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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic Structural Adjustment Program (Zimbabwe)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Economic Structural Adjustment Program (Zimbabwe)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 23 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic Structural Adjustment Program (Zimbabwe)"

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Lim, Joseph Y., and Manuel F. Montes. "Structural Adjustment Program after Structural Adjustment Program, but Why Still No Development in the Philippines?" Asian Economic Papers 1, no. 3 (July 2002): 90–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535102320894018.

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Since the debt crisis of the 1980s, Philippine economic performance has been an outlier in East Asia, in spite of reform policies that generally have conformed to worldwide norms of trade liberalization and deregulation. In the 20-year period since 1980, the proportion of GDP attributed to manufacturing has declined from 24 to 22 percent. Dependence on commodity exports has declined, and the Philippines' export structure is now less diversified than it was 20 years ago. Market-oriented economic reforms are incomplete, as they are in many other countries, but the Philippines' poor economic performance is mostly a result of macroeconomic instability and low domestic savings, not inadequate reforms. Reform efforts have contributed to political instability, and macroeconomic instability has stifled investment. A model of macroeconomic shortages in domestic, external, and public savings is presented to illustrate the continuing constraints on Philippine economic growth and development.

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Olarte, Efraín Gonzales de. "Economic Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Under Fujimori." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 35, no. 2 (1993): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165944.

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When Alberto Fujimori campaigned for president of Peru W i n 1990, he ran on a platform in which he promised to institute a moderate program of gradual economic stabilization, including the privatization of certain state-owned enterprises. These promises were instrumental in his scoring an upset victory over writer Mario Vargas Llosa, who had been the odds-on favorite to win just three months earlier — and, thus, to become Peru's third popularly elected president in his country's ten years of continuous democracy.Nevertheless, soon after Alán García relinquished the presidential office, in July 1990, to the newly-elected president, those election promises underwent a dramatic reversal. On the grounds that he had inherited a bankrupt country which left him no alternative (no habia otra cosa que hacef), the new president moved quickly to establish a stabilization program of classic orthodoxy in August 1990 (Fujimori, 1990).

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Ansah, John Pastor. "Causal Analyses of Public Debt and Structural Adjustment." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 6, no. 1 (January 2017): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2017010102.

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The impact of structural adjustment program on the economic situation in many African countries can not be overemphasised. Over two decades of implementing neo-liberal economic policies by the Bretton Woods institution, it is of great importance to document the lessons learnt. This paper elicits the structural mechanism representing the intended effect of structural adjustment policies and the unintended effects observed from the implementation of the structural adjustment policies. The assumptions and hypotheses implicit in the main structural adjustment policies, as well as the observed unintended effect of the policies are clearly elicited with a causal loop diagram.

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Kuspradono, B. "KRITIK TERHADAP KONSEP PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI “NEOLIBERAL”." KINERJA 7, no. 2 (November 8, 2016): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v7i2.796.

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This article explores neo-liberal economic development concepts on general and criticism on them in the form of alternatives provided. Actually, the concepts themselves have not been openly accepted by the World Bank and the IMF, while since 1990s both international financial institutions have been for several times forcing the application of the concepts in countries that received loan from the institutions. This topic becomes very important since Indonesia has experienced many economic policies which are forcefully driven or demanded by the IMF or the World Bank. Those kind of policies are, for instance, capital liberalization, trade liberalization, privatization, and structural adjustment program. Neo-liberal development concepts are based on liberal economy ideas only, which consist of free market profit and private asset ownership. The concepts have been applied to many developing countries in the form of structural adjustment program package.Keywords: neo-liberal, structural adjustment, liberalization, economic development

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Boratav, Korkut, Oktar Türel, and Erinç Yeldan. "Distributional Dynamics in Turkey under “Structural Adjustment” of the 1980s." New Perspectives on Turkey 11 (1994): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600000984.

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The economic and political crisis which Turkey faced during 1977-1980 was resolved by an orthodox stabilization program adopted early in 1980, immediately followed by conventional structural adjustment measures and the military coup realized on September of the same year. The Turkish experience with orthodox stabilization and structural adjustment incorporates a number of specificities and it will be useful to recall them briefly.First of all, the striking element of continuity in basic economic policy orientation which lasted from 1980 up till 1089 without any significant reversals should be emphasized. The personal role of Turgut Özal as Vice Premier in charge of the economy during 1980-1982 under the military governments and Prime Minister during 1984-1991, was a determining factor in this respect. Reversals and hesitations as observed in Latin American experiences due to differences between rival monetarist schools or between populist and right wing political groupings played practically no role for almost ten years in Turkey. The political pressures which resulted in a switch back to populism in 1989 —a theme to be investigated in this paper— marked, in our view, a drastic shift away from the policy model adopted in 1980.

