Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Économie politique – Aspect psychologique – Modèles économétriques'
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Bellet, Clément. "Essays on inequality, social preferences and consumer behavior." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0004/document.
Full textThis thesis studies ways in which inequality between and within groups affects consumer behaviors and welfare through social comparison effects. The objective is to provide a better understanding of a number of economic phenomena, namely: How to understand the extensive use of credit by lower income households in periods of stagnating real income growth? How do visible identities such as race or caste affect consumption choices, and can social hierarchies lead to poverty traps? Do luxury goods become more necessary when inequality rises, and what does such a phenomenon tell us about the social limits to growth? To that aim, the thesis incorporates important findings of behavioural economics, in particular on other-regarding preferences and subjective well-being, into theories of consumption and savings. Chapter 1 presents a model of relative consumption which accounts for comparison effects over time and across goods. The following chapters identify these effects using representative survey data and large datasets obtained via web-scrapping techniques. Chapter 2 looks at mortgage debt in the United States when households care about the relative size of their house. Chapters 3 and 4 study the social component of expenditures in India and its implication in terms of malnutrition using standard and structural estimation techniques
Ouvrard, Benjamin. "Les nudges dans la régulation environnementale : alternative ou complément aux instruments monétaires ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB011/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose to mode! individuals' reaction to a nudge, based on the announcement of the socially optimal contribution. We want to compare the efficiency of this incentive, with the efficiency of a tax to improve environmental quality. We test the theoretical predictions we obtained in a laboratory experiment. We show that the reaction to our nudge depends on subjects' environmental sensitivity, contrary to the tax. ln a second experiment, we test the existence of persistent effects of these two instruments in the long term. We also consider a mix tool (tax and nudge), to raise subjects' awareness (with the nudge) that they are taxed because their behaviour is not optimal. ln the last chapter, we extend our analysis considering agents arranged in fixed networks. We analyze how the equilibria are shaped under the implementation of our nudge
Buisson, Florent. "Quatre essais en théorie du consommateur : aversion pour la perte et modèles de recherche." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010039.
Full textDessertenne, Patrick. "Caracterisation de certaines fonctions de choix social par une approche de type probabiliste." Caen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CAEN0557.
Full textAubert, Cécile. "Essais en théorie des contrats : réglementation et imperfections contractuelles, altruisme et risque moral." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10079.
Full textThe contractual relationship between a principal and an agent may depend on third parties with whom the principal cannot contract. We analyse several such cases. Chapter 1 studies competition between two firms producing imperfect substitues. We analyse the effects of collusion when the regulator can only regulate one of the firms. Chapter 2 consideres renegociation of regulatory contracts. We show that a Government can use these contracts strategically, to influence its successor. In chapter 3, we determine conditions under which the principal benefits from the agent's altruism vis-à-vis a third person. Altruism in multi-agent or multi-principal situations is then studied. Chapter 4 focuses on norms of resource sharing in a community, liking them to the incentives of its members in a relationship with moral hazard
Randriamboarison, Radonandrasana. "Modélisation et estimation de la demande touristique : un essai pour l'explication du paradoxe du secteur touristique français." Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0523.
Full textThe motivations at the base of the researches presented in this thesis are primarilly related to the will to improve comprehension of tourists'behaviour. We limit ourselves to the case of tourists having chosen France as the destination country. While seeking the determinants relating to the tourism demand, we came to enlighten the discussion regarding the imbalance between the number of tourists arrivals and the income generated by the sector of tourism, which will be qualified as "paradox of the French tourist sector" Five econometric models are successively estimated. We show that contrary to the generally accepted ideas, the low number of stays and the geographical location of France explain only to one small degree the imbalance of the French tourist market. As matter of fact, such a situation can be viewed as the corollary linked to the rigidity of tourists'demand
Pham, Cao Tung. "Financial bubbles and their impact on the real economy." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE044.
