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Marcarelli, Gabriella, and Andrea Nappi. "Multicriteria approach to select the most economically advantageous tender." Journal of Public Procurement 19, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-05-2018-0020.
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Purpose This paper aims to show how the proposed approach (two analytic hierarchy process [AHP] models) may allow dealing with the best tender selection process in an organic and simple way and ensure the consistency check of the judgements, the necessary step for having reliable results. At first, this paper highlights some critical issues regarding the weighted sum model (WSM) and the algorithms frequently used to evaluate the most economic advantageous tender. Then, it proposes to extend the AHP approach to the evaluation of both the qualitative and quantitative components of a public procurement award. Finally, the WSM and the AHP are applied to the same case study to show, step by step, some criticisms of the former and some advantages of the latter. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes to apply two AHP models to evaluate both qualitative and quantitative components of a public tender. The quality and cost models allow to identify and select the tender associated with the highest quality/cost ratio. Findings The assessment of the WSM and the AHP models, and some differences between them, build upon their application as an example of public procurement. A case study is used as a teaching device (Yin, 2003) to highlight why the AHP may provide different results. In particular, an important issue concerning the evaluation of qualitative requirements is explored: the consistency of judgements expressed by the committee members. Social implications This approach provides analytical tools for public management that allow appropriate implementation of their management function and allow a realisation of the strategic objectives of European Union law and Italian legislation on public procurement. It would help managers to prioritise their goals and criteria and evaluate them in a scientific way. The model integrates multiple qualitative and quantitative criteria, simplifies the selection process, achieves optimal use of funds and leads to cost savings. It allows to reduce the discretional power of both the contracting issuer, in the choice of the formula to adopt for calculating the coefficients, and the committee members, allowing tender evaluation to have more trust and ensure the fairness of public procurement matters and quality of the object purchased. Originality/value This paper proposes the use of two hierarchical models to evaluate qualitative and quantitative requirements and provide the ranking among several tenders.
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Parikka-Alhola, Katriina, and Ari Nissinen. "Environmental impacts and the most economically advantageous tender in public procurement." Journal of Public Procurement 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-12-01-2012-b002.
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Stilger, Przemyslaw S., Jan Siderius, and Erik M. Van Raaij. "A comparative study of formulas for choosing the economically most advantageous tender." Journal of Public Procurement 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 89–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-17-01-2017-b004.
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Choosing the best bid is a central step in any tendering process. If the award criterion is the economically most advantageous tender (EMAT), this involves scoring bids on price and quality and ranking them. Scores are calculated using a bid evaluation formula that takes as inputs price and quality, and their respective weights. The choice of formula critically affects which bid wins. We study 38 such formulas and discuss several of their aspects, such as how much the outcome of a tender depends on which formula is being used, relative versus absolute scoring, ranking paradox, iso-utility curves, protection against a winner with an extremely high price, and how a formula reflects the weights of price and quality. Based on these analyses, we summarize the (dis)advantages and risks of certain formulas and provide associated warnings when applying certain formulas in practice.
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Lahdenperä, Pertti. "Determining ‘the most economically advantageous tender’ based on capability and fee-percentage criteria." Journal of Public Procurement 13, no. 4 (March 2013): 409–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-13-04-2013-b001.
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ONISHI, Tomoki, and Kazuaki MIYAMOTO. "ISSUES OF ECONOMICALLY MOST ADVANTAGEOUS TENDER IN PROCURING PFI PROJECTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F4 (Construction and Management) 73, no. 4 (2017): I_76—I_87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejcm.73.i_76.
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Perng, Yeng-Horng, Yi-Kai Juan, and Sheng-Fen Chien. "Exploring the Bidding Situation for Economically Most Advantageous Tender Projects Using a Bidding Game." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 132, no. 10 (October 2006): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2006)132:10(1037).
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Džupka, Peter, Matúš Kubák, and Peter Nemec. "Sustainable Public Procurement in Central European Countries. Can It Also Bring Savings?" Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 9241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219241.
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The efficiency of public resource use and its strategic framework with respect to sustainable public procurement policies, such as the most economically advantageous tender (hereafter MEAT), has become an important topic nowadays. Therefore, the study examines the determinants of savings creation within MEAT in Central European countries. It uses a dataset published in the Tenders Electronic Daily database in 2017–2018 about contract award notices and carries out a generalized linear model to study the determinants of savings creation within MEAT. The findings suggest that when services are procured within MEAT, the savings are considerably higher than compared to works. If the framework agreement takes place in a procurement process, the savings are significantly smaller. In cases where the subject of procurement is not co-financed by EU funds, the savings are higher than in the case that they are. If an open type of procurement is used, the savings are seemingly smaller than in cases where a non-open type of procurement takes place. When the contract is awarded to a single supplier, the savings are higher than otherwise. A higher number of total offers, as well as a higher number of offers from small and medium-sized enterprises, induce higher savings. It can be concluded that the use of sustainable public procurement subtly reduces the creation of savings.
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Pysmenna, Mariia, Nataliia Pohribna, and Maryna Kalnytska. "ASSESSMENT SYSTEM OF THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT EFFICIENCY." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-136-144.
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The purpose of the paper is to set out the in-depth study of how the public procurement performance can be determined through a system that considers the criteria for determining the best (ideal) supplier and the main elements of the assessment of tenders. In order to achieve the goals of the article the following tasks were set: 1) to analyze the development of scientific opinion in the field of public procurement performance assessment; 2) to provide the author’s methodology for determining the criteria of the best (ideal) supplier; 3) to structure the elements of the public procurement procedures assessment system based on the criteria for selecting the best supplier. The paper addresses the need to achieve public spending efficiency by improving the public procurement assessment procedures to determine the best (ideal) provider. Methodology. The study is based on a careful analysis of the criteria for assessing the public procurement effectiveness under the evolution of scientific thought and practice of their implementation. Scientific literature expresses different and opposite views on the criteria, methods of assessment of the public procurement effectiveness by the functioning of customers. Limited research has been identified in the assessment of the procurement proposals at the stage of tendering and determining the best supplier. Results. The paper proposes a system for assessment of the most economically advantageous public procurement offer, taking into account the criterion of selecting the best supplier. This approach involves the unity of five stages of the procurement performance assessment. The characteristics of sequential execution of the assessment in five stages are given as follows: establishment of criteria for the ideal participant of public procurement, development of observations matrices for characteristics of the public procurement participants offers, determination of the vector-standard characteristics of the most economically advantageous proposal, calculation of distances between the characteristics values of the individual participants’ offers and the ideal public procurement offer, the ranking of public procurement bidders, the economic advantage of the offer and the choice of its greatest advantage. The paper provides an opportunity to focus on a systematic approach to determining the public procurement effectiveness. This valuation approach provides a deeper justification for the choice of the procurement vendor, which allows expecting higher procurement performance. Practical implications. The assessment system for public procurement offers, including five stages of the use of procurement performance criteria, can be used by experts to determine the best supplier, regardless of the procurement regulation terms, as its elements provide a comprehensive description of the price and non-price criteria to achieve the effectiveness of procurement procedures. Value/originality. The paper suggests that the selection of public procurement performance indicators to be made within a criteria system based on the selection of the best (ideal) procurement provider. The authors presented their own vision of the components of the public procurement performance assessment system.
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Marović, Ivan, Monika Perić, and Tomaš Hanak. "A Multi-Criteria Decision Support Concept for Selecting the Optimal Contractor." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041660.
