Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Économie urbaine'
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Ouazad, Amine. "Inégalités et discriminations : essais en économie de l'éducation et économie urbaine." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0114.
Full textThis dissertation addresses three issues in England and the United States. Firstly, I identify the sources of educational inequalities in England using panel data models and a comprehensive database. Secondly, I identify biases in teacher perceptions of students' skills with respect to race and gender. Finally, I describe the strategies of blockbusting in the 1950s in the US
Adam, Sylvie. "La trame urbaine : Hexagone et analyse théorique des semis urbains." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUEL153.
Full textThe main aim of this research is to look into the heuristic value of the regular hexagonal patterns as these appear in central place theories. The link between regular hexagonal patterns, principles of organization, and concepts of central place theories is first examined. Particular attention is given to the theory of centrality and other works by Walter Christaller, and to the theory of economic regions proposed by August Losch. An overview of more recent theories of central places and applications of hexagonal patterns on urban webs in regional settings is provided. The regular hexagonal pattern can be conceived either as a mesh (only nodes and edges are significant), or as a grid which actually contains people and functions. The second part deals with the regular hexagonal tesselation. Using the example of France, the regular geometric pattern is shown not to fit the structure and organization of the urban web. The third part, based upon Georges Nicolas research on Western Switzerland, confirms the same lack of fit for the regular hexagonal grid. For this reason, an adaptable polygonal grid is proposed as a substitute for the traditional and regular hexagonal tesselations. (abstract by Peter R. Gould and Sylvie Adam)
Kamal, Abdelhak. "Industrialisation et concentration urbaine." Toulon, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00608088/fr/.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to analyze the determinants of the urban concentration and their effect at different levels of development. The empirical analysis focuses on the developing countries over the period 1950-2000 grouped by level of per capita income. The results confirm the existence of specific trajectories of urbanization rate and urban primacy which differs meaningfully according to the stage of development considered. Certain factors encourage urbanization and its concentration in major cities in the early stages of development. Other factors may influence or even stop the tendency toward urban primacy in the advanced stages of development, which seems to follow bell shaped curve. These phenomena of evolution of city size according to the evolution of industrial structures and local production, during development, are particularly examined in the case of Morocco. Gradually since the 1980’s, a sectoral and geographical redeployment of industrial activities tends to occur. The decline in the primacy of the Metropolitan Area of Grand Casablanca is the result of a double movement: the relocation of a number of activities based on economies of scale and low-wage allowing urban deconcentration non-compensated by the location of medium-technology industries sensitive to agglomeration economies which increase urban concentration
Perrin-Heredia, Ana. "Logiques économiques et comptes domestiques en milieux populaires : éthnographie économique d'une "zone urbaine sensible"." Reims, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REIME006.
Full textThis thesis is about budget organisation and consumption habits among working-classes. This object enables to understand and analyse economic and social logics implemented by households with low income to make home domestics work. The research consists in an ethnographie fieldwork among inhabitants of a working-class neighbourhood in a French middle-sized city and among local structures, public and pnvate, that care about controlling and normalizing domestic budgets (communal centres and banking associations). Analysing how officers in charge of disciplining domestic budgets look at economic behaviours of working-class people reveals the non-thoughts that stand in the domestic budget reviews and in their compliance with accounting balance des. Ethnographie methodology helps to describe the economic rationalities that the respondents follow - how their practical experience and ways of thinking come to a system. It also allows us to make out the conditions that lead people to them. How they cope with the twofold dimension (relative to both budget and interaction) of the economic domination explains the differences we observe in their ways of living whereas they seem to live the same way. Explored through three scopes (budget, time and space), economic logics have important similarities. Home domestics have to put up with a strong budgetary constraint toughened by a set of institutional and banking operations. Then these logics expand in survival househoIds and presuppose to resort to multiple intimate transactions. Lastly they take place into a double time unit : the very present, governed by day-to-day urgency ; the distant future, structured by material insecurity and the only howledge that you will never know what tomorrow can be. According to these elements, we can talk about « class economics rationality », fully incorporated in working-class culture
Gaschet, Frédéric. "La polycentralité urbaine." Bordeaux 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR40033.
Full textThe urban forms have changed deeply under the influence of the suburbanization of people and employment. This trend does not lead to a generalized sprawl of the housholds and firms within suburban areas but rather to a process of recentralization within suburbs resulting in the emergence of new urban subcenters. This phenomenon has led to contradictory interpretations concerning the capacity of these new centers to generate agglomeration economies similar to those of the traditional centers. The dynamic analysis of multiple center formation in a city allows to specify the conditions under which the emergence of new centers. .
Carvalho, Brasilio de Moura Paulo. "Prospérité et Résilience : la place de la ville dans le développement économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0011.
Full textThis thesis, structured in two parts each containing two chapters, proposes a heterodox approach in response to the conventions of traditional economics. This orientation stems from the desire to explore alternatives to the status quo. The first part of the thesis focuses on contextualizing urban challenges and redefining the concept of the city while revisiting the foundations of economic spatialization and highlighting theoretical fragmentation in urban analysis.To support an alternative perspective, it was crucial to deepen the analysis of the influences and perspectives of Marshall's industrial economics, emphasizing the temporality and dynamics of economic models, thus laying the necessary groundwork for the second part of the thesis. This part addresses the main discussion on urban dynamics, economic development, and the concepts of prosperity and resilience in the face of societal challenges. It examines the role of the city and its interaction with the state. The need to consolidate these theoretical fragments gives rise to what I call the "city theory."This reorganization through the "city theory" does not claim to establish a new theory but aims to bridge theoretical gaps, identify new research paths, and apply transdisciplinarity to rethink productive activity in an urban context. The fourth chapter of the thesis examines the crisis and post-crisis of COVID-19 by applying the "city theory." It also discusses the orientation of a project based on the "city theory" within the framework of the France 2030 program and the 4th Future Investments Program (PIA), involving various ministries and partners, to promote innovative solutions to revitalize priority neighborhoods, particularly the "Sustainable City Demonstrators" initiative
Valentin, Hervé. "Économie populaire urbaine et environnement : le cas du Sénégal (Dakar, Thiès, Rufisque)." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010040.
Full textViguié, Vincent. "Modélisation des dynamiques urbaines : application à l’analyse économique du changement climatique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1049/document.