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Masvaure, Steven. "Coping with food poverty in cities: The case of urban agriculture in Glen Norah Township in Harare." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000101.

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AbstractThe focus of this study is on urban agriculture which is a common informal sector activity across most sub-Saharan African cities. Urban agriculture is more common among poor urban households, and acts as a poverty coping mechanism. Poor households often spend more than 60% of their income on food alone. The major thrust of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms driving farming in cities. A mixed method research approach was adopted and data was collected from 103 households in Glen Norah Township in Harare, Zimbabwe through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations. Arising from analysis of the data, the Urban Livelihoods Coping Model (ULCM) is proposed in order to explain the phenomenon of urban agriculture in African cities. This model acknowledges the fact that the socio-economic conditions and the socio-historical context of Zimbabwe and other African countries today is as a result of the influence of ‘Western leaning’ development policies influenced by modernization and associated theories. These theories combined with cultural factors and the impact of Structural Adjustment Policies resulted in the present situation where urban agriculture plays a critical role in the survival of the urban poor as a coping mechanism against food poverty. The ULCM ascribes the emergence of urban agriculture to necessity, ability and opportunity. The significance of this study is that it will contribute to understanding the socio-economic role of urban agriculture and how it can be factored into the urban planning systems of developing countries.

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Anyinam, Charles A. "The Social Costs of the International Monetary Fund's Adjustment Programs for Poverty: The Case of Health Care Development in Ghana." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 3 (July 1989): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6ytw-vx7w-hddq-q927.

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A primary health care (PHC) strategy was adopted in Ghana in 1978, but the civilian government at the time failed to implement the program designed to achieve health for all Ghanaians. In 1982, the revolutionary military government under Rawlings indicated its commitment to the full implementation of the PHC program. In this article, the author seeks to examine the extent to which the Economic Recovery Program initiated by the Rawlings' regime, its policy of decentralization and mobilization of the masses, and its promise to institute some fundamental organizational and structural changes in the health care delivery system, are contributing to the process of achieving “health for all” Ghanaians.

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Ayouni, Saif Eddine, Ramzi Farhani, and Mekki Hamdaoui. "External factors and economic growth in Tunisia: ARDL approach with structural change analysis." Frontiers in Management and Business 3, no. 1 (2022): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/fmb.2022.01.004.

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This paper examined the effect of external factors on economic growth in Tunisia. The economic analysis was carried out using recent quantitative technique of annual time series data from 1976 to 2017. Based on co-integration test with unknown structural breaks and ARDL bound testing we investigated importance of each factor in stimulating economic growth. Our results show that in the long-run FDI does not affect economic growth. Remittances and imports negatively affect economic growth. Exports promote economic growth such that a 1% increase stimulates economic activity by 0.702%. In the short term, our estimates emphasize a structural break in 1988 linked to the structural adjustment program. Likewise, FDI does not have a significant effect on economic growth while remittances and imports slow economic growth significantly at the conventional level. On the other hand, exports form a relevant engine of economic growth. Therefore, our conclusions imply that political decision-makers in Tunisia must guarantee certain level of training and infrastructure to ensure the gain of transfers of new technologies and experiences related to the FDI. Thus, Tunisia must encourage peoples living aboard to create new investment opportunities instead of just supporting their families for consumption. In addition, the state must develop financial system capable of transferring funds for investment in order to better benefit from remittances. Finally, the government must restrict import of consumer goods and allow import of equipment and machinery goods that promote production and economic growth.

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Socol, Cristian, Marius Marinas, Aura Socol, and Dan Armeanu. "Fiscal Adjustment Programs versus Socially Sustainable Competitiveness in EU Countries." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2018): 3390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103390.