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A way to minimize uncertainty and achieve the best possible project performance in construction project management can be achieved during the procurement process, which involves selecting an optimal contractor according to “the most economically advantageous tender.” As resources are limited, decision-makers are often pulled apart by conflicting demands coming from various stakeholders. The challenge of addressing them at the same time can be modelled as a multi-criteria decision-making problem. The aim of this paper is to show that the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) together with PROMETHEE could cope with such a problem. As a result of their synergy, a decision support concept for selecting the optimal contractor (DSC-CONT) is proposed that: (a) allows the incorporation of opposing stakeholders’ demands; (b) increases the transparency of decision-making and the consistency of the decision-making process; (c) enhances the legitimacy of the final outcome; and (d) is a scientific approach with great potential for application to similar decision-making problems where sustainable decisions are needed.
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Pellegrini, Laura, Mirko Locatelli, Silvia Meschini, Giulia Pattini, Elena Seghezzi, Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue, and Giuseppe Martino Di Giuda. "Information Modelling Management and Green Public Procurement for Waste Management and Environmental Renovation of Brownfields." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2021): 8585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158585.
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Information Modelling and Management (IMM) methods for Most Economically Advantageous Tender (MEAT) can promote the adoption of environmentally sustainable practices. Despite the wide regulatory framework and existing drivers, Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) trends are still growing. The literature review analyzed IMM and CDW management implementation during design phases although few studies focused on Green Public Procurement (GPP) and CDW management integration from the Public Client’s point of view. This research aims at investigating the integration and efficiency of MEAT and IMM to promote the application of sustainable strategies focused on waste reduction and resource valorization. The study investigates the Public Client’s role in promoting sustainable practices, introducing digital material inventory and BIM during the design phases, and including environmental award criteria in the call for tender documents. A Design Build (DB) procurement model was considered in the case study of a brownfield renovation and the construction of a new school in northern Italy. The methodology provided the Public Client and included a method to evaluate the environmental impact of the bids, allowing for proper selective demolition planning, CDW decrease, and organization while promoting their integration in companies’ expertise and procedures. The replicability of the methodology is demonstrated by positive results of present and previous case studies.
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Mimović, Predrag, and Ana Krstić. "Application of Multi-Criteria Analysis in the Public Procurement Process Optimization." Economic Themes 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2016-0006.
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AbstractOne of the key steps in the implementation of a public procurement process is the criteria selection that are associated with the bidders, which are intended to ensure that bidders will be able to meet the requirements from the contract. Implicitly, the criteria selection includes their evaluation in situations when the criterion of the lowest price is not applied, but instead the criterion of the most economically advantageous tender. The aim of the paper is to show that decision-makers in the public sector can use multi-criteria analysis for the efficient and fair public procurement process implementation and the establishment of objective conditions for the contract awarding in accordance with the general social interests. In this sense, the paper presents a comparative approach to the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Analytic Network Process as the methods of support in decision making, measurement and evaluation criteria for the selection of the best bids in the procurement process. Hierarchical model with five criteria and nine sub-criteria and the network model, which takes into account the mutual influences of criteria, were developed in a hypothetical public procurement selection procedure for the best performers for the construction of the infrastructure facility. Selection of the best bidder, i.e. bids for the realization of the work, is distinctive, multi-criteria problem which includes both qualitative and quantitative factors.
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Grzyl, Beata, Magdalena Apollo, Emilia Miszewska-Urbańska, and Adam Kristowski. "The criteria for evaluation and selection the best tender applied by the authorities in Poland and selected EU countries." MATEC Web of Conferences 219 (2018): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821904006.
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The aim of the regulation in EU countries concerning public procurement is to ensure efficient spending of funds by evaluating and choosing the most advantageous offer. The aim of the conducted research is to determine the extent the Polish contracting entities benefit from the possibility of broad selection of various criteria for tender evaluation. On the basis of the analysis of 500 notices on work procedures conducted in the third quarter of 2016 - the third quarter of 2017 in open and restricted tenders in Poland and 500 tenders in open and restricted proceedings in five selected EU countries, the authors compared and classified of applied the practical criteria to evaluate and select the best offer. In order to collect the information presented in the article, the authors applied the documentary method using domestic and foreign literature regarding the subject and official publications.
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Hurova, A. M., and V. K. Malolitneva. "Institutional and legal model for public procurement of products of Earth observation in Ukraine." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 27, no. 3 (July 2021): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2021.03.093.
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The article explores the mechanism of public procurement in the sphere of providing the remote sensing services to public entities. Authors emphasize on the benefits of the centralized procurement of remotely sensed data that will lead to cost savings of state funds through the avoidance of duplicate purchases. Authors give special consideration to the difference in products obtained within the Earth observation (EO) process, the purchase of which can be carried out according to different procedures, as well as the duality of the status of the National Center for the Management and Testing of Space Facilities (NCMTSF) as a supplier and intermediary in public procurement legal relations. It is determined that NCMTSF as a centralized procurement organization will collect requests from contracting authorities (public consumers) for remote sensing services, analyze them for the possibility of satisfying it with products from the existing own fund or the need to purchase remote sensing data. It is argued that in case of impossibility to provide relevant services from the available resources of the remote sensing fund, but economic feasibility of purchasing raw remote sensing data, considering the consolidated application of public consumers, NCMTSF will act as a centralized procurement organization. It is emphasized that, unlike other centralized procurement organizations, the procurement contract with the winner of the procurement will be concluded by NCMTSF. NCMTSF will provide free of charge public authorities, enterprises, institutions, and organizations with raw data information products which were purchased at the expense of state budget according to their requests. It is suggested that in case of impossibility and economic inefficiency of providing data processing services, NCMTSF as a centralized procurement organization organizes procurement in the interests of public consumers. The procurement contract is concluded between the public consumer and the winner of the procurement. That is, in this case, the NCMTSF performs an intermediary function of procurement organization, which can professionally qualify the participants and determine the most economically advantageous tender. In addition, several procedures have been discovered that will unify suppliers’ offers according to contracting authorities’ technical requirements and optimize budget spending, that was based on an analysis of domestic legislation on public procurement and models for the procurement of remote sensing products in space states such as the USA, Australia and India. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the implementation of multi-use supplier list as prequalification system for potential economic operators of remote sensing services.
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Lundberg, Sofia, and Mats A. Bergman. "Tendering design when price and quality is uncertain." International Journal of Public Sector Management 30, no. 4 (May 8, 2017): 310–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-04-2016-0063.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze how local and central authorities choose between lowest price and more complex scoring rules when they design supplier-selection mechanisms for public procurements. Five hypotheses are tested: a high level of cost uncertainty and highly non-verifiable quality makes the use of the lowest-price supplier-selection method less likely. Organizational habits and transaction-cost considerations influence the choice of mechanism. Strong quality concerns make complex rules more likely. Design/methodology/approach The analysis departures from normative theory (rational choice) and is based on the regression analysis and survey data comprising a gross sample of 40 contracting authorities and detailed information about 651 procurements. Findings More complex scoring rules are used more often when the authority is uncertain about costs and about delivered quality. Authority effects are also found to directly and indirectly influence the choice of supplier-selection method, suggesting that tendering design is partly driven by local habits and institutional inertia. Practical implications The authors argue that, from a normative point of view, lowest price is an adequate method when the degree of uncertainty is low, for example, because the procured products are standardized and since quality can be verified. When there is significant cost uncertainty, it is better to use the so-called economically most advantageous tender (EMAT) method. (Preferably this should be done by assigning monetary values to different quality levels.) If there is significant uncertainty concerning delivered quality, the contracting authority should retain a degree of discretion, so as to be able to reward good-quality performance in observable but non-verifiable quality dimensions; options to extend the contract and subjective assessments of quality are two possibilities. The main findings are that EMAT and more complex scoring rules are used more often when the contracting authorities report that they experience substantial uncertainty concerning delivered quality and actual costs and that these factors tend to decrease the weight given to price, in line with the predictions. However, the authors also find that this result is mainly driven by variations between authorities, rather than by between-products variation for the same authority. This is from a training of professionals and regulation perspective of policy relevance. Social implications Contract allocation based on habits rather than rational ground could implicate the waste of resources (tax payers money) as it adventures the matching of the preferences of the public sector (the objective, subject matter, of the procurement) and what the potential supplier offers in its tender. Originality/value Although the principles for supplier selection are regulated by law they give the contracting authority substantial freedom in designing the scoring rule and in choosing what quality criteria to use. The tension between different objectives and the more general question whether the choices made by authorities reflect rational decision making or institutional inertia together motivate the current study. While the design of the supplier-selection mechanism is an important consideration in procurement practice, it has attracted relatively little attention from the academic community.
