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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economy of Poverty'
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1
Weber, Heloise. "The global political economy of microcredit and poverty reduction." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326793.
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Dahlquist, Matilda. "Does Economic Growth reduce Poverty? : An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Poverty and Economic Growth across Low- and Middle-income Countries, illustrated by the Case of Brazil." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24590.
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Extreme poverty is a reality facing over a billion people, and a striking contradiction is that huge disparities coexist with a relatively rapid economic growth. This thesis investigates whether economic growth reduces poverty. Through an empirical cross-sectional regression, it analyses what impact economic growth has on poverty, and what structures that possibly preserve these phenomena. The theories of Dual Economy and Human Capital are used to explain such structures that cause poverty to coexist with growth. Brazil is an example of a dual economy whose recent history is characterised by successful economic and public policies that have managed to reduce the level of extreme poverty. Structures of dualistic labour markets contribute to the preservation of the extreme poverty, thus they do have some explanatory power of the coexistence of poverty and growth. The main conclusion from the empirical results is that economic growth does indeed reduce poverty. Also the level of poverty is strongly related to decrease of poverty, in such a way that a high level of poverty is associated to a slow decrease of poverty. However, economic growth does not appear to be sufficient a tool when the level of extreme poverty is high, suggesting that well-designed policies and investments in education are needed to obtain an inclusive, pro-poor growth and thus reduce the level of extreme poverty.
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Van, Dongen Lisa. "Thinking about escaping poverty : a critical argument analysis identifying the conceptualisation of constraints to poverty reduction implicit in the Johannesburg human development strategy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10599.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-103).This dissertation asks the research question: "How does the Johannesburg Human Development Strategy conceptualise the constraints that exist to escaping poverty?" It answers the question by adopting a critical approach to the Johannesburg Human Development Strategy (JHDS). Using an argument analysis methodology, the dissertation ascertains what assumptions about constraints to poverty reduction are implicit within the strategy. The dissertation shows the JHDS to emphasise livelihood asset deficiencies as the most significant constraint to poverty reduction.
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Gruffydd, Jones Branwen Sarah. "Explaining rural poverty in Mozambique : a realist approach." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390973.
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Mayo, Marjorie. "Communities and caring : the mixed economy of welfare." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245091.
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Mausch, Kai. "Poverty, inequality and the non-farm economy : the case of rural Vietnam." Hannover Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1001026667/34.
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Akanbi, Olusegun Ayodele. "Macro-econometric modelling for the Nigerian economy : a growth-poverty gap analysis." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28187.
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This study develops comprehensive full-sector macro-econometric models for the Nigerian economy with the aim of explaining and providing a long-term solution for the persistent growth-poverty divergence experienced by the country. The models are applied to testing the hypothesis of existing structural supply-side constraints versus demand-side constraints impeding the growth and development of the country. Structural inadequacies have been the major setback to the achievement of the developmental objectives in the Nigerian economy. The last four decades has revealed several macroeconomic instabilities that hinder much improvement in the performance of the economy. Much of these structural inadequacies have been blamed on the persistent poor governance experienced by the country over the years. The poor political leadership and instability, corruption and the mismanagement of the oil resources have halted an appropriate and sound economic policy that should have alleviated poverty among the majority of the population. A review of the historical performance of the Nigerian economy reveals significant socio-economic constraints as the predominant impediments to high and sticky levels of poverty in the economy. As such, a model of the Nigerian economy suitable for policy analysis needs to capture the long-run supply-side characteristics of the economy. A price block is incorporated to specify the price adjustment between the production or supply-side sector and real aggregate demand sector. The institutional characteristics with associated policy behaviour are incorporated through a public and monetary sector, whereas the interaction with the rest of the world is presented by a foreign sector, with specific attention given to the oil sector. The models are estimated with time-series data from 1970 to 2006 using the Engle-Granger two-step cointegration technique, capturing both the long-run and short-run dynamic properties of the economy. The full-sector models are subjected to a series of policy scenarios to evaluate the various options for government. It is evident from the policy options assessed in this study that there is a need for an improvement in the quality of government spending. Fiscal policy expansion should tend towards increasing the component of government expenditure that will lead to sustained growth and also an improvement in the standard of living of the citizens. In order to be able to reap the benefits of a positive external shock, there is a need to increase the level of competitiveness and the productive capacity of the country. Investment in basic infrastructure such as power and roads is very crucial at this stage of the Nigerian economy. There is an urgent need to refocus the government role in certain critical areas of the economy. Government institutions need to be strengthened by improving the coordination that exists within the government structures. The political environment needs to be more secure in order to attract more private investment. The maintenance of public order, ensuring property rights, a sound regulatory structure and also creating a framework that will increase the provision of public goods and services and the maintenance of infrastructure are urgent elements required in order to achieve the set macroeconomic objectives.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Economics
unrestricted
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Holtzhausen, Marlie. "From Washington Consensus to relational economy : relational and human economy approaches to addressing poverty and inequality in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76678.
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This research sought to examine how development occurs when it takes place from a relational approach. The relational approach forms part of a growing body of literature within development studies in search of alternative ways of understanding development. Orthodox theories tend to be resistant to alternatives that threaten their path dependency. Development-related ideological traps have also locked development policy in redundant arguments. Development theories from various disciplines continue to grapple with the multidimensionality of poverty and inequality, but they often fail to consider the central role human relationships play in approaching these issues.
This study used Relational Thinking and relational and human economy approaches in search for alternative models and methods to the neoliberal tradition and current development enterprise. Increasing global inequality and deprivations create a vital opportunity to think of new perspectives, interpretive categories and predictive models.
A case study approach was used to examine the relational dynamics of a nongovernmental organisation (NGO) called the James 1:27 Trust, which works with children and youth in Pretoria, South Africa. Relational Thinking was utilised within an interpretivist philosophy using a mixed-model approach, including the Relational Proximity Framework survey (quantitative tool) and in-depth qualitative research through semi-structured interviews and a focus group.
The research established that development studied from a relational perspective deepens understanding of the varying meanings that people give to development. It informs a relational economy in which development is seen as a circular, “messy” and often unpredictable process where belonging, pain, “family”, forgiveness and learning in an intricate, embedded network of relationships are valued beyond material resources. Development requires philosophies and measures that enable the identification of questions, problems and interventions that are not currently considered in studies on development.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
DAAD-NRF In-Country Scholarship (German Academic Exchange Service and National Research Foundation). University of Pretoria’s Postgraduate Study Abroad Programme.
Political Sciences
PhD
Unrestricted
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Heald, Jeremy. "Decentralized rural development and poverty reduction in Mexico : is "solidarity economy" the answer?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508923.
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Ahmed, Manzoor. "Fiscal decentralisation and political economy of poverty reduction : theory and evidence from Pakistan." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7288/.
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This thesis explores the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and poverty. The thesis consists of four parts. First part reviews the related literature addressing different aspects of fiscal decentralisation and poverty and highlighting the research gap that this thesis intends to address. It also explains the possible channels through which fiscal decentralisation potentially affects poverty. Second part describes the political economy, fiscal decentralisation and poverty in Pakistan. It underlines that fiscal policy decisions in Pakistan are made to reflect many vested interest groups and institutions that may be failed to provide basic social services. Additionally, it discusses the development of federalism and fiscal decentralisation in Pakistan and shows that how the vertical and horizontal resource distribution affect the social and economic development of the provinces. This part also discusses various approaches, measurements and trends of poverty in Pakistan. Third part presents a systematic relationship between fiscal decentralisation and poverty both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical framework implies that if the federal transfer rate is larger, then the decentralisation measure will be greater. Since a larger federal transfer rate reduces poverty, poverty and expenditure decentralisation are expected to be negatively related. In addition to the model, there is an extensive empirical study on Pakistan to look at the impact of fiscal decentralisation on poverty besides investigating the potential channels through pro-poor sectoral outcomes. Ordinary Least Squared, Fixed and Radom Effect Models and Generalised Method of Moment Instrumental Variables methodology is used on simple time series as well as panel datasets covering four provinces of Pakistan over the period from 1975 to 2009. The empirical results suggest a strong relationship between expenditure decentralisation and poverty – proxy alternatively by headcount poverty, poverty gap, severity of poverty and the human development index. Both rural and urban poverty reduction have statistically significant relationship with expenditure decentralisation. The results also reveal that decentralisation improves pro-poor sectoral outcomes of education, health and agriculture that consequently affect poverty. The last part illustrates the effectiveness of the devolution reforms by transferring fiscal, political and administrative authorities to local governments on certain social and economic sectors that are believed to be pro-poor. The evidence shows that the devolution significantly changes the size and magnitude of investment on many social and economic sectors. In all provinces, the investment increases in sectors such as education, healthcare, agriculture, water management, water supply and sanitation, rural development and the civil work. Since these services are strongly associated with local needs, it is reasonable to conclude that the devolution implicitly enhances the living standard of the local communities, especially the poor.
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Mausch, Kai [Verfasser]. "Poverty, inequality and the non-farm economy : the case of rural Vietnam / Kai Mausch." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1001026667/34.
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Davies, David Russell. "A social history of Carmarthenshire 1870-1920." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324164.
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Armah, Mark Kojo. "Exchange rate, trade and poverty : applied general equilibrium and econometric analyses of the Ghanaian economy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445280.
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Lyons, Stephen. "The political economy of inequality : poverty, drought and aid programmes in Botswana, c. 1982 - 1988." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293030.
