Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écosystèmes aquatiques'
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Bettarel, Yvan. "Importance quantitative et fonctionnelle des virus dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21403.
Full textTogola, Anne. "Présence et devenir des substances pharmaceutiques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13314.
Full textPharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have started recently to be studied in natural environments. The widespread use and the large consumed quantities of these compounds can lead to important inputs into the aquatic environment through wastewater treatment plants. The first part of this work consisted in the development and the comparison of various procedures concerning sampling (spot sampling and passive sampling), extraction step (Solid Phase Extraction , Microwave-assisted extraction) and analysis (Gas chromatography / mass spectrometry), needed for pharmaceutical analysis in various aquatic compartments (dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases, biological organisms). Thus a first assessment of pharmaceutical contamination of various aquatic systems (Seine, Loire, Adour and Garonne estuaries, Mediterranean coastal water…) has been undertaken. A contamination of aquatic compartments with pharmaceutical substances has been highlighted for all studied systems. Concentrations ranging from few ng. L-1 to several μg. L-1 have been measured, depending on compounds, sampling stations and seasonal variations. This work has allowed to document the origins (quantification and qualification of inputs) and the fate (degradation phenomena) of those compounds. It has also highlighted partition phenomena between the different phases (ie particulate matter and dissolved phase) and the bioaccumulation capability of some of those substances
Hugoni, Mylène. "Structure et activité des Archaea planctoniques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22388/document.
Full textAquatic Archaea are important players among microbial plankton and significantly contribute to biogeochemical cycles, especially nitrogen, but details regarding their community structure and seasonal activity and dynamics remain largely unexplored. In marine ecosystems, the widespread distribution of Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea (AOA) suggests that they probably play a major role in nutrients cycling. However, we cannot generalize these observations to all aquatic ecosystems because of their high diversity and/or a lack of information and studies on these organisms for some of these ecosystems. More precisely, lacustrine and coastal ecosystems were less studied while they are potentially subjected to strong anthropogenic impacts. Moreover, notable differences in terms of diversity and activity between marine and freshwater communities can be expected, considering the specific environmental parameters of each ecosystem. The objectives of this thesis were: i) to study the archaeal community structure across a temporal scale and assess the diversity of archaeal communities and AOA in diverse aquatic ecosystems along anthropogenic and/or salinity gradient (lacustrine, estuarine and coastal ecosystems); ii) to determine their relative contribution in ammonia oxidation, compared to Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) by looking at their spatial and temporal distribution and activity, and iii) to explore more precisely the environmental parameters that could drive AOA and/or AOB establishment
Héritier, Laurent. "Changements environnementaux et menaces sur la biodiversité des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0034/document.
Full textHuman imprint on Earth is actually so profound leading global environmental changes that affects and modifies the functioning of ecosystems. Among the natural biomes, freshwater ecosystems are remarkable habitats that comprise great species biodiversity but are also the most threatened by human activities. The main causes of the loss of water quality anddisruption of freshwater ecosystems includes water pollution and the introduction of alien species. The fisrt part of this thesis showed invasion of parasites on native freshwater turtle populations, carried by introduced turtle species. Furthermore, it highlighted the necessary to study and describe the new invasive parasite species with more performant technics. The second part of this thesis consisted in the development of a tool to evaluate the status of thehealth of wild freshwater turtle populations, allowed also the level of contamination of the watercourses
Munoz, Gabriel. "Ecodynamique des composés poly- et perfluoroalkylés dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0414/document.
Full textPoly- and perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds that have been used sincethe 1950s in a variety of applications and that have emerged as ubiquitously distributed contaminants.The first aim of this work was to optimize and validate analytical procedures for the trace-leveldetermination of PFAS. These methods were then applied to various sets of environmental samples,providing new elements to document the occurrence and environmental fate of PFAS in aquaticecosystems. In terms of statistical analyses, a special care has been devoted to incorporate nondetects(data 1 for PFOS and several long-chain PFAA, providing new evidence for theirbiomagnification. The last theme addressed in this work was the analysis of newly-identified cationicand zwitterionic PFAS ; preliminary evidence seem to dispel concerns about the bioaccumulationpotential of the latter
Devez, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des risques induits par les activités agricoles sur les écosystèmes aquatiques." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006497.
Full textTisseuil, Clément. "Modéliser l'impact du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes aquatiques par approche de downscaling." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/763/.
Full textThis thesis aimed at assessing the impact of global change on freshwater ecosystems during the 21st century in the Adour Garonne area (SW France). A downscaling approach was developed linking techniques from climate, hydro-chemical and ecological sciences. The main results suggest an increase of high flows in winter as well as more severe low flows in summer. Nitrogen concentrations and thermophile fish species distribution may also increase. Reducing green house gas emissions and modifying agricultural practices (e. G reducing nitrate fertilizers) could reduce the intensity of ecological disturbances. This study is an original contribution to the management of future hydrological and ecological resources
Belles, Angel. "Développement et applications environnementales des échantillonneurs passifs pour la surveillance des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14723/document.
