes taking place in the developing countries of Asia are not yet sufficiently enough advanced to significantly affect the flow of FDI. Inter-regional FDI flows take place between the subject regions and sub-regions. The observed phenomenon of emerging Asian net exporters of capital in the form of FDI to the European Union may be strengthened by the process of Asian integration. For the new EU Member States the developing Asian countries may constitute an alternative source of capital in the crisis conditions.
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Baidarov, Erkin. "INDIA AND THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA: TOWARDS EACH OTHER." Alatoo Academic Studies 19, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2019.194.26.
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The beginning of the second decade of the 21st century in the context of relations between India and the countries of Central Asia was marked by the emergence of a new conceptual program – «Connect Central Asia Policy» («Connection / Communication Policy with Central Asia»). If in 1992 India only established diplomatic relations with the new independent states of Central Asia, then it took another twenty years to establish wider contacts with the region of India. This is largely due to the new generation of Indian leaders who appreciated the "new" role of India in the global coordinate system. The need to solve their own political, strategic and economic problems, as well as understanding the need for Central Asian countries to solve their own problems in developing economic and human potential, transport infrastructure, etc., allowed the official Delhi to determine its niche at the intersection of mutually beneficial interests, which resulted in «Connect Central Asia Policy» program.
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Suparyati, Agustina. "DAMPAK KEBEBASAN EKONOMI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI." Media Ekonomi 22, no. 3 (December 17, 2014): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v22i3.3204.
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<p>The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of economic development on economic growth. Economic freedom as an indicator of the progress of a country's welfare level consisting of 10 constituent components namely Property Rights, Freedom from Corruption, Fiscal Freedom, Government Spending, Business Freedom or Regulatory Freedom, Labor Freedom, Monetary Freedom, Freedom Trade, Investment Freedom and Financial Freedom. This study uses annual quantitative data in the span of time between 2001-2012 with the object of research in developed countries in Asia (Japan, China, South Korea and Singapore) and developing countries in Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam ) The results obtained that in ASEAN countries the variables that affect economic growth are variables of right property, business freedom, trade freedom and financial freedom while in developed countries in Asia, the components of influential economic freedom are property right, freedom from corruption, government spending, monetary freedom , business freedom, and financial freedom.</p>
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Mohammad Ismail, Nur Hafizah. "Causal Link in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Southeast Asia Countries." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 8, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v8i2.8937.
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Southeast Asia countries have experienced rapid economic growth within past decades with significant increase in energy dependency and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Continuous development in urban area has stimulated rise in energy consumption in many Southeast Asia countries which resulted in an improvement of citizen’s lifestyles and living standards due to increasing income and population. Understanding the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions helps economies in formulating energy policies, enhancing energy security and developing a sustainability of energy resources. Therefore, this study focuses on the economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions evolved in Southeast Asia by using Environment Kuznets Curve theory. This paper could be useful and beneficial for the Southeast Asia countries to form appropriate environment policies in order to maintain the balance of energy demand and supply and dealing with environmental quality issues.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Foreign Direct Investment in the New European Union Member States and Developing Countries of Asia under Conditions of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis: Comparative Aspects." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2009): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0026-3.
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The objective of this article is a comparative analysis of the changing position of new European Union member states and the developing countries of Asia in global and regional FDI flows as well as an assessment of the impact of the global crisis on the position of these regions and selected countries in terms of FDI. The analysis encompasses European Union member states that received membership as a part of the enlargement of 2004 and 2007 as well as the developing sub–regions of Asia—i.e. East, South-East, and South Asia. The conducted analysis demonstrates that the position of the developing countries of Asia is significantly stronger than that of the new European Union member states, which is mainly determined by the scale of the economies of countries such as China and India. Subject to conditions of global crisis, Asia and Oceania as a whole noted growth in the inflow of FDI in 2008 by almost 17%, where the European Union member states saw a 2% fall. The situation inside the analyzed regions is extremely varied in terms of noticeable effects of the crisis in the FDI sphere. It is dependent on not only processes of economic growth, but also on the character of investments made in the individual countries and sub– regions as well as motives behind the actions of investors.