Full textBecause they are home to more than half of the world population, and because most of the world economic activity takes place within them, cities are at the forefront of global environmental issues. Land use planning, urban transport and housing policies are now recognized as major tools for the reduction of both greenhouse gases emissions and vulnerability to climate change impacts. So far, however, how to use these tools efficiently remains unclear. At least three main difficulties explain this, and play a key role in urban climate policies analysis. First, urban climate policies are also not developed or implemented in a vacuum; they interact with other policy goals, such as economic competitiveness or social issues, giving rise to both synergies and conflicts. Second, inertia is a key factor when designing optimal climate policies : structural modifications in cities occur slowly over a long time horizon. Some immediate actions are required if cities are to be adapted to a different climate or to help reduce greenhouse gases emissions within a few decades. Third, the evolution of a city depends on several external factors, on which local policy-makers do not generally have much influence : demographic, socio-economic, cultural, political and technological changes will play a major role. This uncertainty has to be taken into account, and climate policies have to be robust against future possible global evolutions is important. These three difficulties are not, however, impossible to overcome, and we will illustrate how integrated city modelling can help address these issues
Girard, Jean-Louis. "De la theorie des actifs a l'economie factorielle : travail et economie marchande dans l'economie urbaine." Amiens, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AMIE0054.
Full textJosset, Jean-Marc. "Une approche comportementale de la congestion urbaine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS033/document.
Full textHow to solve congestion problems related to urban development? As the massive investment in infrastructure and the monetary and coercive treatment of behaviors have shown their limits, we propose instead to explore the promotion of positive behavior (carpooling, biking, telecommuting). We start by expanding the behavioral model of the individual, by taking into account the context (frame) in which it happens. We justify this contribution primarily through the work of the psychologist Daniel Kahneman and the sociologist Ervin Goffman . Then we clarify our methodological approach: by showing how the process of laboratory experiments is connected to the behavioral factors of the homo oeconomicus, we show the consistency of our frame hypothesis with field experiments. We then describe three experiments to show (i) how the frame is underpinned by a dominant discourse (ii) the importance of the retroactive measure of this representation and (iii) how motivations acts within that frame. We derive several principles to promote a change of mobility behavior able to treat congestion: (i) the place of the individual in transport schemes, (ii) using time or well-being as a measurement indicator and (iii)collective representations as coordination enablers
Cuenca, Christine. "Urbanisation, commerce international et développement en Méditerranée." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX24016.
Full textPaillacar, Reeve Rodrigo. "Économies d'agglomération dans les pays en développement." Paris 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450673.
Full textMartinez, Flores Leonardo. "Modèles de localisation optimale dans une ville multicentrée : recherche d'un critère fondé sur la productivité du travail." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100041.
Full textAllio, Cédric. "Local policies, urban dynamics and climate change : development of a multiscale modeling framework." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1073.
Full textThe failure of the international community, pointed out in the successive annual Conferences of the Parties, to implement global climate policies has fostered supports for local initiatives, in particular at the urban levels. Local action is believed to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions as local communities are at the cutting edge of the climate change challenge because they have responsibility for a wide range of decisions that affect emissions: land use planning, urban transport and housing policies. However, how to use efficiently local policies to reduce gas emissions at a global scale remains unclear. In this thesis, we developed some tools that can give insights on the role of local policies in climate change mitigation and their interaction with the global scale. The overwhelming majority of energy-economy-environment models conventionally used to assess mitigation costs of climate change focus essentially on the technological determinants of energy trends but do not capture explicitly the role of urban dynamics. We propose a step forward to the representation of the interplay between energy consumption, carbon emissions and the spatial organization of cities
Thomas, Olivier. "La conjonction de contrats et conventions comme facteur de réduction d'incertitudes : le cas des projets stratégiques de villes." Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10003.
Full textThis thesis intends to show to which extent the existence of a strategic urban plan constitutes a determining tool in order to reduce the uncertainties which shackle economic urban growth. Strategic urban plans, the content of which is defined by the key-actors of the city, express the recourse to several kinds of contractual elements. Nevertheless, these latter, however useful they may be, are confirmed to be insufficient in order to restrain the whole set of uncertainties that urban actors have to face. From this point of view, strategic urban plans properly appear to be suitable tools so that such actors may feel more "reassured". As a matter of fact, they embody both contractual and conventional solutions to deal with uncertainties. Eventually, the insurance which is conveyed by their creation can be kept up thanks to the recourse to various urban-marketing patterns (financial information, local periodical newspapers,. . . ). Broadly speaking, the global insurance which is conveyed by the choice of an urban location seems to be one of the main reasons which justify the endless trend of urban polarization. Given this inertia of the growth of French cities, a statistical analysis of the main incentives of economic urban growth is undertaken. The reliability of its results is tested thanks to several regression diagnostics. This study deals with the 214 more important French cities during the last 15 years
Bendjelid, Abed. "L'organisation urbaine des bassins intérieurs oranais (Algérie) : formation et fonctionnement d'un réseau urbain dans un pays à économie planifiée." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010507.
Full textThis is an analysis of town planning in an inland area of Algeria; which is noted in the general process of urban growth found in the country. In the algerian development situation, the state in the main agent in town planning. The first part out lines the important characteristincs of present urban organization in the inland plains of the Oran region, a combination of small and medium sized townships; while the second part studies the principal changes concerning activities and employment, showing the new spatial migratory patterns experienced. Next, the last section is devoted to approach of territorial strategies and spatial drives. Conflicting interests between state and private participants are clearly brought out in the spatial tactics. Finally, the conclusion considers the general reorganization in the region after twenty years of national planning
Péguy, Pierre-Yves. "Analyse économique des configurations urbaines et de leur étalement." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2000/peguy_py.
Full textCities in France are experiencing deep change as regards the spatial structure due to various forces. In general, the densities in city centers tend to decrease. The land occupied by the population and employment increases, pushing back its initial borders. Considered densities functions, we observe that the slope of these functions are flattening. The monocentric model and the economic geography identifies various factors for location choices for the households and firms. But theses models encounter some weakness. The standard model of urban economics considers homogeneity and isotropy for the transport networks. But the reality of the transport networks is different. According to the theoretical model offered, we should expect better prediction of density functions with the help of transport cost indicators. We obtain theses results with time-distances and network-distances. The density gradient in the negative exponential function estimated for more than hundred French metropolitan areas offers a measure of sprawl for the four last census (1975, 1982, 1990, 1999). Nevertheless, the existence of spatial autocorrélation cause bias in the estimates carried out according to the method of ordinary least squares. According to different tests, we chose a spatial lag model with error for the density. Finally densities are estimated with distance to the center and explaining variables such household's income, transport costs, household's characteristics, amenities, equipment's of communes, employment density, with respect to the previous theoretical analysis. The results of these estimations are significant
Belloy, Lauriane. "Inégalités et politiques de la ville : Trois essais en économie urbaine via le marché locatif de courte durée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PAUU2137.
