Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Économie de la technologie'
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Chesnais, François. "Technologie, économie et transformation sociale." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100297.
Full textCardenas, Tamayo Raúl. "Bien-être social, usages du capital et répartition : repenser la technologie et le coût collectif." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0060.
Full textSen, Ananya. "Essais en économie des médias." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10074.
Full textThis thesis consists of three independent and self-contained chapters, all of which have the economics of the media or the internet as the common unifying theme. In Chapter I, we ask whether new technologies change the way political markets work in a democracy. We study the impact of adopting a new technology on campaign contributions received by candidates running for the U.S. Congress. To identify the causal impact of joining Twitter, we com- pare donations just before and just after politicians open an account in regions with high and low levels of Twitter penetration, controlling for politician-month fixed effects. We estimate that opening a Twitter account amounts to an increase of at least 2-3% in donations per campaign. Moreover, this effect holds only for inexperienced politicians who have never been elected to the Congress before. Placebo checks suggest that this impact is not driven by concurrent increase in information about these politicians in newspapers or blogs, TV ads, or campaign expenditures. The gain from opening a Twitter account is stronger for donations coming from new as opposed to repeat donors, for politicians who tweet more informatively, and for politicians from regions with lower newspaper circulation. Overall, our findings suggest that a new communication technology can lower the barriers to entry in political contests by increasing new politicians' opportunities of informing voters and fund-raising. In Chapter II, we ask if clicks received by news stories online, independent of story quality, influence the way editors allocate resources to them, and if so, how? Using a unique online news dataset from a large Indian English daily newspaper, we provide evidence that editors expand coverage of stories which receive more clicks initially. To establish a causal link between clicks and coverage, we use a novel instrumental variables strategy exploiting rainfall and power outages as exogenous shocks to reader access to online news. We find that the newspaper responds asymmetrically to clicks received by hard and soft news stories, giving additional coverage only to popular hard ones providing evidence for hard news crowding out soft news and not vice-versa. Finally, we relate our results to rm strategy and the challenge rms face in handling `big data'. In Chapter III, we examine whether a technology, such as the internet, which increases the set of products available to decision makers, may make the decision makers worse off. We build a model where there is product heterogeneity and decision makers can choose to screen products at a cost. In equilibrium, an increase in the choice set can lower a decision maker's payoff by raising the number of products which, on average, are of lower quality than those which were available earlier. An additional product can impose a negative externality on the decision maker by adversely a effecting the statistical quality of its existing product pool. We discuss applications to the phenomenon of attention congestion through advances in digital technology
Bourgeois, Philippe. "Les politiques de la science et de la technologie : la fin des modèles?" Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010039.
Full textEl, Gouddi Sami. "Externalités intra-sectorielles, externalités intersectorielles et spécialisation technologique internationale." Paris 13, 2011. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2011_el_gouddi.pdf.
Full textThis thesis provides a theoretical and empirical literature on the involvement of implicit exchanges of knowledge (or externalities) on the technological performance of countries. Two types of externalities are then considered: those based on ‘’differences’’ and those based on ‘’similarities’’. The theoretical contribution is to construct a model in which externalities difference would act simultaneously with the externalities of similarity. The aim is to show how knowledge spillovers are able to account for several phenomena in one way or another to international specialization in an economy of knowledge. Specifically, the proposed evolutionary model provides a theoretical explanation for the diversification of areas largely neglected in the literature. Empirically, our main work comes in the wake of the geography of innovation. Beyond highlighting the impact of externalities on innovation, our estimates confirm the ability of sectors without comparative advantage (SAC) to generate positive interindustry spillovers. Thus, from ''harmful'' and ''involuntary'' phenomenon, diversification into (SAC) is transformed into a ''beneficial'' and ''intentional'' phenomenon likely to promote proactive policies for capture of externalities. Generally, distinguishing externalities as technological and geographical dimensions, our results allow us to draw the outlines of an efficient innovation policy that takes into account technological complementarities and geographical environment. Thus, our thesis provides an overview of the ''externalities’’ phenomenon It highlights the potential explanatory externalities in understanding the dynamics of international specialization. Similarly, it explains why certain types of externalities act more strongly on innovation than others
Ben, Jaballah Ghazi. "Compétences, architecture organisationnelle et capacité d'absorption de la technologie." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020002.
Full textLogé, Yves. "Technologie et société en économie planifiée : l'informatique et les mutations socio-politiques en URSS." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990IEPP0017.
Full textThe world is confronted with a new industrial revolution, and extensive socio-economic changes are being initiated by the new data-processing technologies. The changes are applied in a variety of ways depending whether the country concerned is economically centered on a planned or a market economy. In the Soviet Union, the concept of central planning, the dogmatic restrictions and the bureaucracy (pillars of marxism-leninism in practice) are factors that inhibit the distribution and assimilation of technological innovations. The "system" weighs so heavily on the economy that its industrial and social development remains far behind the potentiality for progress that is so visible in the West. We consequently see a considerable discrepency between the East and the West. There is a time-lag between the two that has fallen between them, like a lead screen, and prevents the economy operating freely, from which there is no release without compromising the very system - in its dogma and its ideology
Escudie, Virginie. "Du "développement" et de la "technologie" : impasses des représentations exogènes et émergence de programmes alternatifs." Toulouse 1, 2004. http://publications.univ-tlse1.fr/701/.
