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Calmette, Jean-François. "La rareté en droit public /." Paris [u.a.] : L'Harmattan, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/484023926.pdf.
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Jackson, John W. "China in the South China Sea genuine multilateralism or a wolf in sheep's clothing?" Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9984.
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The South China Sea claimants base their claims on ancient documentation and archeological evidence. However, they largely ignored the territories until the 1960s, when natural resources speculations began. The 1982 UNCLOS magnified interest as claimants hoped to extend exclusive economic rights from their claims rather than continental coastlines. Another possible factor behind Chinese claims is the theory that Beijing desires to establish Chinese hegemony in the region. Beijing's shift from bilateral diplomacy and military aggression to multilateral diplomacy has created debate among Sinologists. Many argue China lacked the power necessary to assert its claims and now can finally attempt assertion again, thus the naval buildup. Others argue that natural resources drive China's SCS policy and still others believe bureaucratic infighting drives policy. Economic data shows a possible causal relationship between trade and China's political behavior. The 1996 U.S. Presidential campaign slogan, "It's the economy stupid," apparently applies to Beijing's SCS approach as well. The U.S. approach to the disputes remains one of ambivalence. As long as the United States maintains freedom of navigation through the area, Washington should remain concerned but uninvolved. Beijing largely feels the same way, with the important addition of guaranteeing access to the region's natural resources.
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Magalhães, Matheus Albergaria de. "Fines, externalities, and transaction costs: essays in common-pool resources management." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-13122017-171553/.
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The present dissertation evaluates the internal dynamics of a specific type of common-pool resource, an information commons. Employing a novel dataset related to more than 800,000 transactions in distinct libraries during a 10-year period (2005-2015), I address distinct questions in the fields of organizational economics, law and economics, and public economics. This dissertation contains three chapters in the format of academic papers, besides the introduction and conclusion. The second chapter evaluates the behavioral responses of library users to monetary sanctions. I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of fines in a library, as well as differences among users, in terms of fine incidence. In the case of this chapter, I report two results: first, the introduction of fines reduces users\' delays, as predicted by standard models of law enforcement. Second, when evaluating the dynamic effects of such an introduction, I uncover a result in which fines lose efficacy over time since its nominal value remains the same after instauration. The third chapter measures externalities in an information commons. I estimate the magnitude of the impacts of actions of library users who were subject to a non-monetary sanction (professors and university employees) over users who were subject to a monetary sanction (students). Additionally, I estimate peer effects among users, considering the number of items they borrow from the library. When investigating external effects, I uncover a \"crowding-out\" effect: for an additional unity in professors and employees\' counts, there is an approximate one-to-one decrease in students\' counts. In the case of peer effects, I find that a rise in the borrowings of a user\'s peer group correlates with her own borrowings, an evidence of positive peer effects. Finally, the fourth chapter explores the interplay between common-pool resources and transaction costs. In particular, I try to answer the following question: what happens when transaction costs go down in a common-pool resource setting? I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of a cost-saving technology (return boxes) and its impacts on library performance measures. Contrarily to standard arguments based on transaction costs, I find a result in which the instauration of return boxes tend, on average, to raise the probability of delays and borrowings\' effective durations. The results reported in this dissertation have important implications for theories based on common-pool resources\' management, and constitute novel empirical evidence for the areas of law and economics, public economics, and organizational economics.<br>A presente tese avalia a dinâmica interna de um tipo específico de recurso comum, um \"information commons\". Utilizando uma nova base de dados contendo mais de 800.000 transações ocorridas em distintas bibliotecas, ao longo de um período superior a 10 anos (2005-2015), o trabalho busca responder distintas questões relacionadas às áreas de economia das organizações, direito econômico e economia do setor público. A tese contém três capítulos, em formato de artigos, além da introdução e conclusão. O segundo capítulo da tese avalia as respostas comportamentais de usuários de uma biblioteca a sanções monetárias, ao explorar variação no timing de introdução de multas, assim como diferenças entre usuários, em termos de incidência dessas multas. No caso deste capítulo, são reportados dois resultados: em primeiro lugar, a introdução da multa tende a reduzir atrasos dos usuários, conforme previsto por modelos convencionais de cumprimento da lei. Em segundo lugar, uma análise dos efeitos dinâmicos de instauração da multa sugere que ela perde eficácia ao longo do tempo, uma vez que seu valor nominal permanece o mesmo, desde a data de instauração. O terceiro capítulo da tese apresenta estimativas das magnitudes de externalidades em um recurso comum. Neste capítulo, são estimados os impactos das ações de usuários da biblioteca sujeitos a uma sanção não-monetária (professores e funcionários) sobre usuários sujeitos a uma sanção monetária (alunos). Adicionalmente, são estimados efeitos sobre pares (peereffects), considerando o número de itens emprestados por usuários da biblioteca. A análise da magnitude de efeitos externos leva à descoberta de um efeito \"crowding-out\": para cada unidade adicional emprestada por professores e funcionários, há uma redução, na escala de um por um, nos empréstimos de estudantes. No caso de estimações de efeitos sobre pares, um aumento nos empréstimos por parte do grupo ao qual um usuário pertence é correlacionado com seus próprios empréstimos, o que constitui evidência favorável à ocorrência de efeitos positivos sobre pares, no caso. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo, explora-se a interação entre recursos comuns e custos de transação. Especificamente, busca-se responder a seguinte questão: o que ocorre quando custos de transação são reduzidos em um contexto envolvendo recursos comuns? Para tanto, explora-se a variação no timing de introdução de uma tecnologia redutora de custos de transação (caixas de devolução), assim como seus impactos sobre medidas de desempenho na biblioteca. No caso deste capítulo, tem-se um resultado onde a instauração de caixas de devolução tende, em média, a aumentar a probabilidade de atrasos entre usuários da biblioteca, assim como a duração efetiva dos empréstimos, contrariamente a argumentos baseados em custos de transação. Os resultados reportados nesta tese têm importantes implicações para teorias baseadas no gerenciamento de recursos comuns, assim como correspondem a um novo conjunto de evidências empíricas relacionadas às áreas de direito econômico, economia do setor público e economia das organizações.
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Mao, Jessica J. "California's War Over the Bay-Delta: Historic Failures and Current Battles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/482.
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California has one highly-coveted possession: the Bay-Delta, which is the second largest estuary in the United States. Today, tensions are higher than ever as Southern California continues to grow and demand water from the Delta, agriculture suffers from drought and less-than-promised water allocations, and aquatic life diminishes due to environmentally damaging processes like pumping and exporting of water elsewhere. This paper will examine the historic policies that have shaped how the Delta has been managed, their successes and failures, and current plans in discussion for continuing improvement of the Delta. The Bay-Delta Conservation Plan and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley Water Reliability Act (HR 1837) are the specific current plans presented and analyzed for potential effectiveness. Despite some of the promising suggestions in HR 1837 and the Bay-Delta Conservation Plan, the Delta will remain a problem in the 21st century until stakeholders from all perspectives compromise enough to enact a single, clear-cut solution.
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Novoa, Goicochea Zaniel I. "Valoración económica del patrimonio natural: las áreas naturales protegidas." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119457.
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Economic Valuation of the natural patrimony: Protected Natural AreasThis paper offers some knowledge about the utility of Economic Valuation of Assets out of market methods, to allow management in general and as a guide to the planning of natural areas with valuable ecologic and landscaping aspects. Here, I show the importance of the Protected Natural Areas (ANP) in the national economy and their economic value. I describe the most used techniques in the valuation of ANPs with special attention to the direct using values through the application of cost of travel and contingent valuation methods.As an example of the use of these techniques, I present the application results at the Private Conservation Area-El Cañoncillo Natural Forest, with the objective to analyze the pertinence of the economic valuation by the adoption of conservation practices.<br>El presente artículo brinda conocimientos sobre la utilidad de los métodos de valoración económica de los bienes sin mercado, tanto para su gestión en general como para que sirva de guía para la planificación de áreas naturales ecológica y paisajísticamente valiosas en particular. Muestra la importancia de las áreas naturales protegidas (ANP) en la economía nacional y su valoración económica. Se describen las técnicas más usadas en la valoración de las ANP, con especial atención en los valores de uso directo a través de la aplicación de métodos de costo de viaje y de valoración contingente (CVVC).Como ejemplo de uso y potencial de estas técnicas se presentan los resultados de su aplicación en el Área de Conservación Privada Bosque Natural El Cañoncillo, con el objetivo de analizar la viabilidad de la valoración económica por medio de la adopción de prácticas de conservación.
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Österlund, Ida. "Samhällsnyttan av vattenverksamheter : Hur tillämpas samhällsnyttokravet i 11 kap. 6 § miljöbalken vid tillståndsprövning av vattenverksamheter?" Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3749.
