Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écosystème marin'
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Le, Calvez Thomas. "Diversité et fonctions écologiques des champignons en écosystème hydrothermal marin profond." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465055.
Full textCauchi, Bernard. "Ecologie bactérienne d'un écosystème marin : Dynamique des communautés bactériennes hétérotrophes, analyse des données et essai de modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX2A001.
Full textPourchez, Arnaud. "Impact de la diapause sur la dynamique de communautés planctoniques dans un écosystème Arctique numérique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29871.
Full textBallón, Soto Roberto Michael. "Étude acoustique du macrozooplancton au Pérou : estimation de biomasse, distribution spatiale, impact du forçage physique, et conséquences sur la distribution des poissons fourrage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20052/document.
Full textThe Northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) represents less than 0.1% of the world ocean surface but produces more fish, mainly Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), per unit area than any other region in the world. Although this system produces enough macrozooplankton to feed its high production of forage fish, the paucity of information on zooplankton hampers research in the system. The objective of this study was to investigate the multiscale dynamics of the spatiotemporal distribution of the macrozooplankton biomass off Peru in relation to the physical environment and their fish predators. For that a bi-frequency acoustic method was developed and applied to extract, from historical acoustic data, high-resolution information on the biomass and the patterns of distribution of macrozooplankton, the pelagic red squad 'munida', fish and other marine compartments. This method also allows estimating the vertical extension of this epipelagic community (ZVEEC). We demonstrated that ZVEEC coincide with the upper limit of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which allowed both producing high-resolution spatial data of the upper limit of the OMZ and estimating the volume habitat of anchovy. The estimated macrozooplankton biomass was about four times higher than previously reported. This estimate is in agreement with the recent findings on forage fish trophic ecology and supports the current hypotheses explaining the NHCS high fish production. The study of the impacts of the submeso- and mesoscale physical structures on macrozooplankton provided evidence of the bottom-up physical effect on the distribution of macrozooplankton biomass. We also found further evidence of the structuring bottom-up effect that macrozooplankton exert on forage fish. The high-resolution biological and physical data obtained in this study opens new perspective to perform integrated multiscale ecological studies and to calibrate biogeochemical, trophic and End-to-End models
Del, Amo Yolanda. "Dynamique et structure des communautés phytoplanctoniques dans un écosystème côtier pertrubé : cinétiques de l'incorporation de silicium par les diatomées." Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES2027.
Full textPerruche, Coralie. "Influence de la dynamique mésoéchelle et submésoéchelle sur la compétition au sein d'un écosystème planctonique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508647.
Full textGalès, Philippe. "Origine et devenir d'une bactérie pathogène (Salmonella) dans les compartiments eau, sédiment, coquillages filtreurs d'un écosystème méditerranéen marin côtier (étang de Thau, France)." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20249.
Full textJouenne, Fabien. "Dynamique de la production primaire phytoplanctonique et structure de la communauté microalgale au sein d'un écosystème estuarien microtidal : la Baie des Veys (Manche Est)." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2002.
Full textVerlaque, Marc. "Contributions à l'étude du phytobenthos d'un écosystème photophile thermophile marin en Méditerranée occidentale : étude structurale et dynamique du phytobenthos et analyse des relations faune - flore." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22052.
Full textRiandey, Virginie. "Etude de la structure de taille des populations zooplanctoniques dans différents écosystèmes marins : Apports des nouveaux appareils automatisés d'observation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22038.pdf.
Full textTribot, Anne-Sophie. "Esthétique et biodiversité des écosystèmes sous-marins." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT131/document.
Full textThe aesthetic value of landscapes and species is a central element for the conservation of biodiversity, since it involves the emotional and emotional dimensions of our relationship to nature. However, the links between biodiversity and aesthetic perception remains poorly studied and recognized within the ecosystem services framework.Following a first critical review, that described the conceptual and methodological bases of landscape aesthetics, three studies on underwater systems at different scales have been computed in order to better understand the link between the different facets of biodiversity and aesthetic perception.The results revealed that the link between biodiversity and aesthetic preferences is dependent on the scale of perception: at a multi-specific scale, biodiversity and species composition have a positive effect on aesthetic preferences, while preferences at a specific scale are disconnected to the ecological functioning of ecosystems.These results confirm the importance of aesthetic value in our perception of biodiversity, which could have major consequences in the way we protect our environment. The aesthetic experience based on the understanding of ecological functioning is proposed and described in order to promote an aesthetic perception relevant to ecological processes. Education to biodiversity based on engaged aesthetic is also proposed, in order to reconnect ecological needs and aesthetic preferences
Ouba, Anthony. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle (2000-2013) de l'abondance, de la biomasse et du spectre de taille du zooplancton dans le bassin Levantin." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066545/document.
