Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ecosan

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ecosan'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Ecosan"

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Kumwenda, Save, Chisomo Msefula, Wilfred Kadewa, Bagrey Ngwira, Tracy Morse, and Jeroen H. J. Ensink. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices on use of Fossa Alternas and double vault urine diverting dry (DVUDD) latrines in Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 4 (2016): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.177.

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Fossa Alternas and double vault urine diverting dry (DVUDD) latrines have been extensively promoted as ecological sanitation (EcoSan) latrine options in Malawi, but little is known about whether they are used properly. A qualitative study of EcoSan users was conducted in Blantyre and Chikwawa districts, Malawi. Data were collected using in-depth interviews (IDIs). Twenty-eight (28) and seventeen (17) IDIs were conducted with household heads that had Fossa Alternas and DVUDD latrines, respectively. Recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Of the total 45 EcoSan users, 40 had moderate to high knowledge on EcoSan latrine use, four had low knowledge and only one had no knowledge of how EcoSan latrines operate. Blockages of urine diversion systems, intensive management and maintenance needed for the latrines were reported as some problems related to the negative attitudes about EcoSan use. Use of soil and ash, urine diverting, use of hot water and chemicals to kill maggots, urinating in the drop-hole of the DVUDDs and poor maintenance of the roof were some of the practices reported on use of these latrines. It is therefore recommended that government, through community workers, should be monitoring practices on EcoSan latrine use and provide necessary support to users.
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Breslin, Edward D. "Introducing ecological sanitation: some lessons from a small town pilot project in Mozambique." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (2002): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0182.

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The paper explores the development of ecological sanitation (EcoSan) within the small-town context of Lichinga, Niassa Province, Mozambique. The paper looks at how ESTAMOS (a Mozambican NGO) and WaterAid introduced EcoSan in Lichinga, how families and communities have responded to EcoSan, and key lessons learned during the process to date that could be relevant to others within and beyond Mozambique.
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Abarghaz, Youssef, Mustapha Mahi, Najib Bendaou, Mohammed Fekhaoui, and Christine Werner. "Lessons learnt on Ecosan in Morocco: case of the urine-diversion dehydration toilets." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 1 (2013): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.050.

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‘Lessons learnt on Ecosan in Morocco’ is a short analysis of experience gained in Morocco especially in rural areas where people do not have adequate systems of evacuation of their wastewater. The rural population cannot afford conventional sanitation systems. In response to this, we have thought to promote ecological sanitation that recognises wastewater not as a waste but as a resource. The first Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilets (UDDTs) were introduced in a rural village called ‘Dayet Ifrah’ in Morocco in December 2009. Since then, households are starting to see the advantages of UDDTs and the systems are becoming more and more accepted. The UDDT systems implemented in the village could be used as a model for Moroccan rural areas. This paper sets out how the Ecosan approach was successfully introduced in Morocco where people are motivated by reasons to improve this approach such as no smell, safety, comfort, privacy and water reuse. Results reveal that the users are satisfied with the Ecosan approach to cleanse their wastewater. Although Ecosan is relatively new to Morocco, it seems that it can succeed in very poor populations. The paper contains information on general experiences in the different countries and also lessons learnt on Ecosan in each country.
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Joshi, Chetan. "A Review on EcoSan (Ecological Sanitation)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (2021): 1806–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36687.

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In today’s world about 2.4billion people from urban and rural areas do not have suitable access to sanitation services. In upcoming 20 years, it is estimated that a surplus of 2 billion will get migrated to urban areas, probably in developing countries, necessitating sanitation. Still greater than 90% of sewage in developing countries is discharged unprocessed polluting water bodies. Traditional sanitation ideas are neither ecofriendly nor cost-effective for developing countries. Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) is a sanitation system having a cycle of sustainable closed-loop system, which winds up the breach between sanitation and agriculture. The EcoSan technique is resource minded and characterize a universal approach towards ecofriendly and economically healthy sanitation. The primary goal is to close water and nutrient cycle with minimum expenses on energy and material to subsidize a sustainable development. Human excreta is treated as resource and are generally handled on-site and treated off-site. The nutrient contents in excreta are reutilized by using them in agriculture. EcoSan is a complete methodology. Single practices are only measures to termination and may range from near-natural wastewater treatment techniques to compost toilets, uncomplicated domestic installations to complex, mainly decentralized systems. These technologies are not ecofriendly but only in relation with witnessed environment. They are chosen from complete range of available conventional, traditional and modern techniques merging them to EcoSan system.
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Lapid, Dan. "Introducing ecosan in the Philippines." Waterlines 26, no. 2 (2007): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2007.050.