Full textFor a better understanding and management of the environmental quality, contaminant analysis in the various compartments is a natural first step in the understanding of the dynamics of pollutants and of their impacts on ecosystems. However sampling strategies commonly used have not changed since the advent of analytical chemistry. These techniques in general consist of taking a certain amount of sample (water, air, solid) to extract the substances of interest to assay. The issue of representativeness of such sampling practices arises since for a given site the contamination can vary over time and over short distances. Detailed understanding of the contamination of an ecosystem using such sampling techniques requires the multiplication of samples over time and space.Since the 80’s and more especially the beginning of 2000, passive sampling tools have been developed in many areas. They provide an integrated monitoring of contamination over time at low cost. These new approaches are based on the fact that the sample are taken continuously in-situ and without energy supply, thus providing an average value of the contamination.To use these devices, a number of laboratory developments must first be conducted to determine the kinetic constants to deduce the necessary characteristics of the environmental contamination. Thus, as part of this work, a selection of existing samplers has been tested and adapted in laboratory experiments and evaluated in real conditions at various environmental sites.Laboratory developments have been conducted to develop different configuration tools in order to be used for a wide range of pollutants with the best quantitative capacity. For example, suitable devices have been developed for sampling highly polar molecules which previously were not strongly sampled by existing devices.On-site, sampling tools were mainly implemented in the framework of broader research programs and consequently have been tested during large field studies (Bassin d'Arcachon, Gironde Estuary) to compare their performance to grab sampling techniques. The results provided by the tools are similar to those obtained by grab sampling. However, the quantitative aspect appears still improvable either by the use of new performance reference compounds or by using devices more robust and slightly affected in their performance by environmental conditions
Henry, Christophe P. "Des perturbations à la restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques : expérimentation sur d'anciens chenaux du Rhône." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10138.
Full textReoyo, Prats Brice. "Forçages anthropiques multiples dans les écosystèmes aquatiques méditerranéens et conséquences sur les communautés bactériennes." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0069.
Full textGlobal changes cannot be ignored nowadays and human activities causing these disruptions tend to increase with, for example, the growing use of chemicals. The resulting pollution can then have a strong impact on ecosystems, in particular those of fresh surface waters.This thesis first showed through a high-frequency sampling of a typically Mediterranean river (the Têt River), during a characteristic intense rainy event, that multicontaminations occur with the presence in natural waters of nutrients, trace metals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals among others. These multicontamination phenomena are mainly related to the overflows of the sewage system that take place through storm overflows. This study has also shown, through the use of the new MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique, that changes in the structural diversities of aquatic bacterial communities of suspended matter evolve mainly according to the hydrodynamics of the river, the strongest dissimilarities between the communities being observed during peak flow. The physico-chemical environmental parameters also have a major impact on the structure of communities, which could lead to the exploration of bacterial taxa associated with a characteristic contaminations dynamic, to the discovery of specific biomarkers of these phenomena
Evangelista, Charlotte. "Variabilité intraspécifique chez les espèces invasives et ses conséquences sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30233/document.
Full textWhile biological invasions are widely recognized as a major cause of ecosystem changes, the ecological impacts of invasive species could be modulated by intraspecific variability in ecological traits occurring between and within populations. The present work demonstrated, at different geographical scales, the existence of a strong phenotypic variability within two freshwater invaders, Lepomis gibbosus and Procambarus clarkii. In addition, phenotypic responses to environmental conditions was demonstrated to be complex, revealing notably that the methods used to control invasive populations can be counter-productive and that the colonization history of invasive populations is an important driver of phenotype-environment relationships. Experimental approaches also demonstrated that intraspecific variability modulated the intensity of the ecological impacts of invasive species on community structure and ecosystem functioning. These findings strongly support the idea that integrating intraspecific variability in the context of biological invasions is essential to better appreciate their impacts on recipient ecosystem and ultimately improve the efficient of management methods based on the characteristics of invasive populations
Tapie, Nathalie. "Contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par les PCB et PBDE : application à l'estuaire de la Gironde." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13325.
Full textDue to the recent re-evaluation of their toxic properties, the study of environmental distribution of Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) has regained a great interest. At the same time, concentration of similar compounds with similar properties, such as Polybromodiphenyl-ethers (PBDEs), seems to increase in environment. In order to understand transfer phenomenon of PCBs and PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems, fast and reliable analytical methods using ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) and MAE (Microwave Extraction) have been developed. These protocols allow handling a lot of samples per day and managing environmental study and field experiment at large scale. Field experiments on different trophic status (algae (Isochrysis galbana), mussels (Mytilus edulis) and fishes (Sparus aurata)) were realised in order to understand the mechanisms of bioaccumulation or depuration of organic compounds (PCB 77, PCB 153, PBDE 47, PBDE 153, Bap, Fluoranthene, Chrysene). At the same time, Gironde estuary has been selected as a specific study area to study transfer of PCBs and PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems. The contamination of pelagic food web was evaluated by analysing water, particles, crustaceans and fishes. To compare Gironde estuary contamination to other French Atlantic coast estuaries (Seine, Ster, Loire, Vilaine and Gironde), flounder was selected as a model specie and its levels of contamination were characterised. Results show a relatively low contamination of French estuaries by PBDEs, but PCB contamination is still important and could be problematic particularly if we consider level of contamination of eel in Gironde estuary
Datry, Thibault. "Urbanisation et qualité des nappes phréatiques : réponses des écosystèmes aquatiques souterrains aux pratiques d'infiltration d'eau pluviale." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10181.