Full textThe occurring of the cyclic Eastern Mediterranean Transient and the climatic change have effects on the Levantine marine ecosystem. Understanding the response of zooplankton to such variations is of importance for ecosystem services. This thesis represents a pioneer study in enlightening the seasonality and the interannuality, as well as the spectra size of the zooplankton at a fix point B2 (N34º14.856; E35º36.067, North Lebanon). In this context, a 14 years unique time-series was conducted by a 52 µm mesh size net and analyzed with a powerful synthetic index, the Zooscan to monitor changes in the pelagic system. The results found that the maximum zooplankton biomass was coupled to the phytoplankton spring bloom, whereas abundances increased in the summer possibly due to the recruitment. Following the EMT-like in 2005, the salinity increased in the study area and the whole basin. Zooplankton abundance and biomass increased abruptly possibly related to the enhanced primary production which is hidden by the "top down" control by zooplankton. Moreover, the nutrients enrichment of anthropogenic origin at the sea surface characterized the site by more or less productive occasional periods. The zooplankton size structure has also changed along the period depending on the hydrological factors. The spectral slope analysis showed an interannual variability according to the abundances. While the spectra shape analysis displayed a domination of big size individuals during winter and spring seasons. This automatic measurement highlighted the efficiency of detecting changes in zooplankton that can be related to broader ecosystem perturbation
Day, Russell Davis. "Potentiel des banques d’échantillons environnementales pour les études biogéochimiques du Hg (spéciation et signatures isotopiques) dans les écosystèmes marins." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3026/document.
Full textThe specimens archived in Environmental Specimen Banks (ESBs) are among the longest time-series, most geographically robust, and highest integrity samples available for performing environmental research. Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic and ubiquitous heavy metal that remains one of the world’s most prominent environmental contaminants, and ESBs have played a prominent role in Hg research. We review and discuss some of the ways in which ESBs have traditionally been used to study Hg in aquatic ecosystems, and show an example of how seabird eggs from the Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP) are used for monitoring environmental Hg concentrations in subarctic and Arctic marine ecosystem. We also highlight some of the most robust sample sets archived in ESBs worldwide, which provide a valuable resource for conducting research in the emerging field of Hg stable isotope chemistry. Signatures of Hg isotope fractionation are used for source apportionment and for tracing biogeochemical cycling of Hg. We present results from two additional studies in Alaska that show how banked seabird eggs can be used for each of these purposes. As the research surrounding Hg stable isotopes continues to mature, ESBs can provide a robust and economical sample archive to expand and diversify the inventory of Hg isotope measurements, and be used to develop and test hypotheses. Samples archived in ESBs are available for request by external collaborators in order to perform high impact research, and should be fully utilized to address emerging environmental concerns
Le, Calvez Thomas. "Diversité et fonctions écologiques des champignons en écosystèmes hydrothermal marin profond." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465055.
Full textFrom molecular clock estimates we hypothesized their diversification in oceans. The marine hydrothermal ecosystems share characteristics with the primitive ocean. Thus, we have tested and analyzed the diversity of fungi in this particular ecosystem, in the aim to detect fungi displaying ancestral traits within the fungal Kingdom. Diversity analyses were performed from ciPCR, allowed to highlight the presence of a new branch forming one of the most ancient evolutionary lineage of fungi, in agreement with our working hypothesis, along with a large fungal diversity To understand the ecological functions of these fungi in these ecosystems, we chose an original metagenomic approach: DNA were pyrosequenced in 3 independent runs. Contigs had been used in order to extract and annotate fungal genes in the aim to reconstruct the hypothetical fungal metabolism, by homologies searches in public database. Unassembled reads were used to reconstruct the different metabolisms of the metagenome, and to better understand the taxonomic composition of our sample
Jacob, Céline. "Approche géographique de la compensation écologique en milieu marin : analyse de l’émergence d’un système de gouvernance environnementale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30001/document.
Full textMy research topic is multidisciplinary combining geography, ecology and economics and addressing the efficiency of current marine offset practice. Building on a state of the art of current practice, I am working on a more prospective approach (compared to current research on mitigation targeting terrestrial ecosystems). By offset, I am referring to legal mitigation that consists in avoiding – reducing – offsetting adverse impacts of development projects such as dredging, port infrastructure, oil exploration, marine aggregate extraction, beach nourishment, etc. on marine and coastal ecosystems. Based on a review of around fifty French marine Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), I analyzed the assessment of impacts, the use of offset sizing methods (robust method to assess ecological losses due to development projects and ecological gains created by offset measures) and the kind of measures proposed. Within these EIAs, sizing methods were seldom used and the very few measures suggested to offset residual impacts could be questioned in terms of equivalency and appropriateness. These measures were either ecological engineering techniques (such as seagrass or coral restoration), management measures (used to reduce pressure on the impacted ecosystems through the funding of management measures in Marine Protected Areas for example) or even knowledge acquisition. Thus, I am also looking at the efficiency of ecological engineering techniques on marine and coastal ecosystems. My research mainly focuses on the offset of authorized impacts but could also deals with some aspects of the offset of accidental damages
Duport, Eric Marc Yann. "Quantification de la bioturbation dans les écosystèmes marins côtiers : caractérisation des groupes fonctionnels responsables du remaniement sédimentaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22054.pdf.