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Kumwenda, Save, Chisomo Msefula, Wilfred Kadewa, Bagrey Ngwira, and Tracy Morse. "Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3931802.

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Use of Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) sludge is becoming popular due to increasing price of organic fertilizers in Malawi; however, there is little evidence on the associated risks. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) was done to determine health risks associated with use of EcoSan. Pathogens considered includedEscherichia coli (E. coli),Salmonella,and soil transmitted helminths (STHs). Exponential and Beta Poisson models were used to estimate the risk from helminthic and bacterial pathogens, respectively. Main exposure pathways were through poor storage of sludge, contamination of foods during drying, walking barefoot on the ground contaminated with sludge, pit emptying without protection, and application of sludge in the fields. Estimated annual risk forAscaris lumbricoides, Taenia, andhookworms was approximately over 5.6 × 10−1for both Fossa Alternas (FAs) and Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDTs). Risk fromE. coliandSalmonellawas 8.9 × 10−2and above. The risks were higher than WHO acceptable risk for use of faecal sludge in crops of 10−4infections per year. Promoters and users of EcoSan latrines need to consider advocating for strict guidelines to reduce the risk.
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Ogwang, F., J. S. Tenywa, E. Otabbong, J. B. Tumuhairwe, and A. Amoding-Katusabe. "Faecal Blending for Nutrient Enrichment and Speedy Sanitisation for Soil Fertility Improvement." ISRN Soil Science 2012 (February 29, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/424171.

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Human faeces have been used for soil fertility improvement over time, but limited information is available on the value of this resource in Africa. The fear of the pathogenicity of the material hinders the realisation of its potential value in agriculture. A study was conducted at Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute, Kabanyolo in Uganda, to investigate the sanitising potential and nutrient enrichment capabilities of animal wastes on human faeces from Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) toilets. Treatments included EcoSan human faeces (EHF) blended with either poultry manure (PM) or cattle manure (CM) mixed in the ratios of 1 : 1 (dry weight basis), before the mixtures were composted. The layout consisted of fifteen wooden composting boxes of 1 m−3 dimensions, laid above ground. Each box was lined with 1.5 m3 1000 um polythene. Poultry manure and its blend with EHF enhanced high temperature and concentrations of plant nutrients. Human faeces alone had meagre nutrients concentrations, but high K+. The high K+ was possibly due to inclusion of kitchen ash in the EcoSan toilets. Among the blended treatments, EHF + PM and EHF + CM achieved 100 and 75% sanitisation of E. coli and Enterococcus species, respectively.
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Peña V, Miguel R. "Saneamiento Ecológico: ¿Panacea o Caja de Sorpresas?" INGENIERÍA Y COMPETITIVIDAD 6, no. 2 (2011): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/iyc.v6i2.2281.

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fundamentalmente en la separación del material semisólido (excreta) del líquido (orina). Trabajos previos argumentan que el proceso de deshidratación de la excreta parece eliminar de manera más efectiva los patógenos y por lo tanto los sistemas secos son mejores para reducir el riesgo microbiológico cuando se les compara con los métodos comunes para el manejo de excretas. Sin embargo, la literatura técnica reciente muestra que hace falta evidencia científica contundente que demuestre que la hipótesis ad hoc de eliminación de patógenos vía deshidratación es cierta en todas las condiciones ambientales posibles para la implementación de ECOSAN. Así mismo, la reducción del riesgo químico asociado con sustancias indeseables como los perturbadores endocrinos (PEs) que pueden estar presentes en la orina, es algo que se debe investigar a fondo en todas las tecnologías de saneamiento. Igualmente, la implementación de ECOSAN en un contexto social y cultural específico requiere de un trabajo comunitario importante para superar las limitaciones culturales que los usuarios potenciales podrían tener en relación con esta tecnología. Por lo tanto, ECOSAN no es una panacea para la solución de los problemas de contaminación y es básicamente una tecnología de saneamiento como cualquier otra que se encuentra en su etapa de desarrollo.
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Jimenez, B., A. Austin, E. Cloete, and C. Phasha. "Using Ecosan sludge for crop production." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 5 (2006): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.560.

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This paper presents the microbial risks associated with the reuse of Ecosan sludge in agriculture. Sludge from KwaZulu Natal Province in South Africa with a helminth ova content of 30 HO/g TS, faecal coliforms of 106 CFU/g TS, faecal streptococci of 106 CFU/g TS and Salmonella spp. of 105 CFU/g TS was used for this purpose. Applying different rates of sludge to spinach and carrots resulted in an increase in bacterial and helminth ova counts in crops as the quantity of sludge increased. The helminth ova content in crops was always greater in leaves than in stems, with a content varying from 2 to 15 HO/g TS for spinach with sludge application rates of 0–37.5 ton/ha and from 2–8 HO/g TS for carrot crops with sludge application rates varying from 0–35 ton/ha. Nevertheless, viability in crops was 20–25%, reducing the risk of disease. Consequently, the development of an Ecosan sludge revalorisation standard is considered important. Some recommendations are made taking into account the characteristics of the sludge as well as conditions in rural areas.
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Lamichhane, K. M. "On-site sanitation: a viable alternative to modern wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (2007): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.044.

