Academic literature on the topic 'Economic Target Areas (ETA)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic Target Areas (ETA)"
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Abbas, Kalbe, Habib Iqbal Javed, and Sajjad-ur-rehman Chughtai. "Maize in the Rainfed Areas of Pakistan: An Analysis for Production Sustainability." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.235-243.
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The turning issue in agriculture of this era is sustainability and self reliance. There are several definitions of sustainability described by various scientists. Broadly, it means that the improvement in agriculture should be long lasting in view of changing environmental and socio-economic conditions. The high yielding technology available today is not fully adopted because of high cost and changing price structure of the important inputs. Under the present circumstances, the need arises to tailor the production practices according to the need of the farmers for long-term adoption. Sustainable agricultural systems are those that rely on lower inputs of energy and agricultural chemicals to achieve long-term productivity and environmental compatibility. However, Balanos (1998) concludes that the low input systems are low in productivity. Firebaugh (1990) mentioned the proposals given by J.F. Pars and colleagues that the ultimate target of the farmers in sustainable agriculture is to increase productivity and profitability. He also added that we should get benefit from germplasm which can survive over a long period of time.
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Fauzi, Akhmad, and Alex Oxtavianus. "The Measurement of Sustainable Development in Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v15i1.124.
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Nearly the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era, bring back ideas for looking international development goals. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is one of them. In this study, sustainable development has defined as the balance of economic, social and environmental. The achievement of sustainable development is measured by using two different approaches, partial and composite indicator. Partial development indicators showed progress in economic and social dimensions. However, progress in these areas seems to put pressure on the environment. Sustainable Development Index (IPB), which is a composite of GDP, HDI and IKLH (Environmental Quality Index) also gives the same message. By using a balance between dimensions of development technique, as chosen scenario, sustainable development in Indonesia reached about two-thirds of the maximum target. Hight progress in economic and social ultimately corrected by environmental degradation.
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Fauzi, Akhmad, and Alex Oxtavianus. "Pengukuran Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Indonesia." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 30, no. 1 (June 9, 2014): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v30i1.445.
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Nearly the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era, it emerges some ideas to refined international agreed development goals. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been one of the ideas. In this study, sustainable development is defined as the balance of economic, social and environmental development. The achievement of sustainable development is measured by using two different approaches, partial and composite indicators. Composite index calculation using seven phases starting from the theoretical framework to disseminate.Partial development indicator describes progress in economic and social dimensions. However, the progress in these areas a proximally puts some pressure on the environment. Sustainable Development Index (IPB), which is a composite of GDP, HDI and IKLH (Environmental Quality Index) also delivers the same message. By selecting a balance scenario as the chosen one among all development dimensions, it started that the sustainable development in Indonesia has just reached about two-thirds of the maximum target. The hight progress achieved in both economic and social development has finally to be corrected by degradation in environment.
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Azizi, Dona, Frank Biermann, and Rakhyun E. Kim. "Policy Integration for Sustainable Development through Multilateral Environmental Agreements." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 25, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 445–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02503005.
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Abstract Over the past three decades, policy integration has become a key objective for guiding and harmonizing policies for sustainable development. Most recently, the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals have added new impetus to efforts of integrating competing objectives of environmental sustainability, social development, and economic growth, as well as of integrating issue-specific environmental policies on climate change and terrestrial and marine biodiversity. While multilateral environmental agreements are important international instruments for achieving sustainable development, there has been little focus so far on their contribution to policy integration. Covering the years from 2007 to 2016, this article presents an empirical analysis of sustainability policy integration (i.e., how multilateral environmental agreements integrate environmental, social, and economic issues in their decisions) and environmental policy integration (i.e., the outreach of multilateral environmental agreements to different environmental issue areas beyond their mandate). The analysis finds that multilateral environmental agreements have not moved toward further policy integration over the studied period. If policy and institutional coherence is a key global governance target in the post-2015 era, a concerted effort will be required to improve the extent of policy integration by multilateral environmental agreements.
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Mandják, Tibor, and Judit Simon. "An old picture … or is it? The relations between business and political networks in Hungary." IMP Journal 10, no. 3 (October 17, 2016): 483–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-08-2015-0046.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address two questions: how do business and political (i.e. party politics and state) networks relate? What are the consequences of the relations between these two networks for the behaviour of the actors involved? Design/methodology/approach The research design consists of the historical approach based on relevant literature sources of the past, a relatively long period – from 1968, the beginning of the era of market socialism, until the first decade of the twenty-first century, by which time the market economy had been established for more than 20 years. The authors analyse the behaviour of economic and non-economic actors in Hungary based on cases and historical data, applying the IMP network approach. Findings Research findings demonstrate the long-term influence of the relation between business and bureaucratic networks on managerial and organizational network behaviour. The old and new pictures of the economic system are different, but the background to the pictures and the movement in the two pictures are quite similar. Research limitations/implications The historical illustrations and cases the authors have presented cannot be too widely generalized: the characteristics of the Hungarian mode of transition from market socialism to market economy impose important limitations on the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications The study offers lessons to policy makers: policy decisions can have long term, unanticipated impacts on non-target areas as well. Social implications The results confirm that the informal networks of socialism can replicate themselves and network structures can be repurposed in the system after the transition as well. Originality/value One contribution of the paper is related to the second network paradox: the cases illustrate non-business relationships with non-economic factors, particularly relations with bureaucracy. The other contribution is the description of how the transition from socialism to capitalism affected the networks that firms were embedded in before and after the transition.
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Bornmann, Lutz, Robin Haunschild, and Werner Marx. "Policy documents as sources for measuring societal impact: how often is climate change research mentioned in policy-related documents?" Scientometrics 109, no. 3 (September 9, 2016): 1477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2115-y.
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AbstractIn the current UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) and the Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA), societal impact measurements are inherent parts of the national evaluation systems. In this study, we deal with a relatively new form of societal impact measurements. Recently, Altmetric—a start-up providing publication level metrics—started to make data for publications available which have been mentioned in policy documents. We regard this data source as an interesting possibility to specifically measure the (societal) impact of research. Using a comprehensive dataset with publications on climate change as an example, we study the usefulness of the new data source for impact measurement. Only 1.2 % (n = 2341) out of 191,276 publications on climate change in the dataset have at least one policy mention. We further reveal that papers published in Nature and Science as well as from the areas “Earth and related environmental sciences” and “Social and economic geography” are especially relevant in the policy context. Given the low coverage of the climate change literature in policy documents, this study can be only a first attempt to study this new source of altmetrics data. Further empirical studies are necessary, because mentions in policy documents are of special interest in the use of altmetrics data for measuring target-oriented the broader impact of research.