Full textIn order to define the biological and environmental factors playing a role in the sediment reworking intensity changes, works have been carried out both on monospecific Nereis diversicolor population (in vitro) and in situ macrobenthic communities. The studies about in situ communities were realised over time in contrasted Mediterranean environments : St. Antoine canal (Gulf of Fos) and Thau Lagoon. The first part of this work was to characterize the species and more particularly their belonging bioturbation functional group according to their tropic and locomotive behaviors. In the second part, using particle tracers (luminophores), intensity of sediment reworking induced by organisms was quantified. The impact of the different studied factors on sediment reworking intensity was assessed with 1-D model. The results of the in vitro experiment showed the existence of a non-linear relationship between density of gallery-diffusor N. Diversicolor and sediment reworking intensity. The intensity of biodiffusive transport (Db) and the biotransport (r) first increased with the density and then reached a maximal value. This experimentation showed the importance of the population density which appears as a key factor in the sedimentary ecosystem functioning. The studies related to in situ communities allowed to highlight the crucial importance of the species functional traits and the functional diversity of the communities on the sediment mixing dynamics. This work has enabled us to show that temporal changes in sediment reworking are a complex phenomenon which can be explain by combined influence of biological factors (functional composition and density of the community), associated with the direct and indirect influence of environmental (temperature of water, oxygen concentration in the sediments, organic quantity of matter in the sedimentary column and particle size)
Burgaud, Gaëtan. "Etude des communautés fongiques cultivables des écosystèmes hydrothermaux marins profonds." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2059.
Full textFor the last 20 years, numerous descriptions of new species of Archea and Bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were produced from lab culture collections but regarding micro-eukaryotes, similar works were extremely rare. Consequently, this research has focused on isolation of fungi from samples collected at deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. It allowed (1) to describe filamentous fungi and yeasts, their physiological characteristics which suggest isolation of endemic and ubiquitous species and their variable adaptations to elevated hydrostatic pressures ; (2) to reveal distribution heterogeneities between hydrothermal sites and frequent association with dominant animal communities (Bathymodius azoricus and Rimicaris exoculata) ; (3) to compare culturable fungal communities with data from amplified rDNAs of hydrothermal samples ; (4) to assess the presence of yeasts in deep-sea water surrounding endemic animal communities with in situ hybridization ; (5) to describe a new species in the Candida genus, Candida marinus ; (6) to analyse using dHPLC fungal communities in the water column at different sites of the Atlantic ocean in order to assess the specificity of the culturable fungal communities obtained from deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples. This research reveals for the first time the presence of filamentous fungi at deep-sea hydrothermals vents, it enlarges our view of the microbial diversity in these extreme ecosystems and suggests future works to study fungal communities in marine environment
Le, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003/document.
Full textClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Souchu, Philippe. "Contribution à l'étude du cycle de l'azote en écosystème macrotidal." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2034.
Full textCotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
De, Cesare Silvia. "Les bivalves filtreurs Astarte moerchi : modèle biologique pour l'étude des écosystème marins arctiques." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0010/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change, Arctic marine ecosystems are affected by rapid environmental modifications, whose effects on biotic communities are still debated. The sea-ice decline and the increase in freshwater inputs and turbidity are likely to impact Arctic primary producers, with cascade effects on a key-process in those ecosystems: the trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic consumers (generally referred as “pelagic-benthic coupling”). The direct study of such complex interaction is not straightforward in the Arctic. The biological model of filter-feeding bivalves offers the possibility to get around these problems, allowing to study those ecological processes indirectly. Among the advantages of this model, there is first of all the fact that these organisms record in their shell, in the carbonate layers, some dynamics of their environments. The information recorded in such “bioarchives” are interpreted through the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry and relate to a time window corresponding to the organism lifespan (from some years to more than 500 years). Given that these organisms are primary consumers, another advantage of this biological model is that the study of their diet can provide information about the trophic relationship with primary producers. With the methods of trophic ecology, especially fatty acids and stable isotopes, the study of the tissues allows the investigation of sources assimilated at a timescale of weeks/months.The main objective of this thesis is to test the potential of bivalves Astarte moerchi (borealis complex) as a biological model for the study of marine Arctic ecosystems. A coupled approach is used to combine shell analysis by the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry (elemental ratios) and tissue analysis by the methods of trophic ecology (fatty acids, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, compound-specific carbon stable isotopes on individual fatty acids). Two living A. moerchi populations have been studied in two fjords presenting contrasted environmental conditions: Young Sound in North-East Greenland (considered as “Arctic” site) and Kongsfjorden in the West coast of the Svalbard Archipelago (considered as a “sub-Arctic” site). The study of the tissues of A. moerchi allowed to show the trophic plasticity of this species, with differences in food sources of the two populations linked to local primary production dynamics. The analysis of the shell of A. moerchi allowed to: a) corroborate the hypothesis of annual growth lines formation, thus confirming the longevity of this species that can attain 150 years; b) show the potential interest of the analysis of elemental ratios and particularly the ratio between Barium and Calcium (Ba/Ca), which could be relied to phytoplanktonic blooms and c) show that contrasted environmental conditions in the Arctic and sub-Arctic sites result in different shell growth patterns. Some perspectives for the further use of this model study in ecology are discussed. To conclude, an epistemological reflection is sketched about the specificity of the biological model study of filter-feeding bivalves. In contrast to the classical notion of “model organism” used in experimental biology, we suggest that filter-feeding bivalves (as well as other “bioarchives” like trees, corals and coralline algae) belong to a category of biological models that could be named “in situ” and seems specific to the ecological discipline
Jean, Natacha. "Etude du DMSP et du DMS dans deux écosystèmes littoraux marins de niveaux trophiques différents (Méditerranée Occidentale, France) : relations avec les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques." Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0016.
