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1
Ekpenyong, Stephen. "The Structural Adjustment Programme and the Elderly in Nigeria." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 41, no. 4 (December 1995): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/78cu-0auh-3bgw-pthn.
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The article analyzes the impact of recent economic changes accompanying the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and ongoing cultural styles on the aged in Nigeria. It argues that during the one decade preceding the introduction of SAP in 1986, Nigeria experienced significant social and economic transformations made possible by the rise in oil prices in the 1970s. The introduction of SAP has also been accompanied by significant social, cultural, and economic changes. Here the effects of these changes on the situation of the elderly in Nigeria are examined using data pooled from observations and surveys in both the pre- and post-SAP years. Findings reveal that compared to the younger generations, the relative position of the elderly has not changed significantly, although the latter's position has deteriorated on dimensions such as access to economic and health resources. Regional and individual differentials in the situation of old people are significant during both the pre- and post-SAP era.
2
Bawumia, Mahamudu. "Understanding the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. A closer look at the distributional impact of Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme." Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1998): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002632.
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This article attempts to explain the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. In this election, rural voters voted overwhelmingly for the incumbent and urban voters did the opposite. It is argued that Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme (1983–92) was distributionally favourable to rural households and unfavourable to urban households. A link is therefore drawn between the distributional impacts of the Structural Adjustment Programme and the voting patterns of rural and urban households.The relationship between the state of the economy and the fortunes of political parties at the polls is one which has generated a lot of debate. This debate has largely taken place within the confines of Western democracies, not least because of the absence of Western-style democracy in many developing countries. We are, however, seeing a movement towards ‘democracy’ in many developing countries, with pressures for economic liberalisation going hand in glove with those for political liberalisation. The increasing democratisation by many African countries undertaking Structural Adjustment Programmes provides us with an opportunity to investigate the relationships between the welfare implications of these programmes and the voting behaviour of the electorate. Is voting behaviour in Africa any different from that in Western democracies?
3
Kydd, Jonathan. "Coffee After Copper? Structural Adjustment, Liberalisation, and Agriculture in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010454.
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In contrast to its policies in the economic sphere, Zambia has one of Africa's most liberal approaches to press freedom. To convey the flavour of public debate during, or immediately after, the 19-month experiment with a market-determined exchange rate, 10 quotations are presented below:Large scale mining will continue for 12 to 20 years, but small-working may go on for 50–60 years.– Francis Kaunda, Chairman, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, June 1987.Coffe after copper.– Campaign slogan of the Coffee Growers Committee of the Commercial Farmers' Bureau.Even real socialist countries have to find and use foreign exchange.– Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister, replying to a question in the National Assembly, August 1986.Zambia's cardinal mistake was to subsidise consumption for a long time, thereby delaying diversification.– Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia, May 1986.The economic reform programme has begun to succeed: devaluation has stimulated exports.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1936, Opening the 21st U.N.I.P. National Council Meeting.It was not socialist principles which ruined the Zambian economy, but unfavourable economic terms which the North has imposed on the South…I have no power…we agreed to the IMF reform programme much against out better judgement.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1986, interviewed by Swedish, West German, and Cuban journalists.
4
Iqbal, Zafar, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Income Distribution in Pakistan A SAM-based Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.377-397.
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Domestic poverty and income distribution are closely related to the state of the economy, which is linked with internal and external economic policies. Since 1988, under the rubric of structural adjustment programme (SAP), Pakistan has made use of fiscal, monetary and trade policies to correct her macro economic imbalances. It is hard to substantiate with proof that these programmes protect the poor. A number of studies have found that income distribution has been getting worse during the adjustment period in Pakistan.1 For example, Kemal (1994); Jaffery and Khattak (1995) and Anwar (1996) found that SAP accompanied with rising income inequality and poverty in Pakistan. But these studies are restricted as they did not employ an adequate methodology to assess the impact of structural adjustment reforms on income distribution.2 This paper, however, uses a simple static fixed-price SAM-based framework to analyse distributional outcome of incomes for rural and urban households. This methodology is useful because social accounting matrix (SAM) represents the whole economy and it does not need a large data set.
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Benhin, James K. A., and Edward B. Barbier. "Structural Adjustment Programme, Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss in Ghana." Environmental and Resource Economics 27, no. 3 (March 2004): 337–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:eare.0000017653.15107.0f.
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Owusu, J. Henry. "Determinants of export-oriented industrial output in Ghana: the case of formal wood processing in an era of economic recovery." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003524.
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Like many other Sub-Saharan African countries, Ghana implemented an orthodox Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), to resuscitate its ailing economy, in the early 1980s. Subsequently, there has been a dramatic expansion in the production and export of processed wood. Based on an empirical study of Ghana's formal wood processing industry, this paper discusses the various determinants that have combined to boost the export-oriented output in the industry, particularly in the first decade of the programme, and assesses the extent to which the SAP-based policy actions account for the change. The study concludes that adjustment played a major role in the change, and suggests that even though SAP supporters and critics disagree on the nature, dynamics and effects of the programme, government measures under the programme are an indicator of what real commitment on the part of African governments can do to engender production expansion in comparable African manufacturing industries.
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Igbedioh, S. O. "Sustaining Nutrition Security in Africa under Changing Socio-Economic." Nutrition and Health 10, no. 1 (July 1994): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609401000101.
