Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écosystème'
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Fadda, Sylvain. "Organisation des communautés de coléoptères terricoles en écosystème multi-perturbé : le cas des écosystèmes de pelouses sèches." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30079.
Full textNiu, Dandan. "La consommation de musique dans un écosystème." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM008/document.
Full textFor decades, France has imposed quotas for Francophone music. Radio stations need to reserve a minimum percentage of total song plays for French-language songs since 1996. The development of streaming services, which faces no quotas, has changed how we listen to music and poses a new challenge to regulators. The applicability of quotas is increasingly difficult in the radio broadcasting industry and raises the question of competitive disadvantage. In this thesis, I try to answer three main issues on the topic of music consumption in this changing ecosystem. First, I empirically examine the strategic responses of French radio stations to quotas for Francophone music. Do stations comply with the quotas? Is the realized audience for Francophone music lower than it would be in the absence of these strategic responses? To answer these questions, I use detailed data on the playlists of major radio stations in France to show that stations have some scope for adjusting their playlists subject to the quota constraints. Second, I build a dataset to provide some descriptive evidence on radio and streaming services. These are entirely different economic models, and are not comparable without adjusting the dataset to reflect the differences. In order to compare the audience number of music titles on radio stations with the number of streams on streaming services, I develop a methodology to combine radio data with streaming data in France in 2016. Third, using this novel dataset, I look at music consumption pattern and music variety on streaming services compares to that of radio. I also provide empirical evidence on the consumption externalities of both markets
Binauld, Cédric. "Tentative de renouveau d'un écosystème : les processus individuels et collectifs à la base de la non-émergence d'un écosystème d'innovation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILA018.
Full textThe concept of ecosystem imported by Moore (1993) in strategy is increasingly used by practitioners and explored by researchers both theoretically and empirically. Conceived in this work as "a community of hierarchically independent, yet interdependent, heterogeneous participants who collectively generate an ecosystem outcome", the organizations involved face specific strategic issues, e.g. positioning in the structure, management of bottlenecks. During the renewal phase, organizations try, for example, to define the Value Proposition and to capture the value activated by the resulting innovation. Our literature review shows that the renewal phase is little investigated empirically and that, in general, the strategic issues are approached according to a functionalist approach or according to a voluntarist approach centered on a focal organization. In order to take relational dynamics into account, we ask the following question: “What are the individual processes and the collective organizational processes implemented during an attempt to renew an ecosystem? ". We answer this question with a single longitudinal case study with embedded units. We observe the failure of an attempted renewal project of an ESI. Data is collected continuously for more than three years using intervention and observation tactics. The analysis is carried out by means of a thematic coding based on an adaptation of the Gioia method. The results show that the organizations involved seek to limit changes in their own Business Models (BM hereafter) and, with regard to the need for BM matching, also seek to minimize changes in the partners' BM. The economic model thus proves to be structuring for the renewal of the ecosystem. The ecosystem we are studying is subject to a legal monopoly for the distribution network management activity. We observe that this situation gives significant power to the organization that benefits from it even though it does not own this network. We contribute to the literature on ecosystems by showing that the renewal of an ecosystem cannot take place in the absence of agreement on its new structure. We show the challenge for members to master the definition of PV and the governance of the ecosystem. We show the presence of a bottleneck creation strategy that does not only concern the technical aspects. We bring together the literature of ecosystems with that of BMs. The BM gives meaning to organizational and inter-organizational behaviors and specifies the parts of the environment with which an organization enters into a relationship. We observe that without pairing the BMs concerned, innovation cannot be introduced and the ecosystem cannot be renewed. We also conclude that the activity of Business Model Innovation (BMI hereafter) is a business activity. On the managerial level, we underline the necessary reassessment by the State of the legal structuring of an ecosystem with regard to new goals. We also provide managers with a tool and an approach to enable them to decide in an ecosystemic universe
Salameh, Khouloud. "Écosystème numérique pour une meilleure gestion des microréseaux." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3010/document.