Full textSauterey, Boris. "How do ecological and evolutionary dynamics interact together and with the environment to shape the structure of oceanic plankton communities? : A modelling approach." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077259.
Full textRecent global ocean circulation models integrate phytoplankton ecology in a relatively detailed manner, accounting for a variety of plankton functional types or even species-level variability (Follows et al. 2007). Such models have demonstrated the importance of ecological detail (in terms of functional composition) for global biogeochemical cycles and possible positive feedbacks between marine ecosystems and climate change (Cermeho and Falkowski 2009). An open question today is : does phytoplankton (and zooplankton) evolution accelerate or mitigate the impact of climate change on the global carbon cycle ? Answering this question is beyond the scope of this thesis, and the work in this thesis should be seen as a first step in this direction. Before being able to answer to the above question, a more fundamental topic needs to be addressed: how do evolution and ecology interact to shape the ecological communities living in the highly complex and temporally forced environment that is the ocean? And a derived, more applied question is: can we obtain a plausible description of the complex food webs in such contexts, without accounting for evolution? Otherwise stated, how reliable is the currently used methodology for simulating the emergence of complex food webs through community assembly, based on the non-adaptive paradigm of "everything is everywhere, but the environment selects"? In order to answer these questions, the more specific objective of my thesis is to extend an existing global circulation model (the MITgcm, Follows et al. 2007; Ward et al. 2012, 2013) in order to allow for the simulation of adaptation of phytoplankton traits
Henry, Nicolas. "Écologie moléculaire des symbioses eucaryotes des écosystèmes planctoniques de la zone photique des océans." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066181/document.
Full textThe oceans, which cover nearly 70 % of the earth's surface, is host to a myriad of mostly microscopic organisms that drift with the currents and are collectively called plankton. As in other ecosystems, symbioses play a major role in the functioning and equilibrium of the plankton. But the exact nature and strength of those symbiotic interactions are still poorly known, not only due to the small size of most planktonic organisms, but also because of the inherent difficulty of sampling planktonic ecosystems, especially in the high-seas. The main goals of this thesis are to give a global view of the importance of planktonic symbioses and to propose novel methods for their detection. The work presented in this manuscript is based on analyses of data generated during the Tara Oceans expedition (2009-2013), during which sea water was collected and size fractionated by filtration at 210 sampling locations distributed across the world's oceans. The data analyses presented herein mostly focus on an environmental metabarcoding dataset obtained from next-generation sequencing (Illumina) of the V9 hypervariable region (~130 nucleotides long) of the 18S small ribosomal subunit of eukaryotic organisms. We begin by assessing the diversity and structure of pico-, nano-, micro and meso-planktonic eukaryotic communities (0.8-2000 μm) in the photic zone of tropical to temperate sea regions. Then, we present two cases of symbioses (Blastodinium-Copepods and Symbiodinium-Tiarina) to illustrate both the difficulties encountered when trying to detect symbiotic relationships using metabarcoding data due to varying specificities of symbiotic relationships, but also the potential solutions offered by size-fractionated sampling to distinguish between the different stages of the life cycle of symbiotic organisms (free living and symbiotic stages). Finally, we propose a set of methods to improve the detection of symbioses by studying the co-occurrence of organisms in planktonic communities: we use the distribution of metabarcodes along size fractions ((piconano- (0.8-5 μm), nano- (5-20 μm), micro- (20-180 μm), and meso-plancton (180-2000 μm)) to distinguish likely free living organisms from those that have a symbiotic life style, and we compare the abundance of genetic groups constructed by clustering metabarcodes at different resolution levels, which allows us to detect interactions occurring above the species level and to evaluate their level of specificity
Spathari, Sofia. "Diversité phytoplanctonique et dynamique des efflorescences algales dans les écosystèmes marins côtiers sous l'influence des apports continentaux." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20163.
Full textThe research objective of the current work was the quantitative study of the ecological processes regulating the diversity, structure, and dynamics of phytoplankton communities in coastal ecosystems, influenced by terrestrial nutrient loading, mainly of anthropogenic origin. The thesis was based on the analysis of physical, chemical, and biological data sampled during the course of one year in the Gulf of Kalloni, Lesvos Island, Greece, and on an existing database compiled from five coastal areas in the Aegean Sea. The data were analysed with the application of novel methodologies rarely used in marine ecology. According to the results of the study, the primary productivity, biodiversity, and species composition of phytoplankton communities in coastal ecosystems is strongly affected by the nutrient loading from the watershed particularly during the winter months. It has been found that the import of nitrogen into the system was more critical than phosphorus for the development of eutrophication crises and blooms of potentially toxic species. During these blooms, the biodiversity, and community structure and composition change radically since a maximum of two species dominate the community almost entirely. The application of biological models on bloom and non-bloom assemblages has shown that resources rather than self-organisation processes drive the structure of phytoplankton assemblages. The diversity-productivity relationship in phytoplankton was a humpback, when samples from bloom assemblages were included in the analysis. Investigation on the factors affecting the shape of this relationship has demonstrated a possible double abiotic stress mechanism, which regulates phytoplankton species richness in coastal ecosystems
Ragueneau, Olivier. "La dynamique du phytoplancton en écosystèmes côtiers macrotidaux : couplage avec l'hydrodynamique et le cycle biogéochimique du silicium." Brest, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BRES2035.