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Rapid population growth and urbanization are exerting excessive pressure on soil and water resources. To address these problems this paper proposes a cheap and sustainable alternative sanitation system, which accelerates nutrient recycling (“closing the loop”): ecological sanitation (ecosan) is a potential alternative to conventional sanitation systems that replenishes the organic matter and nutrients of the soil that are taken off as the crop harvest. A comparison is made of the environmental and the operation and maintenance costs between a modern wastewater treatment plant and on-site sanitation. An elevated double box urine diverting toilet (“ecotoilet”) is proposed and its advantages and disadvantages over a system with a centrally controlled modern WWTP are discussed. Bagmati Area Sewerage Project in Kathmandu is taken as an example of modern WWTP and ecosan being practiced in a village in Nepal is taken as an example of ecotoilet for the comparison.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecosan"

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Jonah, Albert. "Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) and the Kimberley Experience." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9706.

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<p>The Hull Street Integrated Housing Project, in Kimberley, is one of the projects supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida, in South Africa. The vision of the</p><p>project is to provide low cost housing for the people of Kimberley. As a way of ensuring sustainability, the project adopts the Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) approach where urine and</p><p>faeces are separated from the source.</p><p>The concept of Ecosan is new to many people around the world. To make the concept workable and acceptable effective implementation strategies are required.</p><p>At the Hull Street, after the first of the four phases 144 unit houses have been completed all fitted</p><p>with the UDS. Urine from the UDS as well as the greywater from the kitchen and bathroom are connected to infiltrate into the ground. This arrangement is called the “quick-fix”. The faeces from</p><p>the houses are sent to the compost yard for composting so that the residents could use the compost in their gardens.</p><p>This study which involves interview with some selected workers and residents in Hull Street</p><p>focuses on the modus operandi of the Ecosan unit of the Hull Street project with special emphasis on the methods of human excreta disposal and education strategies.</p>
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Jonsson, Anna, and Anna Land. "An evaluation of the long-term functionality of Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) projects in rural Burkina Faso : Reuse of sanitized human excreta as fertilizer in local agriculture." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskaplig kommunikation och lärande (ECE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211263.

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2.4 billion people worldwide lack access to basic sanitation solutions, with major health and environmental impact as a result. The recently adopted worldwide Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aim to reduce this problem and extend the access to basic sanitation. The sanitation systems have to be safe to manage, and resources such as nutrients within the waste be recovered to a great extent, for the system to be worthwhile. For Burkina Faso, a low-income country in West Africa, achieving the SDGs will be a challenge, especially considering the almost 9 million people that lack access to basic sanitation. One way of achieving this is through Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan), an innovation with the goal of protecting human health and enabling reuse of sanitized human excreta as fertilizer. The overall purpose of this study is to provide sanitation practitioners in Burkina Faso with useful information on how to better carry out EcoSan interventions in the future, within the scope of achieving the SDGs.The study aim is to investigate why and to what extent earlier EcoSan latrines have not been used to their full capacity regarding nutrient recovery to local agriculture. The results are mainly based on a household survey conducted on rural Burkinabe households possessing an EcoSan latrine and supplemented with focus group discussions, key informant interviews and measurements on site. To fulfill the study objective, a material flow analysis was performed which showed that nutrient losses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium all were likely to exceed 80%, compared to the theoretically calculated values. Additionally, 14 barriers for recovery of nutrients were identified, where the most important ones concern urine collection and storage. Furthermore, results showed that use and reuse practices tended to be higher if initialtraining focused on agricultural aspects rather than hygiene aspects.<br>2.4 miljarder människor världen över saknar idag tillgång till grundläggande sanitetslösningar, med stora effekter på människor hälsa och närmiljö som följd. Tillgång till sanitet ska inte bara uppfyllas, enligt de nyligen antagna globala målen för hållbar utveckling (SDG) ska hantering av det mänskliga avfallet ske på ett  säkert sätt samt att näringsresurserna i detta återvinnas. För Burkina Faso beläget i Västafrika och ett av världens fattigaste länder, kommer det bli en stor utmaning att uppnå SDG-målsättningarna, särskilt med tanke på de nästan 9 miljoner invånare som helt saknar tillgång till grundläggande sanitet. Ett sätt att uppnå målsättningarna är genom ekologisk sanitet (EcoSan), ett koncept med målen att skydda människors hälsa samt möjliggöra återanvändning av hygieniserat mänskligt avfall som gödningsmedel i det lokala jordbruket. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att ge aktörer inom sanitetssektorn i Burkina Faso användbar information om hur EcoSan-interventioner kan genomföras bättre i framtiden inom ramen för SDG. Det närliggande syftet var att undersöka varför och i vilken utsträckning tidigare EcoSan-latriner inte har använts till sin fulla kapacitet när det gäller näringsåtervinning till det lokala jordbruket. Resultaten baseras huvudsakligen på en enkät på Burkinska hushåll som äger en EcoSan och kompletterades med fokusgruppdiskussioner, intervjuer med nyckelpersoner och mätningar. För att uppfylla syftet med projektet genomfördes en materialflödesanalys för att kvantifiera skillnaden mellan teoretisk och praktisk återföring av näringsämnena kväve, fosfor och kalium till jordbruket. Förlusten av samtliga tre näringsämnen överskred 80%. Dessutom identifierades 14 barriärer för återföringen, där de viktigaste rör insamling och lagring av urin. Hushållens återföringspraxis tenderade att bli högre om den initiala undervisningen var mer inriktad mot jordbruksaspekten än på hygienaspekten.
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Hugosson, Hanna, and Katja Larnholt. "Water quality and sanitation in rural Moldova." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121003.