Full textThe thesis aims to examine the logic of development policies in order to gain a better understanding of the results obtained in the past and to interpret new programs. The notion of "representation" is introduced to uncover the normative meaning of the terms "development" and "technology" under their apparent neutrality. The analysis of the semantic evolution of those terms reveals how they have developed to form a coherent set of representations, presented as neutral and universal. Since the 1950's these exogenous representations have manifested themselves through the strategies elaborated for the transfer of technology. In spite of the theoretical and idelogical diversity that characterises the history of development, the latter has subsequently been based on those representations. Given the mixed outcome of the resulting policies and theoretical impasses outlined in this thesis, it appears necessary to question these representations. This debate is inscribed within a current of thought that has developed over the last 25 years in the field of humanities. The analysis of that current reveals how the notion of "meaningful action" initiated a shift of paradigm. The emergence of new theories and disciplines based on an interdisciplinary approach to development and technology is in keeping with the pragmatic and interpretative logic that characterises the new paradigm. Development and technology started to be appehended as a social facts, as constructed realities located specifically, meaningful for the actors. The recent "indigenous knowledge program" developed by the Word Bank testifies to a parallel evolutionin the policies. The analysis of this initiative reveals endogenous representations of development and technology which give precedence to the actor and tradition over the expert and modernity
Gallié, Émilie-Pauline. "Coopération, externalités de connaissance et géographie de l'innovation : le cas du secteur des biotechnologies en France." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010046.
Full textAbdellaoui, Mohamed-Karim. "Croissance, ouverture et capacité d'absorption de la technologie : une analyse au travers des cas du Maroc et de la Tunisie." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU2009.
Full textInspite of a strong theoretical background, several methodological problems remain at the empirical point of view, which forbid simple and direct relation between openness and economic growth. By highlighting role of agents in the process of technologic diffusion and the consequences of such phenomena, the new growth theories emphasize the interaction between openness trade policy and human capital in the technological capability building. However, it is shown in the theoretical literature related to the underpinnings of the link between openness, economic growth and productivity that this relation is still not well established. We proceed in two stages. In the first one, macro-econometric analyses are carried out on the long term behavior of the openness variables to imports, exports and also the behavior of human capital based on gross rate of schooling. This approach is completed by integrating a decomposition of human capital (i. E. The structure of labor qualification) in the perspective of an aggregate production function, in a way close to the augmented Solow model. The econometric tests allow us to consider the critical role of human capital for economic growth in these countries. The stock of human capital appears to contribute to the long term economic growth. Moreover, it is shown that the interaction between economic growth and openness mobilize more labor qualification in the Tunisian case rather than the Moroccan one
Kabanda, Marcel. "Économie et technologie du sel dans la région des Grands lacs d'Afrique de l'est (1850-1920)." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010625.
Full textIn domaine of salt during the nineteenth century, the region of great lakes offered two great caracteristics. First, ressources were only three mining salt were known and exploited (uvinza, katwe and kibero). Secondly, the first europeans explorators noted the inge niosity and hability with which the valleys and vegetal spices from which salt coulb be produced had been identified and exploited. The first part of our study examines the utilisations and technologies of salt production. It reveales the preponderance of pastoral activity indicates ecological aspects of salt industry. The second part the circulation of salt. It suggests the hypothesis according to which that product could have played a dynamic role in the emergence of trade economy in the region. The last part treates the management of mining salt and the control of salt commercial links. It shows the role of salt in the political organisation of spaces and analyses the colonial transformations, in management as well as in the exploitation than in the redifinition of economic spaces
Ballandonne, Matthieu. "Science, technologie, et théories économiques de la croissance des années 50 à aujourd’hui." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0024.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to examine the way economists theorized the links between science, technology, and economic growth in the post-war era. We identify two approaches of the links between science, technology, and economic growth : a “neoclassical” approach and an “evolutionary” approach. The “neoclassical” approach considers scientific and technological progress as exogenous to economic processes and makes the hypothesis of constant returns to scale. The “evolutionary” approach defends an interactive representation of the links between science and technology, considers scientific and technological progress as endogenous to economic processes, and makes the hypothesis of increasing returns to scale. We study the development of the two approaches in the fifties and sixties, and explain their opposition and the dominance of the “neoclassical” approach up to the eighties (Part 1). We then show that the “evolutionary” approach has been the most influential since the eighties (Part 2)
Brousseau, Éric. "Les contrats dans une économie d'échange et de production : technologies de l'information et de la communication et coordination inter-entreprises." Paris 13, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA131015.
Full textEdouard, Serge. "Progrès technologique et changement institutionnel : de l'institutionnalisation de l'innovation technologique à la co-évolution techno-institutionnelle." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100001.
Full textTouati, Kamel. "L' impact des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) sur les coûts de transaction : commerce électronique et organisations en réseau." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100045.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the transaction costs. It is composed of five chapters. The first treated principally the development of « new economy », linked to the democratization of the usage of ICT. These ICT affect also the informational environment of the agents and the nature of their rationality, essential determiners of the transaction costs. The second chapter reminds therefore the reasons of the existence of the theory of transaction costs, as well as its main concepts and hypotheses. The third chapter shows how ICT reduce these transaction costs. We distinguish the impact of ICT on coordination costs and on motivation costs. We demonstrate that ICT reduces coordination costs and increases efficiency. These efficiencies are process improvement of trade and marketplace benefits. At the same time ICT affect motivation costs, we discuss the effect of Internet on informational asymmetries. Our conclusions suggest that reduction of coordination costs is important. However, the Internet is not marked by more asymmetry of information than the traditional market. The fourth chapter is interested in the organizational choice related with the effect of ICT on the transaction costs. The limits of the choice market/hierarchy result in the appearance of the theories which take into account the coexistence of these two organizational choices in new forms of organization such as networks. The main characteristics of these organizational forms make the object of the developments of the last chapter
Olivier, Valérie. "Économie et action : le modèle évolutionniste d'apprentissage technologique." Toulouse 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU10026.