Full textCosson, Richard P. "Influences des pratiques agricoles sur la contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par les métaux lourds : approche écotoxicologique." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112209.
Full textGuedron, Stéphane. "Impact de l'exploitation minière en Guyane française sur les flux de mercure vers les écosystèmes aquatiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10014.
Full textPedological cover is a storage and transformation compartment for natural and anthropogenic mercury (Hg). Geochemical background of French Guiana soils is high (0. 10. 5 [Mu]g g-1) and de pends on soil type. Ln the hydromorphic soils of the Combat creek flat, Hg concentrations were high (0. 82 f: 0. 35 [Mu]g g-1) and were inherited from 1950's go Id mining activities. The study of Hg hydrical fluxes in the Combat creek watershed has shown that soils act as sinks for inorganic Hg and source of methylmercury (MMHg). Our results demonstrate that gold mining contribute to favor geochemical conditions for Hg methylation. Only the modification of mining practices and post exploitation sites rehabilitation can reduce its impact on hydrosystems and especially on the bioaccumulation of MMHg along the trophic chains
Guedron, Stéphane. "Impact de l'exploitation minière en Guyane française sur les flux de mercure vers les écosystèmes aquatiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00264272.
Full textGourlay, Catherine. "Biodisponibilité des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques : Influence de la matière organique naturelle et anthropique." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000945.
Full textScully, Norman Michel. "Les effets de la radiation ultraviolette et des facteurs hydrodynamiques sur les processus photobiochimiques des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ31509.pdf.
Full textLardy-Fontan, Sophie. "Les substances émergentes dans les écosystèmes aquatiques français : une application aux alkylphénol-polyéthoxylés et aux substances pharmaceutiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13702/document.
Full textAlkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have been recently studied in natural environments. These compounds of very widespread use (in terms of applications as well as in terms of quantity) are introduced into the aquatic environment, via the wastewater treatment plants, mainly, and are likely to generate toxic effects on the living organisms in these systems. The first part of this work consisted in the development and validation of various methodologies of sampling (grab sampling and integrative sampling (POCIS)), of various protocols of extraction (SPE, microwaves assisted extraction) and of analysis (LC/MS, LC/MS/MS), necessary for a reliable quantification of alkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances in the various compartments of aquatic systems (phases dissolved, particulate and sedimentary, biological organisms). Then, an assessment of the contamination of numerous aquatic systems (the catchment area of the Seine estuary, the Garonne and the Gironde, the bay of Vilaine, the bay of Authie, the Adour, the Mediterranean coast of Marseilles) was undertaken. A generalized contamination by these compounds was highlighted for all the studied sites. The measured concentrations appear to be extremely variable according to the class of molecule considered, the sites and time with concentrations ranging from the ng.l-1 to tens of µg.l-1 for the dissolved phases and from tens of ng.g-1 to tens of µg.g-1 for the solid phases (several hundreds of µg.g-1 in the clarification sludge). These studies also made it possible to document the presence and the fate of these molecules in the French wastewater treatment plant and made it possible to evaluate their effectiveness to remove the studied compounds. Lastly, this work also made it possible to highlight phenomena of partition between the dissolved phases and the solid phases as well as phenomena of transfers through the biological organisms
Blottiere, Lydie. "Rôles du brassage dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques peu profonds dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS016/document.
Full textThe wind plays a key role in the structure and functioning of lakes. Water column mixing is involved in the competition between different species of phytoplankton with different vertical positioning strategies. For example, buoyant cyanobacteria are generally favored by low mixing conditions, while sinking diatoms and green algae depend on mixing to be suspended in the photic zone. In addition, in shallow lakes, wind-induced mixing is usually sufficient to cause sediment resuspension. This leads to an increase in turbidity which can directly impact the algal growth and productivity. Resuspension can also induce the release of phosphorus previously stored in sediments. This internal loading via resuspension can boost algal production and growth. The first goal of this thesis was to model the competition between the buoyant cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and a sinking green algae under different mixing conditions: from quasi-stagnant to storm-like events. Hundreds of simulations were carried out in different conditions of mixing, phosphorus concentration and water temperatures in order to establish the conditions necessary for the dominance of one species on the other. In the second part of this thesis, we explored the potential impacts of mixing on the pelagic food web. The vast majority of previous studies on mixing in shallow lakes are in situ studies focused on phytoplankton. In the summer 2012, we used 15m3 mesocosms equipped with wave-makers and followed during nine weeks the dynamics of physical and chemical variables and the dynamic of phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria and viruses under two mixing conditions: whole column mixing with sediment resuspension and superficial mixing without resuspension. The following year, the same experiment was conducted but this time crossed with a warming treatment. Both experiments gave similar results in regards to mixing. We observed a significant effect of mixing on phytoplankton with an increase in chlorophyll content and an increase in productivity. The response of zooplankton to mixing depended on the subgroup. In our experiments, only copepods responded negatively to mixing with a potential cascade effect on the rotifer population while bosminas remained unaffected throughout the experiments. The 2012 experience also suggests an increase in bacterial lysis activity by virus in mixed enclosures. In 2013, no effect of water warming (+1°C) was observed on the measured variables, however, additional analysis are still underway to confirm or infirm these results
Roussel, Hélène. "Les effets du cuivre sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques : une étude en mésocosmes lotiques." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30235.