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<p>Because of the impact on human health and sustainable livelihood, the topic of drinking water and sanitation facilities is becoming a seriously discussed issue among international organizations as well as developing agencies in industrialized countries. The importance of water and sanitation management initialized this master thesis.</p><p> </p><p>The aim of the project is to do an assessment of the drinking water quality as well as the sanitation situation in the village Condrita in the Republic of Moldova. This was done by studying the existing water and sanitation facilities, sampling the water, evaluating the reason for the poor water quality and mapping the current situation using ArcGIS. Furthermore, technologies for improving the drinking water and sanitation facilities are suggested.</p><p> </p><p>The work was carried out by doing a literature study on how water sources and sanitation facilities should be constructed in order to ensure people’s health and to meet their needs. Geographic coordinates and water samples were collected from twenty-two public wells and springs. Interviews on the water situation and sanitation facilities were performed. Furthermore, water samples were analysed with respect to nitrate, turbidity, electrical conductivity and coliform bacteria amongst others. Pesticide contamination was also taken into consideration when one of the wells was analysed. Water sources were classified as improved or unimproved according to definitions by WHOSIS. Moreover, the DRASTIC vulnerability model was used to evaluate the groundwater susceptibility to contaminants.</p><p> </p><p>In general, the water quality in the study area was poor and measured values of the analyzed parameters exceeded international or Moldovan standards for nitrate, hardness, electrical conductivity and total coliform bacteria. Four wells were contaminated with <em>E. coli</em> bacteria. Furthermore, turbidity measurements exceeded Moldovan standards in seven out of twenty-two water sources. No pesticide contamination was detected. Sampled water from the densely populated parts of the village as well as unimproved water sources proved to be of poorer quality. Map results showed that a majority of the groundwater within the study area was subject to a moderate or high risk of becoming contaminated. The current sanitation situation is that most families use simple pit latrines, which are placed far away from the dwelling-houses. Digging a new toilet when the existing one is full is a common practice in Condrita. Hand-washing facilities are seldom placed in proximity to the toilets.</p><p> </p><p>Pit latrines are believed to be the most important source of groundwater contamination in the study area. Other sources are agricultural activities and poor practice when abstracting water from the wells. A feasible solution to improve both the drinking water quality and the sanitation situation would be to install ecosan toilets. Improvements of the well’s features that are suggested include construction of an apron slab as well as proper lids for covering the well.</p>
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K, C. Sharda. "ROLE OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION FOR IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD IN RURAL AREAS OF NEPAL." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259761.

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Filling, Julia. "Human Urine : can it be applied as fertilizer in agricultural systems?" Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-18029.