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Hendrie, Gillian Anne, John Coveney, and David Cox. "Exploring nutrition knowledge and the demographic variation in knowledge levels in an Australian community sample." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 12 (December 2008): 1365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008003042.
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AbstractObjectivesExplore the level of general nutrition knowledge and demographic influences of knowledge levels in a community sample.Design and settingA sample of volunteers, recruited from community centres in two suburbs of differing socio-economic status, in Adelaide, South Australia.SubjectsTwo hundred and one people, aged 18 years and older, completed a modified and validated version of the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (113 items). The questionnaire was self-administered and completed under supervision.ResultsBasic messages about eating more fruit, vegetables and fibre, and less fatty and salty foods were best understood. Confusion was evident with more detailed nutrition information. For example, 90 % of the people were aware of the recommendations to eat more fruit and vegetables, but 56 % and 62 % knew the recommended number of servings of fruit and vegetables, respectively. Descriptive statistics showed significant demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels; multiple regression analysis confirmed the significant independent effects of gender, age, highest level of education and employment status on nutrition knowledge level (P< 0·01 level). The model accounted for 40 % of the variance in nutrition knowledge scores.ConclusionsThere is demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels and a broad lack of awareness of some public health nutrition recommendations. Having a detailed understanding of the deficiencies in community knowledge should allow for future nutrition education programmes to target subgroups of the population or particular areas of nutrition education, to more efficiently improve knowledge and influence dietary behaviour.
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IONIŢĂ, Crăişor C. "Terror in europe and its sources in illegal migration from the south. How to distinguish one from the other and contain both." Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem 1(14)/2020, no. 1(14)/2020 (2020): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33674/320193.
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Currently, Europe has to face new risks and threats, including terrorist attacks, illegal migration, and hybrid warfare that transcend the common security aspects and have further roots beyond its borders, in unsolved hot spot areas, like Eastern and Southern neighbourhood. Today rapid developments in the political and economic fields made terrorism a common problem for all the countries in the world. This is also true for European countries because, with the Madrid bombing of the Atocha Rail Station, where, for the first time in the history of terrorism, two organizations were involved together (Al Qaida and ETA) in committing a violent action, we can speak about the internationalisation of terror and the shift of its political objectives towards those nations supporting the United States in the International War on Terror. Since the 2014 Ukrainian crisis and Syrian conflict, including here military actions to counter the Salafi Jihadist militant group and alleged former Al Qaida affiliate in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a period of increased Islamic terrorist activity has taken place in Europe, often referred to as the Wave of Terror in Europe. Terrorists employed a wide range of tactics to support implementation of their overall strategies. In Europe, as we saw in the past events, terrorist organisations have mostly been employing old tactics such as bombing, arson, assassination and suicide attack to achieve their goals. The big issue for terror in Europe is the mix of some of these classical acts with new methods including the use of computer devices, driving transportation means against crowds, shooting and stabbing their targets, in order to transmit proposed messages. The European security context forced more and more European states to take “hard” measures for eliminating the danger of those terrorist organizations. A lot of books have been written and many analyses have been made since the 90s. However, the terrorists modify their tactics and weapons according to new conditions. Moreover, they co-operate with each other and gain a more Mafia like characteristic. Even, terrorist organizations and other crime organizations are going faster than the sovereign countries in the field of cooperation. Consequently, the terrorist organizations, instead of being annihilated, gain more power, with every countermeasure.
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Ansong, Eric, and Richard Boateng. "Surviving in the digital era – business models of digital enterprises in a developing economy." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-08-2018-0046.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the business models and strategies of digital enterprises in a developing economy context to understand the nature of their operations, as well as their survival tactics. Design/methodology/approach A review of literature on digital enterprise models led to the adaptation of a 16 business model archetype for analyzing digital enterprises in Ghana. Using a critical realism perspective, survey data from a sample of 91 digital enterprises were used for the study. Findings The findings suggest that among human, physical and intangible assets, financial assets were the least used assets in the operations of the digital enterprises. This stems from the fact that the online financial business sector is still in its nascent stages in most developing economies. The findings further suggest that all digital enterprises leverage on accessible and low-cost social networking services as part of their operations and use them as an avenue to engage with their target customers. Research limitations/implications The findings from this study provide guidelines to entrepreneurs who wish to venture into the digital ecosystem of Ghana, particularly with regard to the economic, financial and technological factors that enable digital enterprises to survive in the competitive digital economy. Practical implications The findings suggest that it is important for governments to realize that there is an increasing rise in digital enterprises in the developing economies and these enterprises are creating jobs and providing business solutions locally that would hitherto be sought from developed economies. There is therefore the need for the requisite legal infrastructure and financial support that will cushion these enterprises from the fierce competitions that stagnate their growth. Originality/value The study provides a mapping of the digital business models of Ghanaian digital enterprises. This knowledge is arguably the first of its kind in the context of a developing economy. Hence, it serves as a stepping-stone for future studies to explore other areas in the digital economy, especially from a developing economy perspective.
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Basok, B. I., and Ye T. Baseyev. "ENERGY: DEVELOPMENT FORECASTS, BIFURCATION POINTS (OVERVIEW)." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.4.2020.7.
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The forecast of the development of energy balances of the world, Europe and Ukraine is presented. It is emphasized that in its development, the energy industry passes through bifurcation points, the exit from which can change the development scenarios up to the termination of work in a number of scientific areas and technologies. The behavior of systems passing along the path of their development of the bifurcation point, detailed research by the Nobel Prize laureate, physicist and chemist I.R. Prigogine.
In its dynamics of development, the energy sector of Ukraine has already passed bifurcation points. Global political changes in the USSR and in the world (the era of "perestroika", the collapse of the USSR and the entire socialist camp) made it impossible to fulfill the main provisions of the USSR Energy Program for the long term and the republican target complex scientific and technical program "Energocomplex", as well as the creation of a new production technology electric power (thermal power plant with combined cycle - MHD generator as a superstructure above the steam power unit).