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<p>Denna uppsats handlar om hur den särskilda tillåtlighetsregeln i 11 kap. 6 § miljöbalken tillämpas vid tillståndsprövning av vattenverksamheter. Av paragrafen följer att en vattenverksamhet endast får bedrivas om den samlade nyttan av verksamheten överväger de kostnader samt skador och olägenheter som verksamheten medför. Syftet med paragrafen är att hindra vattenverksamheter som inte är <em>samhällsekonomiskt motiverade</em> samt utgöra ett extra skydd för miljön utöver miljöbalkens generella miljökrav.</p><p>Syftet med studien är undersöka hur denna paragraf tillämpas i praktiken – både i rättspraxis och i ansökningsförfarandet. Studien bygger i första hand på rättsvetenskaplig metod men ger även en mer allmän introduktion till samhällsekonomiska analysmetoder. Studien visar att det är mycket svårt att finna vägledning i praxis för <em>hur</em> en bedömning av samhällsnyttan bör gå till. Praxis visar dock att även faktorer som verksamhetens överensstämmelse med olika miljökvalitetsmål, art- och områdesskydd och estetiska värden kan få betydelse vid samhällsnyttobedömningen. Från sökandenas sida riktas generellt ett för stort fokus mot den privata eller företagsekonomiska nyttan av verksamheten. Sammantaget medför detta en risk för att miljövärden inte värderas på ett korrekt sätt när de vägs mot en mer konkret uttryckt monetär nytta. Ett bredare perspektiv på bedömningen bör därför antas. Vidare diskuteras även hur tillämpningen av bestämmelsen skulle kunna förbättras mot bakgrund av olika värderingsmetoder.</p><br><p>The subject matter of this Bachelor’s thesis is the special permit condition applying to water operations in accordance with chapter 11 section 6 of the Swedish Environmental Code. The article states that water operations may only be undertaken if the benefits, from the point of view of public and private interests, are greater than the costs and damages associated with them. The purpose of the regulation is to prevent water operations that are not socially efficient and to provide an additional protection for the environment, in excess of the general rules of consideration in the Code.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to look into how this particular article is applied in practice. This is done by analysing the legal usage as practiced by the court as well as by the applicants. The general rule is that the applicant has to show that the operation, for which the permit is being sought, is in compliance with the obligations associated with the activity. The study shows that it is very difficult to find guidance from case law on <em>how</em> an assessment of the social efficiency is to be carried out. Court practice indicates that circumstances such as whether the operation is in compliance with certain environmental objectives can be used to weight different aspects in the social efficiency assessment. However, the assessments carried out by the applicants are in general focused on the economic benefits for the applicant. This practice might entail a risk for environmental values not being properly valued when weighted against more tangible monetary benefits. A broader perspective is therefore called for. Potential improvements on the practice of the article are discussed against different valuation methods.</p>
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Ferguson, Mary C. "Sediment Removal from the San Gabriel Mountains." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/16.
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The issue of sediment removal from the San Gabriel Mountains has been a complex issue that has created problems with beach replenishment, habitat destruction and the need to spend millions of dollars at regular intervals to avoid safety hazards. Most recently 11 acres of riparian habitat, including 179 oaks and 70 sycamores, were removed for sediment placement. Other sites including Hahamongna Watershed Park and La Tuna Canyon also face a similar fate. This thesis questions: How did we get to this point of destroying habitat to dump sediment which is viewed as waste product? What are the barriers for creating long term solutions and progressive change? What are some other options? And how should we move forward? The issues with sediment management have stemmed from regulatory compliance issues, adversarial relationships within agencies and among NGO's and the public, and the lack of a comprehensive long-term plan to prevent further habitat loss and other sediment removal issues. A recommendation includes looking at a community forestry model to include a wide cross-section of the community, NGO's and government agencies to come up with a long term comprehensive and progressive solution.
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Wessling, William T. "Institutional quality, economic development, and natural resource abundance| Towards and interactive model of development." Thesis, Webster University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1525314.
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<p> The study of institutions (i.e., "the rules of the game" in a society) has grown from a small fringe subject in the late 1980s to a massive pillar in the current study of International Political Economy. Two thing has become clear during the course of this growth and the involved research it entails: (1) institutional Quality (especially quality of governance and rule of law) has a determinant effect on the GDP development of a given countries economy and (2) institutional quality has a determinant effect on whether a country is either "cursed" or "blessed" with natural resource abundance (i.e., whether they are growth "winners" or "losers" in terms of GDP development. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the presence of abundant natural resources amplifies this determinant effect when controlled for nonresource abundant states, and if so to what extent. The study ultimately finds amplification of the effect of institutional quality on GDP per capita when controlling for natural resource abundance, ultimately suggesting that resource abundance can be either a "blessing" or a "curse" depending on preexisting institutional quality. Secondary findings indicate the existence of a "slippage" effect in institutional quality once natural resources are introduced to a given state's economy.</p>
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Bluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.
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Girvan, P. F. "The one and the many : aspects of rationality and relativism in moral, political and economic contexts." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390888.
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Flores, Herrera Elizabeth. "Las burbujas especulativas y las crisis económicas: el caso de la crisis subprime." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/145789.
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Memoria para obtener el título de Periodista<br>Desde su aparición en la tierra, los seres humanos han entendido la necesidad de asociarse para cubrir desde sus necesidades más básicas hasta las más suntuarias. Los sociólogos destacan como una característica inherente a su naturaleza el ser gregarios. Junto con la asociatividad vino el desarrollo de la economía y después sus teorías al respecto. En la segunda mitad del siglo XIII, los neoclásicos Adam Smith y David Ricardo cimentaron las bases del libre mercado, al determinar que entre las aspiraciones de oferentes y demandantes existía un punto de equilibrio que permitía determinar el precio de los productos y servicios. Smith incluso entrega un modelo de un hombre que calzaría perfecto en un sistema de libre mercado: el Homo Economicus , una persona que muestra un comportamiento racional en materia económica, cuyas preferencias de productos y servicios obedecen a decisiones pensadas en base a sus necesidades reales y que procura maximizar las utilidades. Esta visión ideal asume que, en el uso de su capacidad de raciocinio, el individuo toma decisiones informadas. Y lo que resulta más curioso es que el “egoísmo natural” de los humanos es un motor importante del intercambio comercial. Esta es la base moral en la que descansa el libre mercado.
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Tesei, Andrea. "Three essays in applied economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/85412.
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This thesis investigates different social and political aspects of modern economies. The first chapter contributes to the natural resource curse debate, by showing that the impact of resource windfalls is different among democracies and autocracies. The results also point to the existence of a large heterogeneity in the response to resource shocks among autocracies. The second chapter focuses on metropolitan areas in the US, and deals with the issue of social capital formation. I examine one important aspect of social capital, trust, and argue that it is lower when income inequality between different racial groups in the metropolitan area is higher. The third chapter studies the relation between media influence and electoral voting in Italy. I relate electoral outcomes at the municipal level to differences in signal reception of Silvio Berlusconi's private TV network. The results show that greater exposure to commercial television increases support for Silvio Berlusconi's party.<br>Aquesta tesi investiga diferents aspectes socials i polítics de les economies modernes. El primer capítol versa sobre el debat a l'entorn dels recursos naturals, mostrant que l'impacte dels guanys imprevistos dels recursos és diferent entre democràcies i autocràcies. Els resultats també indiquen l'existència d'una àmplia heterogeneïtat entre autocràcies en la seva reacció davant a variacions dels recursos. El segon capítol se centra en les àrees metropolitanes dels EUA i tracta el tema de la formació de capital social. He examinat un aspecte important del capital social, la confiança, i, argumento que és baixa quan, en la mateixa zona metropolitana, hi ha una gran desigualtat en les rentes dels diferents grups racials. El tercer capítol estudia la relació entre la influència dels mitjans de comunicació i el vot electoral a Itàlia. He relacionat els resultats electorals a nivell municipal amb les diferències en la recepció del senyal dels canals privats de televisió de Silvio Berlusconi. El resultat mostra que una gran exposició a la televisió comercial incrementa el suport polític al partit de Berlusconi.
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Birck, Luiz Gilberto. "Agronegócio cooperativo: a inserção econômica da Cooperativa Agroindustrial Lar." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2005. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2216.
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Previous issue date: 2005-12-13<br>The main goal of this work is to analyze the insertion in the process of agroindustrialization of a Cooperative in order to realize the economic and financial responses that the investment on this area can be conveyed to this Cooperative and to the development of Medianeira City region. This study is directed to evaluate the improvement and the economic and financial results of this Cooperative generated through the investments in industrialization from 2000 to 2004. Thus, this work searched for verifying the improvement of its resource of revenue into the process of insertion in the industrialization of rural products. Besides this, it was done an analysis of the investment return tax, providing the verification on the capability in terms of financial return to the Cooperative Society of the investment done by the Cooperative by its access in the industrialization of a Cooperative in the return of the tax on Operations Related to the Goods Circulation and on Services of Inter-state and Inter-municipal Transportation and Communication (ICMS) to the Executive power of the City of Medianeira and in other Cities where the Cooperative has opened industry sites as it has happened in the Cities of Itaipulândia, Missal, Matelândia, Céu Azul and Santa Helena, from the time when the investments were applied in industrialization from 2000 to 2004. Finally, this work analyzed the influence of the Industry Units of the Cooperative in the performance of the industrial sector of the City of Medianeira and its region through the composition of an
information center which brought in correlation the employment in this sector as a variable base permitting to describe the behavior of this productive sector.<br>O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a inserção, no processo de agroindustrialização, da Cooperativa Lar, e os reflexos econômico-financeiros que os investimentos neste setor podem ter trazido a esta sociedade cooperativa e para o desenvolvimento da região de Medianeira. O estudo foi direcionado na aferição da alavancagem aos resultados econômico-financeiros da Cooperativa Agroindustrial Lar gerada pelos investimentos em industrialização, de 2000 a 2004. Ou seja, procurou-se verificar o aumento das suas fontes de receita com o processo de inserção na industrialização dos produtos agropecuários. Além disso efetuou-se a análise da Taxa de Retorno do Investimento que proporcionou a verificação acerca
da viabilidade em termos de retorno financeiro à sociedade cooperativa a partir dos investimentos em ativos feitos pela Cooperativa Lar com sua entrada na agroindustrialização. Também se verificou a participação da agroindustrialização da
Cooperativa Lar no retorno do Imposto sobre Operações Relativas à Circulação de Mercadorias e sobre Prestações de Serviços de Transporte Interestadual, Intermunicipal e de Comunicação - ICMS ao Poder Executivo do Município de
Medianeira e, nos demais municípios em que a cooperativa Lar tem implantado plantas industriais, como é o caso de Itaipulândia, Missal, Matelândia, Céu Azul e Santa Helena, a partir dos investimentos em industrialização de 2000 a 2004. Por
fim, este trabalho, analisou a influência das Unidades Industriais da Cooperativa Lar no desempenho do setor industrial da região de medianeira pela composição de uma matriz de informações que co-relacionou o emprego no referido setor, como variável-base, o que permitiu descrever o comportamento desse setor produtivo.