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Alayasa, Sufyan Abed Elhamed. "Poverty in the West Bank and Gaza Strip : institutional arrangements, national economy and geographical disparities." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416450.
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Nilaeus, Malin, and Lovisa Bråvi. "Cotton cultivation : An exploratory study of agricultural opportunities to fight poverty in India." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10724.
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Cotton has over the past years become a less profitable crop to grow. This has affected millions of people cultivating it. In India the struggles of cotton farmers become clear when looking at the high suicide rates amongst them with economic reasons being the most common cause. In this thesis the aim is to investigate the situation of small cotton farmers in India and define the important factors in deciding their profitability. To be able to achieve this, a qualitative multiple case study in Maharashtra district, India was conducted with farmer interviews as the backbone of the study. Our contribution through this thesis is to provide an improved understanding of the cotton farmers’ situation and the factors that affect their yield. We found that for the farmers in this study insufficient access to water was the most pressing issue. Water is an important factor in deciding the yield of cotton and thus important for the farmers’ economy. This finding may not be representative for other cotton growing areas as the issues can vary greatly geographically.
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Castellanos, Cáceres Carlos Alberto. "La banca comunal y la reducción de la pobreza en la zona peri urbana norte de Lima, en el período 2010- 2012." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2017. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1384.
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La presente tesis ha sido realizada para optar el Título Profesional de Economista, la cual es titulada “La Banca Comunal y la Reducción de la Pobreza en la Zona Peri Urbana Norte de Lima, en el Período 2010- 2012”. El objetivo de la investigación ha sido determinar y explicar de qué manera los resultados obtenidos de la Banca Comunal permiten mejorar la reducción de la pobreza en la zona peri urbana norte de Lima. La hipótesis general ha comprobado que los financiamientos otorgados por la banca comunal impactan de manera significativa en la reducción de la pobreza en el ámbito de la zona peri urbana norte de Lima, mejorando los niveles de ingresos y calidad de vida de los pobladores; obteniéndose un coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman = 0.282**, demostrándose al 99% la correlación significativa al nivel 0,01 bilateral, interpretándose como débil relación entre las variables, con una ρ = 0.003 (ρ < 0.05), rechazándose la hipótesis nula.
El diseño de investigación ha sido de tipo descriptivo – correlacional, de tipo cuantitativo. Se empleó un instrumento de investigación orientado a los colaboradores de la institución. La población de estudio estuvo determinada por 3 instituciones micro financieras.
Se ha concluido que la banca comunal se relaciona significativamente con la reducción de la pobreza de sus beneficiarios. Por lo tanto, se ha comprobado que los financiamientos otorgados por la banca comunal impactan de manera significativa en la reducción de la pobreza.
This thesis has been made to choose the degree of Economist, which is entitled "Village Banking and Poverty Reduction in Urban Peri North Zone of Lima, in the period 2010- 2012". The research objective was to determine and explain how the results of the Communal Bank can improve the reduction of poverty in the peri urban area north of Lima. The general hypothesis has found that loans granted by the banking community would impact significantly in reducing poverty in the peri urban area north of Lima, improving income levels and quality of life of the people; obtaining a correlation coefficient Spearman rho = 0.282 **, showing 99% correlation significant at the 0.01 level bilateral, interpreted as a weak relationship between variables, with ρ = 0.003 (ρ <0.05), rejecting the null hypothesis.
The research design was descriptive - correlational quantitative. A research tool aimed at employees of the institution was used. The study population was determined by 3 employees of the institution study and sampling determinists.
It has been concluded that village banking is significantly related to reducing poverty of its beneficiaries. Therefore, it has been found Financing granted by communal banks has a significant impact on poverty reduction.
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Gill, Kaveri. "Of poverty and markets : the political economy of informal waste recovery and plastic recycling in Delhi." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599417.
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Using the case study of a particular recyclable material, namely plastic, in the urban metropolis of Delhi, this thesis breaks new ground by undertaking to study the micro, meso and macro levels of the waste recycling industry. It begins by comparing waste work at the lowest level of the chain with alternative informal sector livelihoods, ranking the groups on specially constructed multi-dimensional poverty indices. This assessment is based on a quantitative survey administered to 200 slum households, unique in sampling the desired objects of study by occupational category at their place of residence. Following the tradition of institutional studies of agricultural markets, the thesis goes on to the trace the vertical market in recyclable plastic up to the factory level, using extensive qualitative data gathered from actors internal and external to the market. The thesis documents various economic aspects of the chain, shaped by specific technological and physical imperatives of the industry. It seeks to verify the economic viability of livelihoods provided by plastic recycling, in terms of returns at every level of the chain being supported by the market. In recognition of the socially embedded nature of market exchange, an attempt is made to deconstruct the specific form of exchange relationships underlying trade between any two layers of the value chain, as well as the means whereby social institutions underwrite and regulate these implicit contracts throughout the market. The thesis concludes by stepping back from the internal dynamics of the informal plastic recycling market, using three recent policy legislative case studies to assess the impact of government policies and judicial fiat on the continued existence of the market. This legislation, driven in large part by external perceptions of waste work and plastic recycling, supposedly acts in favour of the larger social and environmental good. The thesis offers a critique of such policies as being paternalistic, based on misplaced welfarist arguments that ignore the socially embedded nature of livelihoods linked to this industry. In other cases, it is argued that the policy-making elite ignores the externalities of such legislation on the well being of the poor whose livelihoods depend on the continued existence of the industry. This study takes an important step towards expanding research in the direction of important, from the perspective of poverty and employment, if not the national economy, small-time value chains that have heretofore been neglected in the literature.
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Omomowo, Kolawole Emmanuel. "The lords of poverty? Micro-credit institutions and social reproduction in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4668.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe broader conception of poverty as ‘quality of social reproduction’ demonstrates the delicate nature of the interaction between the institutions of the family/household, the economy and the state. These institutions interact in the dispensation of individual, productive and collective consumptions important for social well-being and social reproduction in society. The gap in the configuration of these consumptions relationship opens the space for the institution of micro-credits to thrive in South Africa to the detriment of adequate ‘quality of social reproduction’ especially for people living in ‘poverty range’ or ‘precarious prosperity’. The lack of comprehensive social policy regime provides the recipe for the consumption of micro-credit at the desperate, need and choice dimensions, in order to close the gap between income and consumption needs to facilitate social reproduction of concerned family/households. Micro-credit consumption is viewed as an individual response, in the absence of collective consumption in the form of social policy, to smoothen individual consumption, and to cater for the strain or challenges of social reproduction. The implications of this, for concerned family/households, are imperative to how poverty is perceived, hence, the question ‘the lords of poverty’? In addition to the income and expenditure conception of poverty, the understanding of poverty dynamics will be enriched by engaging with the method through which the poor and ‘precarious prosperous’ (people living within ‘poverty range’) respond to the gap between their income and expenditure to finance shortfalls in their consumption needs. The relief sought from micro-credit (the focus of this study) to finance the gap in consumption needs can alleviate poverty, and at the same time perpetuates it through chronic indebtedness. The patronage of micro-credit in the form of cash loan, retail goods credit and informal micro-credit in the way people living within the ‘poverty range’ live their lives, as well as the activities of micro-credit institutions are highlighted in this study. Consumer credit consumption has become such a permanent feature of the social reproduction efforts of individual households in South Africa that it is crucial to understand the broader institutional interaction that may account for this. Further, it is important to understand how the patronage of consumer credit impact on the need that prompted it in the first place and other implications that may speak to the quality of social reproduction of households. These are the core problematics that are engaged in this study. The relationship between poverty (as well-being) and the consumption of micro-credit is considered within the broader framework of political economy. The effects of predatory institutions, such as microcredit, could be significant for the quality of social reproduction of households.
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Armah, Collins. "Poverty as an Abuse of Human Rights in Ghana. : A grass roots perspective on poverty and human rights." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Historia, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4901.
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The study aimed at getting a grass root opinion on poverty and why Ghana is still poor after 50 years of independence in spite of her richness in natural resources, second largest producer of cocoa in the word and appreciable stable political environment. The opinions of the ordinary people in the Bia district and their observed living conditions was analysed in line with theoretical basis of the study and previous studies to justify the stance that poverty should be considered as an abuse of human rights. It was concluded based on position of informants and previous data available that though many factors have been raised by previous scholars as the cause of poverty, the actions and inactions of both internal and external power-holders is the main source of poverty in Ghana. It was proposed that for poverty to be reduced in a sustainable way there should be strong civil society groups and active citizens through civic education to hold power-holders accountable. Until the actions and inactions of power-holders which have subjected many Ghanaians into intergenerational poverty are seen as human rights abuse, the rights of many Ghanaians would be constantly abused. This will eventually defeat the promotion of human rights culture in Ghana.