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The adoption and implementation of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in the 1980's by many African countries as a strategy for economic recovery has increased the magnitude of hunger and protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency and anaemia. In addition population growth rate has continued to outstrip the food supply at a time when real income value has fallen, thereby diminishing further the access of the poor to nutritious food. Even though Africa's present food supply situation is inadequate and in some cases unsustainable it is reassuring to note that Africa can feed itself provided the potential of doing so is mobilized and sustained. This paper proposes and highlights strategies for the development of a nutrition strategy and nutrition education programmes with emphasis on nutrition programmes which benefit the vulnerables. The paper further proposes that specific policies should be targeted at the poor while instituting food subsidies schemes for those who are most at risk nutritionally.
8
Anwar, Tilat. "Structural Adjustment and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.911-926.
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Despite the external shocks in the 1980s, the economy continued to grow at a respectable rate. However, increasing internal and external imbalances caused an economic crisis in 1988 and lead to an implementation of a medium term structural adjustment programme within the framework of the IMF and the World Bank. Neither theory nor existing evidence gives a conclusive verdict about the effects of adjustment policies on poverty. Hence, the paper examines the actual changes in absolute poverty during the period of adjustment. The actual changes in the distribution have been examined from two comparable household income and expenditure surveys (HIES) for 1987-88 and 1990-91, spanning the period of adjustment. Evidence suggests that the stylised facts of structural adjustment policies are consistent with actual changes in the absolute poverty. The first order stochastic dominance test suggests that not only the absolute poverty incidence but also the intensity and severity of poverty increased significantly by all poverty lines and poverty measures over the period of adjustment. Structural adjustment created new poor in urban areas amongst the low income groups (mainly Clerical and Sales workers) whose real wages were eroded over the period. Poverty also increased unambiguously among self-employed (smallholders in the informal sector) and unemployed who seems to have been affected adversely by the overall economic contraction. Though, the government has the priority to achieve the fiscal balance, it should seek to ameliorate the most distressing cost arising in the short run. Excessive reliance on demand management in scale or speed is counter-productive for adjustment. Adjustment strategies need to account for the trade-off between shortterm gains and long-term benefits foregone.
9
Iqbal, Zafar. "Macroeconomic Effects of Adjustment Lending in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 1011–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1011-1031.
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During the 1970s and early 1980s, many developing countries faced macroeconomic problems, notably large fiscal deficits, vulnerable balance of payments positions, increasing inflation rates, lower rates of domestic savings, and as a consequence lower capital formation and economic growth rates. The major financial lending institutions, preeminently the W orId Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), argue that the present macroeconomic problems in less developed countries (LDCs) are due to structural maladjustments-poor economic policies and weak institutions. Therefore, since 1980, these donor agencies have been proposing Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and Sectoral Adjustment Programmes (SECAPs) associated with Structural Adjustment Lending (SALs) and Sectoral Adjustment Lending (SECALs), respectively. These programmes focus on broader macroeconomic adjustment policies. The disbursement of SALs and SECALs are, how~ver, conditional upon the recipient countries adopting economic policies specified by the staff of the World Bank and the IMF.
10
Bhatt, Ela R. "Economic Reforms and the People Sector." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919980109.
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In recent years⁄ there has been considerable discussion in India on Structural Adjustment Programme and its impact on the economy. However⁄ the moot question is whether restructuring efforts have benefited the ‘people sector’ that includes the workers who are informal⁄ unorganized, and selfemployed. Based on years of experience with SEWA, Ela Bhatt argues that most economic policies including the recent economic reforms have largely benefited the large corporate bodies and have completely ignored the poor and the women. According to her⁄ it is possible to benefit from the reforms if the focus of economic reforms is shifted to the micro level.
11
Akhtar, Naeem. "C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.300-303.
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The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.
12
Campbell, Bonnie, and Jennifer Clapp. "Guinea's Economic Performance Under Structural Adjustment: Importance of Mining and Agriculture." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1995): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021194.
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Domestic policy inadequacies have been targeted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the main reason for poor economic performance in sub-Saharan Africa generally.1 The structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) sponsored by these international financial institutions (IFIs) over the past decade have sought to rectify such policies. But many countries following their advice have continued to experience economic decline, albeit according to the World Bank, as a result primarily of their failure to properly implement the recommended reforms. It was argued in the late 1980s and early 1990S that governments pursuing strong adjustment programmes, even in the face of inhospitable world economic conditions, still outperformed weak reformers.2 This analysis does not hold with the same weight for all African countries. In the case of Guinea, external factors have been equally important in explaining its economic record under adjustment.
13
Dieke, Peter U. C. "Tourism and Structural Adjustment Programmes in the African Economy." Tourism Economics 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669500100106.
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The article examines the significance of tourism in the African economy. The study pays particular attention to the past decade and the structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) era. Central themes are the prospects of promoting regional tourism within Africa and the implications of SAPs for the Economic Commission for Africa's (ECA's) advocacy of self-reliance and self sustainability.
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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Democracy and Adjustment in Niger: A Conflict of Rationales." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 12, 2021): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000183.