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Besco, Laurel Jean. "Green Productivity, Sustainability, and the Law: Incorporating Green Productivity into the Policy Cycle and Legal Instrument Choice Frameworks to Address Legal Commitments to Sustainability." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34153.
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Over the past number of decades, Canadian governments (both federal and provincial) have made commitments to preserving and protecting the natural environment and to using its components efficiently in order to benefit both current and future generations. These commitments, this thesis argues, translate into duties to strive for sustainable economic growth and intergenerational equity. One of the key challenges is to figure out which are the best policy tools and legal instruments that are capable of leading Canada towards these goals. Unfortunately, the economic measures typically employed by decision makers (GDP, GNP, productivity) tend to exclude or under represent natural capital, which may lead to decisions which actually degrade and deplete the natural environment and therefore violate the aforementioned legal commitments. One clear strategy to help Canada meet its commitments to sustainable economic growth and intergenerational equity is to ensure it uses its natural capital as efficiently as possible. This thesis proposes that green productivity is a useful tool for improving decision making because it considers the efficiency of use of natural capital a criteria important to helping achieve both sustainable economic growth and intergenerational equity.
Green productivity is presented in this thesis as an umbrella term for productivity measures which include or account for, in some way, the (mis)use of natural capital. Specifically, the dissertation discuses three measures of green productivity used within economics: natural resource productivity, environmentally adjusted productivity, and natural capital and the residual. In addition to exploring the differences between these three measures of green productivity, the dissertation shows that they can be used to improve decision making in a number of ways, including as a broader public policy agenda item used by the government to target sustainability objectives. Additionally, measures of green productivity can be used to identify more specific policy and legal instrument goals, in designing and evaluating legal instruments, and in stakeholder consultation. For example, natural resource productivity can help identify leaders and laggards, thereby allowing decision makers to target certain industries or areas which are lagging. It can also help decision makers learn from leading jurisdictions which may ultimately lead to the implementation of new ideas in legal instrument design. The dissertation concludes with a case study of one type of green productivity measure (water productivity) in order to illustrate how the information it produces could be applied by decision makers.
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Hanouille, Nicolas. "Intérêt particulier et intérêt général à l'époque des Lumières." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON30090/document.
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L'État de droit se présente comme un ensemble de règles juridiques qui limite la puissance souveraine et préserve les droits individuels. Avant que la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 n'acquière en France une véritable autorité constitutionnelle, la loi naturelle légitimait le politique. Si Rousseau a donné à la loi un fondement philosophique avec la volonté générale, Montesquieu a accordé à la concurrence une fonction primordiale dans la reconnaissance conjuguée de la liberté et de la propriété des hommes. A cette époque, l'économie donnait à l'intérêt particulier une importance toute nouvelle et la concurrence entre les hommes devenait même un modèle pour l'organisation politique. Alors que Montesquieu et les économistes associent l'autorité du souverain et l'expression libre de l'intérêt particulier, la société doit reposer d'après Rousseau sur le droit politique. Si les philosophies de Montesquieu et de Rousseau se rejoignent sur les questions du respect de la liberté et de la sûreté des personnes, l'une détaille les principaux modes d'organisation politique et prescrit de limiter la puissance de l'exécutif, l'autre pose la toute-puissance du souverain. Cependant, l'histoire des différents apports philosophiques, anthropologiques, économiques et juridiques du XVIIIe siècle permet de nuancer, sans les diminuer, leur influence politique sur les thèmes de l'intérêt particulier et de l'intérêt général, tels qu'ils sont aujourd'hui discutés, en France, par des juristes<br>The Rule of Law is a group of legal rules which limit the sovereign power and preserve the individual rights. Before the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 established a genuine constitutional authority in France, the natural law legitimized politics. At that time, the economy gave to the interest more importance to individual interest and competition between men became a model for the political organization. While Montesquieu and the political economists combine sovereign authority and the self-expression of the vested interest, Rousseau founded society on political right and identified the general will as the guiding principle of political acts. If political philosophers Montesquieu and Rousseau agreed on the respect of freedom and the safety of people, the former detailed the main methods of political organization and called for a restriction of the executive power while the latter confirmed the all- mighty sovereign. The history of the different philosophical, anthropological, economical and legal inputs allows us to moderate the political influences of Montesquieu and Rousseau on the main themes of vested interest, general interest - discussed nowadays in France by legal experts - without reducing them
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Miček, Denis. "Energy, economic and environmental analysis of balneotherapy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372007.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to point out European Union´s goals such as low carbon economy, mainly future increasing the use of renewable sources as a potential source of energy. Slovak republic has due to its position in central Europe, rich in natural healing sources of water, which are considered as the most perspective sources of renewable energy in this country. The problem was solved as energy, economic and environmental analysis of Balneotherapy at Slovak Heath Spa Piešťany a.s. This analyzation was provided by real experimental measurement of temperature and flow rate and computational simulation of technological devices in opened natural healing water system. Experimentally measured data were afterwards use for elaboration conceptual design of new technological devices in order to increase efficiency of collection energy from potential renewable source of energy. The research shows that with help of new design technological devices connected to existing ones will be possible to cool down temperature of hot natural healing water from 67 °C to 21 °C, which decrease operation costs of Balneotherapy for more than 1 414 € per day. By Slovak republic entering to European Union it was necessary to accept global goals of low carbon economy. This diploma thesis provides an attention on potential energy in natural healing sources of water as renewable source of energy and helps Slovak Health Spa Piešťany to decrease amount of green-house gases released to atmosphere by efficient increasing the use of energy potential in natural healing source of water.
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Manfredini, Fábio Navarro. "Aplicação da legislação ambiental na valoração econômica dos serviços ambientais da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Itupararanga /." Sorocaba, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154184.
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Orientador: Leandro Cardoso de Morais<br>Coorientador: Manuel Enrique Gamero Guandique<br>Banca: Plínio Barbosa de Camargo<br>Banca: Renata Fracácio Francisco<br>Banca: Anselmo Jose Spadotto<br>Banca: Amanda Alves Domingo Maia<br>Resumo: A tese considerou com hipótese que os Serviços Ambientais (SA) - definidos pela Avaliação Ecossistêmica do Milênio como os benefícios recebidos pela população pela existência de ecossistemas - são aspectos fundamentais para a gestão do uso do solo e deve ser implementada considerando a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O trabalho teve como desafio dissecar a temática, para responder as seguintes questões: a) A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a análise de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA?; b) Os métodos de valoração econômica ambiental existentes são adequados a valoração de SA? O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi realizar uma Avaliação Ambiental fundamentada na legislação ambiental aplicável aos SA e a valoração econômica ambiental para subsidiar políticas públicas alinhadas às diretrizes da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas. Os objetivos específicos foram: elencar a legislação ambiental aplicável à Avaliação Ambiental aos SA e Valoração Econômica Ambiental; quantificar os SA associados aos usos do solo da APA de Itupararanga; identificar qual método de valoração econômica é mais adequado para a valoração de SA; analisar a gestão do uso do solo por meio da AAE da APA de Itupararanga. Foi realizado um estudo de caso para analisar a gestão do uso do solo que considera o SA como fator preponderante para a sua definição. O trabalho evide... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The thesis hypothesized that the Environmental Services (ES) are fundamental aspects for the management of land use and should be implemented considering environmental legislation, economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The study had as a challenge to dissect the subject, to answer the following questions: a) The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a method that meets the necessary requirements for the analysis of a public policy of land use that contemplates ES?; b) Are the existing environmental economic valuation methods adequate to the valuation of ES? The main objective of this work was to carry out an Environmental Assessment based on the environmental legislation applicable to ES and the environmental economic valuation to subsidize public policies in line with the guidelines of the State Policy on Climate Change. The specific objectives were: to enclose the environmental legislation applicable to the Environmental Assessment to ES and Environmental Economic Valuation; to quantify the ES associated to the land uses of the APA of Itupararanga; identify which method of economic valuation is most appropriate for the valuation of ES; analyze the management of land use through the SEA of the APA of Itupararanga. A case study was carried out to analyze the land use management that considers ES as a preponderant factor for its definition. The study evidenced that ES are basic criteria for the management of land use and the programs derived from a public poli... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Ballesteros, Pelegrín Gustavo Alfonso. "Aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales relacionados con la gestión y conservación del parque regional de las salinas y arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119729.