Full textResearch on rational bubbles has led to an extensive literature, with numerous significant achievements. However, despite the fact that the literature on rational bubbles has shown powerful results, there has been a lack of research works on economic bubbles of financial assets that yield positive dividends, especially ones that address fundamental questions on their existence, size, fluctuation, and bursting process. Moreover, it is well-known that dynastic altruism in the sense of Barro (1974) could spark the transition from an overlapping generations (OLG) model to an infinite horizon model. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study the impact of different forms of altruism on rational bubbles in an OLG model à la Tirole (1985). Furthermore, bequests and gifts are not the only bridge between generations. Inter-generational knowledge transmission is also an important channel through which different generations could be linked. An open issue remains: what happens if people have to make a portfolio choice between investing in human capital and purchasing bubbled assets, and subsequently, what the implications of this choice on the formation and properties of bubbles are. With the aim of providing answers to these questions, in the last chapter, we study rational bubbles in three OLG models: the first two with human capital accumulation, and the last one considering R&D investment under physical accumulation
Waisman, Henri. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rente pétrolière et dynamiques urbaines." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Full textThis thesis investigates the effects of constraints imposed on economic interactions by limitations due to natural resources, among which oil and urban land play a curcial role in the context of climate change. These dimensions, often neglected in existing analyses, have an ambiguous effect since they suggest both the risk of enhanced costs if carbon limitations reinforce the sub-optimalities caused by pre-existing constraints, but also, conversely, the possibility of co-benefits if the climate policy helps to correct some pre-existing imperfections of socio-economic trajectories. To investigate this issue, an innovative modeling framework of the energy-economy interactions is elaborated that embarks the specificities of the deployment of oil production capacities and the issues related to the spatial organization in urban areas. We demonstrate that, beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary measures, with a crucial role of spatial policy designed to control transport-related emissions through mobility
Sohrabi, Helia. "Physical internet-enabled hyperconnected distribution assessment." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26986.
Full textThe Physical Internet (PI) is an initiative that identifies several symptoms of logistics systems unsustainability and inefficiency and tackles them by proposing a novel paradigm called Hyperconnected Logistics. Similar to the Digital Internet, which connects thousands of personal and local computer networks, PI will connect the fragmented logistics systems of today. The main purpose is to enhance the performance of logistics systems from economic, environmental and social perspectives. Focusing specifically on the distribution system, this thesis questions the order of magnitude of the performance gain by exploiting the PI-enabled hyperconnected distribution. It is also concerned by the characterization of the hyperconnected distribution planning. To address the first question, an exploratory research approach based on optimization modeling is applied; first, the current and prospective distribution systems are modeled. Then, a set of realistic business samples are created, and their economic and environmental performance by targeting multiple social performances are assessed. A conceptual planning framework is proposed to support the decision making in the hyperconnected distribution system. Based on the results obtained by our investigation, it can be argued that a substantial gain can be achieved by shifting toward Hyperconnected Distribution. It is also revealed that the magnitude of the gain varies by business characteristics and the targeted social performance. Since the Physical Internet is a novel topic, chapter 1 briefly introduces PI and Hyperconnected Logistics. Chapter 2 discusses the research foundations, goal and methodology. It also describes the challenges of conducting this research and highlights the type of contributions aimed for. Chapter 3 presents the optimization models including a core distribution network design modeling approach. Influenced by the characteristics of the current and prospective distribution systems, three distribution system-driven models are developed. Chapter 4 engages with the characterization of the business samples, the modeling and calibration of the parameter that are employed in the models. The exploratory investigation results are presented in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 describes the hyperconnected distribution planning framework. Chapter 7 summarizes the content of the thesis and highlights the main contributions. Moreover, it identifies the research limitations and potential future research avenues.
Rain, Audrey. "Trois essais empiriques en économie de l’éducation et de la formation." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020039/document.
Full textThis thesis work focuses on individual returns to education and training, and aims at highlighting more efficient public interventions in order to increase these returns. The first two chapters of this study consider how returns to individual investments can be optimized by improving public policies efficiency in the field of education and vocational training. The last study analyzes the link between investment in human capital and the legal and economic environment in which it is realized. In details, the first article of this thesis focuses on the effect of private schooling during the first and second grade in France on test scores achievement in third grade. The second chapter aims at measuring the efficiency of certifying training programs followed by unemployed individuals on their probability to find a job. The last study shows the link between the English labor market flexibility and workers’ access to training. The analyses conducted rely on microeconometric methodologies which aim at identifying the causal effect of considered public policies. We thus use the instrumental variable methodology as well as the difference-in-difference one. This thesis also relies on the estimation of duration models, using the “timing-of-events” methodology, and estimating a bivariate competing risks model
Duchêne, Sébastien. "Quatre essais sur la rationalité limitée en économie et finance comportementales." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0022.