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Caldarola, Bernardo. "Poverty traps in Southern rural Mozambique : a structural equation modelling approach." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12861.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalEste trabalho visa analisar o contexto de economia rural em três distritos da região Sul de Mozambique, para demonstrar a existência de mecanismos "aprisionadores" que detêm as famílias camponesas numa condição de pobreza. Todas as variáveis tomadas em conta para o estudo resultam de uma base de dados autoproduzida que inclui informação sobre a subsistência no contexto rural e o sector agrícola. Este trabalho utiliza a abordagem dos modelos de equações estruturais (SEM) para detectar as possíveis não-linearidades no processo de criação de riqueza, em particular a través da análise da saúde, do contexto institucional e de mercado, e da segurança alimentar em relação à riqueza das famílias. Recorrendo aos conceitos de complexidade, multidimensionalidade e causação cumulativa, procura-se demonstrar a existência de uma "armadilha da pobreza" a partir da análise das diversas dinâmicas relacionadas com a relação que existe entre segurança alimentar e bem-estar das famílias inquiridas. A metodologia adotada neste trabalho constitui uma alternativa aos testes tradicionalmente utilizados na investigação sobre as armadilhas da pobreza, pois inclui um numero maior de factores na analise da pobreza persistente. Em conclusão, os resultados da estimação do modelo fornecem algumas recomendações em termos de politicas de combate contra a pobreza, de acordo com as características especificas da zona.
This article analyses the rural economy of three districts in southern Mozambique, proving the existence of a lock-in device that keeps small-scale farmers and their households into poverty. All variables taken into account result from an original survey-based dataset which includes socio-economic information about rural livelihoods and the agricultural sector. A Structural Equation Modelling approach is adopted to detect non-linearity in wealth creation - in particular by analysing health, market/institutional environment and food security in relation to an asset-based measure of wealth. Drawing upon the concepts of complexity, multidimensionality and cumulative causation, this work proves the existence of a poverty trap by analysing the varying dynamics related to the relationship that exists between food security and wealth. The methodology adopted in this work represents an alternative to the traditional tests usually applied for the detection of poverty traps, including a wider number of factors in the study of persistent poverty; finally, it provides some useful policy recommendations regarding the struggle against poverty in this area.
N/A
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Kuhudzai, Anesu G. "Expenditure analysis and planning in a changed economy: a case study approach of Gweru City Council, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019780.
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The purpose of this study is to analyse Gweru City Council`s spending pattern and behaviour and to determine if this spending pattern is directed towards poverty reduction and economic development or not. Furthermore, to fit a log-differenced regression model to a historical financial dataset obtained from Gweru City Council Finance Department for the time period July 2009 to September 2012. Regression techniques were used to determine how Gweru City Council`s total income (dependent variable) is affected by its expenditure (independent variables). Econometric modeling techniques were employed for the evaluation of estimate tests, conducted to determine the reliability of the estimated model. The study concludes by providing some recommendations for possible financial plans which could be adopted by Gweru City Council and other local authorities in Zimbabwe for the well-being of Zimbabweans and economic development.
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Shifa, Abdulaziz B. "Essays on Growth, Political Economy and Development." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-89334.
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This thesis has three self-contained articles. Economic growth and trade in human capital: A salient empirical pattern in the East Asian “miracle” is a large increase in output and factor accumulation despite only a modest increase in TFP. I develop and calibrate a model of growth and catch-up to provide a possible explanation. A novel element of the model is a globalized education market allowing human capital transfer from frontier to developing economies – an assumption motivated by the experience of countries like Korea and Taiwan where domestic universities employed graduates of Western universities to provide advanced training. The political economy of urban bias in dictatorial regimes. In many developing countries, public resource allocation is often biased against the rural population – a policy that hurts the vast majority of the poor living in rural areas. This paper develops a dynamic political economy model of urban bias in a dictatorial regime. A novel result of the model is that urban bias can emerge in predominantly agrarian economies even if there is no bias in political power toward urban residents. The empirical evidence from a recently compiled country-level panel dataset on agricultural taxes/subsidies is consistent with the prediction of the model. Does agricultural growth cause manufacturing growth? Empirically assessing the impact of agricultural growth on manufacturing growth is challenging because of endogeneity concerns. This paper attempts to circumvent the identification challenge by using weather variations to instrument for agricultural growth. The IV estimations show that agricultural growth has a significant positive impact on manufacturing growth, and it is larger than the OLS estimates. I discuss the empirical implications for agricultural policies, efficiency of the manufacturing sector, and for the role of agricultural growth in Africa's industrialization.
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Pugh, Michael C. "Limited Sovereignty and Economic Security: Survival in Southeast Europe." University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4190.
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yesThis paper focuses on why shared sovereignty in general has been problematic and why the political economy of liberal peace has had limited impacts on poverty and the role of crime in Southeast Europe. The analysis begins with shared sovereignty and its relevance to economic development. The paper then outlines the discouraging economic situation evidenced by documentation and fieldwork. I then ask the question `how do people cope?¿, and try to answer this with reference to the labour market and the non-observable economy. The argument is that economy of survival has been both a negotiation with, and resistance to, economic policies introduced from outside. Finally, the paper contemplates political economy approaches that emphasise production and employment creation.
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Treiber, Victor Oviedo. "Rural poverty, vulnerability and food insecurity : the case of Bolivia." Bachelor's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7126/.
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Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America. This study analyzes whether rural poverty increases the incidence of food insecurity and whether food insecurity perpetuates the condition of poverty among the rural poor in Bolivia. In order to achieve this aim, the risks that households face and the capacity of households to implement coping strategies in order to mitigate vulnerability shocks are identified. We suggest that efforts by households to become food secure may be difficult in rural areas because of poverty and the vulnerability associated with a lack of physical assets, low levels of human capital, poor infrastructure, and poor health; as well as the precarious regional environment aggravating the severity of vulnerability to food insecurity.
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Lahoti, Rahul [Verfasser], Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen, Sanjay [Gutachter] Reddy, and Sebastian [Gutachter] Vollmer. "Essays in Poverty, Inequality and Political Economy / Rahul Lahoti ; Gutachter: Sanjay Reddy, Sebastian Vollmer ; Betreuer: Stephan Klasen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/113613154X/34.
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Purohit, Purnima. "Regulations of agricultural markets and economic performance : evidence from Indian States." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/regulations-of-agricultural-markets-and-economic-performance-evidence-from-indian-states(8f919ead-3e68-41ee-a5f8-6c163b430d18).html.
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The thesis investigates the impact of a very specific state-led legislative institution of colonial lineage – the Agricultural Produce Markets Commission (APMC) Act & Rules – on uneven agricultural growth productivity and poverty outcomes across select fourteen Indian states over the post-independence period. It also studies political economy determinants of the APMC Act. This research offers the first most comprehensive empirical characterisation of agricultural marketing laws for the agriculture produce sector of the Indian economy. The thesis presents three substantive research outcomes. The first empirical chapter provides the construction of a composite multidimensional de jure time-varying index of the APMC Act & Rules for each state. The quantitative measure reveals the extent of variation in the form & trends of statutory clauses in the selected 14 Indian states from 1970-2008. Based on empirical analysis of nearly forty years of the regulatory framework of agricultural markets, the second empirical chapter demonstrates that variation in institutional market arrangements explain the marked differences in the use of modern farm inputs and growth patterns in agricultural productivity as well as rural poverty outcomes in the states of India. The results from 14 states show that states with improved regulatory arrangements in the agricultural markets have higher agricultural investment, productivity and fall in poverty. A difference of each one unit improvement in market regulations in a state is found to be associated with about 0.24 units average increase in the mean of agricultural yield productivity and an about 6.2 units average direct reduction in the mean of poverty incidence. Finally, the third chapter demonstrates presence of political economy activity in shaping of the differing APMC Act & Rules in Indian states. It suggests that ignoring potential influence of political economy factors in determining APMC Act can undermine the prospects of achieving desired policy objectives and may lead to miscalculated policy judgments. What the evidence in this thesis illustrates is that regulations matter in channelizing markets for efficiency effect on agricultural productivity and poverty reduction. It reveals that the APMC measure needs to be understood as a part of a wider political economy regulatory system and it cannot be viewed as a neutral tool which can be applied to produce predictable and consistent economic results. Agriculture growth and poverty reduction efforts would get a serious setback in states where effective institutional regulatory support was not provided as this assures vibrant market and remunerative price to farmers. The thesis’s fundamental finding is that efficient regulations encourage agricultural development which implies that any solution that looks to optimise the mechanisms around agricultural markets demands efficient and progressive evolution of the existing regulatory framework of the APMC Act. This challenges recent calls for complete dismantling of regulated markets, expressed by critics who view the current APMC Act as one of the main bottlenecks to managing food inflation and the national food security challenges in India. Given the heterogeneity of agrarian contexts, food systems and marketing dynamics being faced by the Indian farming community, well-regulated agricultural markets cannot be undermined for effective functioning of the domestic agricultural trade and development of farming community.
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Sargent, Jean Diana. "Poverty, growth and stagnation in North Indian agriculture : a comparative study in the political economy of poverty generation in western and eastern Uttar Pradesh in the early 1970s." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1991. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29021/.
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This thesis is based upon a comparative study of the processes generating rural poverty in the Western and Eastern Regions of the Northern Indian State of Uttar Pradesh round about 1970. For its theoretical underpinning the research uses a mode-of-production approach, characterising the poor Eastern Region as "semi-feudal" while the Western Region is viewed as exhibiting some significant "capitalist" elements. At an empirical level the control by different classes in the two regions of the most important means of production, i.e. land, irrigation and capital is examined, and its effect on output, productivity and incomes assessed within the structure of the different relations of production prevailing in each region. This permits the identification of the poor within the context of the respective class structures in each region and provides a framework within which to examine the dimensions of poverty in Western and Eastern UP. Sample survey data is used to assess both the extent and depth of poverty among the small cultivator and agricultural labourer population of the two regions. Whereas a vast class of poor tenant cultivators formed the bulk of the poor in the East, an indeed of the population of the region, poverty was largely associated with landlessness in the West and confined to a smaller percentage of the population. Detailed data on the consumption of foodstuffs and necessities is then used to construct estimates of the percentage of the population living below the "poverty line" in each region. The results reinforce the findings of the sample survey data and uphold the basic hypothesis of the thesis that the pattern and nature of poverty found in each region reflects the underlying class structure implicit in the different modes of production of Western and Eastern UP during the early 1970s.