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AbstractIn the early 1990s, Niger saw growing anger towards the military regime in power, not only because of police violence, but also due to its economic and social policies, particularly its first structural adjustment programme. After several months of revolts, the regime fell, giving way to a democratic government in 1991. Under pressure from international financial institutions, the new government quickly embarked on the same economic and social path as the previous one and adopted an adjustment policy, resistance to which had played a fundamental role in its accession to power. The government faced increasing street protests, and was overthrown by the army in January 1996, with most of the population not mobilizing to protect the democratic institutions. This article examines the conflicts of rationales that marked these few years, and shows how, by whom, and to what extent these rationales were opposed in practical terms. It also offers a social history of the adjustments by looking at how they were received by the people. By so doing, it looks back at a moment that has profoundly marked Niger's recent history: in this country, as in others, the adjustments have reconfigured rivalries, produced violence, and left an indelible mark on the political imaginary up to the present day.
15
Ridler, Neil B. "Fixed Exchange Rates and Structural Adjustment Programmes: Côte d'lvoire." Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 2 (June 1993): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00011940.
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The implementation of economic reforms in Africa under the aegis of the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.) has undoubtedly produced the kind of social dislocation so well described by Barry Riddell in a recent article in this Journal. The structural adjustment programmes (S.A.P.s) have also in some cases generated growth, as noted by Michel Camdessus, director-general of the I.M.F. in 1991: ‘Soon more than 30 African countries will apply these growth strategies. Where the programmes have been applied rigorously, results have been impressive. ’
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Ismaila, Mohammed. "Exchange Rate Depreciation and Nigeria Economic Performance after Structural Adjustment Programmes ( Saps )." NG-Journal of Social Development 5, no. 2 (2016): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0031175.
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Nwokedi, Emeka. "Le mythe d'un leadership nigérian dans les relations inter-africaines." Études internationales 22, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702844ar.
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Nigeria's leadership role in inter-African relations remains a myth despite the country's assertiveness in the areas of liberation, conflict mediation and regional economic integration. Rhetoric and posturing in inter-African diplomacy have become a substitute for reality. Furthermore, the weakness of the Nigerian domestic structure and the effects of the structural adjustment programme negate Nigerians capabilities to exert a leadership in inter-African diplomacy.
18
Bengali, Kaiser, and Qazi Masood Ahmed. "Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.453-466.
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Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In this paper we mainly examine the fiscal and monetary policy package since 1988 when the Pakistan committed to a set of conditionalities under the Structural Adjustment Programme of the IMF. The fundamental question that has risen was the relative efficacy of stabilisation oriented versus growth oriented policies on development and welfare. Admittedly, stabilisation and growth are not mutually exclusive and any policy package has to incorporate both the elements. However, the manner in which the policy has been implemented in Pakistan has tended to pursue stabilisation at the expense of growth.
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Ravenhill, John. "Adjustment with Growth: a Fragile Consensus." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010430.
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Six years of intense debate have produced a measure of agreement on a solution for Africa's malaise. This is captured by the latest catchphrase of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, ‘Adjustment with Growth’, which implicitly acknowledge past errors by African governments – or, minimally, that a continuation of previous policies is no longer tenable in a changed external environment. An emphasis on ‘growth’ recognises that ‘adjustment’ must encompass more than ‘stabilisation’, that the continent needs additional externally-provided financial resources on concessional terms if import strangulation is not to exacerbate the downward economic spiral in which many countries are currently trapped. This fragile consensus is facing its first serious practical test as the World Bank attempts to extend its Structural Adjustment Lending programme in Africa. Clearly, significant differences remain between the attitudes of African governments and external donors, and within the academic community, on the sources of the continent's problems and on the policy measures that are needed to counteract them.
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Igbedioh, S. O. "Undernutrition in Nigeria: Dimension, Causes and Remedies for Alleviation in a Changing Socio-Economic Environment." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609300900101.
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Undernutrition in Nigeria is a long standing problem which has persisted since the 1960s and whose magnitude is on the increase. This is because food consumption, both in quality and quantity, has decreased appreciably, especially with the commencement of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in 1986. Available studies from limited data have indicated that the introduction of economic reforms more than anything else has contributed to reduced food intake and the near collapse of nutrition oriented health delivery services. Since the economic reforms may continue into the next decade and beyond, sustainable remedies for alleviation of the problem are urgently needed. Suggested remedial programmes include increased support for the rural farmers, strengthening of the rural credit schemes that are specifically targeted at the poor, distribution of vitamin A and iron supplements in rural health centres, encouraging production of low cost weaning diets and integrating nutrition education in primary health care schemes and in educational curricula.
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Shahbaz, Muhammad, Naveed Aamir, and Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt. "Rural-Urban Income Inequality under Financial Development and Trade Openness in Pakistan: The Econometric Evidence." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.657-672.
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Pakistan is a developing economy, which has adopted Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in the form of economic reforms initiated in early 1990s. Economic reforms related to privatisation of state-owned assets, deregulation, confiscation of price controls, trade liberalisation generally and financial reforms (especially to improve quality of financial institutions) particularly. The objective of such reforms was to improve the welfare of society but these reforms never fruited to every livelihood in the country. Perhaps, fruits of economic reforms are eaten up by poor governance, lack of transparency in economic policies, high level of corruption, high burden of internal and external debts and interest rate payments on these debts, weak situation of law and order, and improper implementation of economic policies.
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Amjad, Rashid, and A. R. Kemal. "Macroeconomic Policies and their Impact on Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i1pp.39-68.
