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Journal articles on the topic 'Economy ancient near-east'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Foster, Benjamin R., and Melinda A. Zeder. "Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East." American Journal of Archaeology 97, no. 3 (July 1993): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506373.

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2

Joffe, Alexander H. "Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East. Melinda A. Zeder." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 55, no. 2 (April 1996): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373803.

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3

Krikh, Sergey. "Assyriology and Stalinism: Soviet Historiography and the Invention of Slavery in the Ancient Near East." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 3, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2017-0002.

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AbstractThis article analyzes the main reasons why Soviet historiography developed a theory that the ancient Near East was characterized by an economy based on slavery. It explores the interplay of external and internal factors leading to the special role of Assyriology in that process, particularly through the work of the Russian and Soviet orientalist Vasiliy Struve.

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4

Stein, Gil. ": Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East . Melinda A. Zeder, Robert McC. Adams, Bruce D. Smith." American Anthropologist 95, no. 1 (March 1993): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1993.95.1.02a00550.

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5

Moyer, Ian. "Golden Fetters and Economies of Cultural Exchange." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 6, no. 1 (2006): 225–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921206780602645.

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AbstractIn W. Burkert's Orientalizing Revolution, itinerant craftsmen and other specialists moving from East to West are the primary vector for the movement of Near Eastern ideas and practices to the Greek world in the archaic period. In this model, the incentive for movement is a choice between western economic freedom and the despotism of eastern palace-centered economies. When set in the context of theoretical debates over the ancient economy, and particularly the important studies of C. Grottanelli and C. Zaccagnini on the mobility of specialists, Burkert's model appears to accept that modern divisions between eastern and western economies were also salient for ancient actors. This supposition is tested through a reexamination of Herodotus' story of the Greek doctor Democedes and the golden fetters awarded to him by Darius (Histories 3.125, 129-137). Though Herodotus uses the symbol of "golden fetters" as a focal point for the construction of cultural difference, parallel Greek and Egyptian evidence of specialists in royal service suggests that such gifts could also function as cross-cultural prestige items, and that the royal economies in which they circulated could facilitate and even stimulate the adoption and dissemination of notionally foreign ideas and practices.

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6

O'Connor, T. P. "Feeding cities: Specialized animal economy in the ancient near east. M. A. Zeder, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1991. ISBN 0-87474-996-4. £34.95." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390030111.

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7

Houston, Walter. "‘Justice and Right’: Biblical Ethics and the Regulation of Capitalism." De Ethica 2, no. 3 (January 28, 2016): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/de-ethica.2001-8819.15237.

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The Hebrew expression in the Old Testament mishpat u-tsedaqa, conventionally translated ‘justice and righteousness’, has a particular application to the social responsibility of the king. The state, in the person of the king, is seen in the Old Testament as having an obligation to exercise its power on behalf of the most vulnerable. This may be illustrated by the widespread evidence from the ancient Near East of administrative and judicial action undertaken by kings to cancel debts, provide for the release of debt slaves, remit taxes, order the return of distrained property, and so forth. Although the impact of such measures would have been limited, and the tradition is attenuated in later levels of the text, the ideal of the state as the protector of the poor may be applied to the state’s relationship with the modern capitalist economy. It demands that the economy should be regulated to protect the most vulnerable against the impoverishment resulting from its transformation by globalized capitalism. The reality, however, especially in the UK and the US, is that the state colludes with capitalism to increase inequality and deepen poverty.

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8

Chao, ChihCheng T., and Robert R. Krueger. "The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Overview of Biology, Uses, and Cultivation." HortScience 42, no. 5 (August 2007): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.5.1077.

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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the oldest fruit crops grown in the arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and the Middle East. The most probable area of origin of the date palm was in or near what is now the country of Iraq, but date cultivation spread to many countries starting in ancient times. Dates are a major food source and income source for local populations in the Middle East and North Africa, and play significant roles in the economy, society, and environment in these areas. In addition to serving directly as a food source, dates are packed and processed in a number of ways, and other parts of the tree are used for various purposes. The date palm is a diploid, perennial, dioecious, and monocotyledonous plant adapted to arid environments. It has unique biological and developmental characteristics that necessitate special propagation, culture, and management techniques. Thousands of date palm cultivars and selections exist in different date-growing countries. Different genetic marker systems have been used to study genetic relationships among date palm cultivars. The long life cycle, long period of juvenility, and dioecism of date palms make breeding challenging. Worldwide date production has grown from 1,809,091 t in 1962 to 6,924,975 t in 2005. Worldwide date production will continue to grow, especially in the Middle East, despite current and future challenges.