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Keršuliene, Violeta. "POSSIBILITIES OF CLIENTS AND CONTRACTOR'S DISPUTES SETTLEMENT AT THE PRETRIAL STAGE." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2007): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2007.9637787.
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The article analyses, by using economic methods, the probable behaviour of construction process parties during a dispute settlement. With the use of optimism (or differing perceptions) and asymmetric information models an attempt is made to determine the most economically advantageous behavioural pattern for both parties at the pretrial stage and analyses social value of a litigation dispute.
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Grigore, Ion, Andreea Iulia Grigore, Laurentiu-Constantin Vlăduţoiu, Mario Cristea, Elena Sorica, Dragos Dumitru, Florin Sirbu, et al. "Researches on the capitalization of some medicinal plants to obtain essential oils by using the performant innovative installation EUV 2x1000 type." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911203012.
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The article includes research on the production of essential oils from medicinal plants by applying water vapour distillation, the method most commonly used for the extraction of essential oils from plants. The results consist of extracting the essential oil from 2 types of medicinal plants: lavender and mint with the help of the EUV installation. The paper highlights the important aspects of obtaining quality products, on economically advantageous terms, addressing both specialists, farmers in larger farms and family associations. The article presents the experimental research results on obtaining essential oils from medicinal plants. Oils obtained by this method contain only volatile components, while wax and volatile resins are not found in the finished product.
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Starzyńska, Wacława, and Mateusz Hałka. "The Most Economically Advantageous Offer in the Light of the Last Amendment of Public Procurement Law on the Example of Protection Services." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia 49, no. 4 (December 18, 2015): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2015.49.4.539.
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Jasiczek, Filip, and Dariusz Kwaśniewski. "Analysis of Production Technology of Wood Briquettes, Including Costs and Distribution." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe paper analyzes the costs of production of wood sawdust briquettes, manufactured by the company Brykiet-Pol2, based in Goleszów in southern Poland. In addition, production technology, raw material supply and distribution of the finished product were analyzed. The costs of producing one ton of briquettes for the four assessed variants ranged from PLN 364.8 (option D) to PLN 648.7 (option A). The cost structure was dominated by the purchase of raw material and depreciation of the technological line. The most economically advantageous production variant was option C, currently implemented in the company (production costs: PLN 458.7·t−1), and the proposed option D, using two briquetting presses. The latter option increased production efficiency and reduced unit costs of briquette production in a three-shift system around the clock.
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Arantes, Amílcar, and Luís Miguel D. F. Ferreira. "Underlying causes and mitigation measures of delays in construction projects." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 25, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-03-2019-0029.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to contribute to the theory and practice of project management in the construction industry by identifying the primary causes and extracting the underlying causes of construction delays and providing recommendations on delay mitigation measures. Design/methodology/approach AA survey was used to identify the importance of 47 causes of delays. The relative importance index was used to rank them, factor analysis was applied to extract the underlying causes and focus group interviews were used for discussion and development of mitigation measures. Findings Six of the ten most important causes are in the top ten universal delays in construction projects. Factor analysis revealed six underlying causes: improper planning, poor consultant performance, inefficient site management, owner influence, bureaucracy and sub-standard contracts. Practical implications The owner/sponsor/client must have adequate engineering and project management skills to be able to evaluate proposals and contractors more accurately, economically and technically. The bidding and contract award process should focus on the most economically advantageous proposal and contracts should provide for mechanisms for managing risks while executing projects. Contractors should select reliable, high-quality subcontractors and suppliers and should have competent site managers. Originality/value This work expands and improves the understanding of the causes of delays in construction projects by providing an empirical study of the causes of delays and respective mitigation measures in Portugal.
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Boccalini, Sara, Angela Bechini, Cecilia Maria Alimenti, Paolo Bonanni, Luisa Galli, and Elena Chiappini. "Assessment of the Clinical and Economic Impact of Different Immunization Protocols of Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella in Internationally Adopted Children." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010060.
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The appropriate immunization of internationally adopted children (IAC) is currently under debate and different approaches have been suggested. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of different strategies of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) immunization in IAC in Italy. A decision analysis model was developed to compare three strategies: presumptive immunization, pre-vaccination serotesting and vaccination based on documentation of previous immunization. Main outcomes were the cost of strategy, number of protected IAC, and cost per child protected against MMRV. Moreover, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. The strategy currently recommended in Italy (immunize based on documentation) is less expensive. On the other hand, the pre-vaccination serotesting strategy against MMRV together, improves outcomes with a minimum cost increase, compared with the presumptive immunization strategy and compared with the comparator strategy. From a cost-effectiveness point of view, vaccination based on serotesting results in being the most advantageous strategy compared to presumptive vaccination. By applying a chemiluminescent immunoassay test, the serology strategy resulted to be clinically and economically advantageous. Similar results were obtained excluding children aged <1 year for both serology methods. In conclusion, based on our analyses, considering MMRV vaccine, serotesting strategy appears to be the preferred option in IAC.
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Restovic, Gabriela, Nuria Cuenca, Ferran Rodriguez, Yves Verboven, and Laura Sampietro-Colom. "OP166 How Responsive Is Industry To Value Based Procurement?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318001708.
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Introduction:The European Union (EU) directive (2014/24) on public procurement strives to stimulate innovation and seeks for methodologies to implement a quality/cost based approach to search for the most economically advantageous tendering (MEAT). MedTech Europe launched the MEAT value-based-procurement (VBP) framework and tool which considers product's value from different perspectives/dimensions. Results from the first EU pilot, testing the feasibility to use the MEAT framework at a university hospital, are presented.Methods:The framework and tool were tested using two types of technologies: high volume (underpads, diapers) and highly specialized (transcatheter aortic valve implantation). Companies were invited to participate following standard procurement rules. For each dimension, criteria, metrics and weights were defined, using multidisciplinary hospital teams. In parallel, companies were asked to do the same. Product performance scores were obtained from companies’ information. Challenges to implement MEAT in real life were identified through face-to-face meetings.Results:The process was well perceived by companies and hospital. Nevertheless, the level of information provided by companies was heterogeneous (quantity and quality). A match in the cost and outcome criteria was observed between hospital and companies; but relative weights assigned differed. Value propositions and robustness of information provided by companies varied across technologies and size of companies. Implementing the MEAT VBP framework and tool need extra time and knowledge.Conclusions:MEAT VBP value technologies ahead of price, leading to the most economic advantageous purchasing. Nevertheless its implementation in real life is limited.