Full textCorbineau, Ana. "Variabilité temporelle des grands poissons pélagiques exploités dans les écosystèmes marins tropicaux." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066257.
Full textLaghdass, Mélissa. "Réponse de la communauté bactérienne marine à différentes sources nutritives : lien entre activité et diversité." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066463.
Full textColléter, Mathieu. "Impacts de la pêche sur le fonctionnement trophique des écosystèmes marins : une approche comparative basée sur des modèles trophodynamiques." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH092.
Full textFaced with the global overexploitation of marine resources and the rapid degradation of ecosystems’ integrity, many states agreed to the principle of an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). In fact, overfishing induces strong decrease of targeted species biomass, which impact predators, their competitors, prey, and ultimately the ecosystems’ trophic networks. Thus, it is an important challenge to understand the trophic functioning of marine ecosystems and the related impacts of fisheries. In this spirit, my thesis was developed to address concerns about the potential impacts of fisheries on the underlying trophic functioning, and to better understand this trophic functioning and its variability through ecosystems. Two well-known trophodynamic models were used: Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) and EcoTroph (ET). First, I developed EcoBase, i. E. , an online repository to gather and communicate information from EwE models, which enabled to give a global overview of the applications of the EwE modeling approach. Then, the ET model was corrected and standardized through the creation of a software package in R. A new trophic control, i. E. , foraging arena (FA) trophic control, was integrated to study its impacts on trophic flows and fishing effects on aquatic ecosystem trophic networks. I showed that that making ecosystem behavior more realistic by incorporating FA controls into EcoTroph decreased the resistance and the production of modeled ecosystems facing increasing fishing mortality. An analysis of case studies focusing on marine protected areas (MPAs) was then performed using EwE and ET. I analyzed the potential spillover effect from three MPAs, and showed that their potential exports were at the same order of magnitude as the amount of catch that could have been obtained inside the reserve. Finally, a meta-analysis of marine ecosystem trophic iii functioning was conducted using 127 EwE models, which showed that ecosystem types were distinguished by different biomass trophic spectra and associated trophic indices. These differences were mainly driven by different production, but also kinetic for some ecosystem types. In conclusion, trophodynamic models, as EwE and ET, appeared to be useful tools to better understand the trophic functioning of marine ecosystems, its variability through ecosystems, and the associated impacts of fisheries
Caradec, Julien. "Hydrodynamisme et production phytoplanctonique dans les écosystèmes marins : influence des variations de lumière induites par le mélange vertical sur l'absorption de l'azote." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2025.
Full textThe influence of vertical mixing on the phytoplankton production in marine ecosystems has been studied by observing the effects of changing light induced by vertical mixing on the development of phytoplankton in well-mixed waters of the Western English Channel. Nitrate and ammonium uptake rate in the water column and the kinetics of uptake of these compounds based on-the percentage of incident sea-surface light intensity were determined during a seasonal cycle for two classes of phytoplankton size (> 10 μm and <10 μm) in relation- with Mf tidal cycle. Nitrate uptake rates were measured using the techrique of tracer isotope 1SN. Our resuts show that pimary production and phytoplankton size structure are ulosely related to lighting conditions resulting from the vertical mixing of water column During high hydrodynamics conditions, phytoplanktonic production is low and based on regenerated ammonium and development of a population dominated by small cells, while a low hydrodynamic increase production based on the use of nitrate and associated with the development of large cell, at least in non-limiting nutrient condition. Qur results also show that phytoplanktonic populations are able to respond quickly to vertical mixing changes by altering their physiological properties and adapting in particular the process of absorption of nitrogen compounds
Mahé, Stéphane. "Diversité des branches évolutives basales du règne des champignons dans les écosystèmes hydrothermaux marins profonds." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797898.
Full textSchrimm, Muriel. "Transferts de carbone entre un écosystème récifal et l'océan par l'intermédiaire d'une passe lagonaire (île de Mooréa, Polynésie française)." Perpignan, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PERP0387.
Full textPichegru, Lorien. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d’oiseaux marins vulnérables dans le Benguela." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/PICHEGRU_Lorien_2008.pdf.