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The paper provides a consistent time-series of poverty estimates for the period 1963- 64 to 1992-93 for both the rural as well as the urban areas, examines the influence of macroeconomic policies on the poverty levels, analyses the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes on the levels of poverty, and suggests a strategy for poverty alleviation in Pakistan. The paper explores in particular the influence on poverty of such factors as economic growth, agricultural growth, terms of trade for the agriculture sector, industrial production, rate of inflation, employment, wages, remittances, and the tax structure. While the paper cautions that on account of the limited number of observations the results of the study should be interpreted cautiously, the study does suggest that the growth above a threshold level of about 5 percent, increase in employment, and remittances are the most important variables explaining the change in poverty over time. The paper also comes to the conclusion that the policies pursued under the Structural Adjustment Programme have tended to increase the poverty levels mainly because of decline in growth rates, withdrawal of subsidies on agricultural inputs and consumption, decline in employment, increase in indirect taxes, and decline in public expenditure on social services. The paper also outlines a strategy for poverty eradication and argues that besides the safety nets, the employment programmes, as well as promotion of informal sector enterprises, are essential.
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Olowofela, Enitan O., Edward Adedoyin Adebowale, and Ayoola Quadri Adejonwo. "Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria." Binus Business Review 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v9i2.4359.
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This research analyzed the impact of financial reforms on economic growth in Nigeria. The scope of this research covered the period between1986– 2016.This period was chosen because liberalization of Nigeria financial sector began in 1986 with the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), which policy thrust included deregulation of interest rates. Secondary data were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics publications. This research used econometrics analysis. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique and Cochrane Orcutt iterative method were used to analyze the data. The results show that implemented financial reforms during the period has positive impact on economic growth. This research recommends that government should enhance financial reforms and macroeconomic stability and be sensitive to the behavior of interest rates especially, lending rates for overall economic growth in the country.
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Lewis, Peter. "From Prebendalism to Predation: the Political Economy of Decline in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 1 (March 1996): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0005521x.
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Upon taking power in August 1985, General Ibrahim Babangida promised a decisive course of economic and political change for Nigeria. Alongside a phased transition to democratic rule, the new President outlined far-reaching reforms intended to alleviate major distortions in the economy, to resolve a lingering impasse with external creditors, and to reduce a mounting burden of debt. Within a year, a comprehensive structural adjustment programme (SAP) was launched, incorporating key policies advocated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and yielding significant early results in stabilising the economy and arresting decline.
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Baillot, Hélène. "A Well-Adjusted Debt: How the International Anti-Debt Movement Failed to Delink Debt Relief and Structural Adjustment." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 9, 2021): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000146.
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AbstractThis article analyses the process by which the issues of debt and structural adjustment were redefined by a plurality of actors, from institutional experts to activists, during the 1980s and 1990s. Although it mainly focuses on the 1990s, when the Jubilee 2000 campaign emerged, blossomed, and died, it takes into account the institutional mobilization preceding it. It then points to the need to think about the dynamics of competition and the division of labour among international players. While the leading Jubilee 2000 coalition in the Global North opposed debt on economic and religious grounds, African anti-structural adjustment programme (SAP) activists who joined the Jubilee Afrika campaign promoted an alternative framework: according to them, debt was not just economically “unsustainable”; it was first and foremost “illegitimate”, as were any conditions attached to its reduction, beginning with the implementation of SAPs. The story of the anti-debt campaign is the story of their failure.
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Okafor, Victoria, Ebenezer Bowale, Ademola Onabote, Adedeji Afolab, and Jeremiah Ejemeyovwi. "Financial Deepening and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Johannsen and Error Correction Model Techniques." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p263.
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The desire to ascertain the kind of relationship between finance and growth is not new among scholars. This study attempted to give a better understanding of the type of relationship by analysing post-SAP (Structural Adjustment Programme) time-series data since the notable financial reforms began with SAP in Nigeria. The study employed the Johannsen Cointegration, error correction and granger causality as estimation techniques to determine the nexus between financial deepening and economic growth. The variables contained in the model include the ratio of credit to the private sector to gross domestic product (CPS) which proxy bank-based financial deepening, the proportion of market capitalisation to gross domestic product (MCAP) which proxy for stock market development. The result of the analysis revealed that the Nigerian economic growth is influenced by financial deepening positively and significantly, especially the bank-based financial depth.
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Opschoor, J. B., and S. M. Jongma. "Bretton Woods intervention programmes and sustainable development." Environment and Development Economics 1, no. 2 (May 1996): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000589.
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ABSTRACTSince the beginning of the 1980s the Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank and International Monetary Fund) have introduced structural adjustment loans and stabilization programmes to correct balance-of-payments distortions and to realize the conditions necessary for economic growth in developing countries. In the course of the 1980s, the concept of sustainable development was launched which asked for a qualitatively different orientation of growth. This paper presents a summary of what has been learned with respect to the relationship between Bretton Woods intervention programmes and development. Adjustment programmes appear to have evolved through three different stages, with attention for environmental aspects of sustainable development emerging in the third stage. A sectoral analysis is presented of the possible environmental impacts of the various components of intervention programmes. Recommendations are made regarding possible improvements of WB and IMF adjustment strategies in the light of sustainable development, without fully translating them into actual changes at the level of specific programmes.
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Siddiqui, Rehana, Shahnaz Hamid, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "Analysis of Non-conventional Indicators of Gender Relations: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 913–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.913-929.