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Hartwell, Leon. "The international political economy of structural adjustment programmes and poverty reduction strategy papers in Africa : a comparative analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25265.
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This study focuses on the debtor-creditor relationship between African states and the International Financial Institutions (IFIs). More specifically, it makes use of ‘post-positivist’ approaches as analytical tools and it compares the controversial Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) with so-called ‘post-SAPs’ in order to establish whether the latter debt relief strategies are an improvement on the former. Post-SAPs include, amongst others, the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC II) and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Jointly, the post-SAPs initiatives aim to make debt more sustainable, boost social spending and reduce poverty. The PRSP initiative in particular was full of promise (at least initially), as it entailed that debtors would rightfully be given the scope to create their own developmental strategies and that a blanket approach to development would be abandoned. Upon closer inspection the PRSP initiative is disappointing. The process itself is predetermined and there are additional IFI mechanisms (with traditional SAPs conditionalities) that should be read alongside this initiative. As the Great Recession starting in 2007 unfolded, the IFIs tended to stress the success and ‘resilience’ of HIPC II and PRSP countries. However, this study argues that supposed achievements are somewhat artificial and one needs to remain cautious about its long-term impacts. African economies experienced high economic growth rates in recent years, not because of World Bank and IMF endorsed policies, but because of debt relief and a commodity boom in the 2000s. The IFIs have not done anything to forge the developmental state in Africa. Several HIPC II and PRSP graduates are already starting to show signs of debt distress. Thus, there is a need to seriously rethink the roles of the World Bank and IMF in Africa. This study recommends that true adherence to the PRSP approach could be a first step to empower African states, and it calls for the establishment of an independent mechanism that will hold debtors and the IFIs accountable for unsustainable debt.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Political Sciences
unrestricted
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Pilarski, Geraldo. "Food security in Latin America and grass roots political economy an ethical approach to poverty, hunger and integral liberation /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.
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Pereira, Clara Maria Guimarães Marinho. "Economia solidária = uma investigação sobre suas iniciativas." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286391.
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Orientador: José Dari KreinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A presente dissertação investiga os determinantes da (in)capacidade de geração de bem-estar sócio-econômico das iniciativas de Economia Solidária aos seus associados, de forma participativa e articulada ao enfrentamento de problemáticas públicas. Em busca de respostas, realizou-se uma resenha sobre as principais teses produzidas sobre o assunto. A primeira delas e mais popular, trata a Economia Solidária como veículo para o modo de produção socialista. A segunda considera a Economia Solidária como uma forma anticapitalista e plural de produção que, no entanto, não enseja uma nova forma totalizante de organização social. A despeito das diferenças, ambas as teses consideram que a Economia Solidária é uma forma de produção sensivelmente diversa da empresa tipicamente capitalista, cujos processos autogestionários propiciam seu êxito econômico e o engajamento social de seus trabalhadores. Por fim, encontra-se uma terceira tese, que antagoniza com as anteriores e vê a Economia Solidária como forma precária de ocupação e reconhecimento público do desassalariamento. Ponderando-se que o questionamento colocado exige o confronto dessas teses com a realidade, a pesquisa percorreu três caminhos. O primeiro deles consistiu em analisar as transformações mais gerais, no plano da economia e da sociedade, que propiciaram a emergência da Economia Solidária ainda nos anos 1980. Em seguida, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura empírica sobre suas iniciativas. Por fim, procurou-se aprofundar o conhecimento sobre elas através de uma investigação empírica da principal fonte de informações a respeito, o Sistema Nacional de Informações em Economia Solidária (SIES). Os resultados das análises quanti-qualitativas realizadas sugerem que as iniciativas solidárias encerram um quadro sócio-econômico bastante contraditório, que mistura diversos elementos das referidas teses
Abstract: This thesis investigates the determinants of Solidarity Economy's Organizations' (in) ability to generate socioeconomic well-being to their members in an articulate and participatory way to cope with problems originated in the society. Seeking answers, a review of the main thesis on the subject was produced. The first and most popular thesis claim the Solidarity Economy as a vehicle for Socialist mode of production. The second one considers the Solidarity Economy as an anti-capitalist and plural form of production that does not, however, envisaged a new form of social organization. Despite the differences, both thesis considered that the Solidarity Economy is a way of producing significantly different from a typical capitalist firm which self-managed processes provide its economic success and social engagement of employees. Finally, a third thesis, which antagonizes the past thesis and sees the Solidarity Economy as precarious occupation and public recognition of "unwaged". Ponder the placed question requires the confrontation of these thesis with reality so the searching toured three paths. The first one consisted of examining more general transformations in terms of economy and society, which led to the emergence of the Solidarity Economy back in the 1980s. Then, a review of the empirical literature on its initiatives consisted of the second path. Finally, the third path tried to deepen the knowledge through empirical research of the primary source of information regarding the National System of Information on Solidarity Economy (NSISE). The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses carried out suggest that solidarity initiatives finish a socioeconomic framework off rather contradictory, mixing different elements of referred thesis
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Chivangue, Andes Adriano. "Mukhero em Moçambique : Análise das Lógicas e Práticas do Comércio Informal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4620.
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Mestrado Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalA presente dissertação analisa as lógicas e práticas dos agentes informais em Moçambique, concretamente as dos micro-importadores vulgarmente conhecidos por mukheristas. O estudo é feito com base em dois pressupostos teóricos, designadamente: a racionalidade diversa apresentado por Hugon (1999, 2000) e a teoria da acção fundamentada (theory of reasoned action) de Fishbein e Ajzen (2010). A questão central do trabalho é: que percepções de riqueza e de pobreza decorrem da prática do mukhero} Para responder a este problema recorre-se tanto aos resultados de um inquérito administrado para o efeito como a diversa bibliografia que versa sobre o assunto.
Barros, Carlos Pestana
The present dissertation analyzes the logics and practices of the informal operators in Mozambique, specifically the micro-importers commonly known as mukheristas. The study is supported by two theoretical frameworks, namely: rationality diverse, proposed by Hugon (1999, 2000) and the theory of reasoned action, presented by Fishbein and Ajzen (2010). The main core question of this works is: which perceptions of wealthy and poverty can be found on those who perform mukhero? To answer this problem we use not only the results from a survey held for this purpose but also bibliography about the subject.
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Naranpanawa, Athula Kithsiri Bandara, and n/a. "Trade Liberalisation and Poverty in a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model: The Sri Lankan Case." Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070130.165943.
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Many trade and development economists, policy makers and policy analysts around the world believe that globalisation promotes growth and reduces poverty. There exists a large body of theoretical and empirical literature on how trade liberalisation helps to promote growth and reduce poverty. However, critics of globalisation argue that, in developing countries, integration into the world economy makes the poor poorer and the rich richer. The most common criticism of globalisation is that it increases poverty and inequality. Much of the research related to the link between openness, growth and poverty has been based on cross-country regressions. Dollar and Kraay (2000; 2001), using regression analysis, argue that growth is pro poor. Moreover, their study suggests that growth does not affect distribution and poor as well as rich could benefit from it. Later, they demonstrate that openness to international trade stimulates rapid growth, thus linking trade liberalisation with improvements in wellbeing of the poor. Several other cross-country studies demonstrate a positive relationship between trade openness and economic growth (see for example Dollar, 1992; Sach and Warner, 1995 and Edward, 1998). In contrast, Rodriguez and Rodrik (2001) question the measurements related to trade openness in economic models, and suggest that generalisations cannot be made regarding the relationship between trade openness and growth. Several other studies also criticise the pro poor growth argument based upon the claim of weak econometrics and place more focus on the distributional aspect (see, for example, Rodrik, 2000). Ultimately, openness and growth have therefore become an empirical matter, and so has the relationship between trade and poverty. These weaknesses of cross-country studies have led to a need to provide evidence from case studies. Systematic case studies related to individual countries will at least complement cross-country studies such as that of Dollar and Kraay. As Chen and Ravallion (2004, p.30) argue, 'aggregate inequality or poverty may not change with trade reform even though there are gainers and losers at all levels of living'. They further argue that policy analysis which simply averages across diversities may miss important matters that are critical to the policy debate. In this study, Sri Lanka is used as a case study and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach is adopted as an analytical framework. Sri Lanka was selected as an interesting case in point to investigate this linkage for the following reasons: although Sri Lanka was the first country in the South Asian region to liberalise its trade substantially in the late seventies, it still experiences an incidence of poverty of a sizeable proportion that cannot be totally attributed to the long-standing civil conflict. Moreover, trade poverty linkage within the Sri Lankan context has hardly received any attention, while multi-sectoral general equilibrium poverty analysis within the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) based CGE model has never been attempted. In order to examine the link between globalisation and poverty, a poverty focussed CGE model for the Sri Lankan economy has been developed in this study. As a requirement for the development of such a model, a SAM of the Sri Lankan economy for the year 1995 has been constructed. Moreover, in order to estimate the intra group income distribution in addition to the inter group income distribution, income distribution functional forms for different household groups have been empirically estimated and linked to the CGE model in 'top down' mode: this will compute a wide range of household level poverty and inequality measurements. This is a significant departure from the traditional representative agent hypothesis used to specifying household income distributions. Furthermore, as the general equilibrium framework permits endogenised prices, an attempt was made to endogenise the change in money metric poverty line within the CGE model. Finally, a set of simulation experiments was conducted to identify the impacts of trade liberalisation in manufacturing and agricultural industries on absolute and relative poverty at household level. The results show that, in the short run, trade liberalisation of manufacturing industries increases economic growth and reduces absolute poverty in low-income household groups. However, it is observed that the potential benefits accruing to the rural low-income group are relatively low compared to other two low-income groups. Reduction in the flow of government transfers to households following the loss of tariff revenue may be blamed for this trend. In contrast, long run results indicate that trade liberalisation reduces absolute poverty in substantial proportion in all groups. It further reveals that, in the long run, liberalisation of the manufacturing industries is more pro poor than that of the agricultural industries. Overall simulation results suggest that trade reforms may widen the income gap between the rich and the poor, thus promoting relative poverty. This may warrant active interventions with respect to poverty alleviation activities following trade policy reforms.