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9

Chorievna, Gulmira Kattaeva. "The Lapis Lazuli Beads In Sapalli Culture And Ancient Near East." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue01-95.

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Lapis lazuli is one of the most attractive semi-precious stones. Due to its peculiar blue color and its rareness, it has been used since the Neolithic Period for the manufacturing of precious objects and jewels (beads, gems, seals, small decorative artworks, etc.). Scientific analysis of jewelry which was made of the lapis lazuli can help to explore deeper cultural, economic, and political relations between the ancient oases of Central Asia and the Ancient Eastern civilizations. In this article, it is cited scientific pieces of evidence about the earliest and still existing deposits of lapis lazuli sources and the ancient lapis lazuli jewelry. On top of that, it is given scientific information about the types of the lapis lazuli beads which was found from the monuments of Sapalli culture in the part of the Ancient Eastern Civilization such as Sapallitepa, Djarkutan, Mulali, Bustan VI, and also Central Asia.

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10

Hesse, Brian. "Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East. Melinda A. Zeder. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1991. xviii + 280 pp., figures, plates, tables, references, index. ’45.00 (cloth)." American Antiquity 59, no. 1 (January 1994): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3085525.

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11

Mazow, Laura B. "Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, edited by Catherine Breniquet and Cécile Michel. Ancient Textiles Series 17. Oxford: Oxbow, 2014. ix + 400 pp., figs. Hardback £38." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 381 (May 2019): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/702933.

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12

Postgate, J. N., and M. Silver. "Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East." Vetus Testamentum 37, no. 4 (October 1987): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1517592.

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13

Foster, Benjamin R., and Morris Silver. "Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East." American Historical Review 93, no. 1 (February 1988): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1865702.

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14

Shennan, Stephen J., and Sebastian Payne. "Review of Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, by K. M. S. Allen, S. W. Green and E. B. W. Zubrow and Feeding Cities: Specialised Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East, by M. A. Zeder." Journal of Archaeological Science 20, no. 2 (March 1993): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1993.1016.

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15

Payne, Richard E. "Sex, Death, and Aristocratic Empire: Iranian Jurisprudence in Late Antiquity." Comparative Studies in Society and History 58, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 519–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417516000165.

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AbstractIn the Iranian Empire (226–636 CE), jurists drawn from the ranks of the Zoroastrian priestly elite developed a complex of institutions designed to guarantee the reproduction of aristocratic males as long as the empire endured. To overcome the high rate of mortality characteristic of preindustrial demographic regimes, they aimed to maximize the fertility rate without compromising their endogamous ideals through the institutions of reproductive coercion, temporary marriage, and “substitute-successorship.” Occupying a position between the varieties of monogamy and polygyny hitherto practiced in the Ancient Near East, the Iranian organization of sex enabled elites not only to reproduce their patrilineages reliably across multiple generations, but also to achieve an appropriate ratio of resources to number of offspring. As the backbone of this juridical architecture, the imperial court became the anchor of aristocratic power, and ruling and aristocratic dynasties became increasingly intertwined and interdependent, forming the patrilineal networks of the “Iranians”—the agents and beneficiaries of Iranian imperialism. The empire's aristocratic structure took shape through a sexual economy: the court created and circulated sexual and reproductive incentives that incorporated elite males into its network that was, thanks to its politically enhanced inclusive fitness, reliable and reproducible. In demonstrating the centrality of Zoroastrian cosmology to the construction and operation of the relevant juridical institutions, I seek to join the approaches of evolutionary biology and cultural anthropology to reproduction that have been pursued in opposition, to account for the historical role of sex in the consolidation of the Iranian Empire.

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16

Collins, Paul. "A HISTORY OF THE NEAR EAST - M. Liverani The Ancient Near East. History, Society and Economy. Translated by Soraia Tabatabai . Pp. xxiv + 619, figs, ills, maps. London and New York: Routledge, 2014 (originally published as Antico Oriente, 1988). Paper, £35.99, US$59.95 (Cased, £140, US$220). ISBN: 978-0-415-67906-0 (978-0-415-67905-3 hbk)." Classical Review 65, no. 1 (January 14, 2015): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x14003060.