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In cities today, vast amounts of nutrients are being wasted. Improvement in nutrient management within agriculture can contribute to a more sustainable society. Reusing nutrients in agriculture could aid in creating a more circular system, where organic fertilizers can be used instead of chemical fertilizers. Urine is a liquid which has a high nutrient content. According to the Swedish environmental protection agency, human urine can replace mineral fertilizers, by using methods such as source separation, where urine is divided from faeces. This is a cheap, effective and sustainable fertilizer management system that can be easily achieved. In this study, urine fertilizers were compared with ecological and conventional fertilizers (NPK and cow manure). The study examined the effect of different urine fertilizers compared with organic and inorganic ones on plant growth, nutrient content, pH value and microbial growth. The plant growth experiment was carried out in the greenhouse facilities in Alnarp, Sweden. The results from the experiment show that cow manure has a better outcome when it comes to plant growth, but Aurin, one of the urine fertilizers, had the highest uptake of nitrate. Non-diluted urine had a stable result in all analyses. According to this study human urine is a fertilizer which can be used in crop cultivation systems, and can deliver good agricultural results.
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Austin, Lorimer Mark. "Design and operation criteria for urine-diversion ecological sanitation systems with particular reference to public health." Thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01312008-134119.

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Rodriguez, Caceres Esthefany Paola, Pezo Lucila Raquel Yarasca, Candia Johahn vincent Villagomez, Moreno Galvani Casseli Gavidia, and Vela Jeniffer Vanessa Vela. "ECOGAS." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655352.

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El objetivo del presente plan de negocios es la creación de la empresa ECOGAS, la cual se dedica al reciclaje de residuos orgánicos, ya sean generados en los hogares, restaurantes, mercados minoristas y mercados mayoristas, la cual serán recicladas y convertidas en gas natural al 100%, siendo una gran alternativa de consumo energético para los miles de hogares que buscan generar ahorro y generar menos acumulación de basura. La generación de energía es un factor importante para su salud y la protección del medio ambiente, sin embargo, sin una buena implementación del modelo de negocio será imposible satisfacer dicha necesidad, la cual consideramos que es una gran oportunidad de negocio, ya que existe un mercado desatendido que no está cubierto por el gobierno central. Empezaremos brindando nuestro servicio a personas de 25 a 50 años de edad del NSE B y C, que practican el reciclaje empleando la tecnología de manera recurrente ya sea mediante celulares, computadoras y que tienen la necesidad de contar con un servicio de gas más económico y seguro. La publicidad que realizaremos a la empresa será básicamente en internet, con mayor enfoque en las redes sociales Finalmente, en nuestro análisis financiero realizado como estudio de la empresa tenemos un costo de oportunidad del capital (COK) de 10.91% y un costo promedio ponderado de capital (WACC) de 9.32%. Por lo tanto, podemos concluir que, de acuerdo con los análisis realizados en el presente trabajo, el desarrollo de la empresa ECOGAS es viable económicamente.<br>The objective of this proyect is the creation of the company ECOGAS, which is dedicated to the recycling of organic waste, whether generated in homes, restaurants, retail markets and wholesale markets, which will be recycled and converted into natural gas by 100%, being a great alternative for energy consumption for the thousands of homes that seek to generate savings and generate less accumulation of garbage. Power generation is an important factor for your health and the protection of the environment, however, without a good implementation of the business model it will be impossible to satisfy this need, which we consider to be a great business opportunity. Neglected market that is not covered by the central government. We will begin by providing our service to 25 to 50 year-old housewives, from NSE B and C, who practice recycling and who use technology on a recurring basis either through cell phones, computers and who have the need to have a cheaper and safer gas service. The advertising that we will carry out to the company will be basically on the internet, with a greater focus on social networks Finally, in our financial analysis carried out as a study of the company, we have an opportunity cost of capital (COK) of 10.91% and a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 9.32%. Therefore, we can conclude that, according to the analyzes carried out in this work, the development of the ECOGAS company is economically viable.<br>Trabajo de investigación
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Delgado, Salguero Giovanna Maria, García Ursula Luciana Esaine, Anchayhua Wilber Timoteo Escriba, Manco Pedro José Martinez, and Yauri Yeeny Minerva Ventura. "Bolsas Reutilizables EcoBag." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652405.