Full textCopper is known to be a nonspecific toxicant and is frequently used as an algicide, fungicide, bactericide, plant herbicide and molluscicide in the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of copper on the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the use of experimental streams called mesocosms allowed to realize ecologically realistic study while controlling many parameters. During 18 months, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 µg/L) where applied on 12 outdoor mesocosms of 20 m long. Results showed an effect on both structure and function of the ecosystem and considering all those results, a NOECecosystem was set up at 5 µg/L for fresh water ecosystems
Vincent, Florian. "Fonctionnement et structure des écosystèmes aquatiques en réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de type bottom-up et top-down." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS472.
Full textHuman activities regularly amplify or interfere with top-down and bottom-up forcing on ecosystems. However, the communities' response to these disruptions remains poorly understood. My thesis aims to measure the effects of top-predators and nutrients on the structure and functioning of experimental aquatic ecosystems. I studied in 9.5 m³ pelagic mesocosms the effect of top-down forcing induced by two fish species. I show that these changes in top-predators are accompanied by a profound reorganization of the structure of the planktonic food web. Reorganizations depend in part on the size of organisms and their anti-predatory behaviour, but phylogeny is the most effective way to predict zooplankton response to fish and the resulting cascading effects. I also studied the response to bottom-up forcing by adding phosphorus and nitrogen in 750 m³ macrocosms including a vegetated littoral area. I show that the addition of nutrients has had a significant effect on the biomass of primary producers (biofilm, littoral macrophytes), that the additions induce a higher abundance of juveniles perch but the zooplankton biomass is not modified. The stoichiometry of organisms and bacterial activity were only slightly changed by enrichment. These results suggest that the effects of bottom-up forcings in pelagic environments are well predicted by food chain theory, but at the scale of complex ecosystems, macrophytes and biofilm can strongly reduce the response to enrichment
Hogue, Gaston. "Élaboration d'indicateurs écologiques et d'un protocole de suivi anthropique des écosystèmes aquatiques du Parc national de la Mauricie." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2783/1/000680545.pdf.
Full textScemama, Pierre. "Analyse néo-institutionnelle de l'investissement dans la biodiversité : choix organisationnels et leurs conséquences sur la restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0029/document.
Full textThe objective of this work was to develop the framework of the new institutional economics to identify the economic constraints to overcome in order to encourage public or private agents to invest in restoring aquatic ecosystems. In the course of this work we mobilized different materials and methods that allowed us to identify three types of constraints: cost constraints, organizational constraints and institutional constraints.Our results show that these projects are exposed to a great variability of production costs, some key attributes play a decisive role in this variability: the type of targeted ecosystem, the institutional context, the initial degree of disturbance, the amount of works needed, the climate and the size of projects.Using the new institutional economics framework, we were interested in the transaction costs that surround investment project of restoring aquatic ecosystems. These costs are associated to the need of specific coordination devices between actors adapted to the complexity of biodiversity dynamics. Transaction costs originate from three different characteristics of projects: asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency of transactions. From the study of the market of wetland mitigation in the United States and of four case study in France, we show the link between the origin of transaction costs and organizational efficacy of the system. Among other results, we show that there is a tradeoff between an objective of challenging conservation and an objective of creating incentives for investment for the restoration of aquatic ecosystems
Tranouez, Pierrick. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la prise en compte informatique de niveaux de descriptions multiples : application aux écosystèmes aquatiques." Le Havre, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00394623.
Full textIMost sciences use simulation in their usual cycle of self-construction. The focus of our work is improving the handling of multiple scales in computer simulations. We have therefore to understand how different sciences build themselves, and how this epistemology relates to simulation. The present work therefore starts with a chapter summing up various epistemological tendencies and endeavors to link them to our present goal. The second chapter more specifically presents what is meant by multiple scales or level of description in different scientific work, with an emphasis on what is closer to our future main application, hydrodynamics in ecosystems model. Chapter 3 presents the early application that in fact prompted the present work, a system meant to improve intelligibility in a written communication system during emergency situations, by using the shape and the dynamics of the discourse itself to help summing up the semantics. Follows afterwards a summing up of what ecology delves into, the importance of fluxes in modern ecosystems model, and the main approaches of fluid flow modeling in current hydrodynamics. This leads to the relative novelty of our work, which is an application to handling different scales in a fluid flow simulation, with a view to integration in a more complex ecosystems simulation. We use a standard model called vortex based upon which we apply two different schemes to detect structures or organizations in the midst of the simulation. One of these leads to the replacement of the basic particles that self-organized to a new simulation entity that represents this organization or structure. The metaphorical social life of these entities can lead to the creation of still new scales of description, in a iterative theoretical upper open-ended way. We conclude with the integration of an article (in English) that emphasizes how this work will lead to a more developed ecosystems simulation, and what the ties are
Sanchez, Wilfried. "Approche multi-biomarqueurs chez l'épinoche à trois épines (Gasterosteus aculeatus L. ) : un modèle pour la surveillance des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00175398.