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OBJETIVOS Los objetivos de la Tesis Doctoral son: 1. Valorar el peso histórico, cultural, económico y ambiental de la actividad salinera y de la explotación pesquera tradicional de las encañizadas, en relación con la conservación de la biodiversidad. 2. Describir la evolución de la flota pesquera, de la actividad acuícola y de otras actividades económicas del Puerto de San Pedro del Pinatar, así como analizar el proceso de erosión litoral de la playa de la Llana y las actuaciones necesarias para mitigar ese proceso. 3. Describir la evolución y zonas de la afluencia de visitantes en el Parque Regional, así como el estudio del tipo de turismo demandado. 4. Describir las construcciones y restos arqueológicos que hay en el espacio protegido, identificar aquellos que tienen un valor histórico, cultural, arquitectónico y/o paisajístico relevante. 5. Evaluar la gestión del espacio protegido el que se incluye los instrumentos de planificación y ordenación, el control administrativo, limpieza y mantenimiento, la conservación del patrimonio natural y el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de los programas de conservación de paisaje, hábitats y especies y la gestión del uso público. METODOLOGÍA La Tesis Doctoral se ha confeccionado, por un lado, a partir de la propia experiencia laboral y el análisis de documentos recopilados por el autor sobre éste espacio protegido desde julio de 1993, y por otro, a través de diversas fuentes de información obtenidas mediante entrevistas y la evaluación de una extensa bibliografía proporcionada por diferentes personas y entidades. RESULTADOS Se ha heredado un territorio multifuncional desde el punto de vista social, económico y ambiental, donde el paisaje se puede definir como ecocultural, y en el que es imposible excluir la huella de las actividades del ser humano. Las Salinas son una explotación industrial consolidada y muy avanzada, por los procesos históricos de modernización y ampliación de las mimas. Las encañizadas constituyen una de las expresiones más armoniosas de la intervención humana en el litoral, ejemplo de uso de los recursos pesqueros, que se basa en el conocimiento del territorio y su funcionalidad. La actividad económica del Puerto refleja un descenso de la actividad pesquera. Sin embargo la acuicultura que en jaulas flotantes frente al Puerto de San Pedro presenta un importante volumen de ingresos. Las playas de la Llana presentan un claro comportamiento regresivo a excepción de Punta de Algas, debido a la alteración de la dinámica litoral de transporte de sedimentos Norte-Sur con la construcción del Puerto. El Parque ha pasado de tener una afluencia de visitantes de cerca de 300.000 personas entre 1999-2003, a más de medio millón de visitantes en 2010, sobre todo en peridodo estival (70 %) y localizados en las playas (90 %). La planificación y gestión se debe basar en el mantenimiento de la relación entre la naturaleza y las actividades económicas. El Plan de Ordenación de los Recursos Naturales ha tenido un desarrollo inferior al 50 % de su articulado. Se han perdido siete hectáreas incluidas en el Sitio Ramsar “Mar Menor” con la construcción de parte de la desalinizadora, parte de la depuradora, de la Avenida Garza Real, parte de un hotel y del Centro de Talasoterapia, un jardín municipal y varios dúplex situados junto al Centro de Visitantes “Las Salinas”. La Junta Rectora se ha reunido 4 veces, la última en 2001. El Servicio de Información se ha convertido en un referente y uno de los ejes principales de la gestión del Parque, fundamental en la presencia de la Administración y de cercanía a la población local y a los visitantes del Parque y también está dando buen resultado el Programa de mantenimiento y limpieza.<br>The objectives of this Doctoral Thesis are to: 1. Assess the historic, cultural, economic and environmental role of salt exploitation and the encañizadas traditional fishing method on biodiversity conservation. 2. Describe the evolution of the fishing fleet, fish farming and other economic activities at San Pedro del Pinatar Port. As well as to analyze the coast erosive process at Llana Beach and the necessary actions to mitigate it. 3. Describe the trend in numbers and visited areas by tourists in the Regional Park, as well as to analyze their demand. 4. Describe the archaeological constructions and remains present at the site and identify those with an historic, cultural, architectural and environmental relevancy. 5. Evaluate the management of the Park by analyzing the used management and planning tools, administration control, maintenance and cleaning and heritage conservation. Also to examine in which degree the aims of the Conservation Programs (applying landscape, habitats, species and public use) have been achieved. METHODS This Doctoral Thesis has been developed on the one hand with the own working experience and the document analysis compiled since July 1993 by the author and on the other hand, through diverse sources of information obtained by means of interviews and the evaluation of an extensive bibliography provided by different people and organizations. RESULTS A multifunctional territory has been inherited from the social, economic and environmental point of view, where the landscape can be defined as “ecocultural”, and in which it is impossible to exclude the traces left by human activities. Salt exploitation at this Park is a consolidated advanced industry by the historical processes of modernization and their further development. The encañizadas traditional fishing method is one of the most harmonious expressions of human intervention in the coast, example of a use of fishing resources based on the knowledge of the territory and its functionality. The economic activity of the port reflects a reduction of fishing. Nevertheless fish farming presents an important volume of income. The beaches of La llana present a clear regressive trend with the exception of Punta de Algas, due to the alteration of the North-South coastal dynamics of sediment transport caused by the construction of the Port. The Park has shifted from near 300,000 visitors between 1999-2003, to more than one million visitors in 2010, concentrated mainly in summer (70%) and located at the beaches (90%). The Parks’s planning and management should be based on the maintenance of the relation between nature and economic activities. The Natural Resources Management Plan has been partially achieved (50%). Seven hectares included in the Mar Menor Ramsar Site have been lost with the construction of a desalination plant, part of a sewage plant, an Avenue, part of a hotel and a thalassotherapy center, a municipal garden and several duplex located next to the Salt lake Visitor Center . The Park management Board has met 4 times, the last one in 2001. The Information Service has become crucial and one of the main axes of the management of the Park, essential within the presence of the Public Administration and the proximity to the local population and visitors. The Maintenance and Cleaning programe has given good results.
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Olfati, Ronak. "The Impact of Oil Revenue on the Iranian Economy." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16834.
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This study aims to identify the effects of oil income on economic growth in Iran over the period 1955-2014. The empirical literature indicates that countries with natural resources are growing more slowly than their counterparts. However, the results from this literature are far from conclusive, particularly in regard to the role played by oil-rich countries. Needless to say, this role depends on other factors as well, including the political situation in the country, the quality of institutions, and the efficacy of the financial system. Some empirical research has found that natural resources, particularly oil, can have a positive impact on the output of a country. although natural resources are not a factor of production in growth theories, studies have used different growth frameworks in order to discover whether having natural resources is a blessing or a curse. In line with recent studies, this work uses an augmented neoclassical growth model to develop a theoretical framework where oil enters the long-term output of the country through saving and investment. Overall, the results suggests that oil income has a positive impact on the level of output per capita in Iran. The findings of the econometric results are in line with the historical analysis of the study. Since different methods and proxies were used, a total of eight models were estimated. Interestingly, when PRIVY is used as an index of financial development, the result of the study changes and oil no longer has a significant impact on the economy. However, this can be translated to an inefficient allocation of credit to the private sector.
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Vieira, Daliana Carla. "Análise da situação financeira da Cooperativa Agroindustrial Lar em relação a 31 cooperativas agropecuárias do estado do Paraná: uma análise aplicando um modelo de previsão de insolvência." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2156.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-09<br>The aim of this dissertation was to accomplish an analysis of the financial situation of the Lar Agro-Industrial Cooperative compared to 31 cooperatives from the State of Paraná, through an insolvency prevision model, from the year 2000 to 2004. Thus, some financial indexes of the cooperatives studied were examined in accordance to the standard indexes. The Gimenes and Opazo (2001) insolvency prevision model was used to verify the financial solvency or insolvency situation of the cooperatives. Then the similarity among the group of agricultural cooperatives was analyzed through Cluster Analysis. The results lead to a general conclusion that, in the period analyzed, Lar Agro-Industrial Cooperative presented a highly satisfactory performance, a particular characteristic of this cooperative, due to the fact that high similarities between Lar cooperative and other cooperatives were not verified<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise da situação financeira da Cooperativa Agroindustrial Lar em relação a 31 cooperativas do Estado do Paraná, através de um modelo de previsão de insolvência, no período de 2000 a 2004. Para tanto, examinaram-se alguns indicadores financeiros das cooperativas em estudo a partir da classificação segundo os índices-padrão. Para verificar a situação de solvência ou insolvência financeira das cooperativas foi utilizado o modelo de previsão de insolvência de Gimenes e Opazo (2001). Finalmente, foi analisada a similaridade entre o conjunto das cooperativas agropecuárias por meio da análise multivariada de agrupamento ou Cluster Analysis. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir, de uma forma geral, que, no período analisado, a Cooperativa Agroindustrial Lar apresentou um desempenho financeiro bastante satisfatório, característica muito particular desta cooperativa, já que não se verificou alta similaridade entre a cooperativa Lar e as demais cooperativas
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Marques, José Roberto. "O desenvolvimento sustentável e sua interpretação jurídica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8786.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-07<br>The environmental matter is a topic present in any line of discussion. It is a result of the laws of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, once we can not ignore that next generations quality of life is submitted to them, so, protecting the environment is really valuable. The current environmental degradation has many of its effects deferred to a time we can not precise. This process arises from the inevitability, at the moment, of satisfying the needs of the present generations and allowing them to harvest the benefits of their right to development. In order to do so, it must be considered that the environmental resources are limited and there are no conditions to assure for how long they will serve men. In such context, the role of Law is important, in charge of balancing the environmental preservation and the economic growth, without ignoring the necessary benefit that shall result from it to human being. This scenery constitutes what is called sustainable development. With such a purpose, the operators of Law, when interpreting juridical laws, must consider, first, the laws of nature, adjusting the legislation to them. Then, considering the constitutional orders observing the acknowledged social rights and the individual s dignity principle one has to interpret the rules so that the result favors the collectivity and, as much as possible to do such adjustment, promote the sustainable development. Considering that sustainability only can be ascertained a long time after the action, looking back to the past, the caution in the administration of the environmental resources available (Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Powers activities, each one performing its role), must guide all public and private politics, applying the principles of prevention, precaution and polluter pays<br>A questão ambiental é tema de qualquer pauta de discussão. É uma decorrência das leis da Biologia, da Química e da Física, pois não se pode ignorar que a qualidade de vida das futuras gerações está submetida a elas e, assim, o cuidado com relação ao meio ambiente é muito valioso. A degradação ambiental provocada atualmente tem muitos de seus efeitos diferidos para época que não sabemos precisar. Esse processo decorre da inevitabilidade, no momento, de satisfazer as necessidades das atuais gerações e permitir que colham os proveitos do direito ao desenvolvimento. Para tanto, deve ser considerado que os recursos ambientais são limitados, e não se tem condições de assegurar até quando servirão ao homem. Nesse contexto, é importante a função do Direito, encarregado de equilibrar a preservação ambiental e o crescimento econômico, sem se descuidar do necessário benefício que deve advir para o ser humano, constituindo, esse cenário, o que se chama de desenvolvimento sustentável. Com essa finalidade, os operadores do Direito, na interpretação das leis jurídicas, devem considerar, primeiramente, as leis da natureza, a elas ajustando a legislação. Depois, atentos aos mandamentos constitucionais com observância dos direitos sociais reconhecidos e do princípio da dignidade da pessoa , cumpre interpretar as normas de forma que o resultado favoreça a coletividade e, no quanto for possível fazer esse ajuste, promova o desenvolvimento sustentável. Levando-se em conta que a sustentabilidade somente pode ser apurada muito tempo depois da ação, voltando-se para o passado, a cautela na administração (atividades dos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, cada um dentro de suas funções) dos recursos ambientais disponíveis deve orientar todas as políticas públicas e privadas, notadamente com aplicação dos princípios da prevenção, da precaução e do poluidor-pagador
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Riquelme, Salazar Carolina de Lourdes. "El derecho al uso privativo de las aguas en España y Chile. Un estudio de derecho comparado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128205.