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El presente proyecto es una propuesta innovadora de solución para reducir la contaminación ambiental ocasionada por el desecho de las bolsas plásticas de uno solo uso. Con la finalidad, de validar la viabilidad del proyecto se realizó una investigación en fuentes secundarias y primarias donde se identificó en el Perú se consume 3000 millones de bolsas plásticas al año que producen 1 tonelada de CO2 ocasionado problemas de salud y contaminación ambiental. En este sentido, el proyecto propone la creación, fabricación y comercialización de bolsas reutilizables de uso multifuncional, que estarán a la venta en los supermercados y en el canal online. Por consiguiente, los productos están orientados a satisfacer las necesidades del segmento de usuarias que son mujeres 25 a 55 años de edad del NSE A, B y C1 que representan el tamaño de mercado total de 810,973 personas en Lima Metropolitana. Cabe indicar, que el proyecto promete un ingreso anual de S/. 1,028,611 soles en el primer año de operaciones con un crecimiento anual en ventas de 4% a 4.5% para los años siguientes. Por lo tanto, el proyecto es viable y rentable porque el valor actual neto del flujo de caja financiero es S/. 232,043 soles, que es la rentabilidad en unidades monetarias que el proyecto genera para los accionistas y rinde una tasa interna de retorno de 52% mayor al costo de oportunidad del capital.<br>This project proposes an innovative solution to reduce the environmental pollution caused by single-use plastic bag waste. In order to validate the viability of this project, a study using secondary and primary sources was completed which demonstrated that each year Peru uses 3000 million plastic bags which produces 1 ton of CO2 causing health problems and environmental pollution. Following this, our project proposes the creation, manufacturing and commercialization of reusable and multiuse bags, which will be for sale in supermarkets and online. Our products will be orientated towards satisfying the needs of a segment of users; which are women between 25 to 55 years old in socio-economic levels A, B and C1, which represents a total market size of 810,973 people in Metropolitan Lima. It should be noted that the project promises an annual income of S /. 1,028,611 soles in the first year of operations with annual sales growth of 4% to 4.5% for the following years. Therefore, the project is viable and profitable because the net present value of the financial cash flow is S /. 232,043 soles, which is the return on monetary units that the project generates for shareholders and yields an internal rate of return of 52% higher than the opportunity cost of capital.<br>Trabajo de investigación
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Madichie, Nnamdi O. "Customs unions theory and the ECOWAS experience." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19996/.

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The study traces the evolution of West African economic integration efforts, leading up to the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The original Lagos Treaty of 1975 is reviewed against the background of its revised 1993 Abuja version under the framework of the Customs Unions theory. This study is undertaken to ascertain the consistency of regional integration theory with the stated objectives of ECOWAS. It questions, for example, whether the Customs Unions theory and its welfare effects could actually explain the experience of regional integration of West Africa in general, and within ECOWAS in particular. In other words, the critical success factors and/or moderating influences in ECOWAS are examined against the background of the Community's objectives as set out in its two Treaties. The study also benefits from a wide range of discussions on different political and economic bases for regional integration theory: functionalism, neofunctionalism, federalism and intergovernmentalism and their relevance to ECOWAS. Strange enough, while these 'isms' are demonstrated to be inconsistent with ECOWAS objectives having dwelt more on regional integration efforts in Europe, no other study on West African integration has examined ECOWAS along these lines. The experience of ECOWAS is made against the backdrop of Customs Unions within Africa, such as the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), East African Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community (SADCC); and others outside Africa in regions like the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the South American Customs Union (MERCOSUR). One emerging pattern of such comparison reveals that ECOWAS has wavered from its stated objectives in favour of the static principles of customs unions theory and consequently been unable to improve its record on the welfare levels of contracting states. The implication of such departures from its original objectives is that market inter-penetration and intra-regional trade within ECOWAS has neither yielded the desired welfare gains nor improved levels of industrialisation, sustained growth and economic development. It is safe to conclude, therefore, that despite considerable efforts at achieving regional economic integration in ECOWAS, the result has been dismal largely as a result of applying unrealistic models of customs unions theory to the West African situation. It is therefore posited that the process of regional economic integration in other parts of the world and particularly in Europe, are not readily applicable in the West African context, where the economic, political and institutional foundations are not only grossly dissimilar but largely at variance.
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Luckin, Rosemary. "ECOLAB : explorations in the zone of proximal development." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388676.

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Books on the topic "Ecosan"

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Pradhan, Anita. Assessment of urine-diverting EcoSan toilets in Nepal: Report. WaterAid in Nepal, 2008.

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Ecoscam. St. Martin's Press, 1994.

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Bailey, Ronald. Ecoscam. St. Martin's Press, 1994.

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Peter, Sharratt, ed. Ecosse romane. Zodiaque, 1985.

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Ukaigwe, Jerry. ECOWAS Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26233-8.

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Gloaguen, Philippe. Ecosse: 2010-2011. Hachette, 2010.

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Mattaini, Mark A. Visual EcoScan for clinical practice (Version 1.0). NASW Press, 1993.

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Bennett, Martin. Ecomac case study, Zeneca. Management Research Centre, Wolverhampton Business School in association with the University of Bradford, 1998.

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Civardi, Christian. L' Ecosse depuis 1528. Ophrys, 1998.