Full textOver the past decade, new concepts have emerged in the electricity field, including the Smart Grids, the Distributed Generation and the Micro- grids (MGs). In this thesis, we will be mainly focusing on the study of the MGs. An MG is a small-scale power system, consisting of local power generation, local loads and energy storage systems. Thanks to their numerous economical, ecological and operational benefits, the MGs are expected to hold the promise of becoming a major ingredient in the implementation of the future power systems. However, there are several significant challenges to overcome in order to achieve its expected bene- fits, namely: the cyber-attacks, the mobility aspect, the interoperability, the non-cooperation, and the demand-side management. Three main contributions are developed. First, we present OntoMG, an ontology-based data model, capable of representing the heterogeneous components of the MG and their properties, while being compliant with existing models and information standards (i.e., IEC 61970 and IEC 61850) and coping with the interoperability issues and the multi-objective aspect of MG. Secondly, we introduce DECF, a cooperative model for the optimization of the electricity exchange in the MG, offering several advantages over existing approaches, in particular: 1) its generic in that it considers all heterogeneous components of MG, 2) it is a cooperative model that reduces the technical, ecological and economic costs and encourages the local power exchange, and 3) it is user-oriented in that it gives the user the possibility to fine-tune the weight of each objective aspect . Finally, we introduce MOCSF, a ‘Multi-objective Cooperative Scheduling Framework’ designed for scheduling the production, consumption and storage in the MG. MOCSF 1) provides a multi-type scheduling in that it allows the scheduling of all the power consumption, production and storage of the MG, 2) considers multiple energy sources and 3) considers the MG components’ preferences. After detailing the existing power scheduling techniques and their drawbacks regarding our challenges, we presented our ‘MOCSF’ modules: The Preference-based compromise builder, designed to generate the best balance between the sellers and buyers desired schedules and the Multi-Objective Scheduler, aiming at scheduling the seller-to-buyer associations resulting from the DECF, while reducing the operational, economic and ecological costs of the MG. An illustrative example is provided after each step to ease the understanding of each module. Finally, a set of experiments showed the performance and efficiency of our approach. Illustrative examples are provided after each step to facilitate understanding of each module. Then, a number of simulations are made to show the effectiveness of our approaches to solve our challenges in relation to the existing approaches
Roy, Grégoire Etienne. "Écosystème normatif minier et communautés politiques en Colombie transitionnelle." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39059.
Full textGraillon, Patrick. "Cartographie biophysique du grand écosystème de Kouchibouguac, Nouveau-Brunswick." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1999. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2170.
Full textNys, Claude. "Fonctionnement du sol d'un écosystème forestier : conséquences des enrésinements." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10312.
Full textDrouin, Richard. "Écosystème : un Framework pour la simulation visuelle interactive assistée." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29568.
Full textBourgoin, Gilles. "Étude des variations spatio-temporelles de l'activité et de l'utilisation des ressources par les herbivores : l'exemple du mouflon méditerranéen (Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp.) et du chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus)." Lyon 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/32/61/29/PDF/Bourgoin-These.pdf.
Full textAccording to the spatio-temporal constraints encountered, animals should adopt tactics enabling them to ensure their survival and reproduction. We sought to identify the tactics of resource use and time-budget as well as the factors causing their variation in two populations of large mammalian herbivores: the Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp. ) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). We found that mouflon were particularly sensitive to strong summer heats and responded by decreasing their activity, in particular during the diurnal period. Concerning the habitat use, active mouflon used more the open habitats and less the deciduous forests than inactive mouflon. The location data used in this study came from GPS collars whose fix success is influenced by both animal behaviour and habitat characteristics (vegetation, topography). Lastly, we found that female roe deer adjusted the size of their home range according mainly to the abundance of resources, the number of fawns at heel, their age and the season. Based on these two case studies, our results highlight that large mammalian herbivores can adjust their activity and resource use according to their internal state and in response to changes of environmental conditions
Caussy, Ramesh. "Processus de construction d'une architecture d'industrie : le cas de l'initiative d'Intel dans la maison numérique." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EPXX0011.
Full textMüller, Johann. "Étude des impacts des composés organiques au sein des écosystèmes planctoniques : facilitation, interférence et signaux moléculaires." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066492.
Full textMechanisms such as nutrients recycling or life diversification play a major role in the structuring and functioning of the biosphere. These mechanisms are regulated by different processes involved in the functioning of ecosystems. Controlling the mosaic of communities and its impact on the environment, intra and inter specific relations are the basis of this functioning and their study is therefore essential for the understanding and management of the biosphere. During my PhD, I was particularly interested in one of these interspecific interactions: the impact of organic compounds released into the environment by organims on relationships between species. Through several experiments, I aimed to explore these effects in several ways. In a first study, I focused on the effect of allelopathic compounds on interspecific competition for a resource using a model that was the basis for understanding the competition: the symbiotic complex Paramecium bursaria - Chlorella vulgaris (Gause, 1935). The impact of organic compounds such as cyanotoxins and other compounds produced by the cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii on the life-history parameters of a major herbivorous zooplankton, Daphnia magna, was studied in a second axis. Finally, the migration behaviour of this cladoceran submitted to organic compounds produced by phytoplankton has been the subject of a third axis. Through this work, I showed that endosymbiosis and allelochemical-mediated interactions may interact and change the outcome of exploitation competition and govern species coexistence. Then, I showed that organic compounds produced by a cyanobacteria affect life history traits and migration behaviour of a major consumer of phytoplankton; this effect may impact the control of cyanobacteria bloom in lakes. These results highlight the role of organic compounds in the relationships between species and their effects on community composition and, by extension, on ecosystem processes
Dias, Magali. "Méthylation du mercure par les bactéries anaérobies d'un écosystème estuarien." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3015.