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Since 1980 many developing countries have adopted two major macroeconomic strategies: Stabilisation and Structural Adjustment. A generally held view regarding the impact of these macroeconomic strategies is that it led to unemployment, low investment, decline in real wages, capital flight, rise in inequality and poverty. All these resulted in deterioration in living conditions of the poor in the short run.1 In some cases, the long run benefits, if any, of these programmes are sacrificed due to the high social costs in the short run. A number of studies, examining the impact of the observed macroeconomic impact of the Structural Adjustment Policies (StAP), report mixed impact on women. For example, on the one hand, Khan (1999) found an increasing trend in feminisation of agricultural labour2, and feminisation of poverty3 while Brown (1992), on the other hand, reports employment as a key factor in determining women’s empowerment and argues that some aspects of economic reforms hold for improvement in the long-run. The argument is based on the assumption that greater economic role for women offers protection and that employment itself mitigates against domestic violence. However, the overall effect of structural adjustment is difficult to measure as it varies across countries, across sectors, and across individuals within a household.
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Nkowani, Kenneth, Murray Mcgregor, and Barry Dent. "The Stagnation of Smallholder Agriculture in the Northern Region of Zambia: Problems, Conflicts and Production Systems." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 2 (June 1995): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400207.
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Food security is seriously threatened by the low productivity of smallholder farmers, endemic poverty and widespread land degradation in the Northern Region of Zambia, The challenge is how to raise smallholder productivity at farm level in the face of developmental conflicts caused by demographic change, economic growth, strife and insecurity. The government is caught between the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) drawn up to enable it to pay off its huge foreign debt on the one hand, and the need to cushion the vulnerable sections of society (mostly smallholder farmers) from the worst aspects of the monetary squeeze on the other, Current evidence points to a dangerous imbalance, with the poor being hit hardest, but there are further steps which could be taken to support smallholders.
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Poirier, Robert A., and Stephen Wright. "The Political Economy of Tourism in Tunisia." Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 1 (March 1993): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0001185x.
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The African continent currently faces severe political and economic crises. Massive debts, unpopular structural adjustment programmes (S.A.P.s), spiralling population growth, democratisation, and régime transformation are all testing national cohesion. Externally, the rapidly changing global environment, marked by the demise of the cold war and the continuing difficulties being experienced in Europe and the Middle East, also provides immense challenges to African policy-makers.
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Natraj, V. K. "India’s Development Policy: Highlighting Landmarks." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 21, no. 1 (May 2009): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x09002100102.
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India’s development policy shows at one and the same time many important continuities and some significant changes. Perhaps the most noticed break from the past is the adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme in 1991 which opened up the economy to global influence and also made economic policy much more market-friendly than at any earlier point of time. However, as we shall attempt to show even this epochal event has roots in the past. It would not be altogether correct to assert that the adoption of SAP referred to generally as the commencement of economic reforms was a sudden event which was almost wholly caused by a crisis in the economy, in particular on the foreign exchange front. The aim of the discussion here is to situate India’s development strategy in a historical perspective with a view to identifying the principal landmarks and also that it has followed an evolutionary trajectory.
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Kaiser, Paul J. "Structural Adjustment and the Fragile Nation: the Demise of Social Unity in Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 2 (June 1996): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00055300.
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Tanzania is one of the few African countries that has remained relatively calm since independence. However, its long history of ethnic, racial, and religious cohesion has begun to fray as the Government attempts to reform its ailing economy in accordance with World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionalities. This process offers an opportunity to explore the degree to which there is a causal link between liberal economic reform and social unity. This is especially relevant as many African régimes are implementing similar policy prescriptions in the form of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), the terms of which often depend on the minimal financial leverage that African negotiators have vis-à-vis the advanced industrial countries of the North.1 York Bradshaw and Zwelakhe Tshandu have argued that ‘the burgeoning debt crisis may represent the “new dependency” for many African countries which cannot acquire capital from other sources besides the IMF and the World Bank.’
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Cramer, Christopher, and Nicola Pontara. "Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique: what's missing from the debate?" Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1998): 101–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002668.
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The peace accord signed in October 1992 and multiparty elections held in October 1994 brought to Mozambique fresh hopes and opportunities. Post-war reconstruction has been underway for some years, through an array of projects ranging from hand-outs for demobilised soldiers to the World Bank supported Roads and Coastal Shipping (ROCS) rehabilitation project running from 1994 to 2000. Although there is political tension between the two main parties and former contestants in the civil war, Frelimo and Renamo, and a combination of rising urban crime and sporadic banditry on roads in rural areas, generally there has been a strong improvement in political stability and physical security for the majority of the population. Economic reforms, broadly typical of World Bank/IMF stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes, have accelerated during the 1990s and have been underwritten by substantial external financial support. The end of war together with deregulating policy reforms and a sweeping privatisation programme have provoked a surge in foreign investor interest in the country. In aggregate terms and in spite of data caveats, the evidence suggests that Mozambique has become one of the fastest growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s.
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YOSHIDA, KENZO. "The Stability of Social Security in the United States: The Need for a Durable Institutional Design." Journal of Social Policy 47, no. 2 (August 29, 2017): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279417000599.