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Chambers, B., C. A. Pickles, and J. G. Peacey. "Thermodynamic Analysis of the Sulphation Roasting of Enargite Concentrates." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0099.
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AbstractThe mining industry is under increasing pressure to assess the extraction of value from complex copper ores, such as those containing enargite (Cu3AsS4), due to the rising demand for copper and gold. A sulphation roast, weak acid leach, and electrowinning process flowsheet has been studied to address the treatment of copper concentrates containing significant amounts of enargite. Copper is recovered from the calcine by acid leaching, with most of the arsenic being fixed in the leach residue after gold extraction by cyanidation. The relative simplicity of roasting combined with proven hydrometallurgical technologies has the potential to be economically advantageous and readily scaled for commercial operation. Based on a proposed reaction mechanism, a thermodynamic analysis has been performed using HSC Chemistry® 6.1 in order to establish an operating window and assess the overall potential feasibility of the proposed flowsheet.
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Mojsov, Kiro, Aco Janevski, Darko Andronikov, Sonja Jordeva, Saška Golomeova, Stevan Gaber, and Ivan Ignjatov. "Production and application of glucose oxidase enzyme in textile technology." Tekstilna industrija 69, no. 1 (2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tekstind2101021m.
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Biotechnology is an ecological advantageous and moreover economically beneficial technology. The most established application of biotechnology in textiles has been in the field of enzymatic pretreatment. Glucose oxidase (GOD) catalyse the oxidation of b-D-glucose into gluconic acid by utilizing molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor with a simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide (HP). Glucose oxidases are commercially gaining a lot of attention in textile technology. In an enzymatic pretreatment, the textile substrate is less damaged when compared to a classical pretreatment. Enzymatic pre-treatments of cellulose fabrics often save large amounts of raw materials, chemicals, energy and water. Bleaching with glucose oxidase thus represents an economic and ecological potential when compared to the classical process with added hydrogen peroxide. This review represents the basic properties and production of glucose oxidases and their applications in textile technology.
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Kalaitzidou, Kyriaki, Andreas‐Arsenios Nikoletopoulos, Loukas Bakouros, Anastasios Zouboulis, and Manassis Mitrakas. "Selenite Removal from Water." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002023.
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The present study aims at comparing the two most promising water treatment technologies for selenium removal. A techno‐economical comparison of Se(IV) uptake between the laboratory synthesized iron oxy hydroxide (FeOOH/2.5) with the highest positive surface density of 3.25 mmol [OH−]/g and adsorption capacity 4.3 μg Se(IV)/mg FeOOH/2.5 at pH 7, and coagulation/precipitation with the use of Fe(III) presenting an uptake capacity 3.2 μg Se(IV)/mg Fe was attempted based on the laboratory scale results. The evaluation showed that coagulation/precipitation treatment appears to be economically advantageous in comparison to adsorption process that was applied in Rapid Small Scale Column Tests (RSSCTs) with the FeOOH/2.5. It must be pointed out that for selection of the optimum removal method, other criteria should also be considered, such as post treatment requirements, water flow, labor cost, and maintenance requirements.
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Kucmanová, Alexandra, and Kristína Gerulová. "Microalgae Harvesting: A Review." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 27, no. 44 (June 1, 2019): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0014.
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Abstract Microalgae are photosynthetic autotrophic microscopic organisms growing in a range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They produce a huge complex of compounds in their surroundings which are of important use to humans. Their commercial use lies in human nutrition, animal and aquatic feed, in cosmetics products, natural pigments, pharmaceutical industry, bio-fertilizer for extracting high-value molecules, stable isotope biochemicals, and for the synthesis of antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple, effective and economically advantageous method for harvesting the algal products. Magnetic separation is a simple separation process. Different synthesis methods have been used by researchers to obtain magnetic particles of varying size and shapes according to the algae to be studied. Chemical co-precipitation method has been the most commonly used method, which helps in synthesizing magnetic particles of the micro to nano range. Naked, coated and surface modified are the general types of magnetic particles used for algal harvesting with its own advantages and disadvantages.
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Ravaszová, Simona, and Karel Dvořák. "Development of Crystallinity of Triclinic Polymorph of Tricalcium Silicate." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173734.
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Tricalcium silicate phase is one of the main components of modern Portland cements. One of the major industrial challenges in the field of cement production is mapping the influence of individual clinker minerals and their polymorphs on the properties of industrially produced clinkers. The primary goal of this work is to improve the fundamental knowledge of understanding the process of alite formation and development from a crystallographic point of view. This study focuses on the observation of the crystallization process of triclinic alite during the firing process, which to date has not been thoroughly described. The effects of a wide range of temperatures and sintering periods on crystallinity were assessed on samples fired in platinum crucibles in a laboratory furnace. X-ray analysis—together with calculation of crystallinity using Scherrer’s equation—was used for observing the crystallite size changes of T1 alite polymorph. According to the acquired results, among the most technologically and economically advantageous regimes of production of a high-quality triclinic alite is the temperature of 1450 °C and sintering time of two hours. The most significant changes in the crystallite size occurred within the first hour of sintering for the whole investigated temperature range.
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Umnova, Larisa, Grigorijs Orļikovs, Jūlija Voicehovska, Vladimirs Voicehovskis, and Eduards Krustiņš. "Combined Medical Treatment Of Chronic Pancreatitis." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2015): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2014-0012.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the most effective medical treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis, by using either pancreatin alone or in combination with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or PPI and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Patients with chronic pancreatitis, who did not require a surgical treatment, received medical treatment for a one–month period: 20 patients received pancreatin monotherapy; 48 patients were given a combination of pancreatin and PPI; 38 patients were treated with a combination of pancreatin, PPI and NSAID (PNP therapy group). In comparison with other groups, patients in the PNP therapy group showed improvement in body mass index, abdominal pain, bowel movements, chronic pancreatitis severity, as well as their quality of life assessment (p< 0.05). The combination of pancreatin, PPI and NSAID was the most effective among those applied in chronic pancreatitis patient treatment. A one–month long course of this therapy was safe and did not cause any significant adverse effects. The combination of pancreatin, PPI and NSAID for treatment of chronic pancreatitis can be recommended, as it is based on pathogenesis of the disease, effective, safe and economically advantageous.
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Gulyas, H. "Processes for the removal of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0471.
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Processes that are suitable for the elimination of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters are reviewed. Most advantageous are separation processes which enable not only reuse of the water phase but also the recycling of the wastewater constituents. Besides separation processes many degradative wastewater techniques are available. However, for the removal of recalcitrant organics biological processes (which are economically beneficial) cannot be chosen, but a variety of nonbiological degradative processes exist which can be divided into oxidative and reductive technologies. The latter are in the research and development state. The chemical oxidative treatment technologies comprise wastewater incineration and wet air oxidation for wastewaters with high organic concentrations, the so-called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as e.g. ozone/hydrogen peroxide which generate the nonselective but very powerful oxidant OH radical, and processes with other oxidants as e.g. Fe(VI) compounds or peroxodisulfate. Also electrochemical oxidation of organic wastewater constituents is possible. All degradative processes that do not lead to total mineralization of organic wastewater constituents may form transformation products which sometimes are more toxic than the original organic compounds.
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Schroeppel, Thomas J., Pamela J. Lambert, Michelle A. Mathiason, and Shanu N. Kothari. "An Economic Analysis of Hospital Charges for Choledocholithiasis by Different Treatment Strategies." American Surgeon 73, no. 5 (May 2007): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480707300511.