Full textWhen A. Smith founded the modern political economics, he asked: "how an economic order could emerge from a multiple individual actions looking for their self-interests? This question stands for the problem of action. Acting means then interacting. Acting is only a beginning. It involves irreversible processes. We can not foresee its results. Its authors are anonymous. These are today the complex properties of action. These properties are not taken into account in the walrasian theory. Now, this failure tends to be reduced through the study of interaction in an uncertain environment. But we find that this attempt is difficult because their approach remain in cognitive conception of action. We propose to adopt a different approach: the "enaction" (F. Varela). In this sense, actions are embedded by their conditions. Learning is a process that does not dissociate resources allocation and creation. This learning concept is proposed by evolutionary economics. We show that his use allows thinking about the complexity of action. This approach allows elaborating a model of co-evolution of market and technological regimes. We show that two forms of learning (adaptative and public) influence sharply the industrial dynamics
Gauguet, Bertrand. "Pratiques artistiques à l'ère de la numérisation : cédérom et internet : problématiques d'une nouvelle économie de l'art ?" Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20018.
Full textAt the same time as the phenomena of digitalization and taming of the digital networks, this thesis studies the digital art works on CD-ROMs and on Internet since their appearance at the beginnin of the 90's. Benefiting from a new importance as domestic object of treatment of the information and the communication, the computer won not only a particular status, but provoked also the emergence of a new space qualifing differently connections among the individual and the social group. Of this other economy of the media, led to new artistic practices. Divided into two interdependent parts, this study approaches so, successively, the art of the computer memories and the on-line art. While liking of account of the economic, political, scientific and artistic situations, the first chapter dedicated to the archaeology of the first art works on memory discs, drafts of the context of appearance of the hypertext, then the computer memories before arriving at an analysis of reports uniting art and data processing. By looking itself for objective to draw up a first inventory of fixtures, the second chapter approaches the emergence of the CD-ROM art works in the 90s. The third approaches more directly the art of the works on memory disc, and takes the spatializing of the story as main subject. The question of memory is there recurring. The last chapter of the first part, describes the importance of game in the art of the digital media. The first chapter of the second part proposes especially an archaeological and historic outline of the artistic telecommunications pioneers, with notably the telematic art of the 80's Also, considered are the sociological consequences appeared in the spheres of art with telecommunications; the typical culture which was established there; and how art became very fast a stream surrounding new territorialities and of new symbolic values. The last chapter of this thesis, studies art and communication by taking more particularly into account the dichotomy between the attitude of assimilation and that of resistance. Thus, are declined alternately, the thematic of unfound object, the criticism of the actual informative hierarchies on networks, graphic deconstruction, work on the entropy with the parasitage and the hacking of the technological dominant values
Perrin, Franck. "Technologie et économie du corail de Méditerranée "Corallium rubrum L. " en Gaule, du VIe au Ier siècle avant J. -C." Paris, EPHE, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EPHEA004.
Full textFaheem, Yasir. "Routage avec économie d'énergie dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fils." Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/edgalilee_th_2013_faheem.pdf.
Full textLimited battery power is one of the major stringent factors in deploying Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), in spite of their numerous applications both on small scale as inWireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and on large scale as in agricultural and habitat monitoring. Especially, stationary sink based data gathering protocols for large scaleWSNs have limited network lifetime, because relay nodes around the sink quickly deplete their battery power due to high traffic loads, making the rest of the network unreachable to the sink. On the other hand, sink mobility improves network lifetime by distributing relay nodes’ energy consumption. However, mobile sink now has to periodically update the network about its changing position. This control traffic is non-negligible for low power, limited capacity sensors as it induces energy consumption problem. In this thesis, we are considering energy efficient routing protocols in the context of WBANs and large scale WSNs. Moreover, we also address multi-channel assignment algorithm with the aim of minimizing power consumption and increasing network throughput. In the first part of this thesis, a deep analysis of the energy consumption of one hop vs multi-hop communications in WBANs is performed. In fact, recent advances in technology has led to the development of small, intelligent, wearable sensors which are capable of remotely performing critical health monitoring tasks, and then transmitting patient’s data back to health care centers over wireless medium. But to the day, energy also remains to be a big constraint in enhancing WBAN lifetime [Net12]. Some recent literature on WBANs proposes deliberate use of multi-hops to transfer data from a sensor to the gateway via relay health sensors as more energy efficient than single hop communication. There are studies which argue contrarily. In this context, we have analyzed the single vs multi-hop energy consumption effect for real very short range sensor devices. In the second part of this thesis, two distributed energy-efficient sink location update algorithms are proposed for large scale mobile sink WSNs. First algorithm, named SN- MPR, uses a combination of multi-point relay broadcast and a local path repair mechanism by means of which sink’s location update packets are forwarded only to nodes which are affected by sink mobility; the rest of the network does not receive these update messages. Next, a duty-cycle aware multi-point relay based algorithm which is a modified version of the SN-MPR algorithm is proposed. It allows non-relay nodes to switch-off their radios when communication is not desired. Simulation results show that the two aforementioned algorithms minimize network’s power consumption without compromising data delivery efficiency. The final part of this thesis deals with traffic-aware channel assignment problem in IEEE 802. 15. 