2020 may also be a bifurcation point in the development of energy in the world and in the regions. Already now, global changes in real GDP and CO2 emissions clearly correspond to global geopolitical, economic and environmental shocks in the world, including the impending Covid-19 pandom.
The energy policy of Ukraine (energy strategy) depends on the energy circuits of the new world - on the challenges and risks of a global and local nature. Geopolitical and economic turbulence in the world makes it necessary to promptly monitor and, if necessary, make adjustments to the forecasts for the development of the economies of countries and the world as a whole, including the basic component of the economy - energy.
Suggestions are made for the need to support the energy strategy, including the energy strategy adopted in Ukraine in 2017 for the period up to 2035, by working documents - operational sliding forecast plans (roadmaps) to manage and monitor its implementation at intermediate time intervals, creating perhaps a specialized structure for these purposes.
Books on the topic "Economic Target Areas (ETA)"
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Development, Massachusetts Office of Business. Map of Massachusetts economic target areas (ETAs). Boston, MA: Massachusetts Office of Business Development, 2000.
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Congreso de Geografía (1987 Vitoria, Spain). Geografi Biltzarra: [batzar-agiriak] : industriguneetako nekazal eta hiri-eremuak = Congreso de Geografía : espacios rurales y urbanos en áreas industrializadas = Conference on Geography : rural and urban spaces in industrialized areas. Gasteiz: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen-Zerbitzu Nagusia, 1988.
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Boston (Mass.). City of Boston application for Massachusetts economic target area disignation. 1994.
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Rostagno, Massimo, Carlo Altavilla, Giacomo Carboni, Wolfgang Lemke, Roberto Motto, Arthur Saint Guilhem, and Jonathan Yiangou. Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895912.001.0001.
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The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to look back on the record of the European Central Bank (ECB) and learn lessons that can improve the conduct of policy in the future. This volume charts the way the ECB has defined, interpreted, and applied its monetary policy framework—its strategy—over the years from its inception, in search of evidence and lessons that can inform those reflections. Our ‘Tale of Two Decades’ is largely a tale of ‘two regimes’: one—stretching slightly beyond the ECB’s mid-point—marked by decent growth in real incomes and a distribution of shocks to inflation almost universally to the upside; and the second—starting well into the post-Lehman period—characterized by endemic instability and crisis, with the distribution of shocks eventually switching from inflationary to continuously disinflationary. We show how the most defining feature of the ECB’s monetary policy framework, its characteristic definition of price stability with a hard 2 per cent ceiling, functioned as a key shock absorber in the relatively high-inflation years prior to the crisis, but offered a softer defence in the face of the disinflationary forces that hit the euro area in its aftermath. The imperative to halt persistent disinflation in the post-crisis era therefore called for a radical, unprecedented policy response, comprising negative policy rates, enhanced forms of forward guidance, a large asset purchase programme and targeted long-term loans to banks. We study the multidimensional interactions among these four instruments and quantify their impact on inflation and the macroeconomy.
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Datta, K. L. Growth and Development Planning in India. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190125028.001.0001.
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The central theme of this book is to appraise the role of planning to maximize the rate of economic growth, and improve the standards of living and quality of life of the people in India since Independence. The book addresses four core areas. First, it delves into the circumstances which led to the adoption of planning and presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic scenario that unfolded in the six decades between 1951 and 2011, documenting shifts in growth and development strategy. Second, it explores the rate and pattern of economic growth, and traces reasons behind the shortfall in growth rate from the target. Third, the book contextualizes the backdrop against which economic reform measures were introduced to understand how different areas and sectors of the economy were integrated with the reform process. Fourth, it analyses the transition from growth measures pursued until the 1970s, to a mix of growth and redistribution from the 1980s, and then to inclusive growth in the 2000s, and finds out how income, especially of the poor and marginalized sections of the population increased. It makes an assessment of the level and change in poverty over time, and the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction. These four thematic areas of the book are essential to understand the process of economic growth and its impact on the lives of the people in India's rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Finally, it assesses the economic scenario in the 2010s, when planning was abandoned, and pinpoints the reasons behind dipping growth rate, and suggests measures for its revival.
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McDougal, Topher L. The Political Economy of Rural-Urban Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.001.0001.
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In some cases of insurgency, the combat frontier is contested and erratic, as rebels target cities as their economic prey. In other cases, it is tidy and stable, seemingly representing an equilibrium in which cities are effectively protected from violent non-state actors. What factors account for these differences in the interface urban-based states and rural-based challengers? To explore this question, this book examines two regions representing two dramatically different outcomes. In West Africa (Liberia and Sierra Leone), capital cities became economic targets for rebels, who posed dire threats to the survival of the state. In Maoist India, despite an insurgent ideology aiming to overthrow the state via a strategy of progressive city capture, the combat frontier effectively firewalls cities from Maoist violence. This book argues that trade networks underpinning the economic relationship between rural and urban areas—termed “interstitial economies”—may differ dramatically in their impact on (and response to) the combat frontier. It explains rebel predatory tendencies toward cities as a function of transport networks allowing monopoly profits to be made by urban-based traders. It explains combat frontier delineation as a function of the social structure of the trade networks: hierarchical networks permit elite–elite bargains that cohere the frontier. These factors represent what might be termed respectively the “hardware” and “software” of the rural–urban economic relationship. Of interest to any student of political economy and violence, this book presents new arguments and insights about the relationships between violence and the economy, predation and production, core and periphery.
Book chapters on the topic "Economic Target Areas (ETA)"
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Capogrosso, Roberta, Giulia De Aloysio, Luca Laghi, Roberto Malvezzi, Eraldo Menconi, Marco Padula, Francesca Pecchia, Ángel Ruìz Cruceira, José Manuel Salmeròn Lissén, and Paolo Luigi Scala. "Deep Energy Retrofit of Residential Buildings in the Mediterranean Area: The MedZEB Approach." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 29–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_3.