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After implementing harsh austerity measures during 2008–2011, in the period 2012–2014 the fiscal adjustment programs also involved social equity measures, the quantitative fiscal consolidation being changed into a qualitative one—a reduction of the structural budget deficit accompanied by an improvement of social sustainability indicators. The 2015–2017 period shows mixed evolutions in terms of social progress brought by the recovery of the economic potential lost during the crisis. This research analyzes the sustainability of economic competitiveness dynamics from a social viewpoint during 2012–2014. In this paper, we analyze the way in which the economic and social components of fiscal adjustment programs are dynamically balanced in 24 EU member states. We identify four clusters of countries depending on the relationship between fiscal consolidation/fiscal stimulation and the social dynamics of the sustainability adjusted global competitiveness index. We found that under the pressure of “fiscal adjustment fatigue” caused by tough austerity programs in the period 2008–2011, most of the European countries completed the fiscal adjustment packages with measures to improve the social situation between 2012 and 2017. The fiscal consolidation programs have become more balanced from the perspective of the combination of budgetary austerity—social equity measures. Furthermore, we analyze how some countries on the EU periphery (Central and Eastern Europe, Baltic countries and Portugal, Ireland and Greece, countries that have joined the EU with a lower level of development) are experiencing or not an improvement in the social sustainability generated by the measures aimed at stimulating the economic growth implemented during 2012–2017. To conclude, we proposed a few pillars that could be integrated if an “ideal adjustment program” is to be achieved.

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Post, Jerry, and Albert Kagan. "Evaluating Uses Of Information Technology In Health Care Administration." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v14i2.5710.

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<span>This paper examines the distributional properties of stock returns in the Nigerian stock market. Because emerging stock markets present several institutional, political and economic barriers, we hypothesize that the structural adjustment program begun in 1986 resulted in a sustained increase in the variability of stock returns. Conventional variance homogeneity tests could not reject the hypothesis of changing volatility in the security returns process. However, the Lagrange multiplier test reveals the presence of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) effect in the stock returns.</span>

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic Structural Adjustment Program (Zimbabwe)"

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Groves, Ryan Dale. "Fast-track land reform and the decline of Zimbabwe's political and economic stability." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002801.

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Mugano, Gift. "The impact of liberalisation on Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020198.

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The process of trade liberalisation and market-oriented economic reforms was initiated in many developing countries in early 1980s; and it intensified in 1990s. In 1991, Zimbabwe was assisted by the IMF to implement trade-policy reforms under Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP). After adopting ESAP, the country witnessed soaring balance-of-payment problems, contraction of output, unemployment and the loss of government revenue. A number of factors, which were at play resulted in dismal economic performance under ESAP. These factors still exist, in addition to inter alia weak economic policies, structural rigidities and weak institutions. However, notwithstanding this controversy, the country continuously opened its economy under Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and bilateral agreements. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to evaluate the impact of different trade-policy regimes on trade, welfare and revenue in Zimbabwe. This study used two models: World Integrated Trade Solutions/Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART) and Tariff Reform Impact Simulation Tool (TRIST). The WITS/SMART model was used because of its ability in analysing the tariff effect of a single market on disaggregated product lines. The model also has the capability to analyse the effects of trade-policy reforms in the presence of imperfect substitutes. In order to complement the WITS/SMART model, a TRIST model was also used. The use of the TRIST model enabled the study to evaluate the impact of trade reforms on VAT, excise duties, collected and statutory revenue – which the WITS/SMART model had overlooked. Using the WITS/SMART model, the study considered seven trade-liberalisation frameworks for Zimbabwe: full implementation of the SADC free trade agreement (FTA), SADC common external tariff (CET), COMESA CET, COMESA FTA, EPAs, BFTAs and WTO FTA.

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Ncube, Douglas. "A country-specific economic structural adjustment programme model for the acgricultural sector : a case study of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Derby, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/200673.

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Traditionally, agriculture has been one of the mainstays of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies and plays a pivotal and vital role in economic activity and development (Westlake, 1994). Africa has been a net importer of foodstuffs over the last thirty years (Smith, 1999). This led the donor community to spotlight the agricultural sector as an area where reforms were badly needed. Since the 1970s the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) have driven Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes (ESAP) in SSA with varying degrees of success (FAO, 1988). Zimbabwe's independence, in 1980, coincided with the start of the first decade of structural adjustment in SSA.

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Shoko, Ropafadzo. "The effects of the economic structural adjustment programs on agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa: a case study of Zimbabwe 1990-2000." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28984.