Full textIn estuaries, traces metals such as mercury are trapped in sediments and persist in anoxic conditions. Among the bacterial communities from these ecosystems, some microorganisms produce methylmercury, very toxic for living organisms. The aim of this work was to increase our knowledge about the role of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in mercury methylation in sediments of the Adour estuary. In situ analyses revealed a methylmercury impact on bacterial communities structure in one intertidal sampling station (B20). Mesocosms experiments allowed to measure the impact of mercury on microbial diversity and the methylmercury production could be quantified. The contamination by inorganic mercury imposed, due to its transformation in methylmercury, a selection impact under anoxic conditions. Isolation and studies of SRB strains showed a link between the presence of Desulfomicrobium and Desulfovibrio strains and mercury methylation. However, a study based on several strains of SRB, isolated in this study or from reference culture collection, showed that mercury methylation was species or strains specific. Both molecular (T-RFLP, cloning and sequencing) and cultural approaches (isolation and characterization) allowed determining SRB community composition in situ. A second study in mesocosm based on dsrAB transcripts seemed to indicate that oxic/anoxic oscillations, simulating the cycles of tide, had a weak influence on the active community of SRB. On the contrary, mercury additions caused temporary disturbances and therefore influenced the active SRB community
Souchu, Philippe. "Contribution à l'étude du cycle de l'azote en écosystème macrotidal." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2034.
Full textLe, Calvez Thomas. "Diversité et fonctions écologiques des champignons en écosystème hydrothermal marin profond." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465055.
Full textFerron, Evelyne. "L'émergence d'une crise régionale au coeur d'un écosystème atypique : le Fayoum." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18087.
Full textJanati-Idrissi, Mohammed. "Evaluation de l'écotoxicité potentielle des contaminants sur un micro-écosystème expérimental." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES035.
Full textBaudinet, Dominique. "Flux nutritifs particulaires et dissous dans un écosystème mytilicole côtier méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX22072.
Full textMehdi, Lotfi. "Structure verte et biodiversité urbaine. : l'espace vert : analyse d'un écosystème anthropisé." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR1804.
Full textThis research work focused firstly on the analysis of the green structures, their spatial organization, evolution, management and uses in the area of greater Tours. Secondly, we analyzed the influence of the anthropological activities, particularly management operations and users' practices, on the communities of the lawns of public green spaces. Thirdly, we examined the effect of the urban gradient on the botanical composition of urban afforestations.The spatial analysis of the evolution of the green structures of Tours has demonstrated that green spaces which were not protected by a special status (heritage site, ecological value, flood-risk area, etc.), have disappeared, been split up or become highly artificial. This work highlights the spatial structure of the floristic communities according to the gradient of frequencies in lawns, and the urban gradient in the case of wooded areas. In the presence of intensive management, as with urban lawns, the effect of the environment's variables appears to be reduced
Kaboré, S. Séraphine. "Évaluation d'un écosystème pastoral sahélien, apport de la géomatique : Oursi, Burkina Faso." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ61855.pdf.
Full textSavin, Guilhelm. "Intelligence en essaim pour la distribution de simulations dans un écosystème computationnel." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932194.
Full textPena, Geneviève. "Sels nutritifs et micropolluants métalliques dans un écosystème lagunaire, l'étang de Thau." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20244.
Full textNavarro, Élisabeth. "Diversité du genre Nitrobacter : structure génétique d'une population naturelle d'un écosystème aquatique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10011.
Full textKaboré, Séraphine S. "Évaluation d'un écosystème pastoral sahélien apport de la géomatique (Oursi-Burkina Faso)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2706.
Full textOuannes, Nesrine. "Évolution et adaptation de comportements de créatures artificielles dans un écosystème simulé." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10043.
Full textBecause of its important ecological underpinnings, the study of interactions between animals as well as with their environment is a research area of major interest in Biology. The work in this thesis belongs to the field of Artificial Life, a scientific discipline devoted to the study of natural phenomena inherent to living organisms by reproducing them by synthetic means. The aim of this research is to exploit the power of evolutionary techniques to cause behaviors of artificial creatures to emerge in a simulated ecosystem. The overarching problematic of this thesis is to evolve foraging behaviors in artificial creatures. Two models have been developed. The first model exploits bacterial chemotaxis to overcome the problem of resource detection (or features in its environment). The cell chemotactic pathway is modulated by a hybrid approach that reproduces the receptor group activity using an algebraic model, the adaptation dynamics using differential equations, as well as a metabolic model that converts nutrients into biomass In the results section, we developed a type of analysis of motion from selected bacteria and their influence on the evolved population’s behavior. We observed that the evolutionary process improves the bacteria’s capacity to react to their environment as well as their ability to grow, effectively improving their ability to survive. We then studied the effect of bacterial communication that allows new species to emerge, which exploits colony dynamics. Some of the obtained behaviors have been tested in separate environments in order to show how inter-bacterial communication can impact their behavior. The second model is about the development of 3D physically realistic creatures (herbivores) that feed on resources available in their environment. A genetic algorithm coupled to a neural network guarantees the emergence of a variety of behaviors such as the search of nutrients that are spread across the virtual ecosystem. The evolutionary process takes advantage of the virtual creature’s physical properties and an external multimodal fitness function to lead to the expected behaviors. Experiments designed to evolve virtual creatures displaying locomotion abilities shows that they attempt to reach at least one of the food sources placed on their trajectory. Our best creatures are able to reach multiple food sources within the imparted simulation time
Gomez, Yannick. "Le rôle et les motivations d’une firme leader dans l’essai de transformation de son écosystème d’affaires en écosystème de l’innovation : le cas du site de Marcoule et du démantèlement nucléaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3037.