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17

Barfield, Thomas. ": Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East . Morris Silver." American Anthropologist 89, no. 1 (March 1987): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.1.02a00600.

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18

Schwartz, Glenn M. "Economy and Settlement in the Near East: Analyses of Ancient Sites and Materials. Naomi F. Miller, editor. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, supplement to Vol. 7. Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1990. 88 pp., figures, tables, references. No price given." American Antiquity 59, no. 4 (October 1994): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282362.

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19

Schwartz, Glenn M., Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow, Robert K. Englund, and Paul Larsen. "Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient near East." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 26, no. 4 (1996): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205069.

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20

Heimpel, Wolfgang, Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow, Robert K. Englund, and Paul Larsen. "Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East." Technology and Culture 36, no. 1 (January 1995): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106362.

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21

Powell, Marvin A., Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow, Robert K. Englund, and Paul Larsen. "Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East." Journal of the American Oriental Society 115, no. 3 (July 1995): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606265.

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22

Berg, Chris. "What Diplomacy in the Ancient Near East Can Tell Us About Blockchain Technology." Ledger 2 (December 18, 2017): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2017.104.

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A blockchain is an institutional technology—a protocol—that allows for economic coordination between agents separated by boundaries of possible mistrust. Blockchains are not the only technology in history to have these characteristics. The paper looks at the role of the diplomatic protocol at the very beginning of human civilisation in the ancient near east. These two protocols—diplomatic and blockchain—have significant similarities. They were created to address to similar economic problems using similar mechanisms: a permanent record of past dealings, public and ritualistic verification of transactions, and game-theoretic mechanisms of reciprocity. The development of the diplomatic protocol allowed for the creation of the first international community and facilitated patterns of peaceful trade and exchange. Some questions about a generalised ‘protocol economics’ are drawn.

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23

Warburton, David. "BEFORE THE IMF: THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF UNINTENTIONAL STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN ANCIENT EGYPT." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43, no. 2 (2000): 65–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852000511240.

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AbstractDebate about states and markets in the Bronze Age world has directed attention away from their roles and thus away from the way these economies functioned. The ancient Egyptian state assigned fields to its dependents and stimulated demand by spending and taxation. Markets and market forces were responsible for the allocation and distribution of materials in the ancient Near East from the end of the third millennium. Growth did not result from technological improvement or market competition so much as from demand stimulus, as in the modern world, suggesting that demand is more important than supply.

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24

Sharp, Carolyn J. "Of Fields and Forced Labor." Horizons in Biblical Theology 38, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712207-12341327.

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Biblical narratives about ostensibly “local” barter (Abraham’s purchase of the cave at Machpelah), protection of battle spoils (Achan’s theft and subsequent execution), and commodification of labor and bodies (Ruth gleaning for hours and offering herself to Boaz) reveal much about ideologies of economic control operative in ancient Israel. The materialist analysis of Roland Boer provides a richly detailed study of Israelite agrarian and tributary practices, offering a salutary corrective to naïve views of Israelite economic relations. Highlighting labor as the most ruthlessly exploited resource in the ancient Near East, Boer examines the class-specific benefits and sustained violence of economic formations from kinship-household relations to militarized extraction. Boer’s erudite study will compel readers to look afresh at the subjugation of the poor and plundering of the powerless as constitutive features of diverse economic practices throughout the history of ancient Israel.

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25

Zaccagnini. "Legal and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Deprivation of Clothes in the Ancient Near East." Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte / Journal for Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Law 26 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/zeitaltobiblrech.26.2020.0037.

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26

Neale, Walter C., and David W. Tandy. "Ancient and Medieval - Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East. By Morris Silver. Totowa: Barnes & Noble Books, 1986. Pp. x, 211. $28.50." Journal of Economic History 48, no. 2 (June 1988): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700005118.

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27

Ladynin, Ivan A. "The Journey Begins: Letter from Vasily Struve to Mikhail Rostovtzev of 25 May 1914." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2020): 1119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-1119-1130.