Full textIn the context of rapid global changes, understanding the foraging mechanisms of marine top predators is crucial to determine their ability to adapt to environmental variability, in order to predict the consequences of changes on population dynamics and to define appropriate conservation measures for threatened species and the trophic webs to which they belong. In the Benguela upwelling system, in South Africa, Cape gannets (Morus capensis) and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are vulnerable to extinction and are facing for 10 years onward a progressive south-eastward shift of their main prey, sardines (Sardinops Sagax) and anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), probably due to climate change. We performed a detailed study on Cape gannet foraging strategies, using birdborne recorders, and analysing their diet and the distribution and abundance of their prey in the Benguela. We showed that Cape gannets are able to increase substantially their foraging effort facing poor natural prey availability on the west coast of South Africa. However they are limited in the extent of their foraging area by the need to regularly come back to the colony to feed their young. Thus they turn to feeding behind trawlers on hake fishery discards (Merluccius spp. ) of poor nutritional content. These prey represent « Junk-food » for the gannet chicks and have a negative impact on their survival. Even if they allow adults to significantly decrease their foraging effort during winter, fishery discards can not compensate for a poor availability in sardines and anchovies during the breeding season. We have determined that below a density of 25 g m-2 of natural prey in their foraging area, breeding Cape gannets can not equilibrate their energy balance and fail massively in their breeding attempt. Faithful to their breeding site, Cape gannets come back to attempt breeding under sub-optimal conditions, and so are lead to an ecological trap, instead of emigrating. The social structure of a species can therefore lag its adaptation to environmental changes. Small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies, are currently scarce off the west coast of South Africa, enhancing the competition between seabirds and purse-seine fisheries. Biotelemetry, and particularly GPS tracking on Cape gannets and African penguins at sea, allowed us to precisely define theses birds’ foraging zones. Basing our decision on these data and on purse-seine fisheries activities, we suggest conservation measures that take into account foraging areas of these top predators, while considering local economic needs. These zones are crucial for the maintenance of threatened endemic populations and our data would help in an ecosystemic approach to fisheries management, for a sustainable exploitation of the environment
Gazeau, Frédéric. "Métabolisme des écosystèmes côtiers : de l'échelle locale (fjord de Randers, baie de Palma et estuaire de l'Escaut) à l'échelle européenne." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066130.
Full textShin, Yunne. "Interactions trophiques et dynamiques des populations dans les écosystèmes marins exploités : approche par modélisation individus-centrée." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077217.
Full textDufour, Francis. "Sources et distribution du sélénium et de la sélénonéine au sein des écosystèmes arctiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35876.
Full textTraditional foods from the sea have always been an important component of the diet of Inuit of the Canadian Arctic. These organisms provide several nutritional benefits, including high levels of energetic fatty acids and microelements such as selenium (Se). Se is essential to human health and Inuit populations exhibit among the highest blood levels of Se worldwide. In contrast to other populations, Se is mainly present in Inuit blood as selenoneine, a recently identified organic form of Se. Recent studies suggest that selenoneine may participate in methylmercury (MeHg) detoxification mechanisms. Animals cannot synthesize selenoneine and our knowledge about the origin and the distribution of Se and selenoneine in the Arctic marine environment is scarce. The main aim of this study was to determine total Se, selenoneine and multiple biomarker concentrations in a broad range of marine organisms.Two food chains (pelagic and pelago-benthic) were studied in the context of the GreenEdge and BriGHTprojects. Isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C), abundance of lipid biomarkers (HBIs and fatty acids) and selenium and selenoneine concentrations were determined in tissues from representative species. Our analyses revealed high concentrations of Se in several species of the benthic food chain, particularly in bivalve and walrus tissues. In walrus, selenoneine accounted for up to 45% of total Se. Although the origin of selenoneine remains uncertain, these results, combined with isotopic and biomarker analyses, suggest that sea ice is a source of Se for Arctic ecosystems. Since selenoneine is synthesized by bacteria and fungi, it is likely that these organisms, found in the sediments or on the skin of marine mammals, are also the source in the Arctic.
Frouin, Patrick. "Structure et fonctionnement des écosystèmes benthiques dans les lagons soumis aux perturbations anthropiques : le lagon de Tahiti, Polynésie française." Pacifique, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PACI0022.
Full textHaouari, Olfa. "Etude taxonomique de bactéries sulfato-réductrices originaires d'écosystèmes marins et hydrothermaux terrestres tunisiens : potentialités oxydo-réductrices de l'arsenic." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11038.
Full textSulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are widespread in nature where they contribute significantly to organic matter mineralization through the sulfur cycle. This contribution is particularly remarkable in marine sediments where they can take part up to 50% of organic matter oxidation, although their ecological role is important as well in the extreme environments. Beside their capacity to reduce sulfur compounds (sulfate, thiosulfate, elementary sulfur), SRB have also the ability to reduce heavy metals and metalloids. Studies related to the biodiversity of SRB were conducted on samples of marine sediments and hydrothermal terrestrial springs, located in the North part of Tunisia. Microbiological approaches coupled with molecular taxonomy based on the analysis of sequences of genes encoding for the ARNr 16S, allowed us to: (i) provide evidence of the existence of a great diversity of SRB belonging to genera Desulfovibrio, Desulfotomaculum and Thermodesulfovibrio then, (ii) to isolate and characterize three new species belonging to the above mentioned genera. We examined the oxydo-reductive capacities of our isolates towards arsenic compounds. Seven of these SRB showed the ability to directly reduce arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)] without energy conservation. Indirect reduction of As(V) linked to biological sulfide production was also shown. The presence of H2S largely decreased metal toxicity. Under microaerobic conditions (0. 5% and 1% of O2 in the gas phase), we demonstrated for the first time, that two of our isolates, HEB223 and Lam5, were able to oxidize arsenite to arsenate
Augier, Dominique. "La gestion intégrée des écosystèmes marins littoraux des Petites Antilles : entre stratégies de développement et enjeux de préservation." Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0272/document.