Full textDigital platforms are transforming many areas of everyday life, redefining the way we consume, work, trade and travel. Short-term rentals are one of these activities, which have grown rapidly since the late 2000s due to digital sharing platforms facilitating contact between renters and owners. However, these rentals are the subject of much criticism from public decision-makers and residents of the cities most affected by their development. Indeed, the development of short-term rentals can be accused of increasing housing prices, denaturing the typical districts atmosphere and maybeeven increasing urban inequalities. The aim of this thesis is to study spatial inequalities and the reinforcement of city policies through the development of short-term rentals. The first chapter looks at inequalities from the point of view of the distribution of income generated by short-term rentals and the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on this distribution according to different types of amenity. We show that after the June 2020 unlockdownn in France, short-term rentals close to natural areas have seen their revenues increase compared to before the epidemic. In a secondchapter, we study the impact of the development of short-term rentals on the displacement of residents in the neighborhoods most affected by the phenomenon. We find that the greater the number of short-term rentals in a neighborhood, the greater the likelihood of moving to a poorer neighborhood. Moreover, after the arrival of short-term rentals in a neighborhood, this probability of moving increases. Finally, the third chapter, take a step aside by analyzing how different urban policies in Paris that aim to preserve the supply of private and social housing have been effective in the Airbnb era of exponential growth between 2006 and 2019. This study focuses on the impact of these rules on the development of social housing and the reductionof inequalities in central Paris. We find that these rules promote the development of social housing in districts with the highest housing supply. However, these rules seem to be effective only when they are the most restrictive. In a less restrictive context, social housing is created in the least central neighborhoods. In addition to these analyses, we find that these different regulations do not succeed to foster more socio-economical diversity
Juste, Nicolas. "Une politique de mobilité est-elle une alternative pertinente à la rénovation urbaine ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILA001.
Full textIn Europe, as in the United States, public authorities pay particular attention to the existence within our cities of neighborhoods that concentrate social problems. Post-war social housing estates, American black ghettos, formerly dynamic city centers - these neighborhoods take many forms and are the focus of specific programs in most countries. In France, action in these areas is known as "Politique de la Ville". The various programs put in place consider that the spatial concentration of poverty is at the root of the disorders observed. Guided by this premise, the public authorities have consistently sought to increase the social mix in these neighborhoods by diversifying the housing stock and population.Despite the sums involved, the results of the urban policy are mixed and difficult to assess. Could it be that improving the situation in these neighborhoods by increasing their social mix is a dead end? Is it possible to improve the lot of residents in neighborhoods where poverty is concentrated more effectively through a policy of increasing individual mobility? This question forms the core of this thesis, which is divided into three chapters.The first chapter is a methodological discussion dealing mainly with the objective that such a policy should pursue. We show that a mobility policy, if it results in improved accessibility to jobs, can be a convincing alternative policy. But we also show that the link between good job accessibility and low unemployment is not self-evident.The second chapter is devoted to the development of a complex urban model to understand the effects of a change in transport supply on the organization of a city in a context of job dispersion and lack of full employment among low-skilled workers. We propose original mechanisms for the distance to jobs and the location of unemployment, enabling us to obtain a city organization close to that observed empirically in a number of French conurbations. The main lesson is that good accessibility to jobs can be accompanied by an increase in the unemployment rate, as the neighborhood becomes attractive to job-seekers.The third and final chapter is an empirical and statistical analysis designed to compare the mechanisms used in the second chapter with real data from the Hauts-de-France and Île-de-France regions. We define and calculate two indicators of job accessibility, one of which represents the level of tension in the job market. We use these indicators, along with a set of control variables, to model the neighborhood unemployment rate using a simultaneous equation error term spatial dependence model (SUR-SEM). An increase in job accessibility will tend to raise the unemployment rate, as the neighborhood becomes more attractive to the unemployed. But if this accessibility translates into a lower level of tension in the job market, it will, on the contrary, translate into a lower unemployment rate.It turns out that the composition of the housing stock has a far greater impact on a neighborhood's unemployment level than its level of accessibility to jobs. But there's no reason to believe that this drop in unemployment is valid for the city as a whole. Poverty is diluted, so to speak. A reduction in the level of tension on the job market by improving people's mobility, on the other hand, will lead to a fall in the unemployment rate at both neighborhood and city level
Mirabel, François. "Energie, transports et externalités : comportements et politiques optimales de localisation et de déplacement dans l'espace urbain." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10040.
Full textThe main object of this thesis is to bring to light the fondamental features of individual's rational behaviours in order to specify the equilibrium configuration of locations and movements in urban area. In such a case, the object is to compare this equilibrium configurations with socially optimal structures and to identify the externalities which explain the differences between the two types of configurations. In a normative approach, the final object is to precise the public policies that the government has to set in order to modify (or to influence) the location's and movement's homogeneous behaviours of individuals and finally, to restore the urban social optimum. From this point of view, the theoretical analysis of this thesis (which are conducted in spatial and temporal dynamic frameworks) are lead in the neoclassical paradigm of the "welfare economics". . . Our work is divided into two parts based on the distinction between location's questions and movement's questions
Montacer, Makram. "Localisation industrielle, disparités spatiales et aménagement du territoire en Tunisie." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0015.
Full textThroughout this work, we have shown how the theory of the endogenous local development can constitute the basis of regional planning. The aim is to fight against spatial inequalities of development. A spatial economic analysis has permitted us both to understand the economic basis of spatial inequalities and to infer a core - periphery structure. We have tried to study this structure in a developing country : Tunisia. The failure of Tunisian regional policies to fight against the inequalities of development between the coast and the interior, already present in the early 1950's, has lead us to evaluate the policies adopted in the mid 1980's. In this way, an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis applied to the regional employment was able to show the persistence of the coast/interior configuration in the case of industry. However, there are positive signs in the employment within the spatial distribution of services and agriculture
Crozet, Matthieu. "Mobilité du capital humain : localisation des activités et convergence des espaces européens." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010055.
Full textGilli, Frédéric. "Choix de localisation des entreprises et périurbanisation des emplois." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50374-2004-3.pdf.
Full textNguegang, Asaa Prosper. "L'agriculture urbaine et périurbaine à Youndé: analyse fonctionnelle d'une activité montante en économie de survie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210392.