Full textOudot-Canaff, Jehanne. "Effet des restaurations des écosystèmes, de la trophie et de la connectivité hydrologique sur la diversité génétique des plantes aquatiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10009.
Full textThe conservation of wetlands which are strongly modified by human practices, requires the acquisition of knowledge about their diversity and functioning. This thesis aimed to link the human pressures and plant genetic diversity in wetlands, which is the basic level of biodiversity linked to the adaptive capacity of populations and species maintenance. The effect of anthropization on the genetic diversity of aquatic plants is studied at several spatial and temporal scales (wetland and watershed; synchronic vs. diachronic studies). The genetic diversity of populations of two ruderal (Berula erecta and Apium nodiflorum) and one competitive species (Nuphar lutea) in two contrasting floodplains (in terms of trophic status, hydrological connectivity and restoration) is compared using microsatellite markers suitable for the study of clonal species. A reduction in hydrological connectivity increases genetic differentiation and decreases genetic diversity for ruderal species studied, while it did not affect the competitive species. The impact of connectivity is related to plant reproductive strategy. The genetic diversity of ruderal species also decreases in most eutrophic wetlands. The increase of genetic diversity of B. erecta after restoration is correlated with the frequency of disturbances (dewatering) that create niches for seed recruitment. This study provides management recommendations for the impacted wetlands and provides knowledge about the dynamics of the genetic diversity of aquatic plants in relation to their environment
Castella, Emmanuel. "Apport des macroinvertébrés aquatiques au diagnostic écologique des écosystèmes abandonnés par les fleuves : recherches méthodologiques sur le haut-Rhône français." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10111.
Full textMadiec, Hervé. "Dosage et spéciation des ultra-traces d'étain dans les écosystèmes aquatiques par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique avec génération et décomposition d'hydrures." Pau, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PAUU3001.
Full textGentès, Sophie. "Les microorganismes colonisant les racines de plantes aquatiques dans les écosystèmes landais : diversité et risques liés à la méthylation du mercure." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3041/document.
Full textMercury (Hg) is a metallic pollutant worrying because of its toxicity and ubiquity in aquatic ecosystems. Its organic form is easily bioaccumulated in organisms and biomagnified along food webs. Hg methylation is a biotic process mainly attributed to sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP). The rhizoplane of aquatic plants has recently been identified as the principal compartment involved in Hg methylation in some tropical and boreal ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of aquatic plants on the biogeochemistry and bioaccumulation of Hg and the role of SRP in this process in the aquatic ecosystems of the Landes (South Western France). The use of Hg stable isotopic tracers allowed to identify the "aquatic plants" compartment as the main place for Hg species transformations (methylation / demethylation of Hg) and the main source of methylmercury (MeHg) in these temperate ecosystems. The combination of molecular (T-RFLP, cloning, sequencing) and cultural (isolation, MeHg detection by biosensor) approaches demonstrated the involvement of populations related to the genus Desulfovibrio in the process of Hg methylation in the aquatic rhizoplane. According to an experiment conducted in microcosms using a Hg isotopic tracer, MeHg formed in the aquatic rhizoplane seems to be bioavailable to the food chain. This last observation is linked to significant Hg concentrations, observed in situ, for some carnivorous fishes (end of the food chain)
Tlili, Khaoula. "Contamination de l’environnement francilien par les Ether de biphényl polybromés (PBDE) : impact sur la qualité de l’atmosphère et des écosystèmes aquatiques." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066596.
Full textGardia-Parège, Caroline. "Développement et applications de l'analyse dirigée par l'effet pour la recherche et l'identification de contaminants à risque pour les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0063/document.
Full textTo date, environmental risk assessment is based on targeted chemical analyses. These analyses allow the detection of known active compounds and this preselected set does not often explain the observed toxic effects in complex environmental samples (e.g. unknown compounds, transformation product, cocktail effect...). For an integrative contamination assessment, a multidisciplinary approach, Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA) was developed. This approach combining biological tools and chemical analyses allows determining active compounds and identitying them in such environmental complex mixtures. EDA aims at the establishment of cause-effect relationships by sequential reduction of the complexity of environmental mixtures, eventually to individual toxicants. The aims of this thesis were (1) to develop and to validate the EDA-based strategy on various environmental complex samples; (2) to set up an identification strategy for identifying non targeted or unknown molecules using high resolution mass spectrometry; (3) to prove the usefulness of EDA approach for the identification of active compounds in environnemental complex samples. This thesis work provides to a complet bio-analytical approach from the preparation step of samples to the identification of molecules. The potential of this tool was fully confirmed on various environmental studies. These investigations allowed establishing a list of non-target compounds which can represent a risk for the environment
Lucas, Françoise. "Diversité microbienne en milieu aquatique urbain." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00676527.
Full textMagalhaes-Antoine, Ilizabete. "Développement d'un test d'agglutination pour la détection, in situ, de la vitellogénine : biomarqueur de la contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par oestrogènes mimétiques." Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Magalhaes_Antoine.Ilizabete.SMZ0425.pdf.