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-, Labourdette Jean-Paul 19, ed. Ecosse: Carnet de voyage. Nouv. éd. de l'Université, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ecosan"

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Krause, Ariane. "Valuing Waste – A Multi-method Analysis of the Use of Household Refuse from Cooking and Sanitation for Soil Fertility Management in Tanzanian Smallholdings." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_5.

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AbstractThe starting point of this work is the intention of two farmers’ initiatives to disseminate locally developed and adapted cooking and sanitation technologies to smallholder households in Karagwe District, in northwest Tanzania. These technologies include improved cooking stoves (ICSs), such as microgasifiers, and a system combining biogas digesters and burners for cooking, as well as urine-diverting dry toilets, and thermal sterilisation/pasteurisation for ecological sanitation (EcoSan). Switching to the new alternatives could lead to a higher availability of domestic residues for soil fertility management. These residues include biogas slurry from anaerobic digestion, powdery biochar from microgasifiers and sanitised human excreta from EcoSan facilities. Such recycling-driven approaches address an existing problem for many smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, namely, the lack of soil amenders to sufficiently replenish soil nutrients and soil organic matter (SOM) in soils used for agricultural activity. This example from Tanzania systematically examines the nexus of ‘energy-sanitation-agriculture’ in smallholder farming systems. The short-term experiments demonstrated that all soil amenders that were analysed could significantly enhance crop productivity. CaSa-compost – the product of co-composting biochar with sanitised human excreta – quadrupled grain yields. The observed stimulation of crop yield and also plant nutrition is attributed to improved nutrient availability caused by a direct increase of soil pH and of plant-available phosphorus (P) in the soil. The assessment of the lasting soil implications revealed that CaSa-compost and biogas slurry both show the long-term potential to roughly double yields of maize. Corresponding nutrient requirements can be adequately compensated through residue capturing and subsistence production of soil amenders. The potential of CaSa-compost for sustainable soil fertility management is superior to that of standard compost, especially with respect to liming, replenishing soil P and restoring SOM. Biogas slurry, however, yields inferior results in all aspects when compared to compost amendments.
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Taouraout, A., A. Chahlaoui, D. Belghyti, M. Najy, I. Taha, and A. Kharroubi. "Perceptions and Attitudes of the Rural Population of Morocco Towards EcoSan Latrines UDDTs." In Innovations in Smart Cities Applications Edition 2. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11196-0_11.

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Werner, Christine, Heinz-Peter Mang, Jana Schlick, and Papa Abdoulaye Fall. "Ecosan — Introduction of Closed-Loop Approaches in Wastewater Management and Sanitation — A Supra-Regional GTZ-Project." In Water in the Middle East and in North Africa. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10866-6_22.

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Beler-Baykal, Bilsen. "An Overview of Results and Conclusions from ITU Segregated Streams/ECOSAN Research Group Experience on Gray Water Management." In Recycling and Reuse Approaches for Better Sustainability. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95888-0_21.

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Aideyan, Osaore. "ECOWAS." In Handbook of International Trade Agreements. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351046954-30.

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Ukaigwe, Jerry. "Introduction." In ECOWAS Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26233-8_1.

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Ukaigwe, Jerry. "Free Movement of Persons and Right of Residence." In ECOWAS Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26233-8_10.

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Ukaigwe, Jerry. "Right of Establishment (Services) and Free Movement of Capital." In ECOWAS Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26233-8_11.

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Ukaigwe, Jerry. "Free Movement of Goods." In ECOWAS Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26233-8_12.

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Ukaigwe, Jerry. "Discrimination." In ECOWAS Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26233-8_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ecosan"

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Taouraout, Aziz, Addelkader Chahlaoui, Driss Belghyti, Mohamed Najy, and Adel Kharroubi. "The socio-cultural acceptance of EcoSan latrines in rural areas of Morocco." In SCA '18: 3rd International Conference on Smart City Applications. ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3286606.3286815.

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Mayaka, Abel N., Dickson Andala, Moses Mwangi, and Keziah N. Ngugi. "Improved design of ecosan toilets and their impact on the economy and environment in Kenya." In 2018 World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weef-gedc.2018.8629731.

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Gregg, Chris, Luther Tychonievich, James Cohoon, and Kim Hazelwood. "EcoSim." In the 43rd ACM technical symposium. ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157155.

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Pereira, Rodrigo, Dalton Reis, Roberta Andressa Pereira, and Mauricio Lopes. "EcosAR: simulador de ecossistemas utilizando realidade aumentada." In Workshop de Informática na Escola. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wie.2019.550.