Full textThe American James MOORE was the first to discuss the concept of business ecosystem in an article from 1993 and in a book published in 1996. Several theoretical questions seemingly need to be completed:- The place and role of a leading firm within a business ecosystem - The question of the life cycle of a business - The emergence of the term "ecosystem of innovation" and its positioning in relation to the concept of business ecosystem.In order to study those different research questions, we have observed for a long time the evolution of the nuclear platform of Marcoule. In 2013, the CEA Marcoule launched the Industrial Sites Valorisation Pole initiative, which aims to promote the upgrading of the ecosystem. The objective of the leading firm is therefore to transform its business ecosystem into an ecosystem of innovation. In the first part of the case study, we studied the motivations of the leading firm for transforming its business ecosystem into an innovation ecosystem.Nuclear dismantling leads to seven major paradoxes (human, contractual, waste, safety, financial, territorial, technological). The case of Marcoule demonstrates that if the paradoxes are major, the company may not find, internally, by its own forces, the means to respond. Some paradoxes impose innovations of exploration on the conceptual, managerial and technological levels. The second part of the case study was devoted to the study of the role of the CEA Marcoule, leader of the territorial business ecosystem in order to transform it. Then we observed and described three concrete enrolment actions of the actors,- The translation on the market of the ecosystem upgrading- The creation of a frontier object around ecosystem labelling- The opening of the innovation This phase of observation of the enrolment actions initiated by the leader of the ecosystem took place during the period from 2013 to mid 2017. We were able to observe the promising start of the PVIS initiative and the successful enrolment of the actors around the first projects that were launched. The observation of the Marcoule research field through the prism of our conceptual framework, the sociology of translation, makes it possible to highlight two important results.First, the study of the Marcoule case allows us to complete the theoretical approach on the life cycle of a business ecosystem, in particular on the notion of intentionality. Phase changes - from birth to expansion, from expansion to authority and from authority to decline - do not result from the foreseeable actions of actors determined by biology, but are the result of the strategic intentions of intelligent actors who continually calculate the gains and losses they can derive from their participation in the business ecosystem.We suggest replacing the traditional life cycle of a business ecosystem proposed by James MOORE (Birth Expansion Authority Renewal Decline and Death) by the following sequence (Birth Expansion Transformation in ecosystem of innovation Decline and Death).Secondly, the observation of the Marcoule case and the leading firm of its territorial business ecosystem completes the academic work that exists on the articulation of different forms of ambidexterity. The CEA/Marcoule case shows us that all the implemented ambidextrous actions were legitimised by highlighting the problems needing to be solved, linked to the paradoxes of nuclear dismantling. purchasing needs to achieve a competition respecting all the rules of the public procurement
Shihan, Ammar. "La réponse souterraine à une sécheresse accentuée dans un écosystème de garrigue méditerranéenne." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT110/document.