Full textComme la plupart des villes africaines, Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun, est confrontée aux phénomènes d’urbanisation croissante. Cette urbanisation rapide n’est pas accompagnée d’une croissance économique. En fait, le pouvoir d’achat extrêmement bas, le chômage, le sous-emploi, la pauvreté, voire la misère, ont amené une frange importante de la population à inventer de nouvelles solutions pour s’assurer un revenu. C’est alors qu’apparaît le phénomène d’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine. La caractérisation de cette agriculture a mis en évidence une interaction entre les catégories d’acteurs, les types d’espaces, les types de cultures, les produits obtenus et les revenus moyens générés. Il ressort de l’analyse des résultats que cette forme d’agriculture emploie près de 2000 personnes, pour la plupart des jeunes et, surtout, des femmes, dont la moyenne d’âge est de 35 ans. C’est une activité basée principalement dans les bas-fonds marécageux, le bas des pentes, les abords des routes avec une forte pression sur l’espace. Les cultures sont diversifiées et sont à dominance maraîchère, vivrière et floricole. Elles varient en fonction des trois espaces étudiés, à savoir l’auréole urbaine, la zone périurbaine et l’hinterland rural.
L’analyse du système de commercialisation a mis en évidence trois types de circuits à travers lesquels les produits transitent des producteurs aux consommateurs. Ce sont notamment les circuits longs, les circuits courts et les circuits directs. Dans ces circuits de commercialisation, la régulation du marché se réalise au niveau de tous les intervenants. Cela signifie que les prix des produits ne sont pas fixés d’avance, mais varient en fonction de la demande. En ce qui concerne la rentabilité, l’analyse sur les comptes d’exploitation des cultures de céleri, de ndolé et de morelle noire indique que cette agriculture est rentable avec un gain moyen journalier de près de trois euros pour les producteurs. C’est la raison pour laquelle certains maraîchers estiment qu’à la place d’un travail salarial de près de 75euros / mois, ils préfèrent rester dans leur jardin.
Cependant, aucun cadre juridique et réglementaire lié à l’exercice de cette activité n’est disponible. Aucun article de loi ne l’autorise. Nous avons noté également de nombreuses autres contraintes liées à l’organisation des producteurs, aux pratiques, à la structuration et la mise en marché des produits. Ces résultats ont alors d’importantes implications quant à la compréhension des interactions entre les agriculteurs en ville et le monde politique de Yaoundé. Les fonctions multiples de cette activité tel que l’emploi pour les jeunes, les revenus substantiels pour les couches des populations les plus vulnérables, la gestion des déchets urbains et la beauté du paysage étant autant d’attraits qui concourent à son encouragement.
Les stratégies qui visent à susciter l’implication des producteurs urbains dans le développement de la ville de Yaoundé ont été mises en œuvre à travers la CAUPA (Coalition pour la promotion de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine en Afrique). L’intégration de ces stratégies dans les schémas directeurs d’aménagements urbains, pourrait contribuer à concilier les défis d'une amélioration du bien-être des populations en quête de survie. Cette thèse met en évidence la nécessité d’une médiation entre les différentes catégories d’acteurs pour une agriculture urbaine et périurbaine de qualité. Les résultats pourront permettre aux décideurs et administrateurs des villes de disposer d‘informations utiles sur l’importance de cette forme d’agriculture qui est, non seulement montante, mais aussi controversée.
SUMMARY:
As in most African cities, Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon, is faced with the phenomenon of urbanization. This leads to socio-economic problems especially in food supply and acquisition of basic necessities. The extremely low purchasing power, unemployment, underemployment, poverty - say misery, brought a significant proportion of the population to invent new solutions to ensure basic income through urban and peri-urban agriculture. The characterization of this agricultural system highlights the interaction between various stakeholders, types of spaces and crops, productivity and average revenue generated. Results show that this agricultural system has generated employment for about 2000 people, mainly youths and especially women, with 35 years average age. The activity is based mainly in lowland floody zones, low slope, landscaping roads with increase land pressure. Vegetables, gardening and flowers are dominant diversified crops noticed in the area. These crops vary from urban, peri-urban and rural areas, three landscape which were studied.
The analysis of the marketing chain show three main types of distribution chains through which products pass from producers to consumers. These include long distribution, short distribution and direct channel. In these channels, the regulation of the market is achieved at the level of all stakeholders. This means that the prices of the products are therefore fixed in advance, and also are functions of demand. Regarding profitability, the analysis on the farmer’s accounts of Celery, Bitter leaf and Black nightshade indicates that this agriculture is profitable with an average daily gain of almost 3 euro per producers. That's why some gardeners believes that instead of a salary of almost 75 euro per month, they prefer to stay in their farm.
However, no legal and regulatory framework related to this activity is available in the case of Yaounde. Also, there are many other constraints related to the organization of producers, practices, structuring and implementation of products in the markets. These results have important implications to the understanding of the interaction between farmers and policy makers. The multiple functions of this activity such as youth employment, income for substantial segments of the most vulnerable populations, urban waste management and the beautification of the landscape is as much attraction that contribute to its promotion.
A strategy to encourage the implication of urban producers in the development of the city of Yaounde has been implemented through CAUPA. The integration of these strategies in urban planners, could help for the challenges of improving people’s welfare. Subsequently, this thesis brings forth the need for a mediation between different stakeholders and contributes to good quality of peri-urban agriculture. The results can therefore enable decision-makers and policy to provide useful information on the importance of this form of agriculture which is not only rising, but also controversial.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Avner, Paolo. "Effectiveness and Political Economy of Climate Change Mitigation Policies at the Urban Scale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0022.
Full textUrbanization is one of the most defining traits of the 21st century with people flocking to cities in massive numbers in developing countries. Given the inertia and path dependence that urban forms display, there is a strong need to get urbanization right today. One key aspect is to ensure low-carbon and sustainable urban futures and avoid carbon-intensive lock-ins, in particular for emissions stemming from urban transport. Technology in the form of more efficient vehicles and alternative fuels currently does not seem to be able to achieve this goal alone. And as urban transport CO2 emissions are partially a by-product of urban forms; land-use, housing and transport policies are increasingly recognized as important levers to curb transport demand and promote soft and collective transport modes which contribute to emission mitigation.However important, reducing CO2 emissions is but one of city policy makers’ objectives: acting on poverty, providing basic services and access to affordable housing to name a few are equally important. So that policies aiming to reduce emissions, that would jeopardize other goals or result in lower welfare levels (mainly through higher housing costs) have low chances of being accepted and implemented. Successful urban-transport climate policies need to be both effective and politically acceptable.Starting from this assessment, this dissertation investigates how a subset of urban, land and transport policies and investments can contribute to curb transport-related CO2 emissions and what are the welfare consequences for households in urban areas. This is done through the development, calibration and application of a micro-economically founded land use – transport model (NEDUM-2D) to real-world urban areas
Rafanell, Carmen. "Cultiver la ville post-socialiste : l’agriculture urbaine à Bucarest, entre héritage rural et transformations urbaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0118.