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Esta tesis doctoral tiene por objeto, en primer lugar, tal como se infiere de su título, el análisis del derecho al uso privativo de las aguas y su configuración como un derecho real de aprovechamiento en los ordenamientos jurídicos de España y de Chile; y en segundo lugar, el análisis crítico comparativo de ambos sistemas.
De lo que se trata, en definitiva, es de aportar, tanto a la doctrina chilena como a la española, un panorama general en materia de derechos de aprovechamiento de aguas correspondiente a su propia realidad y de otra que se le contrapone, con la finalidad última de vislumbrar sus fortalezas y debilidades, que a su vez sirvan de base para posibles futuras modificaciones normativas respecto a aquellos puntos que se hayan observado como deficitarios.
El trabajo se estructura en base a tres partes diferenciadas. En la primera, se analiza el derecho al uso privativo de las aguas en España, configurado como un derecho de aprovechamiento, la que se estructura, a su vez, en cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo tiene por objeto presentar una aproximación general al dominio público hidráulico en España y su régimen de utilización . El segundo capítulo alude al derecho de aprovechamiento de las aguas en España con especial referencia a la concesión como vía principal de constitución de tales derechos. El capítulo tercero se refiere al contrato de cesión del derecho al uso privativo de las aguas como instrumento de transmisión de los derechos de aprovechamiento. Finalmente, el capítulo cuarto, trata sobre los centros de intercambio de derechos al uso privativo de las aguas, también considerados como una herramienta de transmisión de los derechos de aprovechamiento.
En la segunda parte, se intenta seguir, dentro de lo posible, el mismo esquema presentado respecto a la primera parte, pero esta vez en lo referente al derecho al uso privativo de las aguas en Chile, configurado como un derecho de aprovechamiento. Este solo consta de dos capítulos, toda vez que en este sistema jurídico, las figuras del contrato de cesión y del centro de intercambio de derechos al uso privativo de las aguas, no han sido contempladas. Así, se presenta un primer capítulo cuya pretensión es realizar en examen aproximado del tratamiento del dominio público hidráulico en Chile, y su régimen de utilización. El segundo capítulo analiza el derecho de aprovechamiento de las aguas en Chile, enfatizándose su mecanismo de transferencia mediante la herramienta del libre mercado.
En la tercera y última parte, se realiza el análisis comparativo acerca del derecho al uso privativo de las aguas, configurado como derecho de aprovechamiento, en España y en Chile. Esta parte está integrada por dos capítulos. En el primero, se analiza desde un punto de vista crítico la conformación del dominio público hidráulico tanto en España como en Chile y sus correspondientes regimenes de utilización. En el capítulo segundo, se utiliza el mismo mecanismo de análisis para confrontar el derecho de aprovechamiento de las aguas que regula el ordenamiento jurídico de aguas chileno y español, con especial referencia al título administrativo que los constituye y a las fórmulas liberalizadoras o interventoras establecidas para la transmisión de tales derechos.
El trabajo finaliza con unas conclusiones que intentan reflejar el resultado de la problemática revisada desde el análisis crítico realizado, intentando aportar las reflexiones objetivas o valorativas que se han considerado oportunas.<br>This dissertation is intended, as inferred from its title, firstly, to analyse the right to exclusive water use (derecho al uso privativo de las aguas) and its configuration as in rem use right (derecho real de aprovechamiento) in the legal systems of Spain and Chile; and secondly, to make a comparative and critical analysis of both systems.
Ultimately what is intended is to provide an overview on water use rights, useful for both Chilean doctrine as the Spanish, contrasting both realities with its opposite, in order to discern their strengths and weaknesses, which in turn, form the basis for possible future regulatory changes respect those matters which have been identified as deficient.
This study is divided into three distinct parts. In the first, analyzes the right to exclusive water use in Spain, configured as a water use rights, which in turn is structured in four chapters. The first chapter is intended to present a general approach to public water domain regime in Spain and rules governing the use of water resources. The second chapter refers to the water use rights in Spain with special reference to the administrative concession as the main tool of creation of such rights. The third chapter deals with the contract of assignment of rights to exclusive water use, as a transfer instrument of water use rights. Finally, the fourth chapter deals with exchange centres of rights to exclusive water use (centros de intercambio de derechos al uso privativo de las aguas), also considered as a transfer instrument of water use rights.
In the second part, we try to follow, as far as possible, the same scheme presented regarding the first part, but this time in relation to the right to exclusive water use in Chile, configured as a water use rights. This section consists of two chapters, since in this legal system, the figures of contract of assignment and the exchange centres of rights to exclusive water use, do not exist. Thus the study presents a first chapter that seeks to conduct a review of the treatment of public water in Chile, and the water-use regime. The second chapter analyzes the water use rights in Chile, emphasizing its mechanism of transfer through the free market tool.
In the third and last part, the comparative analysis is performed on the right to exclusive water use, configured as water use rights in Spain and Chile. This part consists of two chapters. In the first, we analyze from a critical point of view the configuration of public water domain in Spain and Chile, and corresponding water-use regimes. In the second chapter, we use the same analysis mechanism to confront the water use rights regulates under the Chilean water law and Spanish, with special reference to administrative title that creates this right; and liberal or interventionist formulas established for the transmission of such rights.
This study ends, after critical analysis, with conclusions that attempt to reflect the result of the revised problem, trying to provide objective or evaluative reflections that have been considered appropriate.
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Kouassi, Kouakou Samuel. "Recherches sur la notion de services d’intérêt économique général (SIEG)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD028.
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En retraçant la trajectoire de l’évolution du concept de SIEG vers la notion juridique de SIEG,notre recherche met l’accent sur l’évolution d’un concept juridique aux contours flous et à laportée incertaine, notamment pour les juristes français, dans sa perception initiale, vers unenotion juridique porteuse d’un idéal social ; le modèle social Union européen. Ainsi, cettethèse aboutit-elle, premièrement, à redessiner les contours de la notion de SIEG en prenant encompte sa capacité à faire peau neuve de la notion d’intérêt général, familière au droit publicfrançais, progressivement devenue « intérêt économique général — ou intérêt généraléconomique » dans le cadre strict du concept qui nous retient ; intérêt économique généraladossé par ailleurs aux idéologies et principes juridiques européens de la concurrence (article106-2 TFUE) et de régulation économique (article 106-3 TFUE) (Partie 1).En second lieu, la recherche explore ce que l’on pourrait dénommer les « vertus » du régimejuridique des SIEG longtemps passées sous silence par la doctrine : protections juridiquesofferte aux acteurs et consommateurs des prestations de SIEG et position axiologique dumodèle social Union européenne des SIEG consacrée par les articles 14 TFUE et le Protocolenuméro 26 sur les services d’intérêt général qui nous semble contenu dans la notion même deSIEG ou pour le moins en découler fonctionnellement (Partie 2)<br>Retracing the evolutionary trajectory of the Service of General Economic Interest (SGEI)concept concept to the legal notion of SGEI, my research focuses on the evolution of a legalconcept with uncertain outlines as initially perceived, particularly with reference to the Frenchpublic law theory, towards a juridical notion which carries a social ideal: the European Unionsocial model. The thesis thus leads, first, to the redrawing of the concept of SGEI taking intoaccount its ability to revamp the notion of general interest, a notion familiar to French publiclaw, gradually becoming "economic interest" generally or "general interest economicallyspeaking" within the strict framework of the principles of EU Law relating to competition(Article 106 (2) TFEU) and economic regulation (Article 106-3 TFEU) (Part 1).Secondly, my research explores what might be called the "virtues" of the legal regime ofSGEIs that have long been ignored by the doctrine: legal protection offered to actors andconsumers of SGEI services and the axiological position of the European Union social modelof SGEI enshrined in Articles 14 TFEU and Protocol 26 on services of general interest, whichseems to us contained in the concept of SGEI or at least functional (Part 2)
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Castellarin, Emanuel. "La participation de l'Union européenne aux institutions économiques internationales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010292.