Full textLonger drought periods and/or overall less precipitation are thought to be major consequences of ongoing climate change in the Mediterranean region. These changes in the water regime will likely affect community composition, biodiversity and ecosystem processes, but very little is known about how biodiversity and changes in precipitation interactively affect ecosystem functioning. In my PhD thesis, I aimed to quantify the role of plant diversity in the response of Mediterranean shrubland ecosystem to a decrease in water availability, with a particular interest in belowground processes, such as soil microbial community functioning and functional responses in plant roots.I used a rhizotron approach under partially controlled conditions to study plant growth responses to repetitive severe droughts, with a particular focus on root growth. Two individuals of the same species or in all possible combinations of the three dominating species at our field site (Quercus coccifera, Cistus albidus, Brachypodium retusum) were grown together in a rhizotron. Repetitive severe droughts had a negative effect on survival of the two woody species (Q. coccifera, C. albidus), but not of the grass B. retusum. Interspecific competition generally increased survival of C. albidus and B. retusum compared to monospecific competition. Conversely, interspecific competition decreased the survival of Q. coccifera. Likewise, I found that root morphological traits were mostly affected by the neighbor species identity rather than by severe drought. The community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) of root associated soil microbial communities did not differ between drought treatments and were also not affected by plant species identity. However, CLPPs changed towards more total microbial activities but less diverse resource use at increasing soil depth. Collectively these results suggest that plant species composition of the studied Mediterranean shrubland has a stronger effect on growth, intraspecific variability in root traits and survival than repetitive severe droughts.In the context of a larger collaborative project (CLIMED), I used a natural gradient of shrub species diversity in a Mediterranean shrubland ecosystem (garrigue) to which a permanent partial rain exclusion treatment (12% less precipitation) was added. This field experiment allowed me to study the responses of soil microbial community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) to reduced precipitation and to a change plant-produced leaf litter material decomposing on the ground as a key resource for heterotrophic soil microorganisms over two years. While rain exclusion had only a minor impact on the diversity of substrates metabolized by the microbial communities, litter species richness promoted global soil microbial activity by increased catabolic diversity of the soil microbial community. These results suggest that indirect climate change effects on plant species composition and richness might have more important consequences for soil microbial functioning than reduced precipitation in the studied Mediterranean shrubland ecosystem.Both, the field study of soil microbial functioning and the rhizotron study of plant growth and survival clearly showed that plant species identity and diversity may be more important for the functioning of these Mediterranean shrublands than increased drought. I conclude that climate change induced shifts in plant species composition and diversity may have more important consequences for the functioning of Mediterranean shrublands than the direct effects of altered precipitation
De, Cesare Silvia. "Les bivalves filtreurs Astarte moerchi : modèle biologique pour l'étude des écosystème marins arctiques." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0010/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change, Arctic marine ecosystems are affected by rapid environmental modifications, whose effects on biotic communities are still debated. The sea-ice decline and the increase in freshwater inputs and turbidity are likely to impact Arctic primary producers, with cascade effects on a key-process in those ecosystems: the trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic consumers (generally referred as “pelagic-benthic coupling”). The direct study of such complex interaction is not straightforward in the Arctic. The biological model of filter-feeding bivalves offers the possibility to get around these problems, allowing to study those ecological processes indirectly. Among the advantages of this model, there is first of all the fact that these organisms record in their shell, in the carbonate layers, some dynamics of their environments. The information recorded in such “bioarchives” are interpreted through the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry and relate to a time window corresponding to the organism lifespan (from some years to more than 500 years). Given that these organisms are primary consumers, another advantage of this biological model is that the study of their diet can provide information about the trophic relationship with primary producers. With the methods of trophic ecology, especially fatty acids and stable isotopes, the study of the tissues allows the investigation of sources assimilated at a timescale of weeks/months.The main objective of this thesis is to test the potential of bivalves Astarte moerchi (borealis complex) as a biological model for the study of marine Arctic ecosystems. A coupled approach is used to combine shell analysis by the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry (elemental ratios) and tissue analysis by the methods of trophic ecology (fatty acids, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, compound-specific carbon stable isotopes on individual fatty acids). Two living A. moerchi populations have been studied in two fjords presenting contrasted environmental conditions: Young Sound in North-East Greenland (considered as “Arctic” site) and Kongsfjorden in the West coast of the Svalbard Archipelago (considered as a “sub-Arctic” site). The study of the tissues of A. moerchi allowed to show the trophic plasticity of this species, with differences in food sources of the two populations linked to local primary production dynamics. The analysis of the shell of A. moerchi allowed to: a) corroborate the hypothesis of annual growth lines formation, thus confirming the longevity of this species that can attain 150 years; b) show the potential interest of the analysis of elemental ratios and particularly the ratio between Barium and Calcium (Ba/Ca), which could be relied to phytoplanktonic blooms and c) show that contrasted environmental conditions in the Arctic and sub-Arctic sites result in different shell growth patterns. Some perspectives for the further use of this model study in ecology are discussed. To conclude, an epistemological reflection is sketched about the specificity of the biological model study of filter-feeding bivalves. In contrast to the classical notion of “model organism” used in experimental biology, we suggest that filter-feeding bivalves (as well as other “bioarchives” like trees, corals and coralline algae) belong to a category of biological models that could be named “in situ” and seems specific to the ecological discipline
Bruno, Valérie. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation du transfert du radium dans un écosystème aquatique simplifié." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20274.
Full textArias-Gonzalez, Jesus Ernesto. "Fonctionnement trophique d'un écosystème récifal : Secteur de Tiahura, iîle de Moorea, Polynésie française." Paris, EPHE, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EPHE3011.
Full textAmri, Elhassane. "La lagune de Khnifiss (littoral Atlantique du Sahara marocain) : analyse d'un écosystème original." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077005.
Full textQuévrain, Elodie. "Etude chimique et microbiologique d'un écosystème bactérien : cas de l'éponge calcaire Leuconia johnstoni." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066232.
Full textHayet, Audrey. "Contribution de l'écologie à la caractérisation de sites contaminés : application à l'évaluation des risques pour les écosystèmes." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S055.