4 standard-based heterogeneous WSNs which have rather high traffic rate requirements than low-rate scalar WSN applications. In fact, traditional single channel communication suffers from interferences caused by concurrent transmissions in the same neighborhood. These parallel transmissions waste battery power as multiple retransmis- sions are required before a packet can be successfully delivered at the destination due to frequent collisions. Moreover, already limited network throughput of the single channel communication protocols is further degraded at higher traffic rates due to increased colli-sions and congestion. On the other hand, concurrent transmissions over multiple channels not only reduce power consumption as packet collisions are minimized or eliminated depend- ing upon the efficiency of the concerned channel assignment algorithm, but also offer better network throughput and data delivery delays. Modern WSN platforms like crossbow’s Mi-caZ nodes [Mot12] are equipped with single, half-duplex IEEE 802. 15. 4 standard-based radio which can operate over sixteen multiple channels. In order to make effective use of multiple channels, a number of channel assignment algorithms have been proposed recently for WSNs. However, they are suitable for rather low-rate homogeneous WSNs, and they consider fixed physical channel widths. These multi-channel assignments increase network throughput, but they may not be able to ensure QoS requirements of high bandwidth de- manding multimedia traffic, as in the case of heterogeneous WSNs. In order to address the energy issue and at the same time increase network capacity, we propose a distributive Traffic-Aware Bandwidth-Adaptive (TABA) channel selection algorithm which enables the nodes to not only choose interference free channels in the neighborhood, but also to adapt channel-width to increase/decrease throughput according to varying traffic conditions
Cliche, Luc. "L'influence de la relation structure-technologie sur la satisfaction et la motivation." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textHamidi, Hamid. "Transfert de technologie et développement : application du concept de dépendance dans le cas algérien." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010286.
Full textConcerned with and historically determined (the Algerian praxis), the purpose of the thesis in to analyze the technological dependence, as well as an external constraint (lst part) and as an internal constraint (2end part), in order to seize the evolution of the state controlled accumulation, characterized by the difficulties of internal reproduction and the strong dependance towards the outside world. In others words, if the internal rupture with the economic system has failed (as well in its technical meaning as in its social dimension) it is precisely because the power in charge with algeria has always used the external technology as a means to influence the way of governing. The technological dependace has probably been instelled for the sake of efficiency. It is also in the puissance of economic efficiency that the "bourgeoisie" (upper and middle class) in power has contested the principle of the nationality of the investment (cf. The reforms of the legal regulation of the algerian economy, decided since 1988). It results a new problematic of the Algerian "developpementism" and follows many consequence on the law and its formation in the Algerian legal internal system
JONARD, NICOLAS. "Heterogeneite et structures d'interactions : la diffusion des standards technologiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR1EC07.
Full textThis ph. D. Dissertation is concerned with the general issue of aggregation. Starting from the distribution of agents in a given characteristics space, we aim at drawing conclusions about the collective behaviour of an economy. We adopt a dynamic viewpoint and consider economies where many interacting agents repeatedly choose within a finite set of technological alternatives. A technological standard is a durable good that exhibits increasing returns to adoption (for instance, information technologies, computer standards, etc). The process of adoption and diffusion of technological standards is obviously altered by increasing returns to adoption. Hence, when interaction is local, i. E. Restricted to agents neighborhoods, pay-offs are locally correlated and these interdependencies may impede macroeconomic coordination (selection of the desirable standard). Therefore, the collective behavior of the economy depends on the particular interaction structure the population of agents is endowed with. When interaction is global (as in the standard economic model), technological diversity may result from strong heterogeneity of agents expectations or a priori preferences. It turns out that, in an originally homogeneous world, local interaction, when strong enough, also provokes and sustains heterogeneity at the macroeconomic level. However, when innovation is taken into account, this conclusion may be substantially altered
Génod, Laurent. "Le Japon analyse problématique du développement dans la mondialisation." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30064.
Full textAndriamasy, Rabaozafy Louisa. "Les technologies de production tropicales et leurs champs d'applications en économie." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0021.
Full textTropical algebra is the tropical analogue of linear algebra by redefining the usual operation addition by the maximization operation and the usual addition operation as multiplication. Briec and Horvath introduced a concept of convexity very close to this concept quoted above which appears as one of the limits of use of the theory of optimization by Avriel (1972) and Ben-Tal (1977). Following this line of investigation, we give an overview of contributions involving a semilattice structure of production technologies and an optimization portfolio. To do that, firstly, we propose a framework allowing to consider both semilattice structure and translation homothetic properties in productivity measurement. We introduce the concept of Max-Plus convexity which combine both an upper semilattice structure and an additivity assumption. We establish a topological relation between several classes of known generalized convex models using some basic algebraic convex structures. We analyze the Painlevé-Kuratowski limit of the CES-CET and Alpha-returns to scale models. It is shown that their topological limits yield the B-convex and Cobb-Douglas production models. Moreover, we show that the improvement of technical efficiency is compatible with semilattice technologies in a cooperative game. Then, we introduce a criterion to measure portfolio efficiency based upon the minimization of the maximum absolute deviation and minimum absolute deviation from the expected return using the Shortage function. Finally, we derive simple closed-form expressions to calculate the hyperbolic measure in the case of inverse and B-Convexity that evaluates technical efficiency in the full input-output space
Lopez, Jimmy. "Essais sur la réglementation du marché des biens, les technologies de l'information et de la communication, la recherche et développement et la productivité." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0154.