Full textIn the context of sustainable development challenges, the relationships between cities and food production are being reconfigured. Urban agriculture is emerging as a new tool to address environmental and climate issues, particularly in European cities. Around the 2010s, in Romania, approximately half of the population still produced a portion of their own food—a proportion similar to that of some Western European countries at the time of the establishment of the Common Agricultural Policy. The capital, Bucharest, has a long agricultural heritage that has endured for several centuries through food self-provisioning practices, maintained within domestic spaces or in informally occupied areas. Gardening and livestock farming have served as a means for populations of peasant origin to maintain a connection with the rural world after moving to the city, but they have also represented a survival strategy to cope with shortages and crises, particularly at the end of the socialist period and during the post-socialist transition.This urban geography thesis aims to analyze these urban agricultural practices through the lens of an ever-changing post-socialist city—the capital of one of the last countries to join the European Union. The thesis examines the residents' ability to perpetuate and renew practices and ways of dwelling derived from the rural world in a context marked by significant land, social, and economic constraints. By analyzing how conflicts emerge around urban agriculture between distinct ways of conceiving, practicing, and inhabiting the city, the thesis contributes to a broader reflection on vernacular modes of appropriation of urban space.The thesis combines a qualitative approach inspired by ethnography, including interviews, observation, mapping, and remote sensing. From a critical perspective, this approach places central emphasis on the actors—residents, institutional bodies, and private entities—who shape the city, and on the multi-scalar dynamics generated by the transition to a market economy and the adoption of a neoliberal governance model. The study of textual and archival sources enriches the analysis of recent developments with a historical perspective spanning several centuries.A diachronic approach reveals a historical concern of urban governments with the rural aspect of Bucharest, resulting in policies aimed at regulating agricultural activities or pushing them out of the city. This stance of urban elites continued after 1989, leading to a profound reconfiguration of the role of agriculture within the city. Urban sprawl, building densification, and permissive urban regulations have reduced the share of agricultural land, while lifestyle changes associated with the emergence of mass consumption have contributed to the abandonment of certain agricultural activities. The emergence of new community garden initiatives around the 2010s, which are more compliant with urban policies and modeled on Western examples, has led to competition among different models of urban agriculture.This thesis contributes to a better understanding of agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe. By challenging the notion that food self-provisioning practices there represent only a means of survival9for poor populations, it underscores the necessity of considering cultural heritage and the underlying attachments to the maintenance of these practices
Guillain, Rachel. "Villes et échanges d'informations." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOE022.
Full textCarvalho, de Franca Filho Genauto. "Sociétés en mutation : le phénomène de l'économie solidaire en question, l'expérience des "régies de quartier" au carrefour des logiques diverses." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA070096.
Full textThe present work discusses about the reality of a solidarity's economy searching to comprehend the singularity of that phenomenon. This discussion is centered, in particular, in the French acceptation term, concerning to the European context, in a larger point of view. It considers, in this phenomenon analysis, its inscription in a social dynamics around of the idea of the new solidarity forms, aiming to reflect it linking to the context of a new social question in France. Reason because of that are also treated (in a indirectly way), in this work, some themes like the exclusion question, the new urban management politics, the "banlieue" subject and the social insertion problem. These subjects are considered as preliminary elements to the comprehension not only of general subject of this thesis (solidarity's economy), but to one of their forms of solid manifesting of the reality also. It means to say this work still contains a case study, including, at the same time, the net of "régies de quartier" in France (particular kind of association considered as a insertion mechanism into the economic activity by the state) and one of their solids experiences : the "régie quartier" "Collinet Services", localized in the city of Meaux (surrounding the east Paris ). At the conclusion of this work, it interrogates the universal reach of that phenomenon, reflecting about the context of the new social situation in Brazil. The objective is to try tracking the singularity of a Brazilian solidarity's economy
KACEM, ABDELJAOUED. "Le metabolisme des villes : une approche eco energetique." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010016.
Full textThe concept of metabolism includes two main ideas : metabolism of functionning (part one), and metabolism of growth. (part two). The functionning urban metabolism allows to set up some indicators and to show the ability of energy to structure the urban space (urbanization, size, and metabolic costs). The second concept enables us to study the growth of cities and how to control it. We show how tunnel effect, integrating economic, energetic and social spheres, adjusts the growth of cities and secures its sustainable development
Torres, Emmanuel. "Le cadre de vie urbain : essai d'une économie de la qualité." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50374-1998-201.pdf.
Full textThe rise of environment problems in cities will require in the years to come an important wave of investments in public and private sector in a context of an increasing social demand of quality. This prospect calls for an economic approach of urban environment. This research proposes to bring new implements to theories of environment economy based at present on the concept of "sustainable development", in order to deal specifically with the urban and local problems of environment. A relative and social conception of environment is used and the quality of this environment is considered as a local public good "coproduced" by urban planning and production actors, and by citizens themselves. We take stock of the possibilities of a monetary evaluation of the quality of urban environment, before to use a multicriteria evaluation approach connected to a local actors decision theory. The conditions of coordination and the regulation of urban actors behaviour are analyzed in relation to this quality. Some theoretical implements proposed in the research are applied to an empiric case : the agglomeration of boulogne in nord pasde-calais
Orange, Gérald. "Les stratégies non budgétaires des villes." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN0542.
Full textThrough this research we tried to answer the following question : to what extent can management-science, a subject that is practically ignored when trying to find the reasons for urban unrest, provide guidelines for the people in charge ? More precisely, this thesis attempts to bring an answer to a fundamental problem : can the thinking going on about strategies as applied to businesses - and more generally to organizations - be transferred to towns which represent a complex non-trade body ? This research exposes an urban pattern-system which defines five categories of relevant agents : dwellers, organisations, markets, middlemen and the leading coalition. By studying the way those five groups interrelate, we came to identify seven town-patterns and set up a diagram of urban dynamics. This dynamics accounts for urban phenomena that are based on external effects, also termed concentration flows. Within the frame of decision-making processes towards a planned future, leading coalitions in towns implicitly work out generic strategies bearing on three basic components : dwellers, organisations and markets. On account of these strategies the town is faced with five specific risks, related to electoral risk. This strategic working out may also pertain to non-budgetary sources, six categories of which can be traced. We have tried to present a new vision of strategic urban planning. Finally, our conception of the strategic steering of the town has led us to tackle the issue of control and to prefer reversible policies involving more re-usable investments, thus preserving opportunities for reconversion
Cauquil, Xavier. "La ville et l'entreprise aujourd'hui en Europe : conceptualisation et catégorisation des initiatives locales de développement économique." Montpellier 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON30023.