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AbstractMediterranean deep retrofit markets are characterized by common barriers and bottlenecks, which barely have been identified as shared challenges, and this has led to a lack of dedicated solutions and to a substantial delay in achieving the 2020 EU policy targets. This situation is addressed by the H2020 HAPPEN project by proposing a new MedZEB approach characterized by the following features: Holistic, i.e., aimed at integrating the most relevant aspects of the retrofitting supply chain; Transparent, i.e., aimed at putting on the market novel tools for enhancing investors’ trust; Adaptive, i.e., aimed at enhancing “added values” of the retrofitting such as flexibility, well-being, etc. Having arrived at its midpoint, HAPPEN has produced an advanced version of its main outputs, among which are: the HAPPEN cost-optimal technical solutions, developed according to a step-by-step logic; the HAPPEN financial solution, fully integrated with the step-by-step logic, and aimed at funding the retrofitting process by relying on the energy savings achieved; the MedZEB protocol conceived as a guarantee scheme for the achievement of retrofit targets; the HAPPEN platform, an assisted digital marketplace aimed at matching demand and offer according to a one-stop-shop logic, at defragmenting the retrofit value chain, and at supporting actors with dedicated tools. These outputs have been developed also thanks to an extensive living laboratory and pilot-building program, carried out within ten pilot sites across seven EU Med countries; this has made it possible for a large engagement of potential users, which resulted in the ideation of the HAPPEN program, an overall framework aimed at integrating project outputs into an exploitable renovation procedure powered by the HAPPEN platform. This paper describes the first simulation of such a procedure in its entirety based on a real case study. After characterizing the building according to the HAPPEN reference buildings and climates lists, a step-by-step cost-optimal package of solutions was calculated, followed by the application of the HAPPEN financial solution, and by the draft issue of the MedZEB protocol. Results provide the first evidence of the effectiveness of the MedZEB approach in potentially unlocking the deep retrofit market in the Med area, with special attention to the possibility of funding the interventions by relying on the economies generated by the energy savings achieved. Further, the project activities will be aimed at co-creating, together with relevant stakeholders, a go-to-market strategy for the HAPPEN program.
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Andreucci, Maria Beatrice, and Antonino Marvuglia. "Investigating, Implementing and Funding Regenerative Urban Design in a Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Built Environment: A Reading Through Selected UN Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal." In Future City, 395–413. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_22.
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AbstractBefore the world was impacted by COVID-19, progress towards the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was already uneven, and a more focused attention was needed in most SDGs’ target areas. The pandemic abruptly disrupted plans and efforts towards urban transition, in some cases reverting decades of progress. The concept of resilience changed in 2020 and having to face severe health issues combined with increased socio-economic challenges in a climate change scenario, cities must urgently explore on how best to combine environmental goals with economic recovery and social justice, modifying on-going plans and initiatives, while re-arranging priorities. Acknowledging the impact that the pandemic will produce, for the years to come, on processes and initiatives towards a regenerative economy, this contribution describes most recent strategies aimed at urban transition in Europe, and critically discusses available options with respect to implementation and funding, within the framework of selected UN SDGs. Our conclusions challenge the ability of our modern society to put in practice the needed urgent actions, and call for a paradigm shift to prepare Europe to deal with climate disruptions, activate transition to a healthy and prosperous future within the planetary boundaries, and scale up solutions that will trigger transformations for the benefit of people and the environment.
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Willadsen, Peter. "Ticks and Their Control." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 366–86. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0366.
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Abstract This book chapter describes the most common control methods: the use of genetically resistant animals and the application of acaricides. Acaricides may be applied through dips, sprays or pour-on formulations as well as intra-ruminal boluses, ear tagscand footbaths. Resistance to acaricides is thecability in a strain of ticks to tolerate doses of acaricides that would prove lethal to most individuals in a normal population of the same species, and this is a major and growing problem. An anti-tick vaccine is commercially available for only a single tick species. Pasture management also has a role in integrated control. Each of these options would be about developing technologies, at best partial solutions to practical problems. As has been described above, a robust solution to the control of ticks and tickborne disease requires an understanding of tick distributions and economic impacts; the current and future effects of climate change; and the regulatory system and the production environment in which tick control is to be applied. ILRI has skills in all of these areas and a strong focus on at least one target group, the smallholder livestock farmer. Thus, ILRI has, in principle, not only the potential to develop new technologies but also the infrastructure and experience to facilitate their effective adoption.
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Desai, Pranav D. "Engaging With Stakeholders for Developing an Effective Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Universities Based in Rural Setup." In Rural Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Digital Era, 252–69. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4942-1.ch014.
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This chapter proposes a new model that promotes and develops an entrepreneurial ecosystem in universities based in rural setup. The entrepreneurial universities could accomplish the status as an innovative environment center by collaborating with new businesses. Universities in rural areas can introduce business training, college business hatcheries, and college endeavor government-common society cooperation that enabled entrepreneurial behaviors. The target of a business college filling in as a pioneering entrepreneurial eco-system development center is to animate financial advancement, produce work, and make imaginative innovation-based endeavors or acting as an administration organization. While these services can be provided through a university, a university in a rural set up has an opportunity to act as a center for the economic development in rural areas. Attention is set on the need to create solid coordinated effort among key partners for making progress in building a viable enterprising system.
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Yarova, Inessa, and Iryna Marekha. "FORMATION OF BUDGETARY AND TIME CONSTRAINTS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION IN UKRAINE: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-15.
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Formation of a budgetary and time constraints system on the implementation of environmental taxes should be carried out in the format of integrated social, environmental and economic policy (economic, energy, social, environmental), and is largely influenced by political processes. It was found that the environmental taxes implementation required defining budget and time constraints as the leading parameters in the field of tax regulation of environmental quality and efficiency of natural capital on an entrepreneurial and innovative basis. The economic essence of environmental taxation in the national security system is revealed through their main tax functions (fiscal, regulatory, incentive). In addition to the functions of environmental taxes, dysfunctions have been proposed such as: burdening, inflation and counteracting. Effectiveness of the implementation of environmental taxes functions is carried out on the basis of an appropriate system of indicators of their effectiveness at the macro level (in particular, the effectiveness of environmental tax revenues, assessment of fiscal effectiveness, etc.), taking into account the environmental payments effectiveness in foreign countries. In this paper, taking into account the existing proposals, the emphasis is on the criteria (indicators) as follows: effectiveness assessment of revenues from environmental taxation (in this case, the ratio of tax revenues and public environmental costs); fiscal efficiency (effectiveness); assessment of the motivational nature of environmental taxation. It is also stated that the assessment of the effectiveness of target functions implementation in the national security can be detailed in certain areas (energy, economic and environmental security), as well as depending on the tasks of management decisions by economic entities. From these perspectives optimization of the environmental taxes structure taking into account national specifics has been proposed. Taking into consideration the national specifics of nature management in Ukraine, the list of environmental taxes has been selected on the certain principles as follows: deteriorization of the ecological state; import dependence (dependence on energy imports); high demand for environmentally destructive goods; powerful natural and resource potential. A score assessment of environmental taxes compliance with the peculiarities of national nature management and national security has been proposed. It was stated that energy taxes have the maximum profitability potential and the highest eco – attributive efficiency. Also, a matrix of environmental taxes compliance with the criteria of fiscal and eco – attributive efficiency has been constructed.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. "Prevention Policy in the UK." In Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?, 87–115. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.003.0005.