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L’Union européenne est associée à l’activité de toutes les institutions qui encadrent l’économie internationale, qu’il s’agisse d’organisations internationales ou d’autres organismes multilatéraux. L’inclusion de l’Union dans ces communautés juridiques présente des avantages mutuels. L’Union, désireuse d’émerger comme acteur sur la scène internationale, peut promouvoir ses valeurs et ses intérêts. En même temps, intégrée aux espaces normatifs des institutions économiques internationales, elle contribue à la mise en œuvre de l’activité de celles-ci. Toutefois, cette intégration soulève aussi des difficultés. L’Union est soucieuse de préserver la maîtrise de sa propre organisation et une marge d’appréciation dans la régulation des phénomènes économiques. Les institutions économiques internationales, quant à elles, sont a priori peu habituées au fonctionnement de l’Union, notamment en ce qui concerne l’articulation de ses compétences avec celles de ses Etats membres. La participation de l’Union européenne aux institutions économiques internationales est un processus d’interaction institutionnelle permanente qui vise le dépassement de ces difficultés et l’adaptation réciproque. Projetant vers l’extérieur ses politiques publiques, qui constituent à leur tour la mise en œuvre de politiques des institutions économiques internationales, l’Union favorise la continuité des niveaux de la gouvernance économique mondiale. Ainsi, l’Union influence et est influencée par la libéralisation et la régulation multilatérales de tous les phénomènes économiques internationaux : le commerce, l’investissement, la finance et la coopération au développement<br>The European Union is involved in the activity of all institutions that shape and supervise the world economy, be they international organizations or other multilateral fora. The Union’s inclusion in these legal communities is mutually beneficial. On the one hand, the Union is eager to assert itself as an actor on the international scene and can promote its values and interests. On the other hand, the Union helps to implement norms produced by host institutions and to achieve their goals, as it is integrated in their legal order or network. However, this integration also gives rise to some problems. The Union tries to protect its own organization and margin of appreciation in regulating economic phenomena. Moreover, in principle host institutions are not accustomed to its functioning, especially as far as relations with member states are concerned. The European Union’s participation in international economic institutions is a process of continuous institutional interaction which aims at overcoming these problems through reciprocal adaptation. As the Union promotes its public policies within international economic institutions, which shape in turn the Union’s policies, this process boosts the coherence between levels of economic governance. Thus, the Union influences and is influenced by multilateral liberalization and regulation of all economic phenomena: trade, investment, finance, and development cooperation
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Cuq, Marie. "L'alimentation en droit international." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100128.
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En 2015, la FAO estimait qu’environ 795 millions de personnes sont sous-alimentées dans le monde. Les Nations Unies ont régulièrement qualifié cette situation « d’atteinte à la dignité humaine ». La coopération internationale est légitimement devenue dans ce contexte un moyen privilégié de lutter contre la malnutrition. Cependant, l’alimentation est au carrefour de nombreuses problématiques. Certains Etats sont soucieux d’affirmer leur autosuffisance alimentaire tandis que d’autres rencontrent des difficultés à gérer leurs surplus. Les enjeux de qualité sanitaire ou nutritionnelle côtoient les inquiétudes liées à la diminution accélérée de la diversité génétique. Face à ces préoccupations diverses, les aliments ont fait l’objet de nombreuses règles internationales. Certaines favorisent la libéralisation de leur production et de leur commerce, au détriment parfois d’une prise en compte du niveau de développement des pays, de la diversité biologique ou de la qualité des aliments. D’autres tiennent compte de ces questions mais leur articulation paraît délicate avec les règles de la libéralisation économique. Pourtant, les Etats ont érigé l’accès à l’alimentation comme un objectif mondial et la cohérence du droit international semble indispensable pour sa réalisation. La présente étude vise ainsi à déterminer dans quelle mesure le droit international, caractérisé par la fragmentation de ses règles, contribue à l’amélioration des conditions d’accès à une alimentation adéquate au niveau mondial<br>In 2015, FAO estimated that approximately 795 million people are undernourished in the world. The United Nations has regularly qualified this situation as “a violation of human dignity”. In this context, the international cooperation legitimately became a privileged means to fight against malnutrition. However, the access to food is at the crossroads of numerous problems. Some States are eager to assert their self-sufficiency while others meet difficulties managing their surpluses. Health or nutritional quality issues join concerns about the accelerated loss of genetic diversity. Responding to these various concerns, food has been the subject of many international rules. Some promote the liberalization of their production and trade, sometimes to the detriment of a consideration of the level of development of countries, of the biological diversity or the quality of food. Some take account of these issues but their coordination seems difficult with the rules of economic liberalization. Nevertheless, States set up the access to food as a global goal and the coherence of international law seems essential for its achievement. The present study aims to determine to what extent international law, characterized by the fragmentation of its rules, contributes to improving the conditions of access to adequate food at the world level
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Castro, Vitor lourenço Simão. "O contrato com pessoa a declarar no direito brasileiro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/39512.
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A presente dissertação visa a esclarecer o conceito da figura jurídica denominada contrato com pessoa a declarar, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do atual Código Civil. A partir de uma análise do contexto histórico em que essa modalidade contratual foi desenvolvida, é realizada uma avaliação das razões que motivaram seu desenvolvimento, bem como a evolução histórica e jurídica do conceito e os elementos e as funções desenvolvidas pelo contrato com pessoa a declarar em cada período, a fim de melhor entender as funções dessa modalidade contratual e para definir os requisitos para sua utilização em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Além disso, efetua-se uma classificação dos elementos que constituem esse contrato, juntamente com a definição dos efeitos decorrentes dessa classificação e da determinação da natureza jurídica do contrato ora em exame. Por fim, demonstra-se que o contrato com pessoa a declarar é um meio adequado para realizar uma contratação segura e economicamente eficiente, pois o modelo desenvolvido permite que o contrato seja flexível para adaptar-se às realidades sociais dinâmicas e integradas.<br>The present dissertation aims at clarifying the definition of the legal term named contract with person to declare, introduced in Brazilian legal system through the current Civil Code. From an analysis of the historic context in which this contractual model was developed, it is made an evaluation of the reasons that led to the origin of this contract, as well as of its historic and cultural evolution and also the elements and the purpose of with this contractual model in each period of time, in order to better understand the uses of this sort of contract and to define the requisites to its use according to the current legal system. Besides that, a classification of the elements of this contractual model is made together with the definition of the effects deriving from this classification and from the legal nature of this contract. At the end, it is shown that the contract with person to declare is an adequate contract to grant a safe and economically efficient contract, since the used model is adequate to adjust the contract to the current, integrated and dynamic social reality.
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Nguema, Ondo Kelly Joanna. "Les transformations de la notion de redevance pour service rendu et les évolutions du droit public économique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D061.
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Cette étude montre d’abord que, dans la période actuelle, la notion de redevance pour service rendu fait l’objet d’une profonde évolution : de la simple rémunération du coût du service rendu, la redevance correspond désormais à la rémunération de la valeur économique procurée à certains usagers. Cette évolution lui confère une fonction régulatrice : la redevance n’intègre plus seulement des préoccupations juridico-administratives mais tient compte de préoccupations de marché. Cette étude dégage, par ailleurs, les effets de ce facteur de mutation sur cette catégorie du droit public. A cet égard, il semble que cette dernière ne soit pas engagée dans un processus de dégradation ou de rénovation. Au contraire, elle cherche un équilibre en oscillant à la fois dans le sens d’une dégradation et d’un renouveau.A ce titre, cette catégorie juridique constitue une parfaite illustration des transformations affectant, dans la société contemporaine, tout le droit public et l’État lui-même. En définitive, l’étude des transformations de la notion de redevance amène à une réflexion générale sur la naissance d’un nouveau modèle juridique et politique, c’est-à-dire « à déceler les phénomènes plus généraux qui en sont à l’origine (…); un processus de métamorphose de la société (…) et l’apparition d’un nouveau contrat social (…) Une telle recherche permet de réfléchir à ce que sera l’Etat du XXIe siècle»<br>This study first shows that, in the current period, the notion of fee for service rendered is subject to a profound evolution : from simple compensation of the cost of the service rendered, the fee now is the compensation value economic procured for some users. This development gives it a regulatory function: the fee not only includes legal and administrative concerns but also takes account of market concerns. This study identifies, in addition, the effects of this mutation factor on this category of pulic law. In this respect, it seems that it isnot engaged in a process of degradation or renovation. Instead, it seeks a balance oscillating at a time in the sense of degradation and renewal.As such, this legal category is a perfect illustration of the transformations affecting, in contemporary society, public law and the state itself. Ultimately, the study of transformations of the notion of fee leads to a general reflection on the birth of a new legal and political model, that is to say «to detect more general phenomena that are at the origin (...); a society's transformation process (...) and the emergence of a new social contract (...) Such research helps to think about what will be the state of the XXIe century »
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Neto, José Mauro Ramos. "Conhecimento de embarque: natureza e regime jurídico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-18112016-133404/.