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Landman, Leanne. "Restoring Shalom in the economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51899.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates why human poverty and environmental degradation still exist to the extent that they do in a world where there appears to be sufficient scientific and social knowledge to reduce them considerably. It asserts that the reason they continue to exist on such a large scale is because their root cause - a mistaken understanding of humanity's role in creation - has not been sufficiently examined. Humanity's mistaken understanding of ourselves as the Cartesian lords of creation is addressed by introducing the Biblically-based concept of Shalom, as interpreted by theologians Ulrich Duchrow and Gerhard Liedke in their book, Shalom. Biblical Perspectives on Creation, Justice and Peace (1987). The concept stresses how our exploitative relationship towards creation results in destructive relationships with our fellow human beings and ultimately with God. The thesis argues that global capitalism's central value of accumulating wealth for its own sake has severely disrupted Shalom in society and the rest of creation. Using a second work of theologian Ulrich Duchrow, Alternatives to Global Capitalism. Drawn from Biblical History Designed for Political Action (1995), the social and environmental poverty inducing structures within the world economy are highlighted. It is asserted that in order to reduce poverty and environmental degradation within the economy, this central value of wealth accumulation for its own sake has to be replaced with one that seeks to satisfy the basic needs of all people. The thesis also discusses the inability of the South African government's macro economic strategy - the Growth, Employment and Redistribution plan (GEAR)- to create Shalom. In order for the macro-economic strategy of South Africa to address the exploitative relationships that exist within the economy, it is argued that a more critical attitude towards the values and structures of the market economy is needed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die vraag hoekom armoede en omgewingsaftakeling steeds bestaan in 'n wêreld waar genoegsame wetenskaplike en sosiale kennis beskikbaar is om dit aansienlik te verminder. Dit argumenteer dat die rede waarom hierdie probleme op so 'n groot skaal voortbestaan, is omdat hulle grondoorsaak - 'n verkeerde verstaan van die mens se rol in die skepping - nie voldoende ondersoek is nie. Die mensdom se misverstaan van sigself as die Cartesiaanse meesters van die skepping word aangespreek deur die ondersoek van die Bybels-gebasseerde konsep van Shalom, soos geïnterpreteer deur die teoloë Ulrich Duchrow and Gerhard Liedke in hulle boek Shalom. Biblical Perspectives on Creation, Justice and Peace (1987). Die konsep benadruk hoe ons eksploiterende verhouding tot die skepping resulteer in 'n vernietigende verhouding met ons medemens en uiteindelik, met God. Die tesis argumenteer dat globale kapitalisme, met die akkumulasie van welvaart vir sigself as sentrale waarde, Shalom ondermyn in die wêreld en die res van die skepping. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n tweede werk van die teoloog Ulrich Duchrow, Alternatives to Global Capitalism. Drawn from Biblical History Designed for Political Action (1995), word die strukture wat sosiale- en omgewings-armoede veroorsaak binne die wêreldekonomie, ondersoek. Dit word gestel dat, ten einde armoede en omgewingsvernietiging te verminder, hierdie sentrale waarde van welvaartakkumulasie vir sigself vervang moet word met een wat daarna streef om die basiese behoeftes van mense te bevredig. Die onvermoë van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se makro-ekonomiese strategie, naamlik die Groei-, Werkskeppings- en Herverdelingsprogram (GEAR) - om Shalom te skep, word ook bespreek. Dit word geargumenteer dat, ten einde 'n situasie te bereik waar die makro-ekonomiese strategie van Suid Afrika die eksploiterende verhoudings binne die ekonomie aanspreek, 'n meer kritiese houding ten opsigte van die waardes en strukture van die vryemark ekonomie benodig word.
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Kreickemeier, Udo, and Jens Wrona. "Industrialisation and the Big Push in a Global Economy." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-224689.
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In their famous paper on the "Big Push", Murphy, Shleifer, and Vishny (1989) show how the combination of increasing returns to scale at the firm level and pecuniary externalities can give rise to a poverty trap, thereby formalising an old idea due to Rosenstein-Rodan (1943). We develop in this paper an oligopoly model of the Big Push that is very close in spirit to the Murphy-Shleifer-Vishny (MSV) model, but in contrast to the MSV model it is easily extended to the case of an economy that is open to international trade. Having a workable open-economy framework allows us to address the question whether globalisation makes it easier or harder for a country to escape from a poverty trap. Our model gives a definite answer to this question: Globalisation makes it harder to escape from a poverty trap since the adoption of the modern technology at the firm level is impeded by tougher competition in the open economy.
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Campos, Thiago Manchini de 1981. "Os sentidos da pobreza : Estado, mercado e ciência em palavras e fotografias." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270482.
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Orientador: Carolina Maria Rodríguez ZuccolilloTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta tese tem como objetivo principal investigar os discursos sobre a pobreza, procurando verificar como que esta é significada nas políticas públicas de Estado. Dentro disso, interessa analisar a relação estabelecida do Estado para com o Mercado e a Ciência, observando o funcionamento discursivo de mobilização na direção de legitimar a tomada de decisões relacionadas ao público. Para tal, é importante verificar quais os mecanismos discursivos que o Estado operacionaliza de forma a articular significações, criando uma definição homogênea de pobreza e oferecendo uma base consensual que dê suporte às políticas públicas. Parto do pressuposto que esses discursos políticos estão inscritos numa lógica consensual, que se apresenta como um "ideal" democrático, mas é baseada numa concepção homogênea de vínculo social, fato que silencia conflitos e tensões e não permite que a alteridade se manifeste. O corpus foi constituído por relatórios produzidos por entidades multilaterais (Banco Mundial, ONU), documentos vinculados à Presidência da República do Brasil, dicionários, obras de referência de Antropologia e Economia e fotografias da autoria de Sebastião Salgado. A análise aqui proposta se inscreve na perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Análise de Discurso conforme proposta por Pêcheux e Orlandi, visando assim contribuir, através desta pesquisa, para com a compreensão do funcionamento da relação entre Estado, Mercado e Ciência na construção do(s) sentido(s) de "pobreza" e "pobre", permitindo elucidar algumas questões relacionadas à compreensão de ambos como um problema social, logo político (ideológico)
Abstract: The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the discourses about poverty, trying to verify how it is meant in the State public policies. Within that, it's importante to analyze the relationship of the State with the Market and Science, observing the discursive functioning of mobilization toward legitimizing the decision-making related to the public. To this end, it is important to check which are the discursive mechanisms that the State uses to articulate meanings, creating a homogeneous definition of poverty and offering a consensual base that supports public policies. I assumed that these political discourses are included in a consensual logic, which presents itself as a democratic "ideal", but is based on a homogeneous design of social ties, a fact that silences conflicts and tensions and does not allow the manifestation of difference. The corpus consisted of reports produced by multilateral agencies (World Bank, UN), documents linked to the Presidency of the Republic of Brazil, dictionaries, reference works of Anthropology and Economics and photographs by Sebastião Salgado. The analysis proposed here falls in the theoretical and methodological perspective of Discourse Analysis as proposed by Pêcheux and Orlandi. This research expects to contribute to the understanding of the functioning of the relationship between State, Market and Science in the construction of the meaning (s) of "poverty" and "poor", allowing to elucidate some issues related to the understanding of both as a social problem, thus political (ideological)
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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KATO, Mariko. "THE ROLE OF MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES IN A GROWING ECONOMY: PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL CLASSES IN RURAL INDIA AND BIHAR." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16672.
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Al, Attar Zaid Hussein. "A Case Study of IRADA: Its Impact on the Development and Enhancing the Legitimacy of Home-Based Businesses in Key Poverty Areas in Jordan." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5482.
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Many researchers have investigated the phenomenon of the informal economy and rec-ommended impractical interventions such as controlling the informal economy or formalizing it. However, most research has missed another strategy for helping the informal economy, which involves achieving legitimacy. This study uses unique data from a Jordanian government organi-zation named IRADA designed to help small, home-based businesses. Data on 345 home-based businesses representing a range of poor areas across Jordan provide a case study of IRADA's strategies to help home-based businesses succeed and to contribute to legitimate informal econo-mies in these areas. Logistic regression analysis reveals how marketing and specialized training are important for the success of home-based businesses. Findings suggest that IRADA's unique approach to legitimating home-based businesses in an innovative way represents a set of best practices for the informal economy field. They also suggest that IRADA's approach may be applied in contexts other than Jordan to help enhance the informal economy and make it tractable without formalizing it.