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CAPANNELLI, GIOVANNI, JONG-WHA LEE, and PETER A. PETRI. "ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE IN ASIA: DEVELOPING INDICATORS FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION." Singapore Economic Review 55, no. 01 (March 2010): 125–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081000364x.
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We develop indicators to measure the degree of economic integration and cooperation among East Asian economies and compare these with similar measures for other regions. Our indicators cover regional integration in trade, investment, financial assets, and people-to-people exchange. We also analyze measures of regional cooperation such as the density of free trade agreements and official policy dialogues. We find that in various Asian groupings, and especially in a group of 16 integrating Asian economies, interdependence in trade, direct investment, financial flows, and other forms of economic and social exchange has increased significantly over time, and now approaches that in the European Union. Nonetheless, Asia's official cooperation remains weak and formal regional institutions remain relatively underdeveloped. To provide insight into the causes of this discrepancy, we also develop quantitative measures of political and cultural similarity of nations, and find that Asian countries have relatively low levels of political and cultural proximity compared to regions such as Europe. The diversity of political interests and cultural values may have hindered more intense cooperation among Asian economies in the past. But if regional economic and social interactions continue to grow, requirements for joint decision-making are also likely to expand, leading to stronger frameworks of official cooperation.
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Miniesy, Rania S., and Mariam AbdelKarim. "Generalized Trust and Economic Growth: The Nexus in MENA Countries." Economies 9, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9010039.
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This study mainly examines the relationship between generalized/horizontal/social trust and economic growth in countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, considering the substantial decline in their trust values since 2005. The study utilizes a multiple linear regression model based on panel data comprising 104 countries over the period from 1999 to 2020. Trust data were obtained from the last four waves of the World Values Survey (WVS). A Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) estimation technique was used, and interaction terms between trust and several dummy variables were employed. The results show an overall positive and significant relationship between trust and economic growth in the general model and for all country classifications, except for MENA, where the overall relationship is negative but almost negligible. Trust has the highest impact on growth in transition economies, followed in order by developing Asia, developed, developing/Sub-Saharan Africa, developing America, and then MENA countries. Further investigations reveal that the overall negative/reversed effect of trust on economic growth in MENA is only during waves 6 and 7, where the coefficients are sizable.
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Kim, YongChan, Min Jae Park, and Erdal Atukeren. "Healthcare and Welfare Policy Efficiency in 34 Developing Countries in Asia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134617.
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The healthcare and welfare policies of nations, as well as the amount of investments put into these areas, vary across countries. Investments in healthcare and welfare have been increasing worldwide which brings the question of assessing the efficiency of these investments. There are, however, difficulties in evaluating the effectiveness of such investments due to differences in countries’ economic development levels and due to the differences in data definition issues. There are only a limited number of studies in the literature that employ consistent and comparable indicators across countries. This study evaluates the healthcare investment efficiency and health competitiveness efficiency of 34 developing countries in Asia using a two-stage dynamic data envelopment analysis approach. Furthermore, we employ a broader measure of indicators on national healthcare and welfare policies and outcomes, in addition to the investment data on healthcare and welfare expenditures. Our findings indicate that the establishment of an investment environment with a consolidated approach and management is an important factor that increases the efficiency of investments in healthcare and welfare sectors. A consistent delivery of the national policy strategy is also crucial for reaching the medium-and long-term targets for each country. For example, if a country establishes healthcare and welfare policies that focus on improving its indicators with low efficiencies, the output will be improved and a better return on investment will be ensured in a long-term perspective.
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Park, Donghyun, and Kwanho Shin. "People's Republic of China as an Engine of Growth for Developing Asia?" Asian Economic Papers 10, no. 2 (June 2011): 120–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00086.