Full textSelmi, Slaheddine. "Diversité et fonctionnement des peuplements d'oiseaux nicheurs des oasis tunisiennes." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066224.
Full textCary, Lise. "Mobilité des éléments selon les alternances aérobie-anaérobie dans un écosystème rizicole en Camargue." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00186875.
Full textMhamdi, Alaoui Asmae. "Environnement et paléoenvironnement d'un écosystème côtier : la lagune de Moulay Bousselham, côte atlantique marocaine." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13967.
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De, Bellefeuille Sonia. "La sapinière boréale en voie de régénération, un écosystème inhospitalier pour le lièvre d'Amérique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25548.pdf.
Full textDomergue, Odile. "Diversité fonctionnelle des rhizobia associés à la féverole en agro-écosystème Sud de France." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP067/document.
Full textThe ability of rhizobium-legume symbiosis to fix atmospheric nitrogen can provide important services to agro-ecosystems. However, associated with biotic constraints (i) missing and/or (ii) phosphorus (P) deficiency, can limit symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (phytate), the main soil organic P (Po) component, represents a potential source of soil P available for plant P bio-availability, connected with microbial phytate-mineralizing activities. In order to look for rhizobium-Vicia faba, in P use efficiency (PUE) for SNF ability, nodular diagnosis was performed from a multi-location survey in an agro-ecosystem in South France. The efficiency in use of rhizobial symbiosis (EURS) was deduced from V. faba nodule and shoot dry weight values at flowering state, and compared in intra- and inter agricultural fields and in greenhouse hydroaeroponic conditions. Among 59 V. faba isolates, 26 were able to mineralize phytate (Phy+) in solid medium and six of them confirmed phytase activity in liquid culture. Looking for local rhizobiums with PUE for SNF ability, led us to a forward step in molecular marker selection for Phy+ rhizobium isolate screening. KeywordsRhizobium, diversity, phytase, faba-bean, Vicia faba, nodulation, South-France, agro-ecosystem
Ranchou-Peyruse, Anthony. "Etude de populations bactériennes anaérobies d'un écosystème lagunaire impliquées dans la dégradation des hydrocarbures." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3023.
Full textCoastal ecosystems are frequently exposed to oil contamination; a major part of compounds is trapped in sediments and tends to persist in anoxic conditions. Among the bacterial communities from these ecosystems, some microorganisms may degrade oil hydrocarbons and participate in the bioremediation of these ecosystems. The aim of this work was to increase our knowledge about the role and the cooperation of these different metabolic anaerobic bacterial groups during model hydrocarbons molecules degradation (alkanes, PAH). Anaerobic bacterial communities able to degrade hydrocarbons were selected in anoxic and light conditions (batch and continuous cultures) from a photosynthetic biofilm growing on a lagoon sediment surface contaminated with oil hydrocarbons (Etang de Berre, France). Both molecular (T-RFLP, cloning and sequencing) and cultural approaches (enrichment cultures, isolation and characterization) allowed determining bacterial communities diversity and the interactions. The identical composition in term of functional bacterial groups was systematically found such as sulfate-reducing, nitrate-reducing, purple anoxygenic phototrophic and fermentative bacteria, whatever the hydrocarbon molecule model used. The continuous culture allowed the select of bacteria implied in the hydrocarbon degradation faster than batch cultures. Several isolated bacterial strains from the community able to degrade hydrocarbons were isolated. The study of this bacterial community allowed associating the alkane degradation to denitrifying bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas balearica. Cooperation phenomena between the different bacterial functional groups, in particular between denitrifying bacteria and purple anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, were highlighted. A diversity study of the purple phototrophic anoxygenic bacteria from sediments chronically contaminated showed the dominance of microorganisms closed to the Roseobacter clade (Purple phototrophic anoxygenic aerobic bacteria). This Roseobacter group is regularly found among the bacterial aerobic community able to degrade hydrocarbons. Two bacterial strains closed to this clade were isolated and were able to grow photosynthetically in anoxic conditions
Seguin-Callois, Florence. "Effets comparés de deux herbicides l'atrazine et le nicosulfuron, sur un écosystème aquatique expérimental." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30176.