Full textEstrogen mimics are pollutants present in aquatic environment. These compounds induce abnormalities in the reproductive system of male fishes, which lead to a total or partial male feminization, or to their demasculinization. Finally, these alterations could lead to a disappearance of the total contaminated fish populations. Moreover, these toxics possess the capacity to mimic endogenous estrogens and to induce the abnormal production of vitellogenin (VTG) in male and immature fishes. The purpose of this research was to develop an easy, specific and fast method for the field detection of male fish contamination by estrogen mimics, using VTG as biomarker. The selected method is based on a latex agglutination test (LAT), developed with monoclonal antibodies specific of this biomarker. The development of this VTGLAT, has involved a new purification method of carp VTG in order to produce monoclonal antibodies specifics of this protein. Moreover, it was necessary the optimization of the antibodies adsorption process in terms of particle diameters, pH and antibodies concentration. The optimization of irnrnunoagglutination process was also verified. The VTG-LAT developed possess the capacity to recognize different VTG molecules of several fish species (dace, chub, roach, perch. . . ) and it is possible by this method to differentiate vitellogenic females from contaminated fishes by estrogen mimics
Bendegue, Jean-Marie Vianney. "La gestion des écosystèmes aquatiques en droit international : étude comparée des systèmes européens et africains ; perspectives pour une gestion rationnelle et durable." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30066/document.
Full textThis study attempts to examine the management of freshwater resources in Africa and Europe, from an ecosystemic view point, and aims at global and appropriate solutions to problems, without neglecting local or regional specificities. Contrary to territorial and sector approaches, integrated water resource management is a better way to ensure a sustainable management of freshwater resources, taking into consideration all problems and opportunities pertaining thereto. In this regard, the first interest of comparing advanced European systems with African systems is to bring up global problems, in spite of regional or continental peculiarities, and to stress on the global and integrated approach as the best way of solving them effectively. The second interest is to show that managing these systems can be mutually beneficial if their respective advantages and weaknesses are considered.Freshwater resources comprise superficial or deep water of various origins, and interact with elements of the global environment (earth, sea). Their mastery is of utmost importance as it will permit the global, adequate and integrated management of such ecosystems
Dargnat, Cendrine. "Sources, transfert et devenir des phtalates sur le bassin versant de la Seine : caractérisation des dangers pour l'environnement et les écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066574.
Full textBalocco-Castella, Chantal. "Les macrophytes aquatiques des milieux abandonnés par le Haut-Rhône et l'Ain : diagnostic phyto-écologique sur l'évolution et le fonctionnement de ces écosystèmes." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10162.
Full textLarroudé, Solène. "Impact relatif des changements locaux et globaux sur les communautés phytoplanctoniques des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux et sur la dynamique des populations de cyanobactéries." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066128.
Full textGlobal changes can significantly impact phytoplankton communities. These global pressures are combined with local pressures specific from each ecosystem. This project aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of these two types of pressures in the response of freshwater phytoplankton communities, with a particular attention in the populations of cyanobacteria. Two time-series were analyzed: a 24-year survey on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and 11-years one on the population of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) in Lake Bourget. We have also conducted a review of the impact of herbicides on phytoplankton communities because data available on this topic were very limited and it appeared that this pollution could be involved in some of the changes observed in the Loire. It has been shown that global climate changes had exerted strong selection pressures on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and the dynamics of cyanobacteria in the Bourget. These pressures have resulted in an increase in the relative importance of cyanobacteria in the community of the Loire and in a major influence on the importance of cyanobacteria blooms in the Bourget. It also appared that local pressures such as nutrient availability, weather events or local pesticides pollutions, also had a strong influence on communities and their combination to global pressures had sometimes led to complex and unexpected phytoplankton responses
El, haïkali Bouazza. "Estimations des productions organique et inorganique de quelques espèces macrophytobenthiques méditerranéennes calcifiées : interactions avec les conditions naturelles du milieu et rôle dans la variabilité circadienne de certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques des eaux cotières." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22105.
Full textSilva, Elise Da. "Développement d'outils analytiques innovants pour le suivi des populations de Vibrio dans les environnements aquatiques." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0057/document.