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This chapter zooms out to identify the overall ‘weight’ of post-war initiatives, under the general banner of UK prevention policy, across multiple policy areas. Many UK governments have faced the same basic prevention puzzle, and the vague idea of prevention policy has risen up and fallen down the UK government policy agenda for most of the post-war era. However, there was a step-change of activity from 1997. The newly elected and self-styled New Labour government, led by Prime Minister Tony Blair, identified something akin to a ‘window of opportunity’ for major changes in policy and policymaking. Compared to its predecessors, it used the language of prevention more frequently, and was far more likely to describe it as a vehicle to address socio-economic inequalities, join up government, and pursue ‘evidence-based policy’. Initially, we find in its social construction of target populations some shift of emphasis from personal responsibility to structural causes of poor outcomes. Yet, we also detect a growing frustration with limited progress and more explicit moral judgements of target populations over time, prompting a more centralized approach to policymaking and a greater focus on ‘problem’ families towards the end of New Labour’s era of government. Most of this prevention agenda continued under the Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition government from 2010 to 2015, albeit with a greater focus on the economy, employability, ‘troubled families’, and individual responsibility.
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Stoica, Virgil, and Andrei Ilas. "Explaining the Underdevelopment of Rural E-Government." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 331–48. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4090-0.ch015.
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The advent of information and communications technology led the public administration of many countries to step into a new era. During the last decade, an increasing number of researchers analysed the e-government performance of national governments, regions, and large cities. However, far less attention has been paid to villages and rural areas, probably because their e-government was not a prioritised target for national policies and, consequently, was not developing at the same pace. In fact, rural e-government is nothing but a part of e-government and should be included in e-government policies. However, from a practical point of view, rural e-government raises specific issues, especially in those society where the divide between cities and villages still clearly exists. E-government could significantly improve rural services, support economic development, and encourage citizen engagement. The goal of this research is to assess the rural e-government level in Romania by evaluating five core components: 1) security and personal data protection; 2) usability; 3) content; 4) type of services; and 5) digital democracy. The low scores obtained by the only two measurable components—usability and content—allow one to conclude that Romanian rural e-government is in its early stages. Based on some unexpected collateral conclusions, the authors offer suggestions for future researches and policy makers.
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Chui, Kwok Tai, Wadee Alhalabi, Ryan Wen Liu, and Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos. "Connecting One Belt One Road Countries via Wireless Sensor Network." In Foreign Business in China and Opportunities for Technological Innovation and Sustainable Economics, 174–94. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8980-8.ch009.
Full textAbstract:
The economy of China grows rapidly due to the advent of wireless networks. The networks provide connection between nodes (sensors, gateways, systems, people, etc.) for data transmission and communication seamlessly. This is a crucial element to achieve sustainable economics. It is worth mentioning that wireless communication is the optimal solution compared with wired communication given the fact that China has a huge land area and the largest population in the world. Traditional wireless technologies like 4G, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ISA 100.11a, and WirelessHART have been well addressed in literature. In this chapter, the focus is moved to 5G, LoRa, IEEE 802.11 af, ah, ax, and ay. Selected applications health monitoring, toxic gas monitoring, connected target coverage problem, and mobile crowd sensing are discussed in detail. Geographic routing, wireless charging, and wireless coexistence are challenging issues that need to be addressed in the near future.
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Chui, Kwok Tai, Wadee Alhalabi, Ryan Wen Liu, and Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos. "Connecting One Belt One Road Countries via Wireless Sensor Network." In Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society, 1070–85. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch044.
Full textAbstract:
The economy of China grows rapidly due to the advent of wireless networks. The networks provide connection between nodes (sensors, gateways, systems, people, etc.) for data transmission and communication seamlessly. This is a crucial element to achieve sustainable economics. It is worth mentioning that wireless communication is the optimal solution compared with wired communication given the fact that China has a huge land area and the largest population in the world. Traditional wireless technologies like 4G, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ISA 100.11a, and WirelessHART have been well addressed in literature. In this chapter, the focus is moved to 5G, LoRa, IEEE 802.11 af, ah, ax, and ay. Selected applications health monitoring, toxic gas monitoring, connected target coverage problem, and mobile crowd sensing are discussed in detail. Geographic routing, wireless charging, and wireless coexistence are challenging issues that need to be addressed in the near future.
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Kusakina, Olga, and Anastasia Chaplitskaya. "Human Capital as a Factor of Development of the Rural Economy." In Green Economic Structures in Modern Business and Society, 180–95. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8219-1.ch010.
Full textAbstract:
The challenges of the post-industrial stage of development of society dictate the high quality requirements of human capital, which depends on both the level of economic development of the country as a whole and the state of the rural economy. In this chapter, the authors propose a methodological approach to the definition of the index of multiple-factor conditions for human capital development in rural areas. It reflects the vector of long-term development of human capital under the influence of an interlocking system of social, economic, demographic, environmental and institutional factors that manifest themselves at different levels of its formation. An open trend model building of influence multi-level factors system on the development of human capital in the rural economy of the region allows the authors to model the possible directions of human capital development on the basis of experimental calculations and use them in making management decisions by program-target method.
Conference papers on the topic "Economic Target Areas (ETA)"
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Qiu, Wei, Haipeng Chen, and Bo An. "Dynamic Electronic Toll Collection via Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning with Edge-Based Graph Convolutional Networks." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/635.