Full textHalouani, Ghassen. "Modélisations de la dynamique trophique d'un écosystème Méditerranéen exploité : le Golfe de Gabès (Tunisie)." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0076/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of trophic structure and functioning of the gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. In order to reconcile environmental concerns and exploitation of marine resources, different ecosystem models have been developed to study the ecosystem dynamics and contribute to the discussion on the implementation of management plans. A spatial and temporal dynamic model “Ecospace” was built to evaluate the ecosystem consequences of different management measures based on scenarios derived from the current regulation. The results of simulations allowed to investigate the interactions between coastal and benthic trawl fishing and to identify areas where management measures are effective. An end-to-end model has been applied to the gulf of Gabes ecosystem to represent the dynamics of 11 high trophic level species, from climate forcing to fishing.This modelling approach consists in forcing the individual-based model "OSMOSE" by a biogeochemical model "ECO3M-Med". This model allowed to establish a coherent representation of the food web and simulate theoretical management scenarios of spatial fishing closure. The end-to-end model has also been used to study the sensitivity of a set of ecological indicators to fishing pressure. The simulation of different levels of fishing mortality showed that size indicators were the most relevant to monitor the impact of fishing in the gulf of Gabes. Finally, a comparative approach between several Mediterranean ecosystems was applied using the EcoTroph model to compare their trophic structures and explore the effects of different levels of fishing pressure through the analysis of their trophic spectra
Nsanganwimana, Florien. "Influence du phytomanagement sur un écosystème contaminé par des métaux : application à Miscanthus × giganteus." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10175/document.
Full textPhytoremediation is considered as an option for management of degraded soils. The potential of Miscanthus × giganteus were assessed in ex situ and in situ conditions, with the aim of producing biomass on agricultural soils heavily contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. The study mainly focused on the behavior of M. × giganteus growing on soils presenting a contamination gradient, and included seasonal variations and different agronomic practices, i.e., choice of the cultivar, planting density, biological soil amendment and nitrogen fertilization. The influence of the plant on metal mobility in soils was also assessed. The results show that soil contamination does not affect M. × giganteus growth and shoot yields. Cadmium, Pb and Zn are mainly accumulated in roots and in general M. × giganteus reduces their transfer to the aboveground organs. This plant presents therefore a great potential for metal phytostabilisation, and in a more comprehensive way, for phytomanagement. Taken individually, agronomic practices did not affect the plant behavior. However, nitrogen fertilization on one hand, and the interaction between the cultivar ad the endomycorrhizal inoculum on the other hand, increase the Cd and Zn accumulation in miscanthus organs. Given the perennial nature of the plant, long-term studies are needed to validate the present results, to assess the effects of metal-induced stress on the plant health as well as the fate of contaminants in relation to the accumulation of soil organic matter in miscanthus plantations
Nsanganwimana, Florien. "Influence du phytomanagement sur un écosystème contaminé par des métaux : application à Miscanthus × giganteus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10175.
Full textPhytoremediation is considered as an option for management of degraded soils. The potential of Miscanthus × giganteus were assessed in ex situ and in situ conditions, with the aim of producing biomass on agricultural soils heavily contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. The study mainly focused on the behavior of M. × giganteus growing on soils presenting a contamination gradient, and included seasonal variations and different agronomic practices, i.e., choice of the cultivar, planting density, biological soil amendment and nitrogen fertilization. The influence of the plant on metal mobility in soils was also assessed. The results show that soil contamination does not affect M. × giganteus growth and shoot yields. Cadmium, Pb and Zn are mainly accumulated in roots and in general M. × giganteus reduces their transfer to the aboveground organs. This plant presents therefore a great potential for metal phytostabilisation, and in a more comprehensive way, for phytomanagement. Taken individually, agronomic practices did not affect the plant behavior. However, nitrogen fertilization on one hand, and the interaction between the cultivar ad the endomycorrhizal inoculum on the other hand, increase the Cd and Zn accumulation in miscanthus organs. Given the perennial nature of the plant, long-term studies are needed to validate the present results, to assess the effects of metal-induced stress on the plant health as well as the fate of contaminants in relation to the accumulation of soil organic matter in miscanthus plantations
Andrianjakarivony, Felana Harilanto. "Caractérisation du virome d’un écosystème tropical fortement anthropisé : la lagune Ebrié en Côte d’Ivoire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0579.
Full textIn this thesis, we chose to study the viral community in a tropical lagoon exposed to domestic, agricultural and industrial discharge : the Ébrié Lagoon bordering the city of Abidjan in the Ivory Coast. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the benthic and planktonic viromes in seven sites in the lagoon with contrasting levels of eutrophication, distinguishing between DNA and RNA viromes, and (2) to examine the reproductive strategies of viruses. To this end, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis. The key findings showed that the composition of DNA viromes was specific to each compartment (plankton/benthos). Conversely, the composition of RNA viromes was more influenced by the level of eutrophication than by the compartment. Viromes of the most eutrophicated sites contained sequences associated with human pathogens of faecal origin and with indicators of human faecal pollution. The study of interactions between the viruses and their bacterial hosts showed that the most eutrophic sites in this tropical lagoon were more conducive to lytic viral reproductive strategies, while lysogeny was more common in the most oligotrophic sites. Lastly, the results of an approach based on the theoretical prediction of bacterial hosts via the Prokaryotic virus Host Predictor indicated the reliability of this tool in generating taxonomic profiles of bacterial hosts comparable to those obtained by the classical approach based on metabarcoding targeting the 16S rRNA gene. This study provided not only a unique dataset, but new fundamental knowledge on the composition of the virome of aquatic sites subjected to high levels of pollution
Perruche, Coralie. "Influence de la dynamique mésoéchelle et submésoéchelle sur la compétition au sein d'un écosystème planctonique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508647.