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Edim, Azom Emmanuel. "Mobile phones interaction techniques for second economy people." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/519.
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Second economy people in developing countries are people living in communities that are underserved in terms of basic amenities and social services. Due to literacy challenges and user accessibility problems in rural communities, it is often difficult to design user interfaces that conform to the capabilities and cultural experiences of low-literacy rural community users. Rural community users are technologically illiterate and lack the knowledge of the potential of information and communication technologies. In order to embrace new technology, users will need to perceive the user interface and application as useful and easy to interact with. This requires proper understanding of the users and their socio-cultural environment. This will enable the interfaces and interactions to conform to their behaviours, motivations as well as cultural experiences and preferences and thus enhance usability and user experience. Mobile phones have the potential to increase access to information and provide a platform for economic development in rural communities. Rural communities have economic potential in terms of agriculture and micro-enterprises. Information technology can be used to enhance socio-economic activities and improve rural livelihood. We conducted a study to design user interfaces for a mobile commerce application for micro-entrepreneurs in a rural community in South Africa. The aim of the study was to design mobile interfaces and interaction techniques that are easy to use and meet the cultural preferences and experiences of users who have little to no previous experience of mobile commerce technology. And also to explore the potentials of information technologies rural community users, and bring mobile added value services to rural micro-entrepreneurs. We applied a user-centred design approach in Dwesa community and used qualitative and quantitative research methods to collect data for the design of the user interfaces (graphic user interface and voice user interface) and mobile commerce application. We identified and used several interface elements to design and finally evaluate the graphical user interface. The statistics analysis of the evaluation results show that the users in the community have positive perception of the usefulness of the application, the ease of use and intention to use the application. Community users with no prior experience with this technology were able to learn and understand the interface, recorded minimum errors and a high level of v precision during task performance when they interacted with the shop-owner graphic user interface. The voice user interface designed in this study consists of two flavours (dual tone multi-frequency input and voice input) for rural users. The evaluation results show that community users recorded higher tasks successes and minimum errors with the dual tone multi-frequency input interface than the voice only input interface. Also, a higher percentage of users prefer the dual tone multi-frequency input interface. The t-Test statistical analysis performed on the tasks completion times and error rate show that there was significant statistical difference between the dual tone multi-frequency input interface and the voice input interface. The interfaces were easy to learn, understand and use. Properly designed user interfaces that meet the experience and capabilities of low-literacy users in rural areas will improve usability and users‟ experiences. Adaptation of interfaces to users‟ culture and preferences will enhance information services accessibility among different user groups in different regions. This will promote technology acceptance in rural communities for socio-economic benefits. The user interfaces presented in this study can be adapted to different cultures to provide similar services for marginalised communities in developing countries
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Costa, Marisa Lúcia da. "Pobreza e resiliência: contributo para o estudo sobre os efeitos do trabalho das Zungueiras de Benguela na economia familiar." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12776.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos AfricanosA zunga é o exercício de venda ambulante informal que em África no geral, é desempenhada maioritariamente por mulheres, apesar de existirem também homens e crianças no exercício da mesma. Em Angola o empobrecimento de muitas famílias, afeta diretamente as mulheres uma vez que são elas por regra e tradição as responsáveis pela gestão da casa e pelos cuidados familiares. Como resposta à pobreza as mulheres inventam mecanismos de sobrevivência de onde ressaltam os negócios informais, que são no fundo espelho das suas competência e capacidade para amenizar a precaridade das condições económicas das suas famílias. Esta dissertação visa estudar questões que se articulam entre a pobreza das famílias e a resiliência das zungueiras de Benguela. É nosso objetivo demonstrar como as zungueiras, apesar de tantas dificuldades por que passam, lidam com as situações de carência económica, enfrentando, de cabeça erguida, um mundo de problemas e zungando pela “sobrevivência familiar” onde as preocupações com os filhos ocupam papel de destaque. Mediante entrevistas e observações feitas no terreno procurámos compreender como a zunga as auxilia na melhoria da situação das suas famílias, mas também procurámos estudar as suas rotinas, os seus êxitos, os insucessos, no fundo a sua resiliência.
Zunga is the exercise of informal vending that in Africa in general is performed mostly by women, although there are also men and children in pursuit of it. In Angola the impoverishment of many families, directly affects women as they are, by rule and tradition, responsible their home and family care. In response to poverty women invent survival mechanisms such as informal businesses, which reflects their competence and ability to deal with the precarious economic conditions of their families. This thesis aims to study issues that are articulated between the poverty of families and resilience of zungueiras in Benguela. We aim to demonstrate how zungueiras (women sellers), despite the difficulties they experience, deal with situations of economic hardship facing a world of trouble and fighting for their "family survival" namely their children. Through interviews and observations made on the field we tried to understand how zunga activities assists in improve the situation of a great number of families, but we also tried to observe the sellers routines, their successes, failures, their resilience.
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Mukozho, Delight. "Prospects and challenges of the rural non-farm economy in Zimbabwe: a case of Seke rural district." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/568.
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The Rural Non-Farm Economy (RNFE) is a concept that has gained significance quite recently. Its significance has been prompted by the realisation that agriculture alone cannot sustain the poor subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe. This realisation comes amid the growing concern over increased hunger and poverty in the country‟s rural areas due to a decline in agricultural production. Drawing on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) this study postulates that RNFE is a livelihood strategy that can address rural poverty and social transformation in Zimbabwe. Such an approach to rural development can take up the slack and provide the much needed income for the rural communities to survive. However, RNFE has not yet been used as a social mechanism for poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the objective of investigating the prospects and challenges of the RNFE in Seke District. Although the study is focusing on Zimbabwe, the study may also address the problem of rural development in other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study revealed that only a few household heads in Sekewere engaged in both traditional and non-traditional activities. However, the study noted that the household heads encountered many challenges which include; poor market, low income obtained, shortage of inputs, no access to credit and no support from government or other development agencies.Overall, it was recognised that the household heads engaged in RNFE were not realizing the full benefits of RNFE. Therefore, in order to promote the growth of RNFE and make it more productive, the study posits the following key points to be take into consideration by the various stakeholders in rural development; agricultural development, infrastructural development, rural town development, improving access to financial services, facilitating rural-urban linkages and the implementation of development projects aimed at promoting self-employment in the non-farm sector.
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Baumgartner, Philipp [Verfasser]. "The impact of large-scale land-acquisition in East Africa on poverty reduction and the rural economy : Studies from Ethiopia and Uganda / Philipp Baumgartner." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/112664403X/34.
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Abelsohn, Jaron. "A Philosophical Framework for Conditional Cash Transfers." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/217.
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Despite some recent economic progress, there is still widespread poverty and severe inequality in developing countries. According to the World Bank there are over 925 million hungry or undernourished people worldwide. More than 80 percent of people in the world live in countries whose income inequality is rising. Over 2.1 billion people globally live on less than two dollars a day, with over 880 million people facing absolute poverty and living on less than one dollar a day. Three out of four people living on less than $1 a day live in rural areas. These impacts have been magnified by the recent global recession, as rising food prices and a decrease in remittances have pushed between 130 and 155 million people back into poverty. 1 Particularly in lower income countries, the impoverished are faced with poor and insufficiently funded health care systems, restricted access to adequate nutrition and potable water, low agricultural yields, and poor soil quality. Not only are the services in short supply for the poor, but the predicament of the poor often limits their capacity to avail themselves of these services. Parents may opt for keeping their children out of school, either to employ their labor or to avoid the costs of transportation and school fees. Healthcare may also entail costs that parents are reluctant to bear. Thus, people are often in poor health which decreases their productivity and learning capacity. These issues combined, along with inadequate education systems, poor school attendance, and teacher absenteeism, all retard human capital accumulation.
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Samoilenko, Sergey. "Impact of the Investments in Information and Communication Technologies on Total Factor Productivity in the Context of the Economies in Transition." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1201.