Full textMass mortality events affecting the Pacific oyster Crassostreae gigas on French coasts since 2008 have been associated to some Vibrio species. These mortalities, particularly severe and sudden in the mediterranean lagoons, can reach 80 to 100% of the oyster production threatening the sustainability of this activity. An environmental monitoring of these bacteria appears essential and, for this purpose, innovative analytical methods have to be developed as alternative to classical techniques, in order to allow the rapid and in real time monitoring of Vibrio in the coastal aquatic environments. In this context, the objective of the thesis was to design genosensors as analytical tools for Vibrio detection and quantification in aquatic ecosystems. In a first step, a system based on a « sandwich » hybridization format, in which nucleic acid targets were bound between an immobilized capture probe and a labeled signal probe, coupled with an optical detection method, was developed. After experimental condition optimization, the test showed high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 5 ng.µL-1 of nucleic acids and was highly specific to Vibrio spp. The method was then successfully applied to Vibrio detection in environmental samples collected in Salses-Leucate lagoon. A second hybridization format, based on a competition between the targeted nucleic acids and the capture probe for the signal probe has been considered using both optical and electrochemical transductions. Concurrently with the development of genosensors, quantitative real-time PCR have been designed as reference methods
Guttières, Raphaêl. "Priming-effect : vers un mécanisme universel de contrôle du bilan stockage-déstockage du carbone organique. Approfondissements théoriques, généralisation aux milieux aquatiques et cultivés." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS497.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand the degree of genericity of a biogeochemical process related to carbon dynamics, the "Priming Effect" (PE). This process was initially studied in soils before being identified in the aquatic environment. It can be defined in both types of environments as the modification (increase or decrease) of the mineralization rate of the organic matter stabilized by the addition of labile organic matter. The objective of this work was to test the PE response in the context of global changes as well as in the context of agricultural practices. A first experiment in agricultural soil tested the energy hypothesis by playing on the quality of the organic matter brought. The results confirmed the central role of the energetic aspect of organic matter input in soils by demonstrating that fresh plant residues induce over-mineralization (PE) of soil organic matter eight times higher than its pre-decomposed equivalent. In this same experiment, the responses of the PE to a temperature increase, an increase in nutrient availability and a change in soil cover (agricultural cover vs. forest cover) were tested. This shows a strong effect of temperature on basal soils mineralization, but no effect on PE. The latter seems to react more to the availability of energy and the type of vegetation cover. In parallel with this terrestrial part, two aquatic experiments were conducted, testing the impact of changes in stoichiometry, temperature and availability of labile organic matter on the interactions between the decomposers compartment and that of the primary producers. Few results are available to date, and no definitive conclusion on the PE response is currently available. However, it has been possible to highlight the relative importance of carbon fluxes from the different biotic compartments of our systems. A significant algal mixotrophy has thus been demonstrated, leading us to reconsider the role of primary producers in the aquatic part of the carbon cycle dynamics, and therefore their potential role in the PE in the context of global warming and continental surfaces erosion. Complementary analyzes of the stored samples and a modeling approach under development will make it possible to identify the possible singularities of PE in the aquatic environment with respect to the terrestrial environment. On its terrestrial side, this thesis has suggested an agroecological approach of management of carbon stocks in soils, as well as to highlight the major role of the state of decomposition of plant residues on the intensity of the PE
Gilbin, Rodolphe. "Caractérisation de l'exposition des écosystèmes aquatiques à des produits phytosanitaires : spéciation, biodisponibilité et toxicité.Exemple du cuivre dans les eaux de ruissellementde parcelles viticoles (Roujan, Hérault, France)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011143.
Full textLe climat méditerranéen favorise un ruissellement et une érosion des sols viticoles, les rendant très propices aux transferts des polluants vers les eaux de surface. Des eaux de ruissellement de parcelles viticoles ont été prélevées et analysées pour l'étude de la spéciation,
la biodisponibilité et la toxicité du cuivre. La méthodologie adoptée a eu pour but de caractériser l'exposition au cuivre par rapport aux autres produits phytosanitaires issus du traitement des vignes. L'effet toxique in vitro du cuivre en conditions contrôlées et dans les eaux de ruissellement a été évalué sur des organismes aquatiques (bactérie Vibrio fischeri, algue Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) et a permis de valider les effets observés par rapport aux concentrations en ion libre calculé. Les producteurs primaires étant une cible privilégiée dans le cadre de la contamination par le cuivre, l'effet sur Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata a
été évalué à différents niveaux (croissance, intégrité membranaire, activité photosynthétique, activité estérasique) afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de toxicité mis en jeu, et a montré que la croissance est l'indicateur le plus sensible vis à vis de la toxicité du cuivre. Les effets observés ont été interprétés en fonction de la spéciation chimique du cuivre dans les
eaux : caractérisation physico-chimique et fractionnement par taille (matières en suspension,
colloïdes), modélisation de la spéciation (MINEQL+), évaluation du potentiel de mobilisation du cuivre de la fraction particulaire vers la fraction dissoute. Enfin, l'effet toxique des complexes métalliques lipophiles, qui constitue une exception au modèle de biodisponibilité
de l'ion libre, a été étudié en conditions contrôlées. Cette double approche (caractérisations physico-chimiques et influence de la spéciation des polluants sur la toxicité in vitro) a permis de déterminer les paramètres influents dans le transfert du cuivre et la toxicité dans les eaux
de ruissellement : le type de sol des parcelles, les caractéristiques de la pluie et les types d'apports de produits phytosanitaires (cuivre, arsenic, Diuron).
Kermarrec, Lénaïg. "Apport des outils de la biologie moléculaire pour l'utilisation des diatomées comme bioindicateurs de la qualité des écosystèmes aquatiques lotiques et pour l'étude de leur taxonomie." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENA010.