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Over the past decades, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems have been proved the capability of alleviating traffic congestion in urban areas. Dynamic Electronic Toll Collection (DETC) was recently proposed to further improve the efficiency of ETC, where tolls are dynamically set based on traffic dynamics. However, computing the optimal DETC scheme is computationally difficult and existing approaches are limited to small scale or partial road networks, which significantly restricts the adoption of DETC. To this end, we propose a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) approach for DETC. We make several key contributions: i) an enhancement over the state-of-the-art RL-based method with a deep neural network representation of the policy and value functions and a temporal difference learning framework to accelerate the update of target values, ii) a novel edge-based graph convolutional neural network (eGCN) to extract the spatio-temporal correlations of the road network state features, iii) a novel cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) which divides the whole road network into partitions according to their geographic and economic characteristics and trains a tolling agent for each partition. Experimental results show that our approach can scale up to realistic-sized problems with robust performance and significantly outperform the state-of-the-art method.
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Daugaviete, Mudrite, Galina Telysheva, Ojars Polis, Ausma Korica, and Kaspars Spalvis. "Plantation forests as regional strength for development of rural bioeconomy." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.001.
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The establishment of plantation forests in areas not viable for agriculture can make a significant contribution to the economy. The yield from 1 ha of plantation forest depends on the management purpose - obtaining of round wood (pulpwood, sawnlog, veneer log, tare), bioenergy and extraction of tree foliage (broadleaved and coniferous). In Latvia, based on 2019 data, plantation forests achieve 2760 ha of Scots pine, 7855 ha of Norway spruce, 7431 ha of Birch, 2123 ha of Grey alder, 1274 ha of Black alder and Populus spp. and 618 ha of Salix spp. Estimated and projected gains are calculated both as round wood over 20 to 50 years: pine - 410-to 994 thou. m3; spruce, - 335 to 2.906 thou. m3, birch - 1.040 -2.452 thou. m3. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain gross income from the whole plantation forest area in Latvia: pine-12.42-63.8 mln. EUR; spruce - 40.1 -192.3 mln. EUR; for birch - 32.2 -202.7 mln. Eur. Additionally to that, 18.6 -21.6 t ha-1 and 24.0 -37.0 t ha-1 of processed foliage can be obtained from 1 ha of pine and spruce forest plantations (40-50 years old). Alnus incana sp. (5-20 years), yielding 19.65-122.65 thou. Solid m3 and Salix spp. (3-5 years), yielding 58.71-84.97 thou. solid m3, are used for energy production, furthermore Alnus spp. wood can be used than valuable raw material for plywood production. At the same time, it is possible to capture 106-1477 thou. tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Systematic investigations of chemical composition of above mentioned Latvian plantation trees, wood and bark, have shown that incorporation of extraction treatment in existing processing schemes will allow to manufacture high value added monomeric and oligomeric products which are of great demand for substitution of synthetic ones in different economy sectors (agriculture, including means for plant protection, food industry, polymer production, pharmacy etc.). Creation of small and medium-sized enterprises in rural region in close proximity to plantations opens the opportunity for the appearance of new working places, including organization of new nurseries, plantation services, private businesses for processing of various lignocellulosic waste into new special products / semi-products / feedstock for green industrial materials and chemicals, at the same time diminishing the logistics expenses.
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Platon, Victor, Simona Frone, Andreea Constantinescu, and Sorina Jurist. "Economic Instruments for WEEE Recycling in Romania." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/37.
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The management of waste electrical and electronic equipment – WEEE, or e-waste represents one of the areas with significant potential for the implementation of economic instruments and it is higly regulated at EU level. Due to their physical characteristics, WEEE is suitable for development of recovery, repair and recycling policies, extension of their life cycle for as long as possible being an objective pursued by the specific mechanisms of circular economy. In this paper, we will look at how Romania manages economic instruments for e-waste recycling, their implementation and potential benefits. We chose for detail the economic instrument known as "The Green Stamp". This fee is assumed by all manufacturers and retailers of EEE. The amounts thus collected are administered by the Romanian Association for Recycling (RoRec) which deals with the collection, dismantling and recycling of WEEE. The ratio between the amounts collected through the green stamp duty and the amounts invested in e-waste reduction activities is a sensitive topic at national level. The exact quantification of WEEE is very difficult: the quantities of electronic products sold at national level (POM- put on market) are very different from the quantity of WEEE registered. The WEEE collection target set at European level is 4 kg / inhabitant and Romania, with only 2.19 kg / inhabitant at the level of 2016 (Eurostat), is far from reaching it.
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Kikukawa, Koki, and Shigeru Tabeta. "A Preliminary Study on Site Selection for Tidal Current Power Plants in Seto Inland Sea." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77339.
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Tidal current power generation is one of marine renewable energies whose merit is stable and predictable power generation. In the present study, a potential map of tidal current energy in Seto Inland Sea is developed on GIS from the datasets of hydraulic model experiments. Fisheries value maps are also developed from the database of fish catch for typical species in the target area. The developed maps are integrated through GIS, to investigate suitable locations for tidal current power plants in Seto Inland Sea. From the combined map considering both the economic value of tidal current power generation and the fishery, it is found that the areas with positive total value significantly decrease as damage rate on fishery becomes larger, though the areas with high energy potential of tidal current have larger total economic values even when the damage rate increases. On the other hand, some areas where the fishery value is small will become candidate site when the damage rate on fishery gets larger.
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Geambazu, Serin. ""Yeni Instanbul": the expansion of a global city." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/mwhr1573.