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The article presents a publication of the letter from Vasily Vasilievich Struve (1889–1965), pioneer in the research of the Ancient Near East societies in the Soviet Union, to Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzev (1870–1952), the prominent Classicist, one of the first scholars in socio-economic history of the Antiquity in pre-revolutionary Russia. The letter was written during Struve’s post-graduate sabbatical in Berlin in 1914; it is stored in the Russian State Historical Archives in St. Petersburg. The document is significant due to its information on Struve’s stay in Berlin and on his contacts with leading German scholars (including Eduard Meyer and Adolf Erman), but it also touches upon a bigger issue. In the early 1930s Struve forwarded his concept of slave-owning mode of production in the Ancient Near East, which was immediately accepted into official historiography, making him a leading theoretician in the Soviet research of ancient history. It has been repeatedly stated in memoirs and in post-Soviet historiography that this concept and, generally speaking, Struve’s interest in socio-economic issues was opportunistic. His 1910s articles on the Ptolemaic society and state published prior to the Russian revolution weigh heavily against this point of view. The published letter contains Struve’s assessment of his future thesis (state institutions of the New Kingdom of Egypt) and puts its topic in the context of current discussions on the Ptolemaic state and society and of his studies in the Rostovtzev’s seminar at the St. Petersburg University. Struve declares the study of Egyptian social structure and connections between its pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic phases his life-task, introduced to him by Rostovtzev. Thus, Struve’s early interest in these issues appears to be sincere; it stems from pre-revolutionary trends in the Russian scholarship.

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28

Vlassopoulos, Kostas. "Greek History." Greece and Rome 66, no. 2 (September 19, 2019): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001738351900010x.

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Ancient Greek history can have no serious future in which the study of slavery does not play a prominent role. But in order to fulfil this role, the study of slavery is in urgent need of new approaches and perspectives. David Lewis’ new book is a splendid contribution in this direction. Lewis stresses the fact that slavery is primarily a relationship of property, and develops a cross-cultural framework for approaching slavery in this manner. Using this framework, he shows that Greek slavery cannot be equated with slavery in classical Athens, but consisted of various epichoric systems of slavery. Spartan helots and Cretanwoikeiswere not serfs or dependent peasants, but slave property with peculiar characteristics, as a result of the peculiar development of these communities. These findings have major implications for the study of Greek slavery. At the same time, he presents a comparative examination of Greek slave systems with slave systems in the ancient Near East (Israel, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, and Carthage). While previous scholarship assumed that slavery in the Near East was marginal, Lewis shows that slaves constituted a major part of elite portfolios in many of these societies. This has revolutionary implications for the comparative study of Mediterranean and Near Eastern history in antiquity. Finally, he presents a model for explaining the role and significance of slavery in different ancient societies, which includes the factors that determine the choice of labour force, as well as the impact of political and economic geography. It is remarkable that an approach to slavery based on a cross-cultural and ahistorical definition of property does not lead to a homogenizing and static account, but on the contrary opens the way for a perspective that highlights geographical diversity and chronological change.

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29

Miller, Daniel. "Objectives and Consequences of the Neo-Assyrian Imperial Exercise." Religion and Theology 16, no. 3-4 (2009): 124–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/102308009x12561890523474.

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AbstractThe Neo-Assyrian Empire was most ascendant in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.E., ultimately controlling most of the ancient Near East before fading from history in 612. Assyrian ideology was predicated on cosmic supremacy of their chief deity Ashur, with the Assyrian monarch considered to be his vice-regent in "world" conquest. Assyrian imperialism may thus be said to have been religious in character. Nevertheless, the impetus for Assyrian domination was not primarily cultic. It was not compulsive desire to make subject peoples worship Ashur, but rather (as with empires in general) political and economic concerns that motivated Assyrian actions.

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Wansbrough, J. "Morris Silver: Economic structures of the ancient Near East [xi] 211 pp. London and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1985.£22.50." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 2 (June 1987): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00049211.

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31

Hamilton, Mark. "At Whose Table? Stories of Elites and Social Climbers in 1-2 Samuel." Vetus Testamentum 59, no. 4 (2009): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004249309x12493729132637.