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The Zimbabwean economy has been in decline for the past two decades with the economic situation reaching its worst state in 2008. This period was followed by the adoption of a multi-currency regime in 2009, which the Zimbabwean government hoped would lend some stability to the crumbling economy. The agricultural sector, which was previously considered the cornerstone of the economy has been contributing increasingly less and less to the country's gross Domestic Product, with the current state of the sector being the worst it has been since the country's independence in 1980. Much research has been done to establish the source of the decline in the sector with the major findings pointing toward unfavourable weather conditions, the issue of the equitable distribution of land and the IMF and WB mandated Economic Structural Adjustment Program. This research focused on the effects of ESAP on the agricultural sector with a view to highlight the themes that emerged on key indicators over the adjustment period from 1990 to 1995 as well as a period after to 2000 in order to consider the time lagged effects of adjustment policies. In addition to this, this research investigated the extent to which the ESAP policies were applied, and whether this may have been a reason for ESAP's perceived failings. This paper concluded that despite the shortcomings of ESAP, policies recommended pursuant to this program were not the direct source of the decline of the sector, but rather the non or poor implementation of policies as well as the socio-political environment in the country.

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Pirzadeh, Ali. "The impact of adjustment program in Romania /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10315.

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Nyoni, Shuvai Busuman. "African democracy at a crossroads : structural adjustment, economic crisis and political turbulence in Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3705.

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Muzulu, Joseph. "Real exchange rate depreciation and structural adjustment : the case of the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe (1980-1991)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336181.

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Groves, Ryan. "Fast-Track Land Reform and the Decline of Zimbabwe's Political and Economic Stability." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3113.

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Once the breadbasket of Southern Africa, Zimbabwe has undergone a radical transformation presently characterized by ever increasing rates of HIV and AIDS, low population growth, acute food shortages, radically decreasing life expectancy, hyperinflation, and insecurity of life and property. Additionally, the growing brutality of political and electoral oppression has engendered significant domestic, regional, and international condemnation of the Zimbabwean government. News media, human rights organizations, and foreign governments have all voiced their concern for the rapid deterioration of Zimbabwe. This thesis analyzes the course of Zimbabwe's economic, political, and social decline between its independence in 1980 and 2005. While popular interpretations place blame predominantly upon President Robert Mugabe and the Zimbabwe African Union-Patriotic Front, this thesis offers a more nuanced explanation for Zimbabwe's current crisis. This view contends that the structural adjustment policies of the Bretton Woods institutions, in concert with the breakdown of democratic institutions and the implementation of radical land reform policies led to Zimbabwe's current economic, political, and social decline.
M.A.
Department of History
Arts and Humanities
History MA

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Gumede, Nyawo Basirio Simbi. "Economic structural adjustment programmes in the Southern African development community : an analysis of impact and policy considerations with special reference to Zambia and Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9748.

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Bibliography: leaves 183-189.
This study is primarily aimed at examining the impact of World Bank / IMF, structural adjustment programmes in the SADC region. However, the main focus of the study was on Zimbabwe and Zambia. These World Bank / IMF-influenced perestroikas, are believed to be viable panacea, for the state of economic malaise prevalent in the SADC region. In undertaking this research, various methods were utilised to acquire data. A case study approach was used. However, the main method of data collection which was heavily relied upon was document study. The collected data was analysed and presented in both graphical and tabular form. This study, inter alia, established that the implementation of IMF / WB structural adjustment programmes in the SADC region has precipitated a plethora of insurmountable socio-economic problems for the citizenry of both Zimbabwe and Zambia. Furthermore, the research has revealed that IMF / WB influenced structural adjustment programmes have culminated in large-scale unemployment, retrenchments, an acute decline in educational and health standards, ever-skyrocketing food prices, rents, taxes, mass exodus of qualified human resources to greener pastures, big debts, inflation and labour strikes in Zimbabwe and Zambia.

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Mucharambeyi, Kudakwashe Godfrey. "The effects of economic structural adjustment programme and the shelter development strategy on the housing construction industry in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2665.