Full textThis thesis studies bounded rationality through four chapters, combining theoretical models, laboratory experiments and statistical and econometric analyzes. In the first two chapters, we test the validity of new models in economics which rely on the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to account for cognitive biases. In chapter 1, we consider models explaining the order effect and we derive new experimental predictions. In chapter 2, we propose an original experiment to test a wide range of quantum models that account for the conjunction fallacy. Both groups of models fail in our empirical tests and we then discuss possible ways to improve these models. The third chapter explores how individuals deal with successive, complex and abundant economic information. Our experimental results show the subjects' inability to combine such information, which confirms the fuzzy trace theory. Finally, the fourth chapter deals with experimental finance. It studies how margin buying (respectively short selling) increases (decreases) price levels, volatility, heterogeneity of markets, and traders' price expectations, as well as how it changes trading strategies. Our results highlight the clear consequences of each of these techniques used alone, and point to unexpected phenomena when both are combined. Regulatory authorities could take advantage of our analyzes to reduce the destabilization introduced by these techniques
Lagasnerie, Grégoire de. "Trois essais en économie de la santé sur la régulation de la demande de soins de ville s'appuyant sur la méthode de micro-simulation." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0093.
Full textThis thesis sheds light on various issues in health economics (reimbursement system of care, sensitivity of the demand for health care prices , prediction of the dynamics of care expenses ) through the technique of micro -simulation. This thesis is composed of three articles. The first two articles of this thesis contribute to improved understanding of the mechanism related to the regulation of health care demand through the reimbursement system. The last article analyzes the evolution of the demand for care in the medium and long term. The first article focuses on the analysis in term of equity and hedging of reform of the reimbursement system of healthcare services in France. The second article examines the implications for health insurance and the insured of changes in consumption behavior of insured following a reform of the reimbursement system of cafe in France. The third article, from the study of different methods of projections in the economic literature analyzes the dynamic of outpatient healthcare expenditure related to the ageing population
Pottier, Antonin. "L’économie dans l’impasse climatique : développement matériel, théorie immatérielle et utopie auto-stabilisatrice." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0052.
Full textGreenhouse gas emissions still grow unabated. Instead of blaming policy-makers for the implementation gap, I question the toolbox of neo-classical economists and restate the conundrum as: how inadequate is economic theory as a mental map for climate change? I identify turning points in the history of resource economics and exhibit a constant trend of forgetting the material embeddedness of the economy. Economists' use of the production function is based on a misunderstanding, as the Cambridge controversy shows that it has no technical content. The cost-benefit analysis, allegedly the only way to be positive, is favored to assess climate change, even if it relies on unknown relationships. Damage function extrapolates shared prejudices; the incessant controversy on discounting highlights the inconsistency of the macroeconomic framework. An analysis of a recent article explains how economics can operate this distanciation from reality: loose connections between the mathematical structure of a model, the words used to describe it and its numerical results leave extraordinary space for interpretation. I then explore the relationship between the economy, economics and ideology through the study of two symbols: the homo economicus and the market. The peculier status of economics and the economy in Western societies is traced back to the 18th century. The current prominence of the market enhances the inadequacy of economic theory to address climate change. The sociological phenomenon of climate-skepticism and the failed construction of carbon markets can be seen as impediments to mitigation induced by the market mentality
Gbenyo, Koffi. "Trois essais sur les liens entre le port et son territoire environnant : le cas du Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37736.