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Este artigo apresenta o EcosAR, aplicativo que tem como objetivo simular ecossistemas utilizando as tecnologias de Realidade Aumentada e Interfaces de Usuário Tangível. A atividade de simular ecossistemas utilizando estas tecnologias possibilita ao usuário a observação e controle de fenômenos naturais como o ciclo da água, o ciclo de vida das árvores, vento e temperatura. O aplicativo foi desenvolvido utilizando o motor gráfico Unity e com a biblioteca Vuforia. Foram realizados testes de funcionalidade e com acadêmicos do curso de Ciências Biológicas, os quais responderam um questionário. Os resultados indicaram a viabilidade de aplicação dessas tecnologias na simulação de ecossistemas, bem como identificaram possibilidades de melhorias no aplicativo.
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du Toit, Comelis F., Manohar Deshpande, and Rafael F. Rincon. "Advanced antenna design for NASA's EcoSAR instrument." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology (PAST). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/array.2016.7832602.

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Rincon, Rafael F., Temilola Fatoyinbo, Guoqing Sun, et al. "The EcoSAR P-band Synthetic Aperture Radar." In IGARSS 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6049355.

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Antonio, Nadja, Flavio Horita, and Rodrigo Santos. "Investigando a Evolução da Plataforma Tecnológica em um Ecossistema de Software Federado." In Anais Estendidos do Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2021.15357.

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Sistemas de Informação Federados (SIF) se interconectam para obter funcionalidades que exigem muitas integrações que, sozinhos, não conseguiriam realizar. SIF juntos cumprem uma missão maior, tal como a disponibilização de crédito ao cliente bancário. Por sua vez, os Sistemas de Informação (SI) são aqueles que fazem parte de uma mesma plataforma tecnológica comum com seus atores internos e externos. Ao conjunto destes SI, denomina-se Ecossistema de Software (ECOS). Partindo destes conceitos, o arranjo de SIF pode ser denominado Ecossistema de Software Federado (ECOSF). Nesse contexto, com o forte avanço da evolução tecnológica, cada vez mais se torna necessário que os SIF migrem para novas tecnologias e esta evolução pode causar novas tensões organizacionais (TO) entre os stakeholders durante essas migrações e na convivência dos SIF novos com legados. Isto ocorre porque existem diversos desafios envolvidos nesta migração: processos tradicionais; resistência a mudanças; questões orçamentárias, dentre outros. Este trabalho propõe investigar a evolução da plataforma tecnológica comum de um ECOSF e analisar como emergem as TO. Como contribuição para a indústria, pretende-se encontrar os elementos que influenciam na evolução da plataforma tecnológica comum de um ECOSF, auxiliando gestores na tomada de decisão na evolução dos SIF envolvidos. Como contribuição para a academia, será realizada uma teorização da evolução dos SIF, fornecendo mais uma forma de pensar, teorizar e entender sistemas desta natureza.
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Malik, Maria, Hassan Ghasemzadeh, Tinoosh Mohsenin, et al. "ECoST." In ICPP 2019: 48th International Conference on Parallel Processing. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3337821.3337834.

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"Workshop ECOSOA Committees." In 2008 Second IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasow.2008.6.

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Rincon, R. F., T. Fatoyinbo, K. J. Ranson, et al. "Development of the EcoSAR P-band synthetic aperture radar." In IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350469.

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Reports on the topic "Ecosan"

1

Maske, Helmut, James L. Mueller, and Charles C. Trees. Ecohab: Hyperspectral Optical Properties of Red-Tide Blooms. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629760.

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Adkisson, Stephen. Integration in West Africa : an empirical examination of ECOWAS. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3268.

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Cole, G. H., R. A. Richardson, and E. J. Yarger. Dynamometer tests of the Ford Ecostar Electric Vehicle No. 41. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/125358.

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Boppart, Timo, Karl Harmenberg, John Hassler, Per Krusell, and Jonna Olsson. Integrated Epi-Econ Assessment. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28282.

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Cole, G. H., R. A. Richardson, and E. J. Yarger. Additional dynamometer tests of the Ford Ecostar Electric Vehicle No. 41. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/279700.

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Azzimonti, Marina, Alessandra Fogli, Fabrizio Perri, and Mark Ponder. Pandemic Control in ECON-EPI Networks. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27741.

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Jackson, L. M. A Test to Illustrate the Effects of ECOSAFE on the Movement of Oil in Contaminated Soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/793465.

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Pruess, Karsten. ECO2N: A TOUGH2 Fluid Property Module for Mixtures of Water, NaCl,and CO2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877331.

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Tanczyk, E. I., and G. Massie. L'analyse Paleomagnetique De La Tectonique Et De L'alteration Hydrothermale Du Terrain De Meguma De La Nouvelle - Ecosse. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130880.

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Parisien, Lia. ECOS E-MATRIX Methane and Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) Emissions Best Practices Database. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1261808.

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