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The motive behind this dissertation involved the scholastic empirical testing of the impacts of development policy, pursued at macro-economic level in housing and construction industry in Zimbabwe during Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) between 1990-1995. It further explores the understanding of the variety of interconnections between macro-economic in light of structural adjustment and Shelter development Strategy. The introductory focuses on conceptualisation of the dissertation in relation to contemporary policy and academic debates. A historical review of both macroeconomic and shelter industry management policies experienced in Zimbabwe prior to ESAP are examined. Architecture structure of the adjustment programe specifically in the in creating an enabling environment in respect to the overall macro-economic reforms in relation to the shelter industry is sketched. Party Two deals with housing and Zimbabwean construction finance both prior and after ESAP, comparison with other African countries is reviewed-positive impacts of liberalizing a sophisticated financial sector, limited impact in attracting foreign investment and negative impact of reduced government investment on the housing construction industry. The final section deals with the impact of adjustment and shelter strategy on job creation and income levels. Also focuses on the responsiveness of the construction supply to adjustment and enablement policies. The development of ideas surrounding this research and methodology of fieldwork are also discussed. Conclusion and recommendations are drawn to fulfill the dissertation-Scholarly.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, 2001.

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Books on the topic "Economic Structural Adjustment Program (Zimbabwe)"

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T, Bassett Mary, and Sanders David 1945-, eds. Health and structural adjustment in rural and urban Zimbabwe. Uppsala [Sweden]: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996.

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Braunerhjelm, Pontus. The Zimbabwean manufacturing sector: Current status and future development potential. 2nd ed. Stockholm, Sweden: Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research, 1995.

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Mupedziswa, Rodreck. Empowerment or repression?: ESAP and children in Zimbabwe. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press, 1997.

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Kamuruko, Tapuwa. Social dimensions of structural adjustment and the role of the journalist in monitoring social indicators: Report on the Workshop for Media Practitioners. [Harare]: The Ministry, 1994.

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Ltd, Imani Development. Report on the impact of ESAP on the small grains privatisation programme. Harare, Zimbabwe: Imani Development, 1992.

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University of Zimbabwe. Poverty Reduction Forum. and SAPRI Zimbawe, eds. The impact of public expenditure management under ESAP on basic social services: Health and education. [Harare: s.n., 2001.

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Lee, Robert Alexander. Structural adjustment in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: F.K. Chung, 2000.

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Clever, Mumbengegwi, ed. Macroeconomic and structural adjustment policies in Zimbabwe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002.

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Maya, R. S. Structural adjustment in Zimbabwe: Its impact on women. Harare: Zimbabwe Institute for Development Studies, 1989.

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Chachage, C. S. L. Mining and structural adjustment: Studies on Zimbabwe and Tanzania. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic Structural Adjustment Program (Zimbabwe)"

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Robinson, Peter. "Macroeconomic Performance under the Economic Structural Adjustment Program: an Essay on Iatrogenic Effects." In Macroeconomic and Structural Adjustment Policies in Zimbabwe, 23–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230391048_2.

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Hadebe, Samukele. "Neoliberal Capitalism and Migration in the Global South: A Case of Post-ESAP Zimbabwe to South Africa Migration." In IMISCOE Research Series, 39–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_4.

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AbstractZimbabwe has been haemorrhaging via international migration, especially since the 1990s and 2000s. While there could be as many different reasons for this exodus of Zimbabweans as there are people emigrating, it is indisputable that the introduction of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) in 1991 at the behest of the Bretton Woods Institutions forms the major causes. Zimbabwe used to be a migrant-sending as well as a migrant-receiving country, but after ESAP, the trends were outwards with barely any inward movements. Zimbabwe became not only a net exporter of labour, especially human capital, but it depleted its human resources capacity, perhaps beyond levels of easy recovery in the foreseeable future. The political economic factors resulting from ESAP-induced poverty drove a significant section of the population to the indignity and insecurity of migrant labour. Drawing from that experience, it could be claimed confidently that “migration and labour questions are two sides of the same coin” (Delgado, 2015: 26) driven by neoliberal capitalism.

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Nziramasanga, Mudziviri T., and Minsoo Lee. "Redistributive Policies and Economic Growth." In Macroeconomic and Structural Adjustment Policies in Zimbabwe, 53–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230391048_3.

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Kanyenze, Godfrey. "The Impact of Economic Stabilisation on the Wage Structure in Zimbabwe: 1980–90." In Constraints on the Success of Structural Adjustment Programmes in Africa, 52–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24373-0_4.

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Grant, Miriam. "Rent as Ransom: Lodging and Food Security in Gweru, Zimbabwe." In Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 379–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_19.