Full textA large body of research has studied the effects of competition on product markets on the productivity of production factors through various channels. Particularly, a lack of competition affects the efficiency improvements incentives. The purpose of the PhD thesis is to underline new insights on the analysis of this channel. Most of previous research focused on the direct effects of lack of competition in a sector on its productivity performance. However, lack of competition on sectors providing intermediate inputs could impact the incentives in the sectors using these goods. The chapter I formalize this relation through two channels: a reduced access to the intermediate inputs and the sharing of rents between the providers and users of these goods. The empirical analysis support this relation, anticompetitive regulations on sectors providing intermediate inputs reducing the productivity of user sectors. Chapters III and IV present an empirical analysis of the importance of investment in Information and Communication Technology (lCT) m the relation between anticompetitive regulations on product markets and the total factor productivity (TFP), on a panel of OECD countries. According to the estimation results, anticompetitive regulations reduce ICT demand, thus decreasing TFP
Châtelet, Madeleine. "La céramique du haut Moyen Age (6e-10e s. ) du sud de la vallée du Rhin supérieur : technologie, typologie, chronologie, économie et culture." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010541.
Full textThe object of this study is pottery of the 6th to the 10th centuries from settlements and cemeteries of the southern upper Rhine Valley, Alsace and Bade. The aim was to establish a chronology of the material, to analyse the technological and morphological evolution of the pottery, to reconstruct its production and distribution structures and to define its cultural significance through a confrontation with the historical facts. About one hundred cemeteries and fifty settlements, accounting for at least 3635 objects, were studied. The chronological study was carried out through a quantitative approach on the basis of a seriation of "closed" sets and dated complexes. The evolution of the pottery could thus be divided into five to eight phases of about one half to two centuries. The technological and stylistic analysis of the ceramic allowed to identify of three regional entities with different traditions and structures of production. It reveals a population of mixed origin that was subject to germanic or frankish influences, according to the region. Moreover, it shows that in the 7th century the production of pottery was subject to a complete reorganisation, representing a change from dispersed structures to workshops that were centralised on a regional level. This evolution was probably due to a royal initiative. It can be placed in the framework of a general policy which was pursued by Childebert II and Dagobert I in Alemania and which has recently been put forward by historians. The aim of this policy was the development of the organisational structures to better control this part of the kingdom
Rochhia, Sylvie. "Rôle et fonctions de la firme dans les processus de changement technologique : éléments d'analyse et étude de cas." Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE0022.
Full textThe subet matter of this thesis consists in studying from an analytical viewpoint the management of processes of change the firm gets involved in, in order to aquire advantages in terms of costs and quality of its products. The study, concerning both the cooperation agreements in the field of commercial satellites, and their consequences in terms of technological development and competitive advantages achieved by aerospatiale, enables to confirm the relevance of analytical tools developed hereby. Learning processes regarding the human resources, the way their activities are coordinatedn are as many factors which take full part in the development of the productive resources of the firm. Nevertheless, if information and skills acquired such a way offer greater opportunity regarding the implementation of new production processes, the latter takes time and generates costs long before new products arrive on the market. This problem of costs recovery also stems from the previous commitments of the firm, both in terms of capital expenditures and of the type of qualifications it benefits from, the viability of processes of change the firms involves itself in, depends then on its capacity to manage costs without disregarding intertemporal complementarities of the production
Mbaye, Ahmadou Aly. "Promotion des exportations et croissance de l’output global dans une petite économie ouverte : le cas du Sénégal." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF10202.
Full textIn this thesis, we have studied the relationship between export promotion policies and economic growth in Senegal. On the one hand, we have examined the impact of deprotection on resources allocation. On the other hand, the relationship between trade liberalization and aggregate output growth is more closely studied. Most of the conclusions of the protection theory could not be established by the empirical analysis performed in this work
Rivon, Ronan. "La création d'entreprises issues de la recherche publique : enjeux, problématiques et stratégies institutionnelles." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0038.
Full textThe issue of technology transfer from public research institutes towards Industry has drawn considerable attention over recent years, thus mobilizing a wide range of socio-economic actors striving to fulfill the institutional and organizational requirements of Science-Industry relationships. Among the existing mechanisms of technology transfer, the creation of public research spin-offs has come under intense scrutiny given its characteristics and potentialities regarding public research commercialization. However, the complexities and varied constraints faced by this process represent a major impediment for the authorities in charge of its setting up. Particularly, the emergence and development of such a process within public research organizations raise new questions in a traditionally non commercial environment, thus requiring new institutional patterns and practices. In order to shed light on this complex and specific mechanism of technology transfer, we will start-off with describing and highlighting the various dimensions and issues related to it. Next, we will focus more specifically on the way public research organizations set up the spinning-off policies and strategies to meet the requirements of technology transfer. At last, we will round out our analysis by presenting a case study of the Genopôle d’Evry, a French science park mainly dedicated to the nurturing of biotechnology spin-offs
Nkoa, François. "Circulation internationale des connaissances technologiques, politique commerciale et croissance de la productivité dans les stratégies d'industrialisation en économie ouverte." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON10064.