Full textThis thesis investigates the relations between ports and their economic environment. It is written in three chapters that offer a gradation.The first chapter seeks to identify the geographical territories, formed by circles of variable radii around the ports as centers, within which the value of a bunch of indicators remain stable. This first step identifies the scale over which the results of analyses using those indicators vary less. To achieve this goal, econometric analyses are used through parameters stability testing. The results reveal a territory defined over a range of radii between 4,000m and 4,500m. The second chapter presents first the principal functions of the ports of the province of Quebec based on their activities, and then a classification of these ports using a statistical classification based on the ports’ activities, and on the economic activities located within 4,250m around these ports. The groups (of both typologies) obtained are compared, in order to verify whether (or not) the business landscape of these (groups of) ports reflects their main activities. The results show that the activities of ports that belong to the rural and metropolitan categories of ports have landscape reflecting their main activities, which is not the case for the majority of ports. Consequently, one could hardly simplify the economic reality of the ports’ neighbourhood to the activities of the incumbent ports. The third chapter uses correlation analysis to study the relationship between the growth of the ports’ activities and the growth of their surrounding economic activities from different industrial sectors. It verifies whether (or not) the growth of these activities is statistically associated, and (whether or not) the eventual resulting associations are positive. The results show that the growth of the ports’ activities is only followed by the growth of jobs in the manufacturing sector around the ports.
Espinosa, Romain. "Analyse économique de la norme juridique : des origines constitutionnelles à la mise en oeuvre par le juge." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020044/document.
Full textThe legitimacy and the stability of political systems have very often been studied in economics separate from considerations about legal norms’ enforcement. My objective is to combine these different approaches, and to place the question of the legal enforcement at the heart of the debate about institutions. This work is made of cinq empirical and experimental investigations that deal with each of the stages of the political and legal process.This first paper analyzes the impact of constitutional rights on public expenditures. The second article explores the influence of self-serving biases on the demand and the supplyof redistribution. The third analysis focuses on the decisions of the French Constitutional Council. The fourth work deals with the recent reform of the judiciary map of Frenchlabor courts. The last study investigates the relationship between the composition of the elected jurors in French labor courts and the way cases are terminated.Our investigations rely on econometric and experimental techniques. They use standard estimation methods (OLS, GLS, Probit, Logit, Within OLS), selection models (Heckman,Triprotibt), techniques for endogeneity correction (2SLS), and methods to estimate systems of equations (3SLS). The experimental analysis makes use of standard statistical tests(permutation tests, proportion tests, two-group mean-comparison tests), and more recent methods to solve heterogeneity (wild clustering)
Alatriste, Contreras Martha Gabriela. "Essais sur les propriétés structurelles et la dynamique du système économique." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0132.
Full textThis thesis analyses empirically the structural properties of the economy and evaluates the impact of changes in its structure on aggregate outcomes such as production and the spreading of shocks. The analysis in this thesis is part of a multidisciplinary approach where input-output is combined with complex network analysis to study the productive structure of an economy. We analyze the european union's input-output network as a whole, the input-output network of 22 member countries, and the french input-output network using a more disaggregated classification of sectors. The first chapter studies the structural properties of the economy identifying the most important sectors. In this first chapter, we investigate if global centrality measures in network analysis provide additional information of the productive structure and the role and importance of sectors in it. We found that the economy has an asymmetric structure with only a few very important sectors that have good diffusion properties. The second chapter evaluates the impact of these properties as the capability of sectors to spread shocks and form avalanches in the economy. We use three models to measure the impact of two types of sectoral shocks : a shock on final demand and a shock on technology. Results show that the asymmetrical structure of european economies makes them vulnerable to large avalanchess. Finally, third explores the mechanism generating the structure of the economy and its evolution through time driven by technological progress. In the model proposed in the third chapter sectors create new connections and change the intensity of old ones according to their centrality
Chaabane, Bouzid Inaam. "Politiques migratoires optimales, doubles frontières et bien-être social dans les modèles à générations imbriquées." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020095/document.