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Abstract1-2 Samuel and indeed the entire Deuteronomistic History include several stories of elite members of society and their lifeways, concentrating on their use of economic resources, proper self-display as rhetors, and obedience or otherwise to those around them. Like other traditional societies, ancient Israel had a fairly deeply articulated sense of appropriate behavior by such persons. This paper draws on contemporary studies in both anthropology and rhetoric, as well as comparative evidence from the ancient Near East and other Israelite texts, to examine the stories of Nabal (1 Sam 25) and Barzillai (2 Sam 19) in their ancient social settings and locations in 2 Samuel. It argues that stories of such landed gentry reflect the interests of the readers and authors of these texts and reveal part of the social location of the entire DH. As such, they allow us to question a simplistic attribution of these texts either to the royal court or its critics, illustrating the complex interrelationships among various settings in Israelite life.

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32

Sivitskis, Alexander J., Joseph W. Lehner, Michael J. Harrower, Ioana A. Dumitru, Paige E. Paulsen, Smiti Nathan, Daniel R. Viete, et al. "Detecting and Mapping Slag Heaps at Ancient Copper Production Sites in Oman." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2019): 3014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11243014.

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This study presents a new approach for detection and mapping of ancient slag heaps using 16-band multispectral satellite imagery. Understanding the distribution of slag (a byproduct of metal production) is of great importance for understanding how metallurgy shaped long-term economic and political change across the ancient Near East. This study presents results of slag mapping in Oman using WorldView-3 (WV3) satellite imagery. A semi-automated target detection routine using a mixed tuned matched filtering (MTMF) algorithm with scene-derived spectral signatures was applied to 16-band WV3 imagery. Associated field mapping at two copper production sites indicates that WorldView-3 satellite data can differentiate slag and background materials with a relatively high (>90%) overall accuracy. Although this method shows promise for future initiatives to discover and map slag deposits, difficulties in dark object spectral differentiation and underestimation of total slag coverage substantially limit its use. Resulting lower estimations of combined user’s (61%) and producer’s (45%) accuracies contextualize these limitations for slag specific classification. Accordingly, we describe potential approaches to address these challenges in future studies. As sites of ancient metallurgy in Oman are often located in areas of modern exploration and mining, detection and mapping of ancient slag heaps via satellite imagery can be helpful for discovery and monitoring of vulnerable cultural heritage sites.

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33

Dolce, Rita. "Equids as Luxury Gifts at the Centre of Interregional Economic Dynamics in the Archaic Urban Cultures of the Ancient Near East." Syria, no. 91 (June 1, 2014): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.2664.

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34

Ladynin, I. A. "“WORLD EMPIRES” OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C. IN THE THEORETICAL SCHEMES OF SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 1(52) (2021): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-1-118-128.

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A feature of the Near Eastern history, observed in antiquity and in the Middle Ages in the first millennium B.C., is the emergence of vast centralized interregional states succeeding one another. In the late 19th century, the French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero showed that this was a gradual stage of integration of the microregion (following the interaction of the superpowers of the Late Вronze Age), and this point of view was shared by the Russian pre-revolutionary scholars N. Kareev and B. Turaev. Soviet research could not ignore the phenomenon, but had to put it in the context of the Marxist categories of the socio-economic “basis” and the political “superstructure”; oddly, an approach to the problem in the 1930s – 1950s was affected by Stalin’s own words about the transience of “Cyrus’ and Alexander’s empires”. However, starting with the work on the multivolume World History in the mid-1950s, the Near Eastern empires were treated as an important, moreover, a diagnostic feature of the second part of antiquity following the transition to the Iron Age. The paramount role in formulating this point belonged to Igor Diakonoff and his colleagues, who explained the emergence of empires by the processes within the oldest societies of the region (their alleged “crisis” in the late second millennium B.C.) and by the need to integrate the region between the center (irrigational societies) and periphery (regions supplying raw materials). Post-Soviet research has developed the theme rather meagerly. A factor strangely overlooked in the forwarded schemes is the rapid economic development of the Near Eastern societies having entered the Iron Age, which backed the demand for their firm political integration.

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35

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. "Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East. Morris Silver. Barnes and Noble, Totowa, New Jersey, 1985. 211 pp., references, appendix, index. $28.50 (cloth)." American Antiquity 53, no. 2 (April 1988): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281042.

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36

Nemet-Nejat, K. R. "Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. Hans J. Nissen , Peter Damerow , Robert K. Englund , Paul Larsen." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 4 (October 1997): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468584.