Full textAt the interface of land and sea, and at the interface of nature and society, coastal areas are complex and very attractive territories where diverse uses and practices generate many conflicts and degradations. There is now a global consensus on the need to preserve these areas and their biodiversity. For several decades, Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICOM) has been advocated internationally as the approach to address the problems encountered in coastal areas. The approach is a key paradigm for the sustainable development of coastal zones and it tries to reconcile the use of resources with the conservation of biodiversity. A large number of projects have been implemented around the world and many human and financial resources have been mobilized for this purpose. But ICOM implementation and evaluation remain much of a challenge. This last point is widely recognized as an indispensable tool in project and program planning and management. This thesis therefore proposes a methodology for the development of indicators for the monitoring and evaluation of GIML initiatives, which makes it possible to appreciate the gaps between ambitions for environmental protection, economic development and social welfare. Underpin the approach and the actions carried out on the ground. To do so, four case studies in the Caribbean were selected. These include the Saba Marine Park, the Soufrière Marine Management Area (Saint Lucia), the Nature Seekers Group (Trinidad) and the ‘Contrat de baie’ of Fort-de-France (Martinique). These experiences are all cited as success stories in terms of integrated coastal management and as examples to follow. But do they really respond to the objectives of the approach? The proposed analysis grid provides a further reading of the results of these processes and provides more general lessons for the implementation of GIML
Ramond, Pierre. "Diversité fonctionnelle des protistes marins de l'écosystème côtier." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS210.
Full textProtists are the eukaryotic share of microbial communities. The distinct roles and adaptations of marine protists to their environment constitutes their functional diversity. Many marine protist have been discovered by DNA-based taxonomy, however the functional diversity of these organisms is unknown. In this project, the functional diversity of marine protist is studied by coupling a genetic survey (V4-18S rDNA) of various coastal ecosystems and a trait approach constituted of 13 traits. As a first step, in terms of functional redundancy, changes in the community of marine protists were tightly coupled with changes in functional diversity. These results contrasts with observations about prokaryotes and the distinct evolutionary process at stake are commented. The small size-fraction displayed a higher functional diversity probably influenced by a higher resource availability for this compartment. In a tidal front, the influence of the environment on marine protists is studied. The phototrophic protists presented a maximum of diversity at the front. The diversity maximum was influenced by dispersal (at an ecotone) but also by disturbance cycles which allowed to decrease competitive exclusion. Reversely, the diversity of heterotrophic protists was less structured by this environment, probably because their nutrition is related to biological interactions more than by the environment. In a last section, parasitism of a single dinoflagellate species was shown to be carried out by few specialized parasites. These results underline that the predation role of protistan communities might be dictated by specialized interactions involving heterotrophic protists and their prey
Lobos, Valenzuela Maria Gabriela. "Spéciation de l'arsenic par couplage HPLC-UV-HG-AFS. : Application à des échantillons de l'environnement des écosystèmes marins et terrestres." Pau, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU3026.
Full textThis work presents the development of a coupling between chromatographic separation (HPLC) and specific detection by AFS for the speciation of arsenic by inserting an optimised step of UV decomposition and hydride generation between the column outlet and the detector. The described chromatographic modes allow the separation of As(III), As(V), DMA and MMA by anion exchange; and AsB, TMAO, TMAs+ and AsC by cation exchange. The optimised method allows to reach low detection limits about æg L-1 for each species in solution, making this technique one of the most efficient for arsenic speciation. Moreover it permits to detect the arsenosugars present in some samples. We also optimised extraction methods for various environmental samples (soils, sediments, marine and terrestrial plants, molluscs) allowing the selective and quantitative extraction of arsenic species from these matrices, without modification of their distribution
Salvatteci, Renato. "Variabilité multi-décennale et millénaire de l'intensité de la zone de minimum d'oxygène, de la production exportée et des populations de poissons pélagiques à partir de sédiments marins laminés à Pisco, Pérou, au cours des derniers 25000 ans." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066163.
Full textThe Peruvian upwelling system (PUS) is characterized by a strong oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and high primary productivity, sustaining the world’s largest anchovy fishery. The high sedimentation rates along with the strong OMZ allow the preservation of finely laminated sediments permitting the reconstruction of climatic and oceanographic changes at high-resolution levels. In the present work, past changes in the OMZ intensity, export production and pelagic fish biomass off Peru during the last 25 kyr are reconstructed applying a multi-proxy approach including redox sensitive metals, organic proxies and fish remains in multiple cores retrieved off Pisco (~14 °S) in the core of the OMZ. According to our analyses and interpretations, the OMZ intensity experienced large changes induced by remote as well as local forcings. A weak OMZ associated with low export production and low fish biomass prevailed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 19 to 23 kyr BP) and the Early Glacial (EG, 23 to 25 kyr BP). By contrast the Termination 1 (~11. 7 – 19 kyr BP) was characterized by a strong OMZ, low export production and low fish biomass. During the Holocene, there is a trend towards enhanced export production and more reducing sediment conditions, associated with an increase in austral summer insolation. Strong multi-centennial scale variability in all proxies, as well as contrasting conditions in OMZ intensity, export production and fish biomass during the northern hemisphere warm and cold periods, characterized the last 4 kyr. During the last century the PUS exhibited the highest anchovy productivity supported by an increase in upwelling intensity and higher export production
Cornec, Laurence. "Mise en évidence et étude de deux enzymes thermostables : lipase et estérase, de micro-organismes thermophiles isolés d'écosystèmes hydrothermaux sous-marins." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD859.