Full textMéchin, Aude. "La capacité urbaine d'attraction et d'ancrage des établissements : une approche par les ressources dynamiques." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN0599.
Full textLequien, Isabelle-Marie. "Versailles 1830-1870, société et économie." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040278.
Full textWith the upheaval of the French revolution and the fall of Charles the 10th, Versailles found itself in a critical situation. Its population dropped from 51000 inhabitants in 1790 to 28500 in 1831 and with the departure of the king there was also a sharp financial loss. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the city's reactions and the means used to enable its development. The first part of this work deals with censuses. The 1851's census has been closely examined to investigate the city's demographic and housing characteristics. We then analysed the administrative, religious and military organization. The municipality strengthened the town by aspiring to renewal and modernization through the policies of a succession of mayors political changes were welcome within opportunistic limits and as far as the mayors could protect their own interest. In spite of expanding ultramontanism the relationship between laic and religious authorities remained casual. Moreover the garrison maintained its determinative role on the city's growth. Several documents attest to economic activity. The characteristics of the working population were those belonging to stokeholders'city. They included few industries employing mainly temporary workers. Economic growth remained precarious and touristic activities were predominant. In the last part of our work we analysed aspects of everyday life, leisure, transportation, press, criminality and finally the response to historical events. […]
Baumont, Catherine. "Contribution à l'analyse des espaces urbains multicentriques : la localisation résidentielle : étude théorique et empirique." Dijon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990DIJOE004.
Full textThe thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to the analysis of multicenter urban spaces integration in spatial analysis. Both fuzzy and non fuzzy characteristics of them are taken into account. In the second part we try to solve the problem of spatial equilibrium of household in a multicenter urban pattern and we construct two models : a standard model and a fuzzy model. Then in the third part we present an econometric study based on the models described in the second part. Dijon is the urban area chosen for the test. The fuzzy approach allows us to bring an interesting economoc solution of household location in multicenter urban spaces
Raze, Jean-François. "La croissance urbaine : de la primauté des coûts à la localisation des équipements publics : l'application aux piscines municipales de Limoges." Limoges, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIMO0492.
Full textBusson, Henri. "Four essays on location choice : theoretical and experimental studies." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1G019.
Full textSeveral problems such as spatial inequalities between regions and spatial segregation within cities arise from households’ location choices. The purpose of this dissertation is to address these problems with theoretical and experimental studies. To begin, a laboratory experiment has been conducted in order to understand under which conditions different urban structures emerge. Indeed, in the U.S., spatial segregation occurs and the richer households are located in the suburbs while the poor ones are located downtown. The opposite pattern is observed in several major European cities. It appears in our study that the ratio ‘transportation costs/demand for land’ is a key factor for explaining these two types of segregation. Then, a theoretical model is used to reproduce several types of urban structures, where poor and rich households are located in the same neighborhoods. The theory predicts that policy interventions can lead to very different outcome. Then, the spatial distribution of human capital among regions is studied. Because skilled workers are mainly attracted toward wealthier regions, economic growth is lower in the poorer regions and spatial inequalities increase. The theoretical model predicts that it is possible to bring back the skilled workers in poor regions because there exists complementarities between skilled and unskilled workers. Indeed, the presence of unskilled workers enhances skilled workers' productivity, making their return more profitable. To finish, a laboratory experiment has been conducted to study consumers' behavior. Because in New Economic Geography models, the existence of a representative consumer is often assumed. The relevance of this hypothesis is tested. It appears that the existing models do not take enough into account heterogeneity in tastes among the consumers
Lévêque, Christophe. "Four essays in urban economics and political economy." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10007.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to contribute to the study of interactions among individuals within cities. It contains four empirical case studies which reflect a focus on three main themes. Namely, (1) residential segregation, (2) local politics and (3) the behavior of real estate agents. The literature on residential segregation investigates the extent to which different population groups living in the same area are able to interact with each other. Within this branch of studies, the impact of industrialization and labor market shocks on the diversity of neighborhoods and inter-group segregation remains an open question. It is the key question of the first chapter of this thesis, which is co-authored with professor Saleh. We document the consequences of two early industrialization waves on the residential segregation between Muslims and non-Muslims in nineteenth century Cairo. These early industrialization waves led to the opening and closure of large state firms. We relate changes in inter-group isolation to the massive arrival of unskilled workers who were predominantly Muslims in the proximity of these state firms. Through this first project, we show that policies enacted within cities affect the ability of individuals to interact. Conversely, relationships among individuals have an impact on local politics. For instance, Vignon (2014) recalls that in small villages, rivalries between persons and families play an important role during French municipal elections. In the second chapter, I show that family networks play an important role during these elections, even in large cities. It appears that more than 40% of lists competing during municipal elections in cities with more than 3,500 inhabitants are composed by several individuals from the same family. Moreover, voters seem to react when several members of the same family are registered on the same lists: these lists obtain fewer votes than lists which do not rely on family networks. I discuss several mechanisms which can explain this finding and I show that it does not reduce to a selection issue whereby only inefficient list leaders rely on family networks. On the contrary, it is possible that voters sanction risks of nepotism. In another chapter (chapter 3), I study whether the emission of building permits is biased in favor of individuals who supported the mayor during the municipal elections of 2008. I find that political supporters of municipal majorities (and their families) obtain more building permits than political supporters of other lists. I discuss whether this result is related to sorting of individuals among lists of candidates and how it is related to incentives of local politicians. I find that the difference in the obtaining of building permits is exacerbated in cities with a low level of political competition. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis focuses on the behavior of real estate agents. Previous investigations (such as, for instance, Levitt and Syverson, 2008) detect an agency problem between real-estate agents and sellers. The former group prefers to sell housings faster (and cheaper) than the latter one. As a consequence, agents might be tempted to minimize housing values when they give advices to sellers. In a joint work with professor Cherbonnier, we show that competition may partly solve this agency problem and that, on the contrary, ability to coordinate leads real-estate agents to minimize housing values, which translate into lower listing and selling prices
Paulus, Fabien. "Coévolution dans les systèmes de villes : croissance et spécialisation des aires urbaines françaises de 1950 à 2000." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008053.
Full textA l'aide de la définition des Aires Urbaines, proposée par l'INSEE, nous montrons que la concentration pluriséculaire de la population dans le système des villes s'est poursuivie. En outre la composante régionale de la répartition de la croissance urbaine, favorisant les villes du sud, s'est accentuée entre 1950 et 2000, si bien que des trajectoires spécifiques de villes se dessinent.