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Tudo começou em 2006, quando estagiário de um escritório de advocacia de São Paulo. Já havia passado algumas horas debruçado sobre centenas de Conhecimentos de Embarque e recebendo ligações de bancos estrangeiros que solicitavam o endosso daqueles documentos. Eu me questionava: que documento era aquele que exigia tanto cuidado quanto uma nota promissória original? Por que era tão importante para um banco que o endossássemos rapidamente? Eis que me surge um convite de viagem para conhecer um escritório de advocacia por algumas semanas em Londres. A experiência, por ora um tanto empolgante e aventureira para um jovem de 21 anos, possibilitou um contato frutífero com uma matéria muito específica do Direito Comercial: a natureza jurídica do Conhecimento de Embarque, nos países de língua inglesa chamado de Bill of Lading. Em muitos países, como no Brasil, é um tema pouco explorado, porém na Inglaterra, com seu rico passado de potência marítima durante séculos, é tema de bastante relevo e discussão nas altas cortes. Esta experiência e o contato com a matéria me trouxeram a vontade de poder aplicar em nosso país o aprendizado lá adquirido. Assim, uma dúvidasurgia: por que o Brasil, com o imenso território que tem banhado pelo mar, não é desenvolvido o bastante nesse tema? Por que não chegam aos nossos Tribunais as relevantes discussões sobre o Conhecimento de Embarque? Os próximos anos demandarão do Brasil uma grande mudança. A Copa do Mundo de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 no Rio de Janeiro exigirão do Brasil quantias vultosas de investimento em infraestrutura e transportes. O comércio marítimo entre o Brasil e os demais países aumentará significativamente com estes eventos de ordem global. Até lá, teremos que estar preparados para esta demanda. E como toda exigência econômica demanda uma exigência jurídica, precisamos reformular os nossos conceitos de Direito Comercial e entender melhor a natureza jurídica do Conhecimento de Embarque, documento que ampara juridicamente as transações comerciais marítimas desde os tempos mais remotos. A conjunção do novo contexto econômico brasileiro com o interesse pela matéria relativa ao Conhecimento de Embarque, despertado desde a época de estudante de Direito, impulsionou o propósito deste trabalho, que tem por objetivo estudar a natureza jurídica do Conhecimento de Embarque sob a ótica da legislação pátria. A legislação brasileira é muito incipiente acerca do tema. Em comparação a diversas legislações estrangeiras, ainda engatinhamos sobre o assunto. Dentre as questões que se pretende ver elucidadas, enfatiza-se: (i) a característica contratual do Conhecimento de Embarque; (ii) a natureza de título de crédito do Conhecimento de Embarque e sua evolução para a versão eletrônica; (iii) o caráter de instrumento internacional que deve satisfazer às partes de diferente nacionalidades; (iv) a utilização em operações de financiamento como garantia real durante o percurso em que a mercadoria transita pelo mar; e, até mesmo (v) o caráter tributário que o Conhecimento de Embarque adquiriu em nosso país. Em suma, pretende-se com este trabalho tentar consolidar o conceito jurídico do Conhecimento de Embarque no Brasil, para que esse instrumento deixe de ser pouco discutido em nosso país e adquira a importância que lhe é devida e que há séculos em outros países já lhe é atribuída<br>It all began in 2006, when I was a trainee at a Law office in São Paulo. I have already spent hours and hours in front of hundreds of Bills of Lading and receiving calls from foreigner Banks which demanded the endorsement of that document. I used to question myself: What kind of document was that which needed me to be careful as if I was dealing with an original Promissory Note? Why it was so important to a Bank to endorse that document as fast as possible? An invitation to me was made to get to know a law office for some weeks in London. That experience, such exciting and adventurous for a young man of 21 years, made possible a fruitful contact with a very specific theme of Commercial Law: the legal nature of the Conhecimento de Embarque, in the countries of English law known as Bill of Lading. In many countries, such as in Brazil, it is not a theme so much explored, otherwise in England, with its rich history as a maritime power for centuries, it is a very important theme that is also discussed commonly in the High Courts. This experience and contact with this theme made me wonder how could I apply in Brazil the knowledge there acquired. Therefore, a doubt was in my mind: Why Brazil, with its big territory bathed by the sea, is not so developed enough in this subject? Why relevant discussions regarding the Bill of Lading do not arrive in our Courts? The next years will demand from Brazil a big change. The world cup in 2014 and the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro will require from Brazil huge amounts of investments in infra-structure and transportation. The maritime commerce between Brazil and other countries will raise significantly with this two events of global order. Until there, we must get prepared to this challenge. And as all economic requirement demands a law requirement, we need to reshape our concepts of Commercial Law and get to know better the legal nature of the Bill of Lading, the document that legally supports the maritime commercial transactions since the most ancient times. The combination of this new Brazilian economic context and the interest for the theme of the Bill of Lading awakened since when I was a law student boosted the purpose of this work, which aims to study the legal nature of the Bill of Lading in a perspective of Brazilian legislation. Brazil legislation is very weak in this subject. In comparison to other foreigner law, we still crawl about this theme. Among the questions that are intended to be elucidated, it must be highlighted: (i) the contractual characteristic of the Bill of Lading; (ii) the nature of negotiable instrument and its evolution to the electronic version; (iii) the characteristic of international instrument that need to satisfy the parties of different nationality; (iv) the use in financing transaction as a collateral for the route where the goods are being transported by the sea and, also; (v) the tax characteristic that the Bill of Lading acquired in our country. As a conclusion, the purpose of this work is to try to consolidate the legal concept of the Bill of Lading in Brazil, so that this instrument ceases to be little discussed in our country and get the importance that it already has for centuries in other countries.
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Gillig, Philippe. "Mill et ses critiques : analyse d'une prétendue prétention à l'universalité de l'économie politique de John Stuart Mill." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAB006/document.
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J. S. Mill a été l’une des cibles privilégiées de toute une littérature critique dénonçant la prétention de l’économie à l’universalité, c’est-à-dire à établir des lois naturelles. Parmi ces critiques, on peut déceler deux angles d’attaque différents : celui d’auteurs qui, comme Durkheim, Veblen ou Schmoller, fustigent la prétention de l’économie à réduire l’homme à un homo œconomicus, et par suite à faire l’apologie du « laissez-faire » ; celui de Marx qui dénonce le caractère naturalisant de la propriété privée capitaliste dans le discours économique. Pourtant, en examinant de près les textes épistémologiques de Mill, nous montrons que ce dernier se trouve justement être l’avocat – et par anticipation – de ses critiques. Toutefois, rien ne garantit que Mill dise tout le vrai sur sa propre pratique d’économiste. Or, nous dévoilons que certains de ses écrits économiques présentent bien une forme d’universalité, n’étant pas uniquement valables dans les économies de marchés capitalistes<br>J. S. Mill was one of the main targets of a whole critical literature denouncing the pretention of economics to universality, that is to say, to establish natural laws. Among the criticisms one can detect two different angles of attack: that of authors such as Durkheim, Veblen or Schmoller who criticize the claim of political economy to reduce man to a mere homo œconomicus, and consequently to glorify “laissez-faire”; that of Marx who castigates the naturalizing character of capitalist private property in the economic discourse. However, by closely examining Mill’s epistemological texts, we show that this author just happens to be the advocate of his own critics. However, there is no guarantee that Mill says all the truth about his own practice as an economist. Now, we demonstrate that some of his economic writings present indeed a form of universality, in as much as they are not only valid in capitalist market economies
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Gomes, Liege Cristina de Vasconcelos Ramos. "Responsabilidade civil, administrativa e penal no direito ambiental - o caso do Amapá." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7517.
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-14<br>Tribunal de Justiça do Amapá<br>This Dissertation for Master Science has the purpose to make a diagnosis of
environment questions within the ambit of the State of Amapá. We started the work by
studying the importance of environment law as a fundamental law of third generation in view
of constitutional instructions inserted in article 225. We identified some principles and the
ways to make the causer of environment damages, responsible in civil, administrative and
penal spheres. We studied the international perspective one has of Amazonia beyond the
physical, geographical and administrative characteristics and the human contingent of the
State of Amapá, as a component of this amazonic microcosm. We pointed out the
considerable environment impacts which are being caused through offensive proceedings to
the Amapá environment. We mentioned the administrative and judiciary measures adopted
for the protection of the natural and urban environment of the State. Finally, all the study has
a major purpose, which is to show the importance of the ecologically well balanced
environment as an essential benefit for the healthy living standard of all, specially of this
integrating part of Amazônia. And this will only be achieved effectively through the means,
which are capable to restrain the illicit actions, that is, through the threefold liability and
incentives to public politics, efficient in the combat of environment damages<br>A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo tecer um diagnóstico das
questões ambientais inseridas no âmbito do Estado do Amapá. Iniciamos o trabalho
abordando a importância do direito ambiental como direito fundamental de terceira geração,
em face do preceito constitucional inserto no art. 225. Identificamos alguns princípios e as
formas de responsabilização do causador do dano ambiental, nas esferas civil, administrativa
e penal. Abordamos a perspectiva internacional que se tem da Amazônia, além das
características físicas, geográficas, administrativas e o contingente humano do Estado do
Amapá, como parte integrante desse microcosmo amazônico. Pontuamos os consideráveis
impactos ambientais que vem sendo ocasionados por condutas lesivas ao meio ambiente
amapaense. Mencionamos as medidas administrativas e judiciais adotadas na defesa do meio
ambiente natural e urbano do Estado. Em conclusão, todo o estudo tem um fim maior que é o
de mostrar a importância do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, como bem essencial
à sadia qualidade de vida de todos, especialmente dessa parte que integra a Amazônia. E que
isso só se conseguirá efetivamente através dos meios capazes de coibir as condutas ilícitas,
que é por meio da tríplice responsabilização e de incentivo as políticas públicas eficazes no
combate aos danos ambientais
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Schmitt, Boris. "Ressources naturelles et développement dans le monde tropical : les contradictions entre dynamiques écologiques, reproduction sociale et ordre économique international." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995156.
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Les ressources naturelles sont au cœur de dynamiques contradictoires. Alors qu'elles sont essentielles à la reproduction des sociétés et du vivant, l'organisation actuelle de l'économie mondiale tend à les subordonner principalement à des logiques d'accumulation. Outre que ces dernières ne prennent pas suffisamment en compte les limites physiques au sein desquelles l'humanité évolue, elles entraînent à diverses échelles des inégalités problématiques sur les plans social et écologique. L'ordre économique international actuel tend en effet à générer des phénomènes d'échange écologique inégal qui nuisent au développement des pays producteurs et exportateurs de matières premières, ainsi qu'aux populations et écosystèmes les plus vulnérables en leur sein. Le monde tropical est exemplaire de telles contradictions, concentrant parmi les plus importantes ressources de la biosphère - notamment en matière de biodiversité - ainsi que des milieux socio-écologiques particulièrement fragilisés. Face à des visions et logiques économicistes d'exploitation des ressources, qui s'inscrivent dans la longue durée historique, et trouvent des relais dans les structures juridico-politiques du système économique mondial, il importe de repenser le concept même de ressource naturelle. Il s'agit en effet de redonner toute leur place aux dimensions sociales et écologiques dans les processus de gestion et d'exploitation des ressources. Cela implique une réflexion sur les valeurs qui guident les interactions avec la nature et les relations économiques internationales, afin que la solidarité, la complémentarité et la justice deviennent des priorités.