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37

Sala, R., J. M. Deom, and D. Clarke. "The karez of the Sauran region of Central Asia." Water Supply 10, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.116.

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A large number of lines of water collection wells were identified by aerial surveys in the arid region near the ancient city of Sauran on the Middle Syr Darya (South Kazakhstan, Central Asia). They are locally called karez, which in Persian means ‘water uplift’. Initially these were assumed to be qanat, a water collection and distribution system that is widespread in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia. Recent surveys discovered more than 100 km of such lines in the Sauran area. The most surprising discovery was that there was no evidence of galleries that might have collapsed due to poor construction or maintenance. The excavations of a series of these wells are described and a new model for water transport and delivery is proposed that takes advantage of the local hydrogeology. The study has historical significance for the reconstruction of water and land use in the Turkestan oasis during the last 2000 years; and the rediscovery of this forgotten technique could have economic significance for modern land reclamation in desert zones.

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38

Hadi Zwaid, Wafaa. "نصوص مسمارية لقروض غير منشورة من سلالة أور الثالثة." Al-Adab Journal, no. 129 (June 15, 2019): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v0i129.571.

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تناول البحث دراسة خمسة نصوص مسمارية لقروض غير منشورة من سلالة أور الثالثة وتحليلها وترجمتها وهي من مجموعة المتحف العراقي, يعود تاريخها الى زمن سلالة أور الثالثة (2012-2004ق.م) تحديدا الى زمن الملكين شوسين (2037- 2029ق.م) وابي سين (2028-2004 ق.م), اما مضامينها فهي قروض بمادتي الشعير(ثلاثة نصوص) الفضة (نصان), والقروض على نوعين قروض بفائدة (ur5 - ra), وقروض بدون فائدة (maš2 - nu - tuk), وقد حددت نسبة الفائدة في القروض 1/3 33% لمادة الشعير و20% لمادة الفضة. (1) نقرأ النص الآتي: e - dnane e - dnin - gír - su - ka 1gur7 - am6 l - ummaki - ke4 ur5 - - k شعير الالهة نانشة وشعير الاله ننكرسو (بمعدل) كور واحد(فرض أنتمينا) (على الفرد الواحد) من سكان أوما كـ (دين ) (كان في أعناقهم) تنتفع منه لكش ينظر: رشيد, فوزي, ترجمات النصوص السومرية الملكية ,بغداد,1985,ص25 و 50 وكذلك: Van de Mieroop,"A history of Near Eastern Debt'',Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East,Maryland,2002,p.62-63 (2) نقرأ النص الآتي: u - níg̃in 21 e ul in - riki a - na e - ur5 - kam المجموع 21 اول مضعف من الشعير في مدينة أوري (أعطي) الشعير كقرض ذو فائدة ينظر: رشيد, فوزي, أقدم الكتابات المسمارية المكتشفة في حوض سد حمرين ,بغداد,1981,ص64 , 95,91

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39

Symington, Dorit. "Late Bronze Age Writing-Boards and their Uses: textual evidence from Anatolia and Syria." Anatolian Studies 41 (December 1991): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642934.

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It has been known from textual sources for some time that besides clay tablets, the traditional writing material in the Ancient Near East, wooden writing-boards were also used by the scribes.M. San Nicolò first drew attention to the fact that writing-boards were widely employed in temple and palace administration in Mesopotamia in the first millennium B.C. and the textual evidence gathered by him was soon to be confirmed archaeologically by the discovery of several such writing-boards at Nimrud. Equally, the existence of wooden writing material in Hittite context has long been established, but no example has ever been found. It is generally thought that private and economic records which are almost totally lacking in the archives at Boǧazköy must have been written on perishable material.The elusive nature of wooden writing-boards manifests itself not only archaeologically by the unlikelihood of their survival but also by the fact that, as a rule, they deserved little mention in the cuneiform texts. Consequently, the quantity of wooden writing material that may have been in use and did not survive is impossible to gauge. Similarly, it would be unwarranted to deduce that centres whose archives have not contributed to the subject, were unfamiliar with writing on wood.

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40

Levin, Christoph. "The Poor in the Old Testament: Some Observations1." Religion and Theology 8, no. 3-4 (2001): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430101x00125.