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AbstractStability is one of the most crucial elements of social security systems. Although the United States is famous – some might say notorious – for drastic changes to its socio-economic structure (including its welfare programmes), its Social Security is the most secure and unchanged public pension programme among major Western countries. In the restructuring age of welfare states, public pensions have been reformed several times in Japan and various European countries, with an overhaul of benefits and taxes. However, Social Security in the US has not undergone such reforms in the three decades since the Social Security Act was amended in 1983, but has experienced relatively better financial conditions. This paper investigates the extent to which Social Security has remained stable during a time when welfare states are going through a crisis. The comparative analysis for stability consists of three steps: (1) a simple evaluation of the frequency of reforms among six countries; (2) a comparison of the scales of parametric adjustment and components of structural reform; and (3) confirming current financial sustainability to check for ‘false stability’ using individual government reports. This paper also studies stability factors, including an institutional design that is durable in this changing environment.
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OMOTOR, DOUGLASON GODWIN, CHRISTOPHER O. ORUBU, and EMMANUEL INONI. "POLICY REFORMS AND AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 04 (December 2009): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003501.
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The role of agriculture in the process of growth and development arises mainly from its linkages with other sectors of an economy. The agricultural sector in developing countries in recent times has recorded secular declines in terms of its contribution to export earning and domestic consumption. This observation is associated with policy inertia among other factors. The Structural Adjustment Programme adopted in Nigeria in the 1980s, is one policy shift aimed at boosting agricultural production. This article aims at empirically verifying the effects of policy reform on agricultural exports in Nigeria by estimating a simple impact assessment model using a slope-dummy method. The estimates among others indicate that agricultural export is significantly influenced by domestic consumption and economic liberalization. The findings suggest that policy reforms on agricultural productivity should go beyond liberalization of the economy.
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Arvanitopoulos, Constantine. "Populism and the Greek crisis: A modern tragedy." European View 17, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685818765093.
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Greece’s economic crisis is a by-product of a deeper institutional, political and societal crisis. The crisis brought about a bailout programme conditional on fiscal and structural reform, as set forth in three successive memoranda of understanding between Greece and its creditors. The domestic political class accepted these memoranda, albeit reluctantly. After the initial response with its populist overtones and the subsequent long and tortuous process of adjustment, the country now seems close to a consensus on a minimum reform agenda. However, Greece needs a change of paradigm: a shift away from deep-rooted attitudes that have impaired the country’s tremendous potential, to a culture of reform and growth. Its political leadership has to come up with a plan, one embraced by the people, that will push the country out of the current catastrophic interlude and lead it into a new virtuous cycle.
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Ejembi, C. L., E. P. Renne, and H. A. Adamu. "The politics of the 1996 cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in Nigeria." Africa 68, no. 1 (January 1998): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161150.
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The 1996 cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in Nigeria exemplified a medical situation that was linked with political concerns at the local, national, and international levels. It is argued that these political aspects must be understood, as they have implications for the treatment of future outbreaks. This article examines local attempts to stem the epidemic, on the basis of participant observation and epidemiological data collected from the north of Kaduna State. The epidemic is then considered in the national context: general deterioration of the health care system associated with economic decline, a national structural adjustment programme and crisis of political leadership. The local and national contexts of the 1996 epidemic are related to the view, held by many Nigerians, that reports of the epidemic's severity and the subsequent Saudi ban on Nigerians making the pilgrimage to Mecca reflected international politics, particularly the uneasy relations between the Nigerian, Saudi Arabian, and US governments, as well as health concerns. The article concludes with some recommendations for a national policy and for community health initiatives that take the politics and economics of cerebrospinal meningitis immunisation and treatment into account.
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TANKHA, SUNIL. "Lost in Translation: Interpreting the Failure of Privatisation in the Brazilian Electric Power Industry." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x08005117.
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AbstractDid Latin American privatisation policies fail because of flawed implementation of fundamentally sound policies or because privatisation policies were themselves seriously flawed? Using the Brazilian electric power reforms as a narrative tool, this paper examines the causal chain assumed by large-scale privatisation policies that were implemented as part of structural reform and adjustment programmes. The paper concludes that many privatisation policies and the economic stabilisation programmes within which they were embedded were not mutually reinforcing in the way that policymakers had expected, and that in their application much of what privatisation theories had claimed was lost in translation.
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Siddiqui, Rehana, Rizwana Siddiqui, and Zafar Iqbal. "The Impact of Tariff Reforms on Income Distribution in Pakistan: A CGE-based Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.789-804.
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Like most developing countries, Pakistan has undertaken drastic economic policy reforms since the mid-1980s. Under these structural reforms there is a general shift away from quantitative restrictions and price controls towards liberalisation and privatisation. The empirical studies1 analysing the impact of the reforms report mixed results. Economy wide framework like Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), based on the social accounting matrix, is well suited to analysing the effect of these structural reforms. The CGE models are developed to capture the medium to long-run effects through which adjustment programmes affect income distribution. These models are often used to evaluate the effects of trade and tax policies on income distribution in developing countries. There are three interacting channels through which these adjustment policies affect income distribution, viz., the relative price effect, the asset price effect and the shift in portfolio. However, in this study, we are analysing the effect of changes in relative prices only.
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Baruah, Bipasha. "NGOs as Intermediaries for Pro-Poor Electrification in India." Asian Journal of Social Science 43, no. 1-2 (2015): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04301009.