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The spread of neo-liberal political and economic ideology and the proliferation of global capital have created new opportunities and challenges for cities everywhere (Sassen 2012). Within the urban planning discourse, it is generally assumed that globalization leads to the same type of transformations and urban development trends everywhere in the world. However, it cannot create a certain prototype for spatial development or a new spatial order for cities. Rather, it gives a variety of spatial patterns, also called "global urban forms". Recently, these forms have identified themselves spatially within a series of "mega-projects", their intensity being felt in today's global cities, North-American and West-European, but with a domino effect, especially in the cities situated at the periphery of these capitalist economies. Total global megaproject spending is assessed at USD 6-9 trillion annually, or 8 percent of total global GDP, which denotes the biggest investment boom in human history. Never has systematic and valid knowledge about mega projects therefore been more important to inform policy, practice, and public debate in this highly costly area of business and government. It is argued that the conventional way of managing mega projects has reached a "tension point," where tradition is challenged and reform is emerging (Flyvbjerg, 2011). These kind of projects often take place within fragmented and entrepreneurial forms of governance (Harvey 1989; Healey 1997; Gordon 1997a, 1997b; Feldman 1999; Feinstein 2001; Granath 2005; Butler 2007) represented by public-private partnerships, in a societal environment of increased capital mobility and inter-urban competition (Malone 1996). Hence, it is argued, that mega projects have been examples of new governance styles and policy targets, but also object of intensive local planning debates and conflicts based on different actors (authorities, planners, residents, environmental groups, developers, etc.) holding an equal number of views (Hoyle, 2002) which are often difficult to reconcile. Strongly linked to the 2023 Vision of Turkey, the 3rd airport, Istanbul Airport is one of the mega projects that will bring Turkey among top 10 economically powerful countries. Istanbul Airport distinguishes itself from a myriad of other build-operate-transfer projects by its governance dynamics and planning process. The study employs discourse analysis through which extracts lesson from the decision-making process that will inform planners in Istanbul and beyond.
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Freshley, Mark, Paul Dixon, Paul Black, Bruce Robinson, Tom Stockton, J. David Moulton, Timothy Scheibe, Roger Seitz, Kurt Gerdes, and Justin Marble. "Advanced Simulation Capability for Environmental Management: Current Status and Future Applications." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96152.
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The U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) Office of Environmental Management (EM), Office of Soil and Groundwater (EM-12), is supporting development of the Advanced Simulation Capability for Environmental Management (ASCEM). ASCEM is a state-of-the-art scientific tool and approach that is currently aimed at understanding and predicting contaminant fate and transport in natural and engineered systems. ASCEM is a modular and open source high-performance computing tool. It will be used to facilitate integrated approaches to modeling and site characterization, and provide robust and standardized assessments of performance and risk for EM cleanup and closure activities. The ASCEM project continues to make significant progress in development of capabilities, with current emphasis on integration of capabilities in FY12. Capability development is occurring for both the Platform and Integrated Toolsets and High-Performance Computing (HPC) multiprocess simulator. The Platform capabilities provide the user interface and tools for end-to-end model development, starting with definition of the conceptual model, management of data for model input, model calibration and uncertainty analysis, and processing of model output, including visualization. The HPC capabilities target increased functionality of process model representations, toolsets for interaction with Platform, and verification and model confidence testing. The integration of the Platform and HPC capabilities were tested and evaluated for EM applications in a set of demonstrations as part of Site Applications Thrust Area activities in 2012. The current maturity of the ASCEM computational and analysis capabilities has afforded the opportunity for collaborative efforts to develop decision analysis tools to support and optimize radioactive waste disposal. Recent advances in computerized decision analysis frameworks provide the perfect opportunity to bring this capability into ASCEM. This will allow radioactive waste disposal to be evaluated based on decision needs, such as disposal, closure, and maintenance. Decision models will be used in ASCEM to identify information/data needs, and model refinements that might be necessary to effectively reduce uncertainty in waste disposal decisions. Decision analysis models start with tools for framing the problem, and continue with modeling both the science side of the problem (for example, inventories, source terms, fate and transport, receptors, risk, etc.), and the cost side of the problem, which could include costs of implementation of any action that is chosen (e.g., for disposal or closure), and the values associated with those actions. The cost side of the decision problem covers economic, environmental and societal costs, which correspond to the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social, and environmental). These tools will facilitate stakeholder driven decision analysis to support optimal sustainable solutions in ASCEM.
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Vovk, Vyacheslav, and Dunya Abbasova. "MAIN ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF A SIMPLE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT IN RUSSIA." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/044-051.
Full textAbstract:
The current economic conditions, formed under the influence of geopolitical instability and financial crises, complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic, require business structures to find effective areas of activity that allow them to extract maximum financial benefits. This is facilitated by the choice of acceptable organizational and legal forms, among which a special place is given to the contract of a simple partnership. These aspects determine the target direction of the research: they require the study of the essential conditions, distinctive features and characteristics of this institution through the prism of the author’s positions, consideration of the main features and the latest combinations of legal regulation, as well as identification of problematic aspects of the current legislation in this area of legal relations.
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GEMMA, Sergejs, and Zane VĪTOLIŅA. "EUROPE 2020 TARGETS: THE PROGRESS OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF RIS3." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.056.
Full textAbstract:
The Europe 2020 strategy was proposed by the European Commission with an aim to improve European Union (EU) competitiveness and promote economic growth. For the successful achievement of economic growth using the Smart Specialization Strategy (RIS3) in the EU, the European Commission has set out five interrelated headline targets to be achieved by 2020 in the areas of employment, research and development, climate change and energy, education and poverty and social exclusion. The targets are translated into national targets for each EU Member State; at the same time, they are common goals for all the EU Member States to be achieved through a mix of national and EU actions. The authors of the research used statistical data on the Europe 2020 targets to detect progress or regress in achieving these targets, the accuracy of target value detection and the implementation of RIS3 in the EU. The aim of the research is to evaluate RIS3 progress based on the Europe 2020 targets. The following tasks were set: 1) To calculate progress on each Europe 2020 target for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania using Eurostat statistical data; 2) To evaluate the calculated data and compare the data with those for the other Baltic States and the EU average; 3) To forecast RIS3 development for the year 2020 in the Baltic States. The research employed the monographic and descriptive methods as well as analysis, synthesis, the graphic method, the data grouping method and forecasting. All the three Baltic States have exceeded their target values on employment and education. Low indicators – just half of the target value – the Baltic States have on the share of the EU’s GDP invested in Research and Development. Other positions such as green energy, poverty and social exclusion mostly show a need for more active and effective action for achieving the Europe 2020 targets.
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Yoshida, Takafumi, Takafumi Yoshida, Liu Qian, Liu Qian, Zhang Jing, Zhang Jing, Katsumi Takayama, Katsumi Takayama, Naoki Hirose, and Naoki Hirose. "MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE USE OF INTERNATIONAL SEMI ENCLOSED SEA, JAPAN SEA." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315275b75.