L'évolution des spécialisations économiques est par la suite appréciée à l'aide d'analyses multivariées. Celles-ci soulignent la permanence d'une différenciation ancienne des villes, trace de l'inégale diffusion des innovations de la première révolution industrielle. Les modalités d'adaptation des villes au changement économique, qui maintient une structure ancienne, traduisent la coévolution des villes dans le système. Mais nous montrons aussi l'émergence et le renforcement d'une dimension métropolitaine qui combine, pour la première fois dans l'histoire urbaine, taille des villes et spécialisation économique : les plus grandes villes se démarquent en captant préférentiellement les activités emblématiques du cycle d'innovation économique actuel. Ces résultats laissent entrevoir la possibilité d'une modification structurelle.
Lrhoula, Yahya. "Secteur informel et développement économique : contribution à l'étude de l'économie urbaine dans les pays du Tiers-Monde." Aix-Marseille 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX32037.
Full textThe third world is often considered to be a developing world. That is to say a world in a transitional phase aiming towards what developed countries are today however, the notion of "similar path models" must be rejected. It is not a question of a developing world, but of underveloped countries with their own characteristics and inherent mechanisms which we must enumerate. In an urban context one cannot help but notice the great importance of the socalled "non structured" sector in the development process as a whole, the existence of this sector is not a recent phenomenon (the major characteristic of every underdeveloped economy being a high degree of structural heterogeneity). What is new however is the increased awareness of its extraordinary development. Until very recently it was thought that economic development would, sooner or later, lead to the appearance of a modern sector in the economy large enough to absorb any increase in the working population. The "informal" activities would disappear, and those employed in it would be absorbed by the nocent modern sector. However, the migration of people from the country to the towns was much higher that expected. This led to a profound transformation of the urban landscape and the creation of a very "segmented" employment market. All these characteristics enabled the "nonstructured" sector to appear as a structural phenomenon, and not as a transitional one. Certain official circles have even started to examine which amoungst its activities can be assisted and by what means. The problem of the dynamism of the "informal" sector is thus posed, and has become one of the essential elements in the choice of any strategy for economic development. This dynamism can have an evolutive or an "non-evolutive" character, depending on whether the internal adaptation takes place in a situation where production and accumulation of capital remain stationary, or in a situation where they are increasing
Girard, Marion. "Densités urbaines et analyse économique des choix résidentiels." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOE007/document.
Full textThe thesis is focused on urban growth control challenge through the Compact City model and its key spatial characteristic: the density. This work deals both with a theoretical, methodological and empirical approach. First, we place ourselves in the theoretical framework of Urban Economic addressing agents’ location choices. We mobilize these theories to identify the key determinants of residential location (employment center, spatial amenities, housing’s service) and analyze the spatial organization that follows (dense or spread). This literature leads us to consider different types of density: structural density, population density and social density. This thesis highlights various methodological challenges associated with the treatment and analysis of urban densities and proposes a more accurate measure of the intensity of space occupancy, the net density ratio. To illustrate this results, we realize two empirical studies on the agglomeration of Grand Dijon. The first is a typology on Dijon urban area neighborhoods that links density levels to theoretical determinants of residential location. The second empirical study implements the method of hedonic prices applied to housing. Relying on the methods and tools of spatial econometrics, we estimate the valuation of the density on the Grand Dijon and identify the conditions for its acceptance by individuals. This thesis sheds light on the conditions of realization and acceptance of current planning policies aiming at achieving Compact City
Amara, Mohamed. "Inégalités spatiales et développement local en Tunisie." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010657.
Full textKhouri-Dagher, Nadia. "Approvisionnement alimentaire et ordre social en Égypte dans les années 80 : l'État, le peuple des villes et la gestion du quotidien." Paris, EHESS, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EHES0135.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the survival strategies of the poor in cairo, and the political risk associated with the hardships of daily life and with the retreat of the welfarestate, through an analysis of access to food, which represents the major part of an egyptian household budget. The research is based notably on an anthropological survey carried out in the popular neighborhood of mansheyet nasser in cairo, in the 80's. In egypt the state presents itself to it citizen as a "feeder-state", notably through heavy subsidies to basic food items, and in particular to bread. Being poor is costly in cairo: the poor often pay more for the basic goods and services; have lesser access to those resources subsidized by the govenment; and are marginalized vis-a-vis the parallel but essential networks of non-monetary exchanges and black market. Their survival strategies heavily rely on the households social networks, which extend from the village to the neighborhood mosque. The self-representations that the poor develop also constitute a major help. Faced with popular discontent, the egyptian state answers through the media and press, which have become the place of a dialogue with the citizen that has an important political function. But foremost, the state, through a heavy subsidy to bread, with represents 40% of the daily caloric intake, succeeds in presenting itself as warrant of the food security, i. E. Of the material security, of its eitizen. But because food subsidies are the only left piece of nasserian heritage
Khalifa, Najib. "Les effets de débordement des biens publics locaux : modéles théoriques et tests empiriques." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON10019.
Full textThe supply of local public goods and services by a central city of an agglomeration is non-optimal if a part of the benefits from these goods and services goes to the suburbs without financial contribution in return. This phenomena is called in the litterature "querelle de la centralite" (suburban central cities exploitation) this work has two objectives, the first one is to explore theoretically the origin of this thesis and to expose the lessons on the ways to solve this problem. The second one is to test its validity in the french case and to point out the effects of this exploitation on the residents of central cities
Mougeot, Christelle. "Les apports de l'économie de l'information et des incitations à l'analyse des corporations artisanales médiévales." Nancy 2, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc143/2002NAN20007.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to define the role of craft guilds in the emergence and extension of the medieval european markets. It comes within the framework of the New Economic History which uses explicitly the economic theory to interpret history. The contributions of the economics of information are particularly successful in analysing an organization as complex as the medieval craft guilds. Asymmetric information about product quality explains the logical birth of these organizations by highlighting their positive role in the structuralization of markets and the definition of regulating rules in industrial and commercial activities. Adverse selection and moral hazard allow to justify the relevance of the medieval agents choice to resort to an organization rather than the market. The contrast between this essay and the conventional monopolistic wisdom could not be starker. Usually described as inefficient cartels, we show that craft guilds mitigated the failings of the medieval markets. At first, they encouraged men to make mutually advantageous trades ; trades they would not have made if guilds had not mitigated adverse selection and moral hazard. Then, complex interactions between authorities, merchant guilds and craft guilds removed to these last ones the possibility of implementing monopoly policy. Finally, these organizations contributed to create an institutional structure favourable for human capital accumulation and technological innovation. This new view contends craft guilds encouraged commerce and increased economic efficiency
Mansouri, Yassine. "La localisation des activités productives : les tensions entre forces centrifuges et forces centripètes." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326119.