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AbstractThe positive religious attitude to poverty distinguishes the Old Testament from its environment in the Ancient Near East. According to the worldview held in antiquity, poverty was simply a given fact. In the ancient ideology of kingship, for example, concern for the poor counted as one of the king's special duties; but this concern was designed to preserve the world order, not to change it. The Old Testament view is very different. Prophecy condemns the oppression of the poor in the strongest terms and proclaims Yahweh's comprehensive judgment on their oppressors. Everything thrusts towards change and fundamental remedy. At the same time, the poor (Anawim) count as Yahweh's people in a special sense. It emerges from literary analysis that this special character did not as yet exist in the pre-exilic period. The relevant texts are evidently brief and late ad hoc additions. This is true both of the Torah (Exod 22; Deut 15; 22) and of the prophets (Isa 1-3; Jer; Ezek; Amos; Zeph; Hab; Zech), as well as of the Psalms (passim). There are historical reasons for this. We know from Nehemiah 5 that the impoverishment of wide sections of the population was a problem in the post-exilic community. One possible cause was the economic 'modernisation' which took place in the Persian and Hellenistic period. The poor, who interpreted their fate as the fruit of obedience to the Torah, expected Yahweh to bring about the reversal of that fate, either through the intervention of the Last Judgment or through the coming of the Messiah. As well as Moses (Num 12:3), the Messiah himself (Zech 9:9), was in the end also viewed as being one of the poor.

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41

Ortloff, Charles R. "The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City of Petra (Jordan), 300 bc– ad 300." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15, no. 1 (April 2005): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774305000053.

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The water supply and distribution system of the Nabataean city of Petra in southwestern Jordan has been explored and mapped. Analysis of the system indicates exploitation of all possible water resources using management techniques that balance reservoir storage capacity with continuous flow pipeline systems to maintain a constant water supply throughout the year. Nabataean Petra was founded c. 300 bc; urban development progressed with later Roman administration of the city starting at ad 106; Byzantine occupation continued to the seventh century ad. Trade networks that extended throughout much of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean world intersected at Petra, and brought not only strategic and economic prominence, but also impetus to develop water resources fully to sustain demands of increasing population and city elaboration. City development was influenced by artistic, cultural and technological borrowings from Seleucid, Syro-Phoenician, Greek and Roman civilizations; the Petra water-distribution system included hydraulic technologies derived from these contacts as well as original technical innovations that helped to maintain the high living standard of city dwellers throughout the centuries. Analysis of the Nabataean water network indicates design criteria that promote stable flows and use sequential particle-settling basins to purify potable water supplies. They also promote open channel flows within piping at critical (maximum) flow rates that avoid leakage associated with pressurized systems and have the design function to match the spring supply rate to the maximum carrying capacity of a pipeline. This demonstration of engineering capability indicates a high degree of cognitive skill in solving complex hydraulic problems to ensure a stable water supply and may be posited as a key reason behind the many centuries of flourishing city life.

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Christiansen, Birgit. "Çifçi, Ali:The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. Leiden/Boston: Brill 2017. XX, 354 S., 67 Abb. 8° = Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 89. Hartbd. € 94,00. ISBN 978-90-04-34758-8." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 115, no. 4-5 (December 1, 2020): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/olzg-2020-0134.

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43

Marciak, Michał. "Hellenistyczna reforma i prześladowanie religijne w Judei za czasów Antiocha IV Epifanesa – przegląd najważniejszych hipotez." Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny 59, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.21906/rbl.413.

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This article presents a short review of the most important theories dealing with the causes of Antiochus IV’s persecution of Jewish religious tradition. In my opinion the uniqueness of this phenomenon hasn’t been fully realised in Polish research. This is because the problem has been associated with and perceived by forthcoming religious conflicts and wars and because of this association, the causes of the religious persecution of Antiochus IV have not seemed unusual. Nevertheless Antiochus’s persecution poses a difficulty from the historical point of view because of the fact it was fully contrary to the ideological, religious, social and political principles of the Hellenistic world, if not of the Ancient Near East and Roman Civilizations as well.First the article outlines and critiques the older attempts to explain the problem – the theory which connected the cause with the mental illness of the Seleucid king, the assumption that the king or his supporters were motivated by a love of Greek culture, the postulation that the king tried to unify his kingdom under one religion or culture. Secondly the article outlines the major thesis of such eminent scholars as E. Bickermann, M. Hengel, V. Tcherikover, J. A. Goldstein, K. Bringmann, and E. S. Gruen. Although single and isolated propositions haven’t seemed to explain the problem in full, first we may notice that they bring us understanding of some details of the case and there is easily recognised the tendency moving the plane of discussion from ideological and psychological to economic, sociological and political explanations of the events in Judea. If we also tend to see religious motivations they are closely bound up with the previous planes. Though we seem to be nowadays closer to solving the problem we must admit that “the basic and sole enigma in the history of Seleucid Jerusalem” (E. Bickermann) requires further research.