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The goal of this research is to establish a link between investments in information and communication technology (ICT) and economic growth in the context of countries that are currently classified by the international community as transitional economies (TE). More specifically, in this study we focus on the relationship between ICT and one of the determinants of economic growth, total factor productivity (TFP). Neoclassical growth accounting and the theory of complementarity provide the theoretical framework on which we build this research. By combining the data obtained from two sources, the World Bank Database and the IT Yearbook, we were able to construct a 10-year data set for 18 TEs spanning the period from 1993 to 2002.Our inquiry is structured as a seven-step process that utilizes six data analytic methods. The first step in our investigation involves Cluster analysis (CA) with the purpose of determining whether or not the selected set of TEs is homogenous. Use of CA allowed us to identify two distinct groups of TEs in our sample, which suggests the heterogeneity of the sample.In the second part of our inquiry, we employ Decision Tree (DT) analysis with the goal of investigating the differences between the clusters of TEs that were generated by the CA in the previous step. We were able to determine that one of the groups of TEs, the "leaders," appears to be wealthier than the other group, the "majority."In the next step of our investigation, we perform Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to determine the efficiency of the TEs in our set. We were able to determine that the "leaders" are more efficient than the "majority" not only in terms of the production of the output, but also in terms of the utilization of the inputs.The fourth part of our investigation takes advantage of the DT analysis with the purpose of obtaining the insights into the nature of the differences between the efficient and inefficient TEs. By incorporating the results of the CA into DT analysis we were able to construct the model that suggests, with the high degree of precision, some of the criteria according to which the efficient TEs differ from the inefficient ones.The fifth stage of our investigation involves the use of the Translog regression model for the purpose of determining whether or not there exists a set of investments that are complementary to the investments in ICT. We have determined that there exists a statistically significant interaction effect between the investments in ICT and other variables, representing state of labor, as well as capital investments.The sixth part of our investigation relies on using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) implemented with Partial Least Squares(PLS)to test for the presence of the relationship between the investments in ICT and the unexplained part of the macroeconomic growth, TFP. We were able to establish the presence of the relationship between the two constructs of our conceptual model, "ICT Capitalization" and "TFP" for the "leaders" group of our sample. The construct "ICT Capitalization" was represented by the three ratio measures, all of which contain variable "Annual investment in telecom" in the denominator, while the Malmquist Index and its components, TC and EC., represented the construct "TFP." Thus, it allows us to state that we have established the presence of the relationship between the investments in ICT and TFP.The last step of the data analysis involves using Classification DT and Neural Network (NN) analyses with the aim of investigating the reasons why some of the TEs exhibit statistically significant relationship between the investments in ICT and TFP, while other TEs do not. We were able to determine that one of the reasons why the "leaders" exhibit the statistically significant relationship between the investments in ICT and TFP is that they have higher level of inputs and more efficient processes of converting the inputs into the outputs than the "majority."
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Boehm, Melissa L. H. ""From Harlem to Harlan County:" Print Media's Framing of Poverty in the Congressional Record between 1960 and 1964." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1320958705.
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Perfect, Ellen. "Sustainable Mining for Long Term Poverty Alleviation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1709.
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This thesis explores the poverty alleviation and peace-spoiling power of the mineral extraction sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to arrive at a set of strategic goals for the country moving forward. Although subterranean minerals are often a source or perpetuator of violence, the potential to lift the country’s rural communities out of extreme poverty makes the mining industry an essential part of the nation’s development strategies. Lessons from Tanzania, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ghana, Zambia, Uganda and Sierra Leone to arrive at best practices for increasing the multiplier effect of large-scale mining, formalization, beneficiation, capital resource development, stakeholder harmonization and conflict control. The study also finds that in order to smoothly construct and implement new programs, the traditional roles and positioning of government, corporate and community stakeholders must change toward increased inclusion.
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lemos, samy. "The Role of Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1940.
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Sub-Saharan Africa is the provider of many critical natural resources. With such resources, one would expect these countries to have thriving economies. Why is the opposite case true? To answer such a question, this paper examines a few critical causes that may justify the current economic situation these African countries are experiencing. Specifically, the paper observes the economic impact of civil war and terrorist conflict in sub-Saharan Africa from 1971 to 2016. To explore the changes in GDP per capita for all these years, this thesis sheds light on three independent variables: year of conflict, education level, and foreign direct investment for many of the 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Replicating Paul Collier’s Bottom Billion, this thesis will delve into more recent trends of the past two decades, and why the lack of economic advancement is pertinent to these countries. With the results obtained, this thesis proposes solutions to lowering the impact of civil conflict, and steadily advancing the economies across the African continent.
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Gent, Danielle K. "Governing energy in Nicaragua : the practices and experiences of off-grid solar energy technologies." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16284.
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The global energy trilemma has brought attention to the importance of energy access, in particular to the 1.3 billion people worldwide without access to electricity. Vital for addressing poverty, improving people s quality of lives and meeting the Millennium Development Goals, small scale solar energy technologies are espoused as a solution to household energy needs in off-grid areas of the developing world. This thesis contributes to this critical research area through an investigation of energy governance issues in Nicaragua; specifically it focuses on the practices and experiences of off-grid solar energy technologies. The lived realities, voices and aspirations of energy users are largely absent in scholarly accounts of energy poverty, as such this thesis considers the implications of solar energy technologies from the perspective of those ultimately adopting, using, maintaining (and abandoning) them. Contributing to the burgeoning field of geographical and social science studies of energy, this thesis draws on ten months of field research in Nicaragua, which encompassed more than seventy qualitative interviews with stakeholders at multiple spatial scales. This included actors from international development agencies, national government, non-governmental organisations, the private sector, civil society, as well as households participating in three solar energy programmes. This was complemented by a large household survey of participants from one solar energy programme. Incorporating perspectives from the micro, meso and macro scales, this study presents a highly nuanced picture of the Nicaraguan energy landscape. The study concludes that interaction between global energy paradigm shifts and the domestic political economic context produced an electricity sector that was until recently - characterised by low distributional equity, deep consumer mistrust and dominated by fossil fuel-based electricity generation. The recent prioritisation of energy as a key developmental concern is demonstrated not only in strong government intervention, but also through growing international interest in solving Nicaragua s energy problem . A raft of programmes to green the electricity generating matrix, strengthen distribution activities and expand electricity access have emerged. Despite these encouraging developments, this research concludes that issues related to transparency, vested interests and the politicisation of electricity access appear to remain unresolved. The study traces the development of the off-grid solar energy market segment, revealing a complex architecture of institutions and actors working to promote and deploy solar energy technologies at scale. While this market initially developed in response to gaps in remote electrification plans, the research finds that recent grid expansion activities mean that the longer-term scope for small scale solar energy technologies is limited. However, solar energy remains an important feature of energy development assistance in Nicaragua, with further evidence in this study highlighting the amenability of solar energy to multiple institutional objectives and mandates whether climate change-related or poverty focused. The thesis concludes that the positions and expectations of key solar actors are often misaligned with the needs, wants and aspirations of off-grid energy users. Engagement with the narratives of people living in remote, off-grid areas reveals that the implications of solar energy programmes are not guaranteed, static, or necessarily captured by all households or indeed, all members of households. Users perceive that small scale solar energy technologies provide important soft benefits including increased levels of comfort, security, wellbeing and connectivity. However, the benefits are only captured for as long as the technology continues to work whether in organisational, financial, technical or social terms. The research concludes that there are numerous challenges facing solar energy interventions in Nicaragua, with some barriers connected to the situation of the user household, for instance, their continued ability to absorb the financial commitments associated with technology use. Other challenges link to the broader political economic context, where the highly complex, fragmented and politicised nature of (solar) electricity access has the potential to undermine interventions. This thesis argues that it is vital to examine solar energy interventions as embedded within broader political economic frameworks, but also to account for the intricacies of inter and intra-household dynamics. The study contributes new insights and empirical findings to debates on global energy governance, energy poverty, and the practices, politics and experiences of off-grid solar energy technologies in the Global South.
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Forte, Joannes Paulus Silva. "A igreja dos homens: o trabalho dos agentes de CÃritas para o desenvolvimento da economia popular solidÃria no CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5958.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoO objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o trabalho dos chamados âagentes de CÃritasâ para o desenvolvimento de experiÃncias de âEconomia Popular SolidÃriaâ (EPS), engendradas pela CÃritas Brasileira, organismo vinculado à CNBB, no estado do CearÃ. As questÃes centrais que nortearam a pesquisa foram: como a Igreja chega aos seus âfilhosâ por meio dos agentes de CÃritas? Quem sÃo e de onde vÃm? Como desenvolvem o trabalho para o fomento da EPS no CearÃ? Quais os sentidos e os significados atribuÃdos por eles ao seu ofÃcio? Como a liÃÃo cristà à interpretada pelos agentes no fomento da EPS a fim de efetivar a noÃÃo utÃpica de âReino de Deusâ no mundo pragmÃtico dos homens? Qual o sentido da âsolidariedadeâ da CÃritas e de seus agentes? Quanto Ãs tÃcnicas e aos procedimentos metodolÃgicos utilizados na pesquisa, lancei mÃo da observaÃÃo flutuante, da anÃlise de documentos institucionais, de matÃrias de jornais locais e consultas a websites. AlÃm das observaÃÃes in loco, realizei entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os agentes da CÃritas, no intuito de elucidar a relaÃÃo entre economia solidÃria e Igreja CatÃlica por meio do trabalho desenvolvido por esses protagonistas do âserviÃo socialâ da Igreja. A pesquisa revelou que, alÃm de militante cristÃo, o agente de CÃritas à uma categoria de trabalhador formal que revela muitas contradiÃÃes. O mÃtodo de trabalho dos agentes se baseia na âsolidariedadeâ para a âemancipaÃÃoâ, tendo como recurso a âeducaÃÃoâ para a âcultura da solidariedadeâ. Orientados pela chamada âsolidariedade libertadoraâ, eles atuam, tÃcnica e politicamente, no desenvolvimento de atividades econÃmicas associativistas com os âpobresâ, escolhidos preferencialmente pela Igreja CatÃlica nas ConferÃncias Episcopais de MedellÃn (1969) e Puebla (1979). Os agentes buscam formar os trabalhadores dos chamados âgrupos produtivos solidÃriosâ a partir da moral solidÃria, tida como fundamental para a construÃÃo de uma sociedade baseada na liÃÃo cristà junto com os âexcluÃdos/asâ, traduzida pela noÃÃo utÃpica de âReino de Deus na terraâ. No entanto, a EPS, uma categoria do movimento da economia solidÃria, foi criada fundamentalmente por uma razÃo secular, qual seja: tornar as vidas das pessoas âpobresâ possÃveis, combatendo a pobreza e a chamada âexclusÃo socialâ. Para o entendimento da EPS, foi necessÃrio considerar a dinÃmica das crises do capitalismo, cuja histÃria està intrinsecamente relacionada aos processos de trabalho e Ãs transformaÃÃes sociais. Ao final desta dissertaÃÃo, evidencia-se o movimento que vem sendo chamado de economia solidÃria, evocado, ora como uma alternativa, ora como uma possibilidade histÃrica, ao sistema capitalista, o que nos leva a pensar sobre questÃes motrizes para os caminhos de nossa sociedade, cujas respostas ainda nÃo sÃo deste tempo. Enfim, com a palavra a histÃria...