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Developing Asia has traditionally relied on exports to the United States and other industrialized countries for demand and growth. As a result, the collapse of exports to the United States and other industrialized countries during the 2008–09 global financial crisis has sharply curtailed GDP growth across the region. The emergence of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a globally influential economic force is fueling hopes that it can supplement the United States as an additional source of demand and growth. The central objective of this paper is to investigate whether exports to the PRC has a significant and positive effect on the GDP of eight developing Asian countries. Although the study's results indicate that exports to the PRC contributed to developing Asian countries' recovery from the global crisis, it is far too early to make well-informed judgments about the PRC's ability to support Asia's growth in the medium and long term.
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Chaudhary, Mohammad Aslam, and Sabahat Anwar. "Foreign Debt, Dependency, and Economic Growth in South Asia." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.551-570.
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Many developing countries are following a policy to attract foreign capital through loans and other means to enhance investment. The inflow of these resources is seen as an addition to investment for accelerating economic growth. However, there are only a few success stories where such resources have made any significant contribution to improve the economic conditions of recipient country.1 Pakistan and other South Asian countries have received significant amount of foreign loans2 but its role is critical [Chaudhary and Ali (1993, 1996)]. In spite of increasing foreign aid, South Asia has emerged one of the poorest and illiterate regions of the world, having more than 500 million poor living below poverty line and about 46 percent of the world’s illiterate live in the South Asia [UNDP/MHHDC*(1997)]. This is the region, which has 22 percent of the world’s population, while having only 1.3 percent of the world’s income. It also appears one of the most indebted regions of the world [Anwar (1995)]. In spite of a significant inflow of foreign aid, the economic conditions remained poor in this region. Such a situation calls for an in depth analysis of the contribution of foreign aid. Therefore, this paper is focused to analyse the role and implications of international debt in South Asia. Besides, South Asia’s dependency upon foreign debt is also analysed.3 In addition, tendency of resources outflow from South Asia to other countries, in terms of debt services, is also identified.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Policies with Respect to Foreign Investors in the New Member States of the European Union and in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comparative Aspects." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 12, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2010): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0001-z.
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The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative analysis of policies aimed at foreign investors in the new member states of the European Union as well as in the developing countries of Asia. The policies demonstrate certain similarities in spite of the fact that the analyzed world economic regions are subject to different conditions. A common feature is the opening up of economies to foreign investors, coupled with the application of certain incentives intended to increase the attractiveness of the country to foreign investors. Countries strive to modernize their economies with the help of foreign capital. The developing countries of Asia, in contrast to the new member states of the European Union, are not restricted in their policies with respect to foreign investors by the requirements of regional economic integration.
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Skulska, Bogusława. "Process of the Economic Integration of China with Asean Countries. An Overview." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10031-011-0017-y.
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Process of the Economic Integration of China with Asean Countries. An OverviewChina occupies an important economic position in Eastern Asia, accounting for circa 60% of trade turnover and capital flows in the region. Based on the regional production network in Eastern Asia, the Chinese economy might constitute an integral part of the regional market. China is interested in a liberal, secure and stable regional market which promotes the adoption of an active role of a participant and promoter of regional trade agreements (RTA) by China, i.e. the free trade agreement China - ASEAN, proposed trilateral free trade agreement of South-Eastern Asia, or EAFTA. China is also interested in participating in and promoting regional monetary and financial cooperation, for example as part of the Chiang Mai Initiative and the development of the regional capital market. The Chinese concept of regionalism is complex due to the diversity of the neighbouring geographic areas. Despite the attachment of China to the ASEAN+3 variant, this country is relatively flexible in its approach to the form and nature of its own participation in multi-dimensional integrations structures, i.e. EAS1. At the same time China has made effort for developing institution outside the regional, i.e. for example SOC, potential security system for the North-Eastern Asia based on Hexalateral Talks.