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Heutel, Garth Aaron. "Three essays in environmental and natural resource economics." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3068.
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Heutel, Garth Aaron 1978. "Three essays in environmental and natural resource economics." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/13249.
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Holthaus, Stephan. "Zwischen Gewissen und Gewinn: die Wirtschafts- und Sozialordnung des „Freiburger Bonhoeffer-Kreises“ und ihre christliche Begründung." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18835.
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Text in German<br>Die wirtschaftspolitische Konzeption der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird seit 1948 als „Soziale Marktwirtschaft“ bezeichnet. Es beruht auf den Prinzipien des Leistungswettbewerbs, geregelt durch staatliche Ordnungen und ergänzt durch einen sozialen Ausgleich.
Die „Soziale Marktwirtschaft“ geht dabei einen Mittelweg zwischen einer liberalen laissezfaire Wirtschaftsordnung und einer staatlichen Planwirtschaft.
Vorliegende Arbeit untersucht zum ersten Mal im Detail ein Vorläuferdokument der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, die „Freiburger Denkschrift“ aus dem Jahr 1943. In dieser Nachkriegsordnung,
eine Auftragsarbeit der „Bekennenden Kirche“, finden sich alle Grundprinzipien
der später eingeführten Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, eingebettet in ein umfangreiches christliches Reformprogramm für den Wiederaufbau Deutschlands.
Die Arbeit analysiert den Hintergrund der Verfasser und die Inhalte der Denkschrift.
Konkret wird gezeigt, welche Überzeugungen der christlichen Ethik sich in den wirtschaftspolitischen Forderungen der Denkschrift niedergeschlagen haben. Außerdem wird die Denkschrift in den biographischen Kontext der Verfasser und die zeitgeschichtlichen
theologischen Zusammenhänge eingeordnet, denn viele Thesen des Dokuments reflektieren Diskussionsprozesse der damaligen Zeit. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass in die Freiburger Denkschrift sowohl protestantische wie auch römisch-katholische Elemente Eingang gefunden haben.<br>Since 1948 the economic system of the Federal Republic of Germany is called “Social Market Economy”. It is based on the principles of competitive markets, ensured by governmental competition policy and supplemented by social insurance and public assistance. The
“Social Market Economy” takes a middle road between a liberal laissez-faire economy and a a centrally planned economy.
The current study examines for the first time in detail the document that preceded the “Social Market Economy,” the 1943 “Freiburg Memorandum”. In this work, commissioned by the Confessing Church of the Third Reich as a post-war system, all fundamental principles of
the later “Social Market Economy” can be found embedded in a comprehensive Christian reform program for the reconstruction of Germany.
This dissertation analyzes the background of the authors and the contents of the memorandum. We will show specifically which convictions of Christian ethics were incorporated into the economic-political requests of the document. In addition the memorandum will be connected to the biographical context of the authors and the theological context of their time, as many theses put forward in the document reflect discussions that were in progress at that time.
Also, it can be shown that Protestant as well as Roman-Catholic elements found entrance into the “Freiburg Memorandum”.<br>Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology<br>M.Th. (Theological Ethics)
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Ferreira, Patricia. "Breaking the Weak Governance Curse: Global Regulation and Governance Reform in Resource-rich Developing Countries." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33995.
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There is growing consensus that unless resource-rich developing countries improve their domestic governance systems, rising exploitation of mineral, oil and gas resources may result in long-term adverse developmental outcomes associated with the “resource curse”. Despite the consensus, reforms do not abound. This dissertation investigates the obstacles to such reforms, and the mechanisms and strategies that can possibly overcome these obstacles.
I argue that two trapping mechanisms are binding these countries to a “weak governance curse”. One mechanism is the phenomenon of path dependence, which makes a dysfunctional governance path initiated at a past historical juncture resistant to change over time. The other mechanism is rent-seeking behaviour associated with high resource rents, which creates perverse incentives for political and economic actors to resist reforms.
The Law and Development literature has recently produced a rich body of knowledge on governance reform in developing countries, yet it has largely neglected the potential role of innovative global regulatory mechanisms, beyond development assistance, in this process. I argue that this evolving literature ought to draw from global regulation studies to investigate the interaction between unconventional global regulatory mechanisms and domestic governance reform. In this thesis I analyze whether extraterritorial home country regulations, such as anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and securities disclosure regulations, and transnational public-private partnerships, such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, may offer institutional opportunities for external and internal actors to facilitate policy reforms in resource-rich and governance-poor countries.
My conclusion is twofold. First, there is reason for cautious optimism regarding the potential for unconventional global regulatory mechanisms to provoke positive feedback effects in domestic governance reform. These mechanisms can open innovative institutional pathways of influence to outsiders and insiders promoting governance reform. Second, instead of searching for a regulatory silver bullet, the most promising way to promote reforms in resilient dysfunctional governance systems is to make use of the wide range of conventional and unconventional mechanisms available. A constellation of regulatory instruments opens up the possibility for outside and inside reformers to benefit from a different policy mix of available mechanisms, depending on the specific circumstances of a given country at a particular time.
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Nkongolo, Kabange Jr. "Improving the governance of mineral resources in Africa through a fundamental rights-based approach to community participation." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14186.
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This study makes the assumption that community participation in the governance of mineral
resources is a requirement of sustainable development and that through a fundamental
rights-based approach, it can be made effective. The concern is that an affected community
should not only be involved in the decision-making process, but its view must also influence
the outcome in respect of whether or not a mineral project should take place and how it
should address development issues at local level. It is assumed that this legal approach will
improve mineral governance by bringing more transparency and accountability. In many
African resource-rich countries, community participation has until now been practiced with
more of a soft approach, with the consequence that it has been unable to eradicate the
opacity existing in the management of revenues generated by mineral exploitation and also
deal efficiently with the recurrence of fundamental rights violations in the mineral sector.
Obviously, the success of the fundamental rights based-approach is not absolutely
guaranteed because there are preconditions that must be fulfilled. The synergy between
community participation and some relevant concepts like democracy, decentarlisation,
accountability, (good) governance and sustainable development must be well balanced for the participation process to bring positive outcomes. Also, because the fundamental rights
based-approach is conceived here within the framework of the African Charter of Human
and People’s Rights, its normative and institutional components, despite the potential to
make participation effective and successful, require that some critical challenges be
addressed in practice. The study ends with the conclusion that the fundamental rights based-approach
is appropriate to make community participation effective in the mineral-led
development process taking place at local level, provided that its implementation is kept reasonable.<br>Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law<br>D.Law
37
Kuschke, Birgit. "Insurance against damage caused by pollution." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1637.
Full textAbstract:
Universally complications exist concerning insurance cover for the risks posed
by pollution damage. Environmental insurance cover can be procured under
first-party or third-party insurance. For the latter, the polluter's statutory or civil
liability is required. The determination of liability for compensation, especially
delictual liability, remains problematic.
The right to the environment in section 24 of the Constitution creates a
general duty of care. The introduction of a strict liability regime can be
recommended to alleviate the burden of proving fault and contributory
negligence. Where there is multiple or cumulative causation or the exact
identity of the polluter is unknown, potential solutions regarding the allocation
of liability include a pollution-share, joint and several, market-share or, as a
last resort, a proportional allocation. Actionable damages should include
property damage, pure economic loss, clean-up costs and natural resource
damages, including compensation for reduced aesthetic value.
Due to the uncertainty and potential magnitude of pollution-related claims,
insurers have attempted to avoid or limit these risks by including specific
pollution exclusion and limitation clauses in policies. Statutory regulation of
policy content and prescribed wording for clauses could address problems
relating to the interpretation of policy provisions.
Various other issues such as the coverage of gradual pollution, the effect of
the various triggers of coverage and the potential long-tail liability of insurer,
the lack of information and the unpredictability of the risk cause further
complications for both the insured and the insurer. Policies should preferably
be issued on a `claims-made' basis linked to retroactive dates. Mandatory
third-party insurance to the benefit of a third party should be required within
specific high-risk industries, specifically for the benefit of the prejudiced
person or an environmental remediation fund. The right of a prejudiced party
to claim directly from the polluter's liability insurer should be introduced.
Currently, the focus appears to be more on protection and environmental
remediation than on civil compensation. There is an urgent need for the
development of statutory and civil liability compensation mechanisms and for
an increased regulation of insurance policies and practices to ensure effective
insurance cover to provide compensation for environmental damage.<br>Jurisprudence<br>LL.D.
38
Mathew, Brenda A. "The Link Between Smart Growth in Urban Development and Climate Change." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3206.
Full text
39
Khosa, Miyelani. "The interplay of sector regulators and competition authorities in regulating competition in telecomunications : the south African case." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3576.
Full textAbstract:
The privatisation and liberalisation of telecommunications throughout the
world has resulted in the growing involvement of competition authorities in
telecommunications regulation, alongside telecommunications sector-specific
regulators. The existence of both sector specific rules and competition rules has brought
about a critical institutional challenge. The increased role of competition authorities in
the telecommunications sector raises the issue of inconsistent jurisdiction in the sector.
Conflicts are therefore inevitable in the absence of clear delineation of jurisdiction. The
South African model for regulation in the telecommunications sector entails a sharing of
jurisdiction between the sector-specific regulator, the Independent Communications
Authority of South Africa (ICASA), and the competition-wide regulator, the Competition
Commission. The study thus determines the interplay between the Competition
Commission and ICASA as well as the competitiveness of South African
telecommunications.<br>Communication Science<br>M.A. (International Communication))
40
Tyler, John. "A Pragmatic Standard of Legal Validity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10885.
Full textAbstract:
American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law.
These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism.
In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method.
This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior.
The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent.
The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will.
Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.