This research aims at investigating the work of the so-called âCaritas Agentsâ for development of experiences related to a solidarity-inspired Popular Economy Project (Economia Popular SolidÃria â EPS) as envisioned by Brazilian Caritas, an institution affiliated with CNBB in the state of Ceara. The major issues that guided the research were: how does the Church reach its âchildrenâ by means of its Caritas Agents? Who are they and where do they come from? How did they develop the work for fomenting the EPS in the state of Ceara? What kind of meaning do they attribute to their task? How is Christian guidance interpreted by agents in their effort to fomenting EPS in order to make effective their Utopia of âGodâs Kingdomâ within menâs pragmatic world? Whatâs the meaning of âsolidarityâ for Caritas and its agents? As for techniques and methodological procedures used in the research I resorted to fluctuating observation for the analysis of official documents, local newspaperâs articles and investigation of websites. Besides in loco observations, I did semi-structured interviews with Caritas agents aiming at elucidating the relation between solidarity-based economy and the Catholic Church, considering the job developed by these actors forming the Churchâs âsocial serviceâ. The research revealed that the Caritas agent besides being a Christian militant he is also a registered worker who is, however, plagued by several contradictions. The agentsâ working method is based on âsolidarityâ and âemancipationâ, and they are required to have an âeducationâ for âsolidarity cultureâ. Guided by the so-called âliberating solidarityâ, the agents act technically and politically to develop associative economic activities directed to the âpoorâ as classified by the Catholic Church during its Episcopal Conferences of Medellin (1969) and Puebla (1979). The agents try to educate the workers from the so-called âsolidarity-based producing groupsâ according to solidarity moral principles, seen as a fundamental tool to the build-up of a society based on Christian teachings in order to include the dispossessed as conveyed by the utopian notion of âGodâs Kingdom on earthâ. The EPS, however, was created fundamentally as a category arising from a secular reason within the solidarity-based economic movement, that is, to create viable conditions for the âpoorâ, fighting poverty and the so-called âsocial exclusionâ. According to EPSâs understanding of the matter it is necessary that one considers the dynamics of capitalistic crises whose history is closely related to work processes and social transformations. At the end of this dissertation, one may picture the movement, called solidarity-based economy, both as an alternative and a historical possibility to the capitalistic system which lead us to think about dynamic questions related to trails opened to our society and whose answers do not belong to this time. Let, then, history speakâ
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Hamblin, Vicky. "A coxian analysis of key trends in Sub-Saharan Africa's political economy, 2000-2011." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20235.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This is a theoretical study that appraises the nature and dimensions of Sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA's) political economy and the forces that underpin them, using a Coxian framework of analysis. Since 2000 the nature of SSA's political economy has been changing. Emergent trends and shifts in the region‟s political economy, including strong economic growth performances and increasing South-South cooperation, appear in contradiction to a dependent and conflict ridden depiction portrayed by most literature on SSA. From a Coxian perspective, it is contended in this study that these changes in SSA's political economy have arisen because of systemic changes occurring in the international system. At the same time, the study acknowledges that SSA's political economy is infused with dependence that can be identified through exploring the historical context of the twentieth century that shaped it. The majority of scholarly literature written on SSA has focused on humanitarian crises, poverty, war, corruption and conflict. In addition, mainstream International Relations (IR) and International Political Economy (IPE) theory largely overlook SSA. The majority of those that explore SSA's place in world politics have failed to contextualise SSA's position within the context of structural changes occurring in the international system. This has resulted in mainstream IR and IPE paradigms being inadequate to provide explanations for emergent trends in SSA's political economy. Exploration and analysis of mainstream IR and IPE theories and Africa's epistemological and ontological requirements directed the study towards selecting a narrowed Coxian Critical Theory (CCT) framework to further explore SSA's political economy. Using the CCT theoretical tools of 'historical structures' and 'hegemony' in the international system, the study explores: What have been the key trends prevalent in SSA’s political economy from 2000-2011 and how have these been shaped by structural changes in the international system? Does the nature of SSA’s political economy between 2000 and 2011 give scope for SSA’s conditions of dependence to alter? A historicised approach in line with CCT allows for exploration of SSA's conditions of dependence through identifying the key ideas, institutions and material capabilities pertinent to SSA's political economy in the twentieth century. The main trends of SSA's political economy from 2000 to 2011 include: a resilient economic and political performance in the face of the financial crisis of 2007 to 2010; increasing engagement with emerging powers resulting in being typified as the 'swing continent'; and different ideas and new approaches with regards to development thinking and the role and nature of institutions. These trends have been highly influenced by the structural change in relative material capabilities from traditional to emerging powers during this decade. The specific use of CCT as a framework has provided the means to analyse the fluid interactions between the key forces in SSA's political economy and the international system, allowing analysis of the possibility of SSA's conditions of dependency to alter. However, this is contingent on factors such as the desire of African leaders and policymakers to end the conditions of dependence. The study identifies the scope and limitations of Coxian analysis for understanding trajectories in SSA's political economy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie is 'n teoretiese studie wat die aard en die omvang van sub-Sahara Afrika (SSA) se politieke ekonomie en die kragte wat dit beïnvloed ondersoek, deur gebruik te maak van 'n Coxiaanse (Coxian) ontledingsraamwerk. Sedert die jaar 2000 het die aard van SSA se politieke ekonomie begin verander. Verskuiwings en tendense in die streek se politieke ekonomie, insluitende sterk ekonomiese groeisyfers en 'n toename in Suid-Suid samewerking, strook nie met die beeld van 'n afhanklike en geweld geteisterde gebied wat dikwels in die literatuur oor SSA verskyn nie. Hierdie studie voer aan, vanuit 'n Coxiaanse oogpunt, dat sulke veranderinge in SSA se politieke ekonomie hul oorsprong het in sistemiese verskuiwinge in die internasionale bestel. Terselfdertyd, word dit aanvaar dat SSA se politieke ekonomie wel aspekte van afhanklikheid toon, veral wanneer die 20ste eeu in oënskou geneem word. Meeste akademiese literatuur oor SSA plaas die fokus op humanitêre krisisse, armoede, oorlog, korrupsie en konflik. Daarbenewens het hoofstroom Internationale Betrekinge (IB) en Internasionale Politieke Ekonomie (IPE) hoofsaaklik SSA oor die hoof gesien, terwyl dié wat SSA se plek in die internasionale sisteem ondersoek, dikwels daarin faal om SSA se posisie in die konteks van strukturele veranderinge in die internasionale stelsel te ontleed. Dit het IB en IPE paradigmas tot gevolg wat onvoldoende is om ontluikende tendense in SSA te verklaar. Daar is dus tekortkominge in hoofstroom IB en IPE teorieë. Terselfdertyd stel ontleding van SSA epistemologiese en ontologiese vereistes. Derhalwe gebruik hierdie studie 'n nouCoxiaanse Kritiese Teoretiese (CKT) raamwerk om SSA se politieke ekonomie dieper te ondersoek. Deur gebruik te maak van CKT se teoretiese gereedskap, historiese strukture en hegemonie in die internasionale stelsel, ondersoek die studie die volgende vraag: Wat is die belangrikste tendense wat voorkom in SSA se politieke ekonomie vanaf 2000-2011 en hoe is hierdie tendense gevorm deur die strukturele veranderinge in die internasionale stelsel? Ook, bied die aard van SSA se politieke ekonomie tussen 2000 en 2011 ruimte vir SSA se omstandighede van afhanklikheid om te verander? 'n Gehistoriseerde aanslag in lyn met CKT maak voorsiening vir die verkenning van SSA se omstandighede van afhanklikheid deur die identifisering van die belangrikste idees, instellings en materiële vermoëns wat betrekking het op SSA se politieke ekonomie in die twintigste eeu. Van die hoof tendense in SSA se politieke ekonomie tussen 2000 tot 2011 sluit in: sterk ekonomiese en politieke prestasie ten spyte van die finansiële krisis van 2007-2010; toenemende betrokkenheid deur opkomende magte wat daartoe lei tot Afrika bekend te staan as die 'swaai kontinent'; en, nuwe begrippe en idees oorontwikkeling, sowel as oor die rol en aard van instellings. Hierdie tendense is sterk beïnvloed deur strukturele veranderinge die afgelope decade in die relatiewe én materiële bevoegdhede van tradisionele en ontluikende magte. Die gebruik van CKT laat ontleding van die wisselwerking tussen sleutelmagte in SSA se politieke ekonomie toe, wat gevolglik ook analise van potensiële verandering in SSA se afhanklikheid moontlik maak. Of afhanklikheid wel beeindig sal word, hang onder meer af van die bereidheid van Afrika-leiers en beleidmakers om daad by die woord te voeg. Die studie bepaal die bydrae en beperkinge van Coxiaanse analise vir 'n begrip van die trajek wat SSA se politieke ekonomie inneem.