Full textMesnage, Valérie. "Contribution à l'étude de la mobilité des formes de phosphate à l'interface eau-sédiment dans les écosystèmes lagunaires." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON13508.
Full textHolon, Florian. "Interactions entre écosystèmes marins et pressions anthropiques : Applications au suivi et à la gestion des eaux côtières de la mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS030/document.
Full textDuring the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation
Daniel, Anne. "Le cycle de l'azote en écosystème côtier : développement d'un analyseur submersible pour la mesure in situ des nitrates et nitrites ; variations saisonnières de la production azotée phytoplanctonique." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2007.
Full textSánchez-Pérez, Elvia Denisse. "Rôle des mécanismes biotiques et abiotiques dans la dynamique de la matière organique dissoute dans les écosystèmes marins pélagiques (Méditerranée Nord Occidentale)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066474/document.
Full textChromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a major fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM). CDOM absorbs light over a broad range of ultraviolet (UV-R) and visible wavelengths. A small fraction of CDOM can emit fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet radiation; so called fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM). CDOM plays a key role in regulating light penetration into the ocean, absorbing high-energy electromagnetic spectrum (visible and ultraviolet light) waves. On one hand, it protects aquatic organisms of potential photo-damage; in the other hand it induces a negative effect by reducing light for photosynthesis. The optical properties of the CDOM are sensitive to biological (biotic) and physical (abiotic) processes and for this reason the colored matter can provide valuable information about the biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments. CDOM monitoring in Mediterranean coastal areas has shown different temporal trends, which go from weak to strong seasonality. Interestedly, these temporal trends were uncoupled with those of the total dissolved organic carbon. In temperate areas, episodic meteorological events can induce much more abrupt changes in the littoral than in the open sea, where changes tend to be more gradual along the year. In addition, the input of nutrients and pollutants in coastal areas is strongly influenced by the anthropogenic activity on land, and those inputs do not necessarily follow seasonal trends. In the present study, weekly and monthly samplings were performed to investigate the temporal variability in SOLA and MOLA stations, respectively. The fluctuation of different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was evaluated from February 2013 to April 2014 and referred to long time-frame databases of SOLA and MOLA stations. Inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll shown the classical seasonal patterns, with a winter period characterized by an enrichment of surface waters favoring the spring bloom, followed by a calm period that allows the summer stratification and the depletion of nutrients in the photic zone. The stratification extended until autumn winds and low temperatures eroded the thermocline. In contrast, colored DOM fractions did not follow a clear temporal trend. Interestingly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exhibited the highest variability in summer, when the rest of parameters showed minimum variations. To explain this mismatch we proposed a sequence of abiotic and biotic phenomena driving the DOC dynamics. In the suggested conceptual frame, DOC dynamics depended strongly on episodic meteorological events (winds, rains, etc.) along the year, except in summer, where the biological factors were more relevant. In order to better understand the influence of biological factors, we examined the temporal trends of phytoplankton composition in relation to those of the different colored DOM fractions. We found that both phytoplankton and CDOM were strongly influenced by abiotic factors such as the intrusions of fresh waters, the vertical mixing due to convection and the light exposure. However we did not find a correlation between any of the CDOM fractions and any of phytoplankton groups. In addition, we use the dust deposition database of ADEPT project (ICM-CSIC, Barcelona) to investigate the potential role of atmospheric deposition in the CDOM temporal variability, and also performed two dust addition experiments with natural plankton communities collected in the Catalan coast
Niquil, Nathalie. "Que nous apprennent les propriétés émergentes des modèles statiques de réseaux trophiques sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes littoraux anthropisés ?" Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de La Rochelle, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488262.
Full textRossi, Nadège. "Ecologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)." Toulon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972/fr/.
Full textEcological studies of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton are of major interest because these organisms constitute the food web basis. In coastal ecosystems, plankton communities are subjected to anthropogenic inputs which could influence their ecology. The framework of this study is plankton ecology and measurments of metal concentrations in different compartments of coastal ecosystems. An annual study (sampling twice a month) and a diel cycle were made in two neighbouring ecosystems differently affected by anthropogenic inputs, Little Bay and Large Bay of Toulon (France, north-west Mediterranean Sea), considering bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. During the annual cycle, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in seawater, suspended particulate matter, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Results showed that plankton ecology was principally influenced by meteorological conditions, both bays showing a different functioning because of their geomorphology. Plankton density was higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay, whereas diversity was higher in Large Bay than in Little Bay. Concerning metals, the in situ study showed metal concentrations higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay whatever the compartment studied. Some biological factors as density, taxonomic composition and the place where organisms live, showed an influence on the metal composition of plankton communities. Bacteria and phytoplankton showed great capacities to concentrate metals, in particular for copper and lead. In contrast, zooplankton constituted a break in the metal bioaccumulation along the food web. Finally, the important role of the suspended particulate matter as a metal trap was confirmed, showing the importance of working on pure plankton samples to have a good estimation of metal concentrations in the different plankton compartments
Faget, Daniel. "Le milieu marin méditerranéen : conflits, usages et représentations : le cas du golfe de Marseille (début XVIIIe-début XXe siècles)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10045.
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