Full textCalvignac, Cédric. "Qu'offre la demande ? : socio-économie d'une innovation par l'usager." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20018.
Full textProduct and service users often take part to innovation. They are, at varying degrees, involved in design operations that contribute to give birth to new technological devices. For instance, they occasionally reinterpret “scripts” established by professionals for their own use. Adoption of a technological object reclaims its adaptation. Our research aims to determine how users become autoproducers thereby translating their needs by themselves. The rise of the user to the rank of designer leads to rethinking various socioeconomic issues such as the division of labour between amateurs and professionals, the definition of the terms of common framework between community and market, the importance of technical cooperation between these two worlds — which are generally thought to be separated —, and last but not least the social mobility of “hacktivists”. Our study focuses on Western wireless communities. Mainly led by groups of skilful enthusiasts, these communities try to find a way to democratize access to digital services, notably Internet. They have to build their own network infrastructure for that. Wifi activists want to free themselves from the hegemony of companies and intend to provide people with a low-cost citizen service based on a collective governance of technology
Shang, Lu. "Économie de l’Innovation : le cas du véhicule intelligent." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL12010.
Full textTitled “Economy of innovation – The case of the intelligent (smart ?) vehicle”, this thesis deals with the growing innovation in the transportation means through the growing importance of artificial intelligence in vehicles, in infrastructures, and in centralized regulation and monitoring centers. It presents new theoretical instruments applicable for the economy of innovation by defining the framework of its behavioral aspects. These new theoretical instruments are applied to the case of designers and to the case of consumers-drivers of the intelligent vehicle. Innovative topics are the following: - the impact of intelligent systems on road safety, - the conditions for accepting and spreading intelligent systems, - the evolution of the car industry towards the intelligent vehicle, - the global design of the intelligent vehicle: the artificial intelligence embedded in the vehicle as an assistant tool or the vehicle as secondary to the intelligence of the movement
Gigout, Timothée. "Firm dynamics in a global and uncertain economy." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1A024.
Full textIn this dissertation, I study firm dynamics in the context of a global and uncertain economy.In the first chapter, I show how uncertainty generates reallocation among French multinationals.In a second chapter, I study how an increase in demand uncertainty negatively impacts firmgrowth and how the persistence of this effect depends on the synchronicity of the firm dynamicwith that of the other firms in its sector. Finally in the third chapter, I highlight how the extensivemargin of international trade contribute to shape the direction, quantity and content of theinternational transmission of knowledge
Daw, Georges. "Analyse théorique et mesure conjoncturelle de la contribution de la "nouvelle économie" à la croissance économique de la France." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010001.
Full textMuller, Laurent. "Internationalisation et stratégies technologiques des entreprises : diffusion, transfert et protection de technologies de l'ingénierie métallurgique." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0214.
Full textEuropean engineering companies for blast furnace technologies are increasingly challenged by competitors out of emerging countries. In reaction to this, European companies need to develop a specific strategic sales behaviour, which the author analyses, based on professional experience. Innovation, as a core element in that process is thus traded through “technology diffusions” where the transfer vehicle is the hardware and not the intellectual property rights. The reasons of such approach are analyzed where Europeans engineering companies put apart the traditional intellectual property protection models
Saliceti, Marie-Ange. "Les politiques publiques de développement local centrées sur les technologies de l'information : de l'élaboration à la mise en oeuvre en France et dans l'Union Européenne." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON10037.
Full textMarquebielle, Benjamin. "Le travail des matières osseuses au mésolithique : caractérisation technique et économique à partir des séries du sud et de l'est de la France." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20029/document.
Full textIn France, the last hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic have mainly been investigated from the perspective of their lithic industry, and especially, through studies devoted to arrowheads. As a result of the apparent scarcity of osseous remains, the work of osseous materials was believed to be at best a marginal activity. The first contribution of this work is to show that this generally admitted idea is in fact the result of a lack of studies. Consequently, its aim is to fill this gap by proposing a first characterization of the work of osseous materials and to assess to what extent it refines our perception of this period from a chrono-cultural, but also from a palethnological perspective. This work participates to the current diversification of approaches and questionings concerning the Mesolithic period.This research required making an inventory of the available archaeological data at a national level. Then, a technical and economic study of a selection of 21 sites of Southern and Eastern France (Pyrenees, Causses, Alps and Jura) was performed.During the Mesolithic, the work of osseous materials was based on a differential exploitation of each raw material: bone, antler and tooth. Each material was worked following one or two transformation scheme(s). This study also shows that the exploitation and working techniques of osseous materials remained highly unified throughout the considered chronological and geographical frames. These results bring to light, on the one hand, that lithic and osseous productions followed different evolution rhythms and, on the other hand, that the modalities of the work of osseous materials are specific to the Mesolithic. Finally, preliminary palethnological results contribute to a wider issue i.e., the question of the exploitation of their environment by the Mesolithic populations
Kang, Sang-In. "La compétitivité technologique internationale." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010082.