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44

Ross, Jennifer C. "Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow, and Robert K. Englund. Translated by Paul Larsen. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993. xi + 169 pp., figures, bibliography, index. ’34.95 (cloth)." American Antiquity 60, no. 3 (July 1995): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282287.

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Crawford, Harriet. "Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow & Robert K Endlund. Archaic bookkeeping: writing and techniques of economic administration in the ancient Near East. (Translated by Paul Larsen.) x+ 169 pages, 130 figures. 1993. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press; ISBN 0-226-58659-6 hardback £27.95 & $30." Antiquity 68, no. 260 (September 1994): 671–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047293.

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First, Grzegorz. "Economic models in Ancient Near East economies." BAF-Online: Proceedings of the Berner Altorientalisches Forum 2 (January 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.22012/baf.2017.15.

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Input definitions: Economy – the core is the allocation of goods and resources Model – theoretical and simplified concept of reality the aim of which is to illustrate mechanisms governing the reality Two assumptions: we do not treat Near East economy as a whole problem with precise statistical data referring to the ancient times Models: circulations: production, storage, distribution and consumption G=f(P, R, T, I), where G is global income (produced goods),P – people, R – resources, T – technology and I – institutions cooperation between state (including religious institutions) and private sector question of existence of market economy - demand and supply with price or its equivalent as a tool of relation Terms and persons to clarify: nmḥ (Egyptian) - people, who had own land and paid taxes to the royal treasure = ἐλεύθερος (Greek) tamkaru (Akkadian) - royal clerks who performed long-distance trade for fixed prices embeddedness - economic behaviour in certain historical and social conditions as well as cultural and even religious ones John Maynard Keynes – British economist (1883-1946) - Keynesianism idea assumes a great role of the state as the creator of demand Key problem: correspondence of contemporary economic models with the reality of the ancient Near East Question of the talk: translation of economic rules current in our times into different realities in the earlier times – continuity vs. change

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47

"The ancient Near East: history, society and economy." Choice Reviews Online 52, no. 02 (September 22, 2014): 52–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.52-1006.

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Delgado Linacero, Cristina. "El ganado vacuno en Sumer y Acad." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua, no. 9 (January 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfii.9.1996.4278.

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Cattle were a very important domesticated species in the Near East with goats and sheep. They hoid a special and central place in economy of agro-pastoral ancient society in Mesopotamia, providing good resources of meat, dairy producís, leather and dung, besides labor and draft. However, the highest cost of cattie breeding resulted in a poor diet from these peoples and led to the almost exclusive possession of these animáis by the ruling classes. The valuable and commercial characteristic of cattie was transferred to the religious sphere where its offering and sacrifico became the best gift for the divinity. The sacrificial feasts turned out to be, in many cases, an excellent occasion for the consumption of a special dish which only few people could normally enjoy everyday life.

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Dietrich, Jan. "Materialität und Spiritualität im altisraelitischen Opferkult: Religionsgeschichtliche Abstraktionsprozesse." Vetus Testamentum, November 26, 2020, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341441.

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Abstract In the ancient near East, including ancient Israel, the material value of sacrifice was held in high esteem. In the sacrificial system of Leviticus 1-5, however, we find modes of abstraction from the material value of offerings which have parallels to the invention of money in ancient Greece. Here, money as an accepted medium of exchange, was invented with the value of the coin not totally dependent on its metal weight. While in ancient Greece this form of abstraction developed in the economic sphere, in ancient Israel it developed in the religious sphere and paved the way to regard prayers or confessions of faith as equivalent substitutions of material sacrifice.

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"morris silver. Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble. 1985. Pp. 211. $28.50." American Historical Review, February 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/93.1.123-a.

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