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The ideal management of presumed choledocholithiasis is controversial. We hypothesized that patients admitted with presumed choledocholithiasis would be better served financially to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) with possible intraoperative intervention versus preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography followed by LC. A chart review was performed from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2003. One hundred seventy-one consecutive patients identified with presumed choledocholithiasis were reviewed. Six patients were excluded because of missing charge data. Professional and technical fees from the total hospital charges were used for comparison. Three groups of patients were compared for charge analysis. Group 1 underwent LC with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. Group 2 underwent LC with preoperative or postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Group 3 was a control group of LC only. Student's t test was used for statistical analysis with a P value of <0.05 defined as statistically significant. P values reflect comparisons with Group 1. Group 1 charges were $13,026, Group 2 charges were $15,303, and Group 3 charges were $9,122. For suspected choledocholithiasis, LC with intraoperative intervention is the most economically advantageous approach.
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Schmidt, Johannes, Lars-Peter Lauven, Norman Ihle, and Lutz M. Kolbe. "Demand side integration for electric transport vehicles." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 9, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-11-2014-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine both the technical feasibility and the commercial viability of several demand-side integration (DSI) programs to utilize the charging flexibility of electric transport vehicles in a logistic facility. DSI is important for improving system reliability and assisting in integrating renewables into the energy system. Design/methodology/approach – A pre-assessment of several DSI programs is performed by considering effort for implementation, costs and economic potential. Afterward, the most promising programs are compared economically on the basis of optimization methods and economic analysis. The analysis is based on a comprehensive electric mobility project dealing with electric transport vehicles operating in container terminals. Findings – The pre-assessment of several potential DSI programs revealed that many of these programs are unsuitable, largely due to regulatory requirements. Although using DSI to optimize the company’s load is feasible, controlled charging based on variable prices is particularly advantageous because the implementation requires modest effort while identifying significant cost-saving potentials. Practical implications – Based on the analysis, other companies using electric transport vehicles have a foundation for identifying the most promising demand-side management program. Originality/value – While most research has focused on individually used electric vehicles, here commercial electric transport vehicles operating in closed systems were investigated as this area of application was found to be particularly suitable for participation in DSI programs.
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Gori, R., and C. Caretti. "Experimental study on municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewater refinement for agricultural reuse." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.651.
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The present study is aimed at verifying the possibility of reusing municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewaters for the irrigation of container-grown ornamental shrubs, paying attention to the refinery treatment. The research has been carried out in the district of Pistoia (Central Italy), which represents one of the main nursery areas in Europe. Two experimental sites, each consisting of a refinery treatment pilot plant (filtration and disinfection) and an agronomic area, were set-up. In this paper the attention is focused on the selection of the refinery treatment. The combined process of peracetic acid (PAA) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) chosen for the disinfection treatment proved to be very effective for the inactivation of microorganisms for both municipal and industrial wastewaters. The high efficiency is recognised as being brought about by the formation of free radicals due to the photolysis of the PAA when in the presence of the UV rays. A preliminary cost analysis has been carried out in order to highlight the most economically advantageous solution which guarantees the compliance to the Italian limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture (Escherichia Coli 10 CFU/100 mL).
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Urošević, Milan, Milivoje Urošević, Darko Drobnjak, Yusuf Ziya Oğrak, Dragutin Matarugić, and Stojić Petar. "Comparison of Different Systems of Roe Deer (C. capreolus) Trophy Evaluation." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (March 26, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i3.207-213.941.
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This study was conducted to determine best evaluation method for hunted roe deer. For the research purposes, trophy papers of 192 roe deer hunted in hunting ground Srpska Crnja in 2009 and 2010 were used. A comparison of of trophy mass and CIC trophy value was carried out, as well as a comparison of mass and the trophies volume and a comparison of these two variables with an average length of the antlers and values of the aesthetic elements in order to determine whether the weight of antlers is good indicator of the value of the trophy. Where it was possible, a comparison of the commercial trophy value under the old and new system was carried out, in order to determine whether the same trophy costs the same in both systems, or which system is economically advantageous for the hunter. The results showed that the mass of trophies in most cases is a good indicator of the trophy value in CIC points. Thus, during hunting, focus should be on assessing the volume of antlers, since between volume and other indicators of the value of antlers there are stronger and more pronounced correlation than between the mass and these indicators.
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Bavor, H. J., D. J. Roser, and P. W. Adcock. "Challenges for the development of advanced constructed wetlands technology." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0121.
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Widespread demands for improved receiving water quality, water reclamation and reuse require the implementation of advanced catchment management techniques. Increasingly, management options for reducing the impact of effluent and run-off on receiving waters involve the application of constructed wetlands (CWS) technology. Current applications of CWS technology include the treatment of primary settled and secondary treated sewage, tertiary effluent polishing, disinfection, urban and rural run-off management, toxicant management, land-fill and mining leachate treatment, sludge management, industrial effluent treatment, enhancement of instream nutrient assimilation, nutrient removal via biomass production and export, and groundwater recharge. Major CWS research and development work needs to be directed at refining our understanding of nutrient immobilisation and other pollutant processing mechanisms and the application of this knowledge to the development of advanced wetland designs. Concomitantly, the ‘user-friendliness’ of wetland design criteria and the wetland planning process needs to be enhanced. In the first instance this is being addressed by the development and refinement of information databases and decision support systems so as to foster the employment of the most environmentally and economically advantageous systems for a given application and locality.
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Kryukov, Viktor, and Irina Kradenykh. "On the geological and economic assessment of the Lower Amur region (Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019203013.
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The development of regional economy is based on medium and long-term strategies (programs) for economic industrialization. These documents are of a sectoral or integrated nature. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Kamchatka Territory have a scientifically substantiated strategy for the development of the mining industry. Despite its absence in Khabarovsk Territory, subsoil use in recent years has shown a steady growth in mining. The main volume of income comes from gold mining mainly in the northern and central parts of the region. Over the past 10 years, the most economically advantageous and geographically accessible minerals have been identified in the region. These include: coal, gold, platinum, tin, construction materials, groundwater. In the future, it is necessary to plan the development of copper-porphyry, alunite and polymetallic fields. The issues of increasing the resource base of liquid and strategic metals, formation of infrastructure, complexity of the use of mineral wealth and rational use of mineral resources remain problematic. A positive solution to problems is possible when developing and implementing an industry strategy. The basis for its formation is the geological and economic assessment of particular territories of the region.
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Maguire Jr., Gerald Q., Marilyn E. Noz, Henrik Olivecrona, Michael P. Zeleznik, and Lars Weidenhielm. "A New Automated Way to Measure Polyethylene Wear in THA Using a High Resolution CT Scanner: Method and Analysis." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/528407.
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As the most advantageous total hip arthroplasty (THA) operation is the first, timely replacement of only the liner is socially and economically important because the utilization of THA is increasing as younger and more active patients are receiving implants and they are living longer. Automatic algorithms were developed to infer liner wear by estimating the separation between the acetabular cup and femoral component head given a computed tomography (CT) volume. Two series of CT volumes of a hip phantom were acquired with the femoral component head placed at 14 different positions relative to the acetabular cup. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the diameter of the acetabular cup and femoral component head, in addition to the range of error in the expected wear values and the repeatability of all the measurements, were calculated. The algorithms resulted in a mean (±SD) for the diameter of the acetabular cup of 54.21 (±0.011) mm and for the femoral component head of 22.09 (±0.02) mm. The wear error was ±0.1 mm and the repeatability was 0.077 mm. This approach is applicable clinically as it utilizes readily available computed tomography imaging systems and requires only five minutes of human interaction.