Full textThe innovation and the technological competitivies of industrialized countries are studied here in a neotechnological framework. From the patent statistics, various technological performance indicators are calculated for the purpose of the international comparison of the technological competitivities of industrialized countries. They show that the patent statistics are particulary useful in the evaluation of the relative technological position of these countries. This thesis present a supply demand model which makes possible the analysys of the role played by the technological innovation in the international trade. The innovation takes the form of new quality product with cost reduction. As a result, the different product qualities are considered in the market equilibrium with the prices and the quantities
Divialle, Frédérick. "L' interaction entre la recherche civile et militaire : une analyse économique et économétrique." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010028.
Full textGuillain, Rachel. "Villes et échanges d'informations." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOE022.
Full textCalcei, Didier. "Création, diffusion et compétitions technologiques : croisement de l'histoire, de l'analyse économique et de la stratégie d'entreprise." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX32024.
Full textThe research deals with the creation of technological diversity and its diffusion. This research proposes to combine the historic, economic and strategic perspectives. The diffusions of QWERTY keyboard and of the increasing-returns-path-dependence theory invented by Arthur and David are analysed. The results of the competition and diffusion models based on increasing-returns-path-dependence theory are opposed to the analysis of Liebowitz and Margolis. The probability of a technological lock-in with an inferior technology is minimised by the introduction of the strategic manoeuvring of technology sponsors and the study of the diffusion process of technological innovations. The notion of technological acceptability is preferred to an inferiority-and-superiority analysis because it allows a better comprehension of the phenomena of technological creation, diffusion and competitions
Coulibaly, Seydou Ouaritio. "Santé et développement au Mali : l’impact de l’onchocercose sur la production agricole et le bien-être des ménages." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF10196.
Full textThis thesis concerns the impact of onchocerciasis on agricultural output and household income in Mali. We undertake a cross-sectional analysis of households, relating the presence of onchocerciasis, malaria and other diseases to measures of economic performance, while attempting to control for other factors. The sample consists of 177 households drawn from six villages in two zones of Mali. Each household provided date for twelve-month period. In a multivariate analysis explaining the value of household’s agricultural output, we use a framework of a production function to design our regression model. We find that both onchocerciasis and malaria incidence in the household have a significant depressive effect on output. We then look at the factors affecting levels of household income or total consumption using a different regression model. Again, onchocerciasis and malaria are found to have negative economic effects. The result implies that two diseases tend to force some households below a poverty line. A probit analysis confirms this implication
Desgagnés, Hélène. "Le choc technologique dans un modèle dynamique de petite économie ouverte : une approche bayésienne pour le cas canadien." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26677/26677.pdf.
Full textTohouenou, Corneille. "Politique industrielle en Côte d'Ivoire : évaluation et perspectives." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010048.
Full textMenez, Lisa. "Effets des processus d’intégration commerciale et technologique sur les bénéfices à l’agglomération : le cas européen." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ0008.
Full textBroadly, the economic literature supports the idea that deepening regional economic integration benefits all trade partners. However, opposite insights have shade light on the increasing needs for a deeper analysis of the heterogenous effects of economic integration processes upon territories. In particular, areas of economic integration such as the European Union have kept on enlarging while some elements tend to emphasize unequal gains from one region to another. The object of this dissertation has been to bring in new elements on these issues by discriminating between two different forms of integration, namely, distinguishing a commercial form of integration from a technological form of integration. We investigate the respective impacts of both types of integration on agglomeration outcomes and welfare distribution across regions. The first chapter lays the problem at the core of this work looking at the entrenchment of spatial inequalities. Using statistical methods from the spatial analysis toolbox, it brings to light diverging dynamics between regions of European Union (EU-28) member states over the period 2000-2016. As a first working hypothesis, we aimed also at evaluating the impact of both commercial and technological forms of integration on regional welfares. We exploit the autocorrelation phenomenon conveyed by those networks to quantify their explanatory share regarding regional GDPs. Our first results fail at enhancing a powerful relationship linking those elements but interestingly we emphasize a negative correlation between both forms of integration over space. The second chapter investigates the origins of the growth slowdown for regions from the Old Europe that particularly suffered during the last phases of EU integration. In this chapter we make use of recent methods using enhancements at the frontier between Common Correlated Effects models (that root back to Common Factors models) and spatial econometrics. Our results give credit to the hypothesis of over-investment in R&D across those territories. Recent theoretical elements support our results in showing that over-investment in R&D could pair with under-growth paths that is lower than optimal growth levels. The third chapter reviews the literature that study the determinants of the gains from trade. The New Economic Geography (NEG) models first designated the lowering of trade costs as a major determinant to agglomeration processes and welfare outcomes. The next generation of New Economic Geography and Growth (NEGG) models introduced the distinction between commercial and technological integrations and allowed to consider impacts that would differ. Recent theoretical advances on this front reached testable implications regarding the relationship between various forms of integration and agglomeration outcomes. Lastly, a new generation of Quantitative Spatial models (QSM) emphasizes the importance of labor mobility, besides capital mobility, as a vector of technological integration between territories and brings in new tools to quantify the spatially uneven impact of economic integration on welfare. The last chapter pushes further some testable implications of NEGG models. It specifies a relationship between the evolution of agglomeration processes of economic activities across regions and the commercial and technological ties that link regions to their neighbors in a common integration zone. The relationship is tested on regions belonging to the EU-28 over the recent period. We take care of endogeneity issues using tools also combining requirements on the control of spatial autocorrelation issues and nonparametric features. Our main results go along the theoretical statement that oppose the effect of commercial integration that favor spatial agglomeration to the effect of technological integration that temper agglomeration dynamics
Pilorget, Lydie. "Technologie émergente et intelligence économique : comment répondre aux problématiques spécifiques d'innovation de la start-up Poietis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0103.