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Neoliberalism is generally associated with certain paradigmatic regulatory experiments, such as privatisation, deregulation, trade liberalisation, financialisation, structural adjustment, welfare cutbacks and monetarist shock therapy. Prominent observers of the global economy swiftly proclaimed the “end of neoliberalism” after the global economic crisis of 2008. This paper shares the experiences of two Indian NGOs participating in a multiple-stakeholder pro-poor urban electrification programme that was designed to demonstrate a viable alternative to neoliberal models of basic service provision. By 2008, close to 100,000 homes had been electrified in the city of Ahmedabad and the programme is currently being replicated in smaller cities in Gujarat and in the neighbouring state of Rajasthan. The broader findings from this research suggest that the news of neoliberalism’s demise may be greatly exaggerated. The “alternative” practices and strategies that have emerged more recently, such as the ones documented in this article, may challenge certain aspects of neoliberal thinking even as they reconfigure and recalibrate others. Although this case study cannot in any way enable us to gauge if India is moving toward “post-neoliberalism”, it does highlight the importance of documenting and understanding sub-national scales and actors in experimenting with and testing alternatives to market-based solutions.
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Attua, Emmanuel M., and Joshua B. Fisher. "Historical and Future Land-Cover Change in a Municipality of Ghana." Earth Interactions 15, no. 9 (February 1, 2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010ei304.1.
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Abstract Urban land-cover change is increasing dramatically in most developing nations. In Africa and in the New Juaben municipality of Ghana in particular, political stability and active socioeconomic progress has pushed the urban frontier into the countryside at the expense of the natural ecosystems at ever-increasing rates. Using Landsat satellite imagery from 1985 to 2003, the study found that the urban core expanded by 10% and the peri-urban areas expanded by 25% over the period. Projecting forward to 2015, it is expected that urban infrastructure will constitute 70% of the total land area in the municipality. Giving way to urban expansion were losses in open woodlands (19%), tree fallow (9%), croplands (4%), and grass fallow (3%), with further declines expected for 2015. Major drivers of land-cover changes are attributed to demographic changes and past microeconomic policies, particularly the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP); the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP); and, more recently, the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS). Pluralistic land administration, complications in the land tenure systems, institutional inefficiencies, and lack of capacity in land administration were also key drivers of land-cover changes in the New Juaben municipality. Policy recommendations are presented to address the associated challenges.
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Wajim, John. "Youth Unemployment: The Cause of Ethnic Conflict and Criminal Activities in Takum Local Government Area of Taraba State Nigeria." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, no. 04 (April 7, 2020): 5882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i04.01.
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This research work examined youth unemployment: the cause of ethnic conflict and criminal activities in Takum LGA of Taraba State, Nigeria. Unemployment to a large extent remains Nigeria’s socio-economic and political problem. Historically, unemployment situation in the country was heightened by introduction of structural adjustment programme (SAP). Both primary and secondary sources of data collection were employed for the success of the research work. Simple percentages were applied on a cross-sectional data of 120 sampled unemployed youths randomly selected from Takum Local Government Area in 2015. The study revealed that lack of employment opportunities stimulate young people to engage in ethnic conflict and criminal activities such as theft, arm robbery etc. In order to survive and earn material success. The study recommends that government should create more jobs opportunities and industries as unemployed youths can also benefit and meet their immediate needs, as this will drastically curtail ethnic conflict and criminal activities by unemployed youths
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Gbadegesin, Adeniyi. "Management of forest resources by women: a case study from the Olokemeji Forest Reserve area, southwestern Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 2 (June 1996): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038492.
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SummaryThe environmental impact of the Nigerian economic Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the livelihood of the rural dwellers has been little studied. A study was conducted amongst 10 villages in the Olokemeji area of Oyo State, Nigeria using standardized interviews of 200 household heads.The oil boom of the 1970s in Nigeria drove many male heads of households in the study area to the cities, but the collapse of the urban unskilled labour market in the 1980s brought men back to the villages. However, by 1990, renewed dominance of female-headed households in the study area has followed further male emigration. Changing roles of women in managing the forest environment are indicated over the three time periods and I argue that female-headed households attempt to conserve and improve the state of the environment more than their male counterparts. This is achieved through the cultivation of less nutrient-demanding crops such as cassava and yam, and using environmentally-friendly farming systems such as terracing and taungya.
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Rai, Sheila. "Fragmented Responses towards Global Governance: The Indian Context." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 1 (March 2017): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117689849.
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The liberalisation dice of the globalisation game has been loaded in favour of developed countries. The recipe of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) prescribed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other international economic institutions has proved detrimental to developing countries like India where poverty is pervasive and scarcity of basic amenities crippling. 1 The SAP syndrome has manifested in lockouts, industrial takeovers, closures, massive retrenchments and weakening/diluting of labour laws, etc. Service sectors such as hospitals and schools have also been adversely affected under pressures from international donor agencies. The unsavoury social and economic consequences on the marginal sections have therefore led to a series of protests and demonstrations. The struggle in all its complexities is both ideological and practical. Pressure to alter the pace and intensity of liberalisation, and change ‘scorecards’ of growth, security and redistribution have gained momentum. The propensity of the elite to coalesce with the predominant forces of globalisation and ignore the basic urges of the masses further adds to the complexities. Evidently, the cataclysmic change augured by global governance on the society, politics and economics is multifaceted. The response of the southern states, namely, India, to this crossfire between the dictates of the global institutions vis-à-vis the complexities of the protests and demands of the classes and masses has been critically analysed in this article. The ongoing attempts to assuage the brutal edges of poverty and provide security and protection are also scrutinised.