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Khaless, Khaoula, Brahim Achiou, Rachid Boulif, and Rachid Benhida. "Recycling of Spent Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Second Use in the Clarification of Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid." Minerals 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060637.
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Various techniques have been used to “clean-up” wet-process phosphoric acid such as precipitation, flotation and adsorption. To address the potential of membrane processes in the phosphoric acid clarification process, this study explores the benefits of membrane techniques as a green separation technique for phosphoric acid clarification in an eco-efficient way through the use of recycling spent reverse osmosis membrane. Regenerated membrane was used to study the phosphoric acid clarification at a laboratory scale. They were immersed in an oxidizer for at most seven days. The samples were characterized systematically before immersion in an oxidant media. In this study, the potential to regenerate spent membranes and application of this media to clarify the 29% P2O5 phosphoric acid was demonstrated. This study shows, through experiments, that the reverse osmosis (RO) membranes could achieve a rejection of 70% and 61% for suspended solid and organic matter, respectively. These promising results will pave the way for implementation of these membranes in phosphoric acid treatment. Moreover, besides being economically advantageous, the use of the spent membrane is likely an environmentally friendly route (no waste, no organic solvent and effluent to be regenerated later on).
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Leśniak, Agnieszka, Daniel Kubek, Edyta Plebankiewicz, Krzysztof Zima, and Stanisław Belniak. "Fuzzy AHP Application for Supporting Contractors’ Bidding Decision." Symmetry 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110642.
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This paper proposes the author’s model based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to improve the efficiency of contractor bidding decisions. The essence of the AHP method is to make pairwise comparisons of available options against all evaluation criteria. The results of these comparisons are recorded in a square matrix in which symmetrical elements are reciprocal. In the expert opinion, a 9-step, bipolar verbal scale was used so that the symmetry of the response was maintained. For contractors from countries where the tendering system is commonly used, the choice of the right tender in which to participate influences their image, financial condition, and their aspiration to succeed. The bid/no bid decision depends on numerous factors associated with the company itself, the environment, and the project concerning the tender. When facing tough competition, contractors search for a solution which increases their chances of winning the tender. The proposed model was based on factors selected by Polish contractors. The original element of the model involves 4 original criteria and 15 sub-criteria for the assessment of investment decision projects to the selection of the most advantageous contract, i.e., the contractor’s participation in the bid. For verbal evaluations describing the criteria, symmetric triangular fuzzy numbers were assigned. The authors performed an extended analysis method combined with FAHP in the model. Fuzzy evaluations underwent elaborate analysis, the aim of which was to specify the synthetic priority weights for each criterion. As a result of the application of the method, to prove that the model works, an example from the Polish construction market was presented in which a bid/no bid decision about four possible tenders was to be taken. Despite the considered example applying to Polish conditions, the proposed model can be used also in other countries. The authors’ rationale is to produce new and more flexible methodologies in order to realistically model a variety of concrete decision problems.
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Kudryashova, I. A., E. A. Kharlampenkov, and N. V. Zakharova. "Ecological and economic aspects of vinyl chloride production based on the use of raw materials of coking plant." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 11 (December 24, 2018): 914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-11-914-919.
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Ecological and economic aspects of vinyl chloride production are considered as the main resource for production of polyvinyl chloride using by-products of coking enterprise, including low-grade coke, as well as coke gas. Implementation of this project is possible based on carbon technologies and technology of conversion of methane contained in coke gas into acetylene using hydrogen-arc pyrolysis. It is proposed to include cryogenic separation of coke gas into methane and hydrogen, needed for implementation of this technology and production of hydrogen chloride as a component for production of vinyl chloride in process of raw material preparation. Rational use of resources of two Kemerovo enterprises - “Cock” PJSC and “Khimprom” PJSC for this product manufacturing allows optimization of added value chain. Currently, “Coke” PJSC has inoperative volumes of coke gas, which can be used as a raw material for vinyl chloride production. Carbon technology of PVC production, as international practice has shown, is economically advantageous if cost of coal raw materials and waste coke production is 40% lower than cost of oil or natural gas. Analysis of economic expenditures and cost of vinyl chloride production based on added value chains have identified the most “narrow” elements of technological process, requiring innovative solutions to reduce costs and environmental impact of production.
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Artaza, Teresa, Trunal Bhujangrao, Alfredo Suárez, Fernando Veiga, and Aitzol Lamikiz. "Influence of Heat Input on the Formation of Laves Phases and Hot Cracking in Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) Additive Manufacturing of Inconel 718." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060771.
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Nickel-based alloys have had extensive immersion in the manufacturing world in recent decades, especially in high added value sectors such as the aeronautical sector. Inconel 718 is the most widespread in terms of implantation. Therefore, the interest in adapting the manufacture of this material to additive manufacturing technologies is a significant objective within the scientific community. Among these technologies for the manufacture of parts by material deposition, plasma arc welding (PAW) has advantages derived from its simplicity for automation and integration on the work floor with high deposition ratios. These characteristics make it very economically appetizing. However, given the tendency of this material to form precipitates in its microstructure, its manufacturing by additive methods is very challenging. In this article, three deposition conditions are analyzed in which the energy and deposition ratio used are varied, and two cooling strategies are studied. The interpass cooling strategy (ICS) in which a fixed time is expected between passes and controlled overlay strategy (COS) in which the temperature at which the next welding pass starts is controlled. This COS strategy turns out to be advantageous from the point of view of the manufacturing time, but the deposition conditions must be correctly defined to avoid the formation of Laves phases and hot cracking in the final workpiece.
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Saha, PK, SMM Islam, M. Akter, and SK Zaman. "Nitrogen Response Behaviour of Developed Promising Lines of T.Aman Rice." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 2 (July 14, 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i2.11222.
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Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for rice. Modern high yielding rice varieties may have differences in accumulating and using N from soil and applied fertilizer. A field experiment with 8 rice genotypes was conducted during 2008 wet season (T.Aman season) to study the effect of different rates of N fertilization on the yield performance and nitrogen nutrition under irrigated condition. Among the tested varieties/lines, BR7155-20-1-3 produced the significantly highest grain yield of 5.04 t/ha at N30 level followed by Swarna (4.66 t/ha) at the same level of N with similar growth duration (140 days). Agronomic efficiency of added N ranged from 0.7 to 23.3 for the promising line BR7155-20-1-3 and 3.3 to 27.0 for variety Swarna. Grain yield at No was the highest in BR7155-20-1-3 followed by the variety Swarna and the lowest in BR7870-5 *(Nils)- I 0-HR8. Percent nitrogen recovery ranged from 50 to 63 for variety Swarna and 13 to 30 for promising line BR7155-20-1-3. The promising line BR7155 20-1-3 and the variety Swarna may be economically advantageous over the other varieties/ lines. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i2.11222 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(2): 207-213, June 2012
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Fane, S. A., N. J. Ashbolt, and S. B. White. "Decentralised urban water reuse: The implications of system scale for cost and pathogen risk." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0690.