Full textThis thesis aims to implement a competitive intelligence process within a start-up that develops an emerging technology. A double emergence has been identified: the environment of the company and the company itself.First, we call upon an original analytical framework for competitive intelligence: Technological Innovation Systems (TIS). This framework allows for a dynamic analysis of the innovation system of the company through the structure and the interactions between the agents within the system. Second, we address the benefit of taking into the account the intrinsic characteristics of the company for the implementation of a competitive intelligence process. Our understanding of specific elements of the start-up, its adhocratic structure for instance, has allowed in a third step to implement tools in line with the importance of the human dimension and the resources that the company can mobilize.We organized the creation of knowledge from the information cycle, suggest a first evaluation of the competitive intelligence process and deduced the considered extensions.Finally, we focused on the use of patent for the understanding of a technological domain.Carried out in an action research approach (conducted as part of a CIFRE contract), this thesis shows the test of our method of technology intelligence within Poietis, a French bioprinting start-up
Perrat, Jacques. "Technologies, externalites et nouveau rapport du capital a l'espace regional." Lyon 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO22007.
Full textWe cannot answer the questions about "regional and local development", innovating small and medium sized firms", "technopoles", without taking into account the connexions of these phenomena with the deep current transformation concerning productive forces as well as the movement of capital. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the elaboration of methods and concepts allowing us to identify and to apprehend such connexions, by choosing, after having examined the available theoritical implements, to retain the notion of "externalities" as the most efficient complementary mediation. As the liberal acceptations of this notion prove to be too restrictive, keys to understanding are to be found in marxist thinking to get to the proposal of an analysis scheme. By applying this scheme to the study of the changes in technologies, production processes, domineering concerns strategies, and of their territorial implications, we can set out the appearance of a new relation between capital and regional space. It also proves effective to precise the real modes of "private" and "social" interventions on regional and local milieus, their impact as well as their contradictions. Thus it appears that the decentralization process that started in the eighties must be seen as part of the attempt to elaborate a new regulation of the capitalist system and is therefore one of the major stakes of our time
Gay, Claudine. "Economie de l'innovation technologique localisée : un essai sur les individus, organisations et réseaux apprenants." Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/gay_c.
Full textFally, Thibault. "Essais sur les contraintes de crédit, le commerce et les investissements à l'étranger." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0025.
Full textTwo concerns motivate this thesis: the impact of financial constraints and the impact of trade liberalization on firm decisions. This thesis primarily belongs to the fields of international trade and economic development. In the first chapter, we study the impact of financial constraints on entrepreneurship. We find that access to finance matters most for the entry of small firms and in sectors that are more dependent upon external finance. On the other hand, financial development has either no effect or a negative effect on entry by large firms. Access to finance also helps new firms expand if successful. In the second chapter, we analyze how financial constraints affect sourcing strategies of multinational firms. In particular, we show that financial development generates a comparative advantage in the supply of complex goods, and that multinationals are more likely to integrate suppliers located in countries with poor financial institutions, especially when trade involves complex goods. In the third chapter, we study the effect of foreign direct investment and the introduction of a new technology in host economies. When the foreign technology requires specific inputs that are not compatible with the domestic technology, it can generate negative effects on domestic firms and consumer welfare, even if the foreign technology is more efficient than the domestic technology. Lastly, we show in the fourth chapter that proximity to consumers and proximity to suppliers have a large impact on wages across regions in Brazil, even after controlling for individual characteristics, market access source (international, national or local), and using instrumental variables
Plourde, Campagna Marc-André. "Hydrolienne à Ailes Oscillantes : conception et modélisation physique et économique de la technologie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30072/30072.pdf.
Full textThis master’s thesis is part of a multidisciplinary project to develop a second generation of tidal oscillating wings turbine (HAO-2) at Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides Numérique (LMFN) from Laval University. This tidal turbine completely submerged is composed of four wings assembled on gravity-based structure. This work has two parts. The first one focuses on the hydraulic circuit design of the pitch-heave coupling and the energy extraction system. Proposed solutions and a vision of the HAO-2 will be presented in detail. An experimental apparatus is designed to reproduce the coupling circuit and simulate the motion and forces on a wing. It allows to demonstrate the developed system feasibility and determine its efficiency. Various actuators and seals are analyzed. Only components with the best performances are presented in this paper. For the coupling system, a maximum efficiency of 80% is measured. Hydraulic modeling necessary for the second phase of the project has also been calibrated on experimental data, especially, friction in seals. The second part treats the economic modeling of a tidal turbine farm at different scales and in different operating conditions. The program designs the turbine depending on the operating conditions, and then, it estimates the construction cost and it calculates the annual energy extracted. It also calculates the installation cost, the electricity infrastructure and their installation cost and finally the operation and maintenance cost (O&M) throughout the farm life time. The model also takes into account the value of money over time by using the net present value. For the cases comparison, the production cost (CP) and the energy cost (CE) are used. Several sensitivity analyses are carried out on the important parameters of the model. As would be expected, the construction cost and the O&M cost are key factors governing the energy cost of HAO. A particular site is studied, near the Isle-aux-Coudres, which a energy cost about 20 ¢/kWh is obtained for a farm with 80 HAO of 1.25MW each.