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Zotor, F. B., and P. Amuna. "The food multimix concept: new innovative approach to meeting nutritional challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67, no. 1 (January 30, 2008): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665108006071.
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Food insecurity, chronic hunger, starvation and malnutrition continue to affect millions of individuals throughout the developing world, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. Various initiatives by African governments and International Agencies such as the UN, the industrial nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation to boost economic development, have failed to provide the much-needed solution to these challenges. The impact of these economic shifts and the failures of structural adjustment programmes on the nutritional well-being and health of the most vulnerable members of poor communities cannot be over-emphasised. The use of ad hoc measures as an adjunct to community-based rural integrated projects have provided little success and will be unsustainable unless they are linked to harnessing available local resources. The present paper therefore focuses on exploring alternative ways of harnessing the scant agricultural resources by employing a scientific approach to food-related problem-solving. The food multimix (FMM) concept offers a scientific contribution alongside other attempts currently in use by the World Food Programme, WHO and FAO to meet the food insecurity challenges that confront most of the developing world in the twenty-first century. It is an innovative approach that makes better use of traditional food sources as a tool for meeting community nutritional needs. The FMM concept employs a food-based approach using traditional methods of food preparation and locally-available, cheap and affordable staples (fruits, pulses, vegetables and legumes) in the formulation of nutrient-enriched multimixes. Developed recipes can provide ≥40% of the daily nutritional requirements of vulnerable groups, including patients with HIV/AIDS and children undergoing nutrition rehabilitation. The FMM approach can also be used as a medium- to long-term adjunct to community-based rural integration projects aimed at health improvement and economic empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Horesh, Edward. "African alternative framework to structural adjustment programmes for socio-economic recovery and transformation (AAF-SAP). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, New York, 1989, 60 pp." Public Administration and Development 13, no. 2 (May 1993): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230130209.
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Kamara, Eunice K. "Saps and Female Reproductive Health in Kenya." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 25, no. 2 (1997): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502649.
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Since the 1980s, the world has experienced a number of economic recessions. As would be expected, developing countries have borne the brunt of the resultant economic crisis. It is estimated, for example, that the total debt of the developing world rose from $562 billion in 1982 to $1,020 billion in 1988.’ Many of the developing countries are still on the verge of economic collapse, unable to service accumulated foreign debts. Various measures were taken by the developed world in an attempt to revive the fallen global economy. These measures included the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) which aimed at (among other targets) reducing national public expenditures and effecting a shift “from a trade deficit to a trade surplus or at least, a reduction of the size of the trade deficit, at least in part to service the debt.”
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Soomro, Ghulam Yasin. "A Re-examination of Fertility Transition in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i3pp.247-261.
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Pakistan is passing through an early stage of fertility transition. The slow-paced transition has been analysed in an earlier study done by Sathar and Casterline (1998), which concludes that the increase in the levels of prevalence has accelerated the fertility transition in Pakistan and as a consequence marital fertility has declined. However, this claim is not supported by the relevant statistics. A re-examination reveals that the effect of contraception is the lowest in the decline of fertility. The rise in marriages and breastfeeding has played a significant inhibiting role in the decline of fertility and marital fertility has remained constant. The structural adjustment programme (SAP), initiated in late 1980s, has led to more poverty and the proportion of never-married has increased in Pakistan as revealed by the Population Census 1998. Labour force participation by the females increased in the post-SAP period. The new economic situation appears to be indirectly responsible for the decline of fertility, and it appears to be consistent with the Malthusian macro theory of fertility.
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Javid, Attiya Yasmin, and Afsheen Abrar. "Microfinance Institutions and Poverty Reduction: A Cross Regional Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.371-387.
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The alleviation of poverty is one of the most debated issues among the academicians and policy makers. From 1950s to 1980s the poverty reduction program has been based on increase the participation of poor into the economy by better macroeconomic performance. Though the poor part of population mostly engaged in informal sector1 is identified by researchers but has not become the part of economic models and government policy [Robinson (2001)]. Poverty reduction has been institutionalised in 1944 when World Bank was set up. The World Bank worked through governments and institutions by giving loans to developing countries called structural-adjustment programmes. These programmes were highly unsuccessful, created dependence on aid with little help to poor part of societies [Murduch (1999) and Diop, et al. (2007)].
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Spanou, Calliope. "External influence on structural reform: Did policy conditionality strengthen reform capacity in Greece?" Public Policy and Administration 35, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076718772008.
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The experience of Greece under the macro-economic adjustment programmes represents an intriguing case of the impact of external conditionality on the process of implementing domestic structural reform. After discussing the concept of reform capacity, the article looks into the specifics of its interaction with policy conditionality, in order to elaborate to what extent external constraint unleashes or hinders reform potential. In doing so, the article shows that it is necessary to take into account the nature of the reform agenda and the impact of strong external leverage on the capacity of the domestic political system to translate requirements into reforms. It concludes that external pressure through policy conditionality has moved things forward. However, its in-built side-effects hardly allowed to change the pattern of political operation, while they inversely affected political and therefore reform sustainability. The wider implications of this case study point to the need for going beyond assumptions regarding reform incentives to look into the reality of domestic reform dynamics.