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The non-potable reuse of treated sewage in urban areas provides significant conservation of potable supplies beyond that available through water use efficiency. Effluent reuse is also an inevitable requirement in novel decentralised wastewater systems. At present, urban water reuse, where pursued, usually involves large-scale schemes based on new or existing centralised sewage treatment plants. This is despite the diseconomy of scale inherent in pipe networks that balances economies of scale in sewage treatment and negates any cost advantage for wastewater systems with more than around 1,000 connections. In light of this, the theoretical relationship between effluent reuse system scale and pathogen risks was examined at various effluent qualities. Waterborne disease was seen to be a significant factor when reusing effluent in urban areas and smaller systems were found to pose a lower risk of waterborne infection, all other things being equal. Pathogen risks were then included within an economic analysis of system scale. It was concluded that with the inclusion of pathogen risks as a costed externality, taking a decentralised approach to urban water reuse would be economically advantageous in most cases. This conclusion holds despite an exact evaluation of increased waterborne disease due to effluent reuse remaining problematic.
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Hocquette, J. F., R. Botreau, I. Legrand, R. Polkinghorne, D. W. Pethick, M. Lherm, B. Picard, M. Doreau, and E. M. C. Terlouw. "Win–win strategies for high beef quality, consumer satisfaction, and farm efficiency, low environmental impacts and improved animal welfare." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14210.
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Meat quality includes intrinsic qualities (the characteristics of the product itself) and extrinsic qualities (e.g. animal health and welfare, environmental impacts, price). There is still a high level of variability in beef palatability, which induces consumer dissatisfaction. We also observe a general trend towards an increasing importance of healthiness and safety (intrinsic) and environmental issues and animal welfare (extrinsic). Most grading systems describe carcasses using only animal traits (e.g. weight, conformation, fatness, animal age and sex). In North American and Asian countries, emphasis has been put on maturity and marbling. The European system is mainly based on yield estimation. The Meat Standards Australia grading scheme, which predicts beef palatability for each cut, proved to be effective in predicting beef palatability in many other countries. Some genetic markers are available to improve beef quality. In addition, gene and protein expression profiling of the bovine muscle revealed that the expression level of many genes and the abundance of many proteins may be potential indicators of muscle mass, tenderness, flavour or marbling of meat. The integration of all these parameters is likely to predict better beef palatability. The integration of extrinsic qualities in the prediction model increases the difficulty of achieving a global evaluation of overall meat quality. For instance, with respect to environmental issues, each feeding system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Despite this, win–win strategies have been identified. For example, animals that were less stressed at slaughter also produced more tender meat, and in some studies the most economically efficient farms had the lowest environmental impact. In other cases, there are trade-offs among and between intrinsic and extrinsic qualities. In any case, the combination of the different integrative approaches appears promising to improve the prediction of overall beef quality. A relevant combination of indicators related to sensory and nutritional quality, social and environmental considerations (such as e.g. carbon footprint, animal welfare, grassland biodiversity, rural development) and economic efficiency (income of farmers and of other stakeholders of the supply chain, etc.) will allow the prediction of the overall quality of beef mainly for consumers but also for any stakeholder in the supply chain.
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Moura, Andrezza Kyarelle Bezerra de, Renata Nayhara de Lima, Kátia Tatiana de Lima Lopes, João Artur de Lima Neto, Vítor Lucas de Lima Melo, Patrícia de Oliveira Lima, and Josemir de Souza Gonçalves. "Calf performance when fed with cheese whey associated with discarded powdered milk." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl3 (October 16, 2019): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3595.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of calves (Holstein × No Defined Breed Standard) fed powdered cheese whey associated with discarded powdered milk up to 60 days of age. Forty calves (35 kg initial average weight) were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten repetitions per treatment: whole milk (control), 100% milk powder, 80% milk powder + 20% cheese whey powder, 60% milk powder + 40% cheese whey powder. Consumption, performance, and economic analysis were evaluated. Data were analyzed for variance and comparison of orthogonal contrasts (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the treatments tested regarding the evaluated variables. The animals from all treatments had a final average weight of 50.28 kg as the result of an average weight gain of 0.255 ± 0.03 kg/day and a total dry matter intake of 34.28 ± 1.47 kg/day per calf. The examined diets offered the lowest cost compared to the control treatment, generating an average additional profit of 113.19 R$/animal. Diets containing whey cheese powder are the most economically advantageous options, as replacing 100% of milk with these by-products did not impair animal performance. The use of discarded industrial milk powder combined with whey powder in a ratio of up to 80:20 is a viable option for feeding male calves in dairy farms.
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Telenga-Kopyczyńska, Jolanta, and Izabela Jonek-Kowalska. "Algorithm for Selecting Best Available Techniques in Polish Coking Plants Supporting Multi-Criteria Investment Decisions in European Environmental Conditions." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092631.
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The tightened approach of the European Commission to the issue of meeting the levels of pollutant emissions to the environment, inextricably connected with the level of technology used, is a serious financial challenge for many European coke producers, therefore the main aim of the article is to develop an algorithm of conduct that allows a selection of the best available emission abatement techniques from the coking plant in conditions with multiple emission sources, taking into account technological, environmental, and economic criteria. This algorithm can be used as a universal tool supporting production managers in planning investments limiting the environmental impact of the coking plant in the most economically advantageous way, while using BAT techniques. In the development of the algorithm, a multi-criteria analysis and a scenario method were used, as well as a number of typical methods for measuring and reducing the level of emissions in the coke production process. Its demonstration and verification were carried out within ten investment scenarios prepared for a selected coking plant. The presented method of selecting the optimal scenario is universal and allows for a flexible selection of weights for the criteria depending on the needs and limits of the investor at a given time or to long term plans to adapt to the increasingly tightening environmental requirements. This method can also be used in discussions with the authorities issuing integrated permits as regards the deadlines for adapting to legal requirements.
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Mubaarak, Saif, Delong Zhang, Jinxin Liu, Yongcong Chen, Longze Wang, Sayed A. Zaki, Rongfang Yuan, Jing Wu, Yan Zhang, and Meicheng Li. "Potential Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hybrid Energy Systems for Electrifying Various Consumers in Yemen." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010228.
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Global warming and climate change are becoming a global concern. In this regard, international agreements and initiatives have been launched to accelerate the use of renewable energy and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yemen is one of the countries signed on these agreements. However, Yemen is facing the problem that the structure of the power grid is fragile and the power shortage is serious. Accordingly, this paper aims to study the potential for renewable energy in Yemen and assess the technical and economic feasibility of hybrid energy systems. Firstly, this paper introduces the status and challenges of Yemen’s electricity sector, the status of renewable energy, and the status of GHG emission. Secondly, this study proposes the method of optimizing different configurations of off-grid hybrid (solar/wind/diesel engine) energy systems for electrifying various consumers in Taiz province, Yemen under three scenarios of energy strategies. The objective function is to seek the most optimal hybrid energy system that achieves the least cost and most advantageous technical performance, while instigating the best economic scenario of energy strategies. Finally, Homer pro software is used for simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analysis of the designed energy systems. The results found the best economically feasible scenario, the hybrid PV/wind/diesel energy system, among the other scenarios. A photovoltaic (PV)/wind energy system achieved the best technical performances of 100% CO2 reduction, with a 54.82% reduction in the net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE); while the hybrid energy system (PV/wind/diesel engine) achieved the best economic cost of 61.95% reduction in NPC and COE, with a 97.44% reduction of CO2 emission.
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Yamada, Shuho, Shogo Miyajima, Tetsuo Yamada, Stefan Bracke, and Masato Inoue. "Decision Support Method for Upgrade Cycle Planning and Product Architecture Design of an Upgradable Product." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 6 (November 5, 2020): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0919.