Full textAbstract:
New project “Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea” started in 2014. The objectives are to study the appropriate status of the coastal area and to provide scientific information to policy makers for better coastal management. One of the target areas in this project is Japan Sea. Japan Sea is a semi-closed sea which is surrounded by the Eurasian continent and Japanese islands. This area is one of the most populated regions in the world and experiences a rapid economic growth. In addition, it is reported that the sea surface temperature has increased rapidly compared to other areas.
In our study, nutrient inputs and climate change are key drivers which influence the ecosystem of Japan Sea. Numerical models of the marine ecosystem were used for understanding and forecasting the impact and response mechanism of the ecosystem. Based on the study results, options for appropriate management will be proposed.
However, because of the long coastal zone along Japan, it is not appropriate to apply the same management options to all areas. Therefore, in this study, the coastal zone was divided into five sub-regions according to the characteristics of water mass. Surface water of Japan Sea is basically formed by Kuroshio water, Taiwan Current water, freshwater discharged in the East China Sea, freshwater discharged in Japan Sea and deep water of Japan Sea. Using physical numerical models, the mixing ratio of these five waters was calculated and options for regional management in each sub-region will be prepared.
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Yoshida, Takafumi, Takafumi Yoshida, Liu Qian, Liu Qian, Zhang Jing, Zhang Jing, Katsumi Takayama, Katsumi Takayama, Naoki Hirose, and Naoki Hirose. "MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE USE OF INTERNATIONAL SEMI ENCLOSED SEA, JAPAN SEA." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b940b0e6135.78909866.
Full textAbstract:
New project “Development of Coastal Management Method to Realize the Sustainable Coastal Sea” started in 2014. The objectives are to study the appropriate status of the coastal area and to provide scientific information to policy makers for better coastal management. One of the target areas in this project is Japan Sea. Japan Sea is a semi-closed sea which is surrounded by the Eurasian continent and Japanese islands. This area is one of the most populated regions in the world and experiences a rapid economic growth. In addition, it is reported that the sea surface temperature has increased rapidly compared to other areas.
In our study, nutrient inputs and climate change are key drivers which influence the ecosystem of Japan Sea. Numerical models of the marine ecosystem were used for understanding and forecasting the impact and response mechanism of the ecosystem. Based on the study results, options for appropriate management will be proposed.
However, because of the long coastal zone along Japan, it is not appropriate to apply the same management options to all areas. Therefore, in this study, the coastal zone was divided into five sub-regions according to the characteristics of water mass. Surface water of Japan Sea is basically formed by Kuroshio water, Taiwan Current water, freshwater discharged in the East China Sea, freshwater discharged in Japan Sea and deep water of Japan Sea. Using physical numerical models, the mixing ratio of these five waters was calculated and options for regional management in each sub-region will be prepared.
Reports on the topic "Economic Target Areas (ETA)"
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Portugal. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrpt.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural youths Neither in Employment, nor in Edu-cation or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Portugal. To do this, the report portrays indicators of: youth population; youth em-ployment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopts the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, thereby enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail.The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been increasing in Portugal. Although the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities, rural areas faced more difficulties in overcoming the effects of the crisis, particularly among young adults aged over 25 years. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications compared with young people in early school leavers in rural areas between 2009-2019, even though it still remains well above the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Portugal is higher in rural areas, in all age groups with available data, compared to cities and towns and suburbs, thereby revealing territorial in-equalities in access to employment and education opportunities.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Bulgaria. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.ndbg.2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bulgaria. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; you-th employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characteri-sation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the indi-cators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been increasing in Bulgaria. Although the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities, rural areas faced more difficulties in overcoming the effects of the crisis, particularly among young adults aged over 25 years. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications compared with young people in early school leavers in rural areas between 2009-2019, even though it still remains well above the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strate-gy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bulgaria is higher in rural areas, in all age groups with available data, compared to cities and towns and suburbs, thereby revealing territorial inequalities in access to employment and education opportunities
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Germany. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrde.2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Germany. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characte-risation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years significantly increa-sed between 2009 and 2012 and then decreased slightly until 2019. The youth employment rate in Germany is generally increasing, and is at all times significantly higher in rural areas than in cities, towns and suburbs. The reverse trend applies to youth unemployment, which generally decreased in the observed period and which is at all times lowest in rural areas. A look at educational attainment levels showed a slight decline in rural areas of low educated persons between 2009 and 2019, while the proportion of rural youth with medium and high education slightly increased. At the same time, the proportion of early school leavers in rural areas after an increase until 2011, fell sharply and reached the 2009 level again by 2019. Be-ing 9% in 2019, it remains, at least in rural areas, slightly below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Germany is lower in rural areas in all age classes and as a whole decreased significantly from 2009 to 2019.
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National reports 2009-2019 - Rural NEET across Europe (14 countries reports). OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nr14.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: you-th population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central cri-terion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from ILOSTAT explorer public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 youth population in both rural and urban areas decreased. In general, a strong decline in youth population was observed within all categories, with the most significant decrease within the age group 25-29 (21.57%) and 15-19 (20.35%). Youth employment has tended to decrease overall, and the decrease is stron-ger within rural regions. Interestingly, youth unemployment has also tended to decrease, and a significantly higher share of unemployed youth is from rural regions. A somewhat similar trend is observed in the field of education where the number of those enrolled significantly decreased during the observed period for all education levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ESLET rate tended to decrease, while the proportion of the female po-pulation tends to have higher ESLET levels compared to the male population. However, the ESLET rate is still below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher in rural areas, while in general the tendency has been for it to decrease during the observed period.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Bosnia-Herzegovina. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrba.2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: you-th population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central cri-terion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from ILOSTAT explorer public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 youth population in both rural and urban areas decreased. In general, a strong decline in youth population was observed within all categories, with the most significant decrease within the age group 25-29 (21.57%) and 15-19 (20.35%). Youth employment has tended to decrease overall, and the decrease is stron-ger within rural regions. Interestingly, youth unemployment has also tended to decrease, and a significantly higher share of unemployed youth is from rural regions. A somewhat similar trend is observed in the field of education where the number of those enrolled significantly decreased during the observed period for all education levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ESLET rate tended to decrease, while the proportion of the female po-pulation tends to have higher ESLET levels compared to the male population. However, the ESLET rate is still below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher in rural areas, while in general the tendency has been for it to decrease during the observed period.