Full textAfter a general introduction and a literature review, in a 2-country OLG model, this thesis considers a non yet studied case where each government chooses for his country theflow of migrants that maximizes the post-migration social welfare. Since decision flows are unilateral, it naturally follows the introduction of the concept of optimal two-sided-borders. In a simple OLG model à la Galor (1986) with 2 periods, 2 countries and an exogenous labor supply, Chapter 2 examines the differences in optimal migration flows when countrydiffers in time preferences. With or without costly borders, optimal flows that lead the economy to the Golden Rule differ, so that one country closes its borders before the otherone. A world social planner would make an opposite migration policy compared with the country-specific social planner. Chapter 3 develops an OLG model where young train and get the return to education next period, adult and old endogenously work. The optimal migration rates leading to the social optimum of each country differ. These asymmetries generate incentives for illegal migration, hence wages and interest rates do not equalize in the post-migration equilibrium. Chapter 4 extends the previous by introducing a pension system. If by the law, only adults are allowed to migrate, then the receiving country want to attract more migrants than the departure country would let go. The individual choice of migration depends more on the children education than on the retirement benefit choice. This result is not in line with the existing literature. The Welfare State is not the first reason for which migrants leave their country
Combet, Emmanuel. "Fiscalité carbone et progrès social : application au cas français." Phd thesis, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813550.
Full textBouscasse, Hélène. "Essays on travel mode choice modeling : a discrete choice approach of the interactions between economic and behavioral theories." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2106/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to incorporate aspects of psychology and behavioral economics theories in discrete choice models to promote a better understanding of mode choice at regional level. Part II examines the inclusion of latent variables to explain mode choice. A literature review of integrated choice and latent variable models – that is, models combining a structural equation model and a discrete choice model – is followed by the estimation of an integrated choice and latent variable model to show how the heterogeneity of economic outputs (here, value of time) can be explained with latent variables (here, perceived comfort in public transport) and observable variables (here, the guarantee of a seat). The simulation of scenarios shows, however, that the economic gain (decrease in value of time) is higher when policies address tangible factors than when they address latent factors. On the basis of a mediation model, the estimation of a structural equation model furthermore implies that the influence of environmental concern on mode choice habits is partially mediated by the indirect utility derived frompublic transport use. Part III examines two utility formulations taken from behavioral economics: 1) rankdependent utility to model risky choices, and 2) reference-dependent utility. Firstly, a rank-dependent utility model is included in discrete choice models and, in particular, a latent-class model, in order to analyze intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity when the travel time is subject to variability. The results show that the probability of a delay is over-estimated for train travel and under-estimated for car travel, especially for car users, as train users are more likely to take into account the expected travel time. In the models that account for risk aversion, the utility functions are convex, which implies a decrease in value of time. Secondly, a new family of discrete choice models generalizing the multinomial logit model, the reference models, is estimated. On my data, these models allow for a better selection of explanatory variables than the multinomial logit model and a more robust estimation of economic outputs, particularly in cases of high unobserved heterogeneity. The economic formulation of reference models shows thatthe best empirical models are also more compatible with Tversky et Kahneman’s reference-dependent model
Ghadban, Socrat. "Le taux de change et la demande touristique." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937271.
Full textGbinlo, Roch. "Organisation et financement de la gestion des déchets ménagers dans les villes de l'Afrique Subsaharienne : le cas de la ville de Cotonou au Bénin." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564740.
Full textCharpin, Ariane. "Essays on decision theory and economic efficiency." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E009/document.
Full textThis doctoral thesis focuses on two distinct themes: decision-making in situations of risk and economic efficiency. These two questions are treated in an empirical framework using unique databases. The first chapter tests the theoretical models of decision under risk on bets on horseraces to identify the theory that allows the best description of individuals’ choices. This chapter shows that behavioral theories of decision under risk (cumulative prospect theory and rank-dependent utility) are better suited to explain the behavior of bettors observed in the data than the expected utility theory. The second chapter estimates the effect of a merger between two large companies in the urban transport sector in France on their costs. The results show that the merger did not result in efficiency gains for the merging parties. This result can be understood in light of the context in which the merger was conducted, in particular the reasons for the choice of the target, the perception of customers and employees of the merger, the differences in culture between the companies and the operational preparation of the merger. The third chapter examines the impact of greater discretion in tendering procedures on the selection of operators, particularly their productivity. The main result is that the procedure that potentially increases the discretion of public purchasers leads to the selection of less efficient companies than a procedure involving little or no discretion. Further analyzes suggest that the result is due to the effect of greater discretion at the screening stage