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AbstractThe early 1990s were a crucial turning point in Zimbabwe. Not only was the Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) initiated in 1990, but the country was also hit with a major drought in 1991/92. We know that the urban poor were (and continue to be) disproportionately impacted by wage cuts, lay-offs and changes to food prices, especially since data from the period indicate that the poor spent a third to twice as much of their expenditures on food and health care than the non-poor. This chapter explores the food security situation of 100 lodgers (private renters) in the medium-sized city of Gweru, located halfway between Harare and Bulawayo. Based on data from diverse types of lodging across all density areas, it discusses the linkages between strength of rural ties, modes of livelihood, household composition, and fixed expenses such as rent and food security.

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Makwerere, David, and Donwell Dube. "Parental/Guardian Subsidization of Extra Tuition and the Marginalization of the Poor in Zimbabwe." In Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs, 1459–78. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch064.

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This chapter focused on the issues of social exclusion in the education sector in Zimbabwe. The primary focus was on the primary and secondary school education systems in the country. Using the lenses of the social exclusion concepts, the chapter looked at how the inequalities are informed by a chain of historical developments including colonialism, the effects of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of the 1990s, and the effects of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, as well as the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment acts. The chapter submits that the children in urban high-density areas, farming, and rural areas are victims of structural inequalities that have led to social exclusion in the education sector. There is the need for the Government of Zimbabwe to address these inequalities as a matter of urgency.

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Makwerere, David, and Donwell Dube. "Parental/Guardian Subsidization of Extra Tuition and the Marginalization of the Poor in Zimbabwe." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 383–402. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5.ch021.

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This chapter focused on the issues of social exclusion in the education sector in Zimbabwe. The primary focus was on the primary and secondary school education systems in the country. Using the lenses of the social exclusion concepts, the chapter looked at how the inequalities are informed by a chain of historical developments including colonialism, the effects of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of the 1990s, and the effects of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, as well as the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment acts. The chapter submits that the children in urban high-density areas, farming, and rural areas are victims of structural inequalities that have led to social exclusion in the education sector. There is the need for the Government of Zimbabwe to address these inequalities as a matter of urgency.

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Chambati, Walter. "Land Alienation, Proletarianization, and Changing Labor Market Regimes in Southern Africa." In The Oxford Handbook of Land Politics, C4S1—C4N12. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618646.013.4.

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Abstract The nature and extent of the rural proletarianization of the peasantry in (Southern) Africa arising from uneven colonial land alienation and structural adjustment programs instigated economic crises, and whether farm and nonfarm activities constitute a continuum in the labor process of the peasantry remains an unresolved question. The labor relations are to a large extent shaped by the degree of access to land, and are thus modified by processes of land alienation or the extension of access through land redistribution. Drawing from secondary literature and primary data marshaled on the recent land reform experiences in Zimbabwe, the chapter demonstrates that peasant forms of production prevail despite the challenges rooted in neoliberal reforms. Taking this stand, the chapter challenges the dominant perspectives that generally perceive a post-peasant society evolving from colonial and postcolonial land alienation and adverse agrarian conditions. Today, as urban-based social reproduction strategies continue to falter, repeasantization and semi-proletarianization, which maintain the significance of land, represent the overarching tendencies in rural areas.

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"Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe: Its Impact on Women." In Economic Paper, 365–96. Commonwealth, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848594883-10-en.

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Dibua, Jeremiah I. "Economic Crisis and Structural Adjustment Program." In Modernization and the Crisis of Development in Africa, 249–79. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351152921-8.

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Reports on the topic "Economic Structural Adjustment Program (Zimbabwe)"

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Bellwood-Howard, Imogen, and Helen Dancer. Politics, Power and Social Differentiation in African Agricultural Value Chains: The Effects of COVID-19. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.027.

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Since the structural adjustment policies of the 1980s, policymaking at a national and continental level has increasingly turned to agricultural commercialisation as the foundation for Africa’s long-term nutrition and food security. However, socio-economic inequalities, land tenure and food insecurity, as well as livelihood and income precarities remain widespread challenges. The effects of shocks, such as COVID-19, have overlaid emergent and entrenched patterns of social differentiation that shape access to resources, markets, and other opportunities for those involved in commercial agriculture. This paper considered the impacts of COVID-19 on value chains in Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, to ask: 1) What can political settlements analyses tell us about agricultural value chains and responses to COVID-19 in the countries studied? 2) How are structures and power relations throughout the value chains and actors’ responses to COVID-19 related to social differentiation in the context of African agriculture?

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