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An upgradable product is a product in which the valuable life is extended by exchanging or adding components. An upgradable product is both environmentally and economically advantageous compared with products requiring replacement because its functions can be improved by adding only a few components. Therefore, the design and sale of upgradable products represent effective methods for attaining a sustainable society. Previous studies of upgradable product design methods have assumed that products have a modular architecture, in which all components are functionally independent. However, actual products have both integral architectures and modular architectures. Achieving high-performance products through component optimization is easier with an integral architecture than with a modular architecture. However, the integral architecture makes it difficult to disassemble and replace individual components. It is difficult to achieve high levels of performance in products with modular architecture, but it is easy to disassemble and replace components. Therefore, upgradable product design must determine the most appropriate product architecture. Hence, this paper focuses on the product architecture of upgradable products and proposes a decision support method that yields the appropriate combination of product architecture and upgrade cycle. In addition, the authors propose evaluation models for the environmental load, cost, and customer dissatisfaction, as well as a comprehensive evaluation index based on these models. The overall model, which gives the evaluation index, considers the differences in the evaluated values resulting from differences in the product architecture and the number of upgrades. The proposed method was applied to a motherboard module design problem for a laptop computer. The results of this case study confirm that the proposed method successfully supports the designer during upgradable product design by deriving the most suitable combination from a set of product architectures and upgrade cycle candidates.
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Varbanov, Petar, Jiří Klemeš, Ramesh K. Shah, and Harmanjeet Shihn. "Power Cycle Integration and Efficiency Increase of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Systems." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 4 (December 15, 2005): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2349515.
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A new view is presented on the concept of the combined cycle for power generation. Traditionally, the term “combined cycle” is associated with using a gas turbine in combination with steam turbines to better utilize the exergy potential of the burnt fuel. This concept can be broadened, however, to the utilization of any power-generating facility in combination with steam turbines, as long as this facility also provides a high-temperature waste heat. Such facilities are high temperature fuel cells. Fuel cells are especially advantageous for combined cycle applications since they feature a remarkably high efficiency—reaching an order of 45–50% and even close to 60%, compared to 30–35% for most gas turbines. The literature sources on combining fuel cells with gas and steam turbines clearly illustrate the potential to achieve high power and co-generation efficiencies. In the presented work, the extension to the concept of combined cycle is considered on the example of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) working under stationary conditions. An overview of the process for the MCFC is given, followed by the options for heat integration utilizing the waste heat for steam generation. The complete fuel cell combined cycle (FCCC) system is then analyzed to estimate the potential power cost levels that could be achieved. The results demonstrate that a properly designed FCCC system is capable of reaching significantly higher efficiency compared to the standalone fuel cell system. An important observation is that FCCC systems may result in economically competitive power production units, comparable with contemporary fossil power stations.
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Saade, M., F. Aparicio, J. A. Sánchez-Navarro, M. C. Herranz, A. Myrta, B. Di Terlizzi, and V. Pallás. "Simultaneous Detection of the Three Ilarviruses Affecting Stone Fruit Trees by Nonisotopic Molecular Hybridization and Multiplex Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction." Phytopathology® 90, no. 12 (December 2000): 1330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.12.1330.
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The three most economically damaging ilarviruses affecting stone fruit trees on a worldwide scale are the related Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV). Nonisotopic molecular hybridization and multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methodologies were developed that could detect all these viruses simultaneously. The latter technique was advantageous because it was discriminatory. For RT-PCR, a degenerate antisense primer was designed which was used in conjunction with three virus-specific sense primers. The amplification efficiencies for the detection of the three viruses in the multiplex RT-PCR reaction were identical to those obtained in the single RT-PCR reactions for individual viruses. This cocktail of primers was able to amplify sequences from all of the PNRSV, ApMV, and PDV isolates tested in five Prunus spp. hosts (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, and plum) occurring naturally in single or multiple infections. For ApMV isolates, differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of the PCR products were observed. The nucleotide sequence of the amplified products of two representative ApMV isolates was determined, and comparative analysis revealed the existence of a 28-nucleotide deletion in the sequence of isolates showing the faster electrophoretic mobility. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the simultaneous detection of three plant viruses by multiplex RT-PCR in woody hosts. This multiplex RT-PCR could be a useful time and cost saving method for indexing these three ilarviruses, which damage stone fruit tree yields, and for the analysis of mother plants in certification programs.
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Yusuf, Taofeek Ayotunde, Chibueze Nnorom, and Olusola Femi Olusunmade. "Evolution of Synthetic Fluid from Water Extract from Fermented Ground Maize (WEFGM) as an Alternative to Water-Based Cutting Fluids: Performance Test." Advanced Materials Research 1150 (November 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1150.59.
Full textAbstract:
The use of agricultural wastes and natural materials in new technologies is a novel subject. Consequently, an attempt has been made to formulate a synthetic fluid using an organic water, Water Extract from Fermented Ground Maize (WEFGM) and compare its performance with water-based sample in turning operation using a mild steel as workpiece. Two samples of synthetic fluids were formulated from each of deionized WEFGM, ordinary WEFGM and deionized water as base-fluids at two composition (5 and 10%vol) levels of selected additives. The results of experimental analysis of heat transfer properties of these synthetic fluids exist, hence the need to ascertain the actual performance output. Temperature-Time Gradient (TTG) which is a rate of temperature drop (heat withdrawn) from the work zone was used as evaluation parameters. The result showed that deionized WEFGM is the most efficient of the entire samples at both compositions with an average TTG of 3.61 and 2.16 °C/min at 10 and 5% additive concentration respectively. At lower additive concentration which is more economically advantageous, the performance rating is deionized WEFGM>>WEFGM>>deionized Water. This implies that WEFGM is more effective than water as a base fluid for synthetic fluid in performance as it has been previously so reported in properties. Meanwhile, T-test statistical analysis (using IBM SPSS 23) shows that there is highly significant difference in TTG at each time of application of individual fluid (p<0.05). However, TTG of one fluid sample is not significantly different from the other (p>0.05) implying that the fluids can all work as coolants and relatively have comparable performance output.
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Gambelli, Alberto Maria, Beatrice Castellani, Andrea Nicolini, and Federico Rossi. "Water Salinity as Potential Aid for Improving the Carbon Dioxide Replacement Process’ Effectiveness in Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoirs." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101298.
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Natural gas hydrates represent a valid opportunity to counteract two of the most serious issues that are affecting humanity this century: climate change and the need for new energy sources, due to the fast and constant increase in the population worldwide. The energy that might be produced with methane contained in hydrates is greater than any amount of energy producible with known conventional energy sources; being widespread in all oceans, they would greatly reduce problems and conflicts associated with the monopoly of energy sources. The possibility of extracting methane and simultaneously performing the permanent storage of carbon dioxide makes hydrate an almost carbon-neutral energy source. The main topic of scientific research is to improve the recovery of technologies and guest species replacement strategies in order to make the use of gas hydrates economically advantageous. In the present paper, an experimental study on how salt can alter the formation process of both methane and carbon dioxide hydrate was carried out. The pressure–temperature conditions existing between the two respective equilibrium curves are directly proportional to the effectiveness of the replacement process and thus its feasibility. Eighteen formation tests were realized at three different salinity values: 0, 30 and 37 g/L. Results show that, as the salinity degree increases, the space between CO2 and CH4 formation curves grows. A further aspect highlighted by the tests is how the carbon dioxide formation process tends to assume a very similar trend in all experiments, while curves obtained during methane tests show a similar trend but with some significant differences. Moreover, this tendency became more pronounced with the increase in the salinity degree.