Full textGuironnet, Antoine. "La financiarisation du capitalisme urbain : Marchés immobiliers tertiaires et politiques de développement urbain dans le Grand Paris et le Grand Lyon, les projets des Docks de Saint-Ouen et du Carré de Soie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1093/document.
Full textMyriads of urban objects and spaces located in city-regions have turned into financial assets. Office buildings, shopping malls, student dwellings, and large utilities are purchased by investment funds and listed property companies, which seek to capitalise on the future income streams based on their use by firms and people. Urban redevelopment and financial markets are thus intertwined through the financing circuits of property markets. By analysing the interactions between the financial strategies of real estate asset managers and the urban development policies of city governments, the thesis sets out to analyse this financialisation of urban capitalism. In order to question their power relationships and their socio-spatial and material outcomes, it develops a comparison between two large-scale, mixed-use urban redevelopment projects located in the Greater Paris and Greater Lyon areas. The comparison is based on the investigation of the projects, commercial real estate fairs where they are showcased to investors, and metropolitan strategies.Despite different local agendas, both projects leads to the production of standardised and spatially clustered commercial real estate buildings whose access is limited to a restricted set of tenants, thus strongly constraining urban redevelopment policies. Such characteristics correspond to the selective expectations of asset managers, whose investment standards are circulated by real estate brokers and developers to city governments. They result from different processes, which involve more or less conflicts according to local agendas. Faced with intense opposition from developers, the city of Saint-Ouen had to back on several key goals of the project, whereas the redevelopment of the Carre de Soie was undertaken on the basis of a strong consensus between local developers and the Greater Lyon metropolitan authority. In order to account for these differences, the thesis identifies two local configurations conducive of financialisation. In Saint-Ouen’s Docklands case, weak regulation at the city-region scale between cities competing to attract businesses contributes to localised power relationships; their results depend in turn from the combination between priority-setting, redevelopment financing and land materiality. In the Carre de Soie case, the institutionalisation of a property-led policy carried out by the metropolitan executive and its economic development staff has organised the circulation of investment standards at the city-region scale, thereby enhancing their impact on urban redevelopment.Based on these results, the thesis offers an urban political economy of the financialisation of urban production which, compared to Marxian theory, highlights the role of real estate asset managers and pays attention to the mediations of such a process. It also contributes to theories of urban power by emphasising the limited explanatory power of local agendas on the selective effects of financialisation. Eventually, it discusses how, under specific circumstances, an urban financialised coalition emerges
Cuvelier, Laurent. "La ville captivée : affichage et économie de l’attention à Paris au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0034.
Full textParis in the XVIIIth century was characterized by important evolutions in consumerism and exchanges. In this context, commercial posters and personal ads started to compete with state public writings and libels on display in previous centuries. They were instrumental in creating a new form of urban attention, which was not only based on sounds and spoken langage, but also on visual and written signs. This attention economy caused a change in the printing trade, giving birth to professional bill-stickers or information entrepreneurs. It was also linked to typographic techniques and to street furniture designed to catch the Parisians’ attention and to occupy some city places. In that context, urban authorities took steps to control the walls to challenge the attention-seeking posters. In that respect, the XVIIIth century marks the origin of a long history of poster regulation in France. If today, bill-posting is linked to over-saturated urban landscapes and to alienating advertisements, when considered in the Parisian streets of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, they reveal how powerful posters were at the time. They were thought of as a device, a deceiving one indeed, but one structuring the urban experience, an educational device allowing to spread information about the rules and the law to as many people as possible, or a medium to get involved in the democratic public sphere which is gaining ground in 1789. This study will analyze the way citizens engage with the city and their use of the public sphere
Verbavatz, Vincent. "Modélisation des systèmes urbains." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASP066.
Full textCities surprise and interest a large and long-standing scientific community of economists, sociologists, geographers and historians, in which physicists and mathematicians also have their word. Cities are surprising because they exist, which is anything but obvious and reflects the essential fact that individuals are prone to group together. Cities are interesting because they are developing to the point where they have become the primary context of human life on Earth, and understanding them properly has become a global issue. Finally, it is critical to note that cities are similar across civilizations despite the multiplicity of individualities that underlie them.The urban phenomenon and the empirical similarities between the cities of the world invite us to look for common causes: this is the grounding reason for a science of cities in which we place ourselves. Our quantitative work is unique in its methodology, which stems from statistical physics, but threefold in its objectives.We focus on urban demography, the main variable of urban systems, of which we study both the static distribution and the dynamic evolution, proposing a new law of urban growth.We also study the social dynamics of cities, which characterize the economic interactions between individuals and the dynamics of segregation and gentrification. Finally, we aim at describing urban transportation, the networks on which cities rely, and quantify the non-trivial environmental and economic consequences of the interplay between private and public transport
Curien, Rémi. "Services essentiels en réseaux et fabrique urbaine en Chine : la quête d’une environnementalisation dans le cadre d’un développement accéléré : enquêtes à Shanghai, Suzhou et Tianjin." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1191.
Full textEnvironmentalising the country's development without significantly changing the pace of economic and urban growth: such is the difficult challenge set since 2006 by the Chinese authorities to deal with the increasing pressure bearing on natural environment and major environmental damage caused by accelerated development. China is probably the only country in the world where a goal of energy and environmental sobriety in the provision of urban utilities (water, waste-water, electricity, gas, heating, waste management) is so vigorously sought in circular economy policies, more specifically in eco-industrial parks and eco-cities projects, in the context of a strong and extended economic and urban development. Based on an investigation conducted in Shanghai, Suzhou and Tianjin, three cities at the forefront of transformations in China, and combined with a study of the national framework and the overall situation in the country, the thesis aims to analyze the substance and the forms of the urban utilities' environmentlisation implemented in China. Our research shows that the ambitious Chinese policies of urban utilities' environmentalisation leads in the cities to a partial improvement in the environmental quality of their provision, while the horizon of sobriety and circular economy remains distant. The prevalence of the developmentalist urban fabric stands structurally in the way of the emergence of resources reuse-oriented alternative technical systems to conventional networks. The urban utilities' environmentalisation path taken in the Chinese cities is too technocentric and too exogenous to urban planning for the environmentalisation and especially the quest for sobriety to be more substantial. Operationally, these findings encourage a greater integration of utilities' provision issues in the planning and development of cities, both in China and beyond the Chinese context