Full textMarchais, Violette. "Relations trophiques entre producteurs primaires et quatre consommateurs primaires benthiques dans un écosystème côtier tempéré." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0111/document.
Full textIn coastal euphotic areas, primary producers grow both in the pelagic (water column) and in the benthic zone (in or near the sediment). In these ecosystems, benthic-pelagic coupling is an important process which must be well described. Benthic primary consumers modify this coupling through their diet. Trophic relationships between primary producers and benthic primary consumers are not thoroughly understood. To gain additional information, this thesis was focused on the spatial and temporal dynamic of primary producers in suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM), especially at water-sediment interface. This study highlighted a seasonal variation of microalgal populations at all depths, and a relative dominance of benthic diatoms in SPOM near sediment and in winter. The second objective of the thesis was focused on the trophic relationships between benthic primary consumers (great scallop, black scallop, mussel and ormer) and primary producers in SPOM. Stable isotope analysis in soft tissues of black scallops and mussels showed a predominance of assimilated phytoplankton and the potential contribution of microphytobenthos in their diet (more important for mussel), especially in winter and near the sediment. However, this study highlighted the impact of metabolism on stable isotopic values of soft tissues. An innovative aspect of this thesis was the use of exoskeleton of great scallops and ormers to characterize their diet in natural environment and thus overcome problems related to the utilization of stable isotopes in soft tissues. Experiments in controlled conditions validated food sources integration through metabolic carbon in carbonates of great scallops and shell color for ormer but complementary studies are required on mollusk shell utilization. The last part of this thesis was focused on the ability of great scallops to achieve resuspension of benthic particles by valve movements
Bonnet, Marie-Paule. "Fonctionnement d'un écosystème lacustre : modélisation des successions planctoniques de la retenue de Villerest (Loire, France)." Paris, ENMP, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENMP0001.
Full textAlexis, Marie. "Effet du feu sur le stockage de carbone dans un écosystème subtropical : dynamique des charbons." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066332.
Full textPourchez, Arnaud. "Impact de la diapause sur la dynamique de communautés planctoniques dans un écosystème Arctique numérique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29871.
Full textKhedhiri, Slim. "L' écosystème de la sebkha El Kelbia (Tunisie centre orientale) : Dynamique sédimentaire et évolution géochimique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR1GE07.
Full textThe sebkha El Kelbia is a lagoon in the middle part of Tunisia, considered as a natural reserve by the Tunisian State since 1993. It has a great national and international importance by it’s biodiversity. It is a remarkable site for various species of birds. This ecosystem is natural and slightly influenced by anthropogenic activities, but it is likely to be threatened because of proximity of a recently industrialized area. Few scientific studies were interested in this ecosystem, this is why this work was carried out in order to study granulometry, mineralogy and geochemistry of sediments and water but also to make the inventory of fixtures and to evaluate the impact of recent installations. In this work enrichment factors were calculated the sediments of the sebkha in order to evaluate the contamination gradient. In addition, a method of sequential extraction make it possible to specify, compared to mineralogy, the trapping sites of available heavy metals. Results of heavy metal analyses are presented for both sediment and water. An increase of copper concentration was detected in the north part of the sebkha, concerning both the surface and dipper sediments. Copper would be a possible source of contamination if the physicochemical conditions (pH and Eh) were changed; copper is associated to carbonates it is easily relarguable at acid pH. Nickel and chromium enrichment in both surface and depth sediment of the North-Eastern part of the sebkha does not present a potential risk of contamination according to the residual fraction which is resistant phase (clay)According to Tunisian and international standards', we estimate that water of the sebkha does not present anomalic concentrations in nutrient, major elements and heavy metals, but rather of the natural contents which would be related to the geologic field
Renard, Hugo. "Modélisation à pas de temps horaire des transferts de tritium au sein d'un écosystème prairial." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0639.
Full textIn the context of accidental or chronic releases from nuclear installations to the environment, it is important to predict the future of radionuclides, particularly at the grassland scale, the first link in the human food chain. The IRSN and EDF are developing a simulation platform for the transfer of radionuclides in the environment, called SYMBIOSE, in order to estimate the dose received by humans. Tritium is an example of a radionuclide released into the environment by nuclear installations, whose behavior is particularly critical to predict because of its high mobility and biological affinity depending on the chemical form considered. The TOCATTA-khi model, implemented in the SYMBIOSE platform, is dedicated, among other things, to the transfer of tritium within a grassland ecosystem. The main objective of this thesis is to improve and evaluate the existing TOCATTA-khi model from experiments carried out in situ at the technical platform IRSN La Hague and in laboratory, by studying and quantifying the transfers of tritium within a grassland ecosystem, as well as the associated residual uncertainties