Full textThe European Water Framework Directive requires assessing the river quality using chemical and biological indicators among which are diatoms. Indices based on taxonomic composition and relative abundance of diatom taxa are robust. However, thousands of diatom samples are analyzed every year while microscopic identification is difficult due to taxonomic uncertainties, and requires time and expertise. Thus, it is still possible to improve the routine monitoring of water quality. The molecular biology techniques are accurate tools to identify microorganisms and could be used to enhance diatom identification. The objectives of this thesis were therefore to improve our knowledge on the freshwater diatom taxonomy by molecular methods and to progress in the development of a molecular tool in order to identify diatoms in natural samples, thus improving bioindication tools. The taxonomic study of several groups of diatoms was achieved by combining morphological and molecular approaches. Our results showed the capacity of DNA sequences to discriminate diatom taxa and revealed their phylogenetic relationships. The use of DNA sequences showed that the morphological criteria used to identify diatoms do not correspond systematically to their phylogenetic relationships. The use of different markers allowed discrimination at different taxonomic levels. Our results also revealed the importance of combining complementary approaches, morphological and molecular, to improve our understanding of the relationships between different diatom taxa and thus stabilize their taxonomy. As DNA sequences allowed discrimination of diatom taxa, we tested a molecular tool of high throughput sequencing, 454 pyrosequencing, in order to identify the diatom composition of communities. We assembled reference libraries of sequences linked to taxonomic identification and we contributed to the development of bioinformatic tools required to analyze data from pyrosequencing. Finally, we tested these tools to establish taxonomic inventories of diatoms in artificial communities (mixtures of strains) and environmental communities (freshwater biofilm samples). The studies showed the potential of 454 pyrosequencing to accurately analyze diatom communities. The comparison of different nucleic markers revealed that the rbcL marker was the most suitable to identify diatoms using pyrosequencing. Indeed, taking into account reference libraries, reproducibility and bias of the method, and the resolving power of marker, the use of rbcL allowed the best estimation of the diatom composition in complex samples. Improvements will be necessary to use molecular tools in order to assess water quality using diatoms. However our studies lead the way for future experiments in order to achieve a monitoring of water quality based on molecular inventories of diatom taxa
Merle, Valérie. "Les usages, facteurs de structuration et de dynamique des milieux aquatiques : cas du marais de Bourgneuf (Loire Atlantique)." Pau, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PAUU1005.
Full textFerro, Yannis. "Évaluation de l’impact des rejets urbains de temps de pluie sur le compartiment algal des écosystèmes aquatiques : Mise au point d’outils pour la surveillance des milieux récepteurs." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0091/document.
Full textThe stormwater management constitutes an important challenge for cities around the world: today there are countless problems of flooding and pollution, chronic problems that tend to amplify as urbanization grows. Sustainable management of these waters is at the heart of defies of the twenty-first century and to address these problems the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development has launched a research operation. Among problems posed by stormwater, our study focuses on urban wet weather discharges (UWWD). These releases are an important and unpredictable contribution of many pollutants to the receiving water bodies. UWWD's pollution has been studied for many years and, while knowledge in the field matures, there is at present no large-scale study to identify the impact of UWWD on the receiving ecosystems. Our work consist in studying the impact of different UWWD samples collected at 3 storm sanitation sites of Lyon on the environment. We have relevant bioindicators, freshwater microalgae, unicellular organisms at the base of the trophic chain and very sensitive to pollutants present in the UWWD. We have undertaken ecotoxicological bioassays known from the literature and contributed to the development of new indicators of toxicity. Furthermore, we seek to adapt these bioassays to allow their use in the field. In parallel, we have worked to improve an enzyme biosensor algal cell. We evaluated its performances on samples of UWWD and then we built an automated measuring station to make measurements directly on the remediation site (online monitoring)
Ferro, Yannis. "Évaluation de l'impact des rejets urbains de temps de pluie sur le compartiment algal des écosystèmes aquatiques : Mise au point d'outils pour la surveillance des milieux récepteurs." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994535.
Full textSabart, Marion. "Variations spatiotemporelles dans la dynamique, la diversité génétique et le potentiel toxique de populations de Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) dans plusieurs écosystèmes aquatiques du centre de la France." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS039.
Full textProliferations of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems are a source of growing concern because they lead to ecological disturbances and the toxins they produce constitute health risks for animals and human beings. By studying the spatiotemporal variations in genetic diversity and toxic potential of several populations of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Microcystis in different kind of freshwater ecosystems located in the same geographical area, we evidenced a genetic structuration of the populations, and great differences in the proportion of potentially microcystinproducing genotypes in these populations. The temporal variations in the population size structure and in the microcystin cellular quotas related to the stability of the water column suggested the importance of small Microcystis colonies in sustaining the populations in unfavourable conditions for growth and also in microcystin production
Vaissière, Anne-Charlotte. "Le recours au principe de compensation écologique dans les politiques publiques en faveur de la biodiversité : enjeux organisationnels et institutionnels : cas des écosystèmes aquatiques marins et continentaux." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0028/document.
Full textBiodiversity offset, as the last step of the mitigation hierarchy (avoid/reduce/offset), aims to address the current biodiversity loss crisis. The main goal of this PhD, which relies on the new institutional economics approach as a theoretical framework, is to understand the organizational and institutional issues of implementing biodiversity offsets policies for impacts on continental and offshore wetlands in Europe and the United-States. Hierarchical organizations (i.e. permittee responsible mitigation) often lead to little to no implementation of biodiversity offsets because the ecological effectiveness of case-by-case compensatory measures is unproven and the monitoring and control of numerous measures are difficult. In the United-States, the mitigation banking system aims to compensate for multiple small impacts on wetlands by carrying out restoration projects on fewer but larger wetland areas in order to reach the goal of no net loss of biodiversity. This hybrid organizational form is highly regulated and therefore stands halfway between hierarchical and market organizations. However, actors have individual and collective strategies that generate negotiations with consequences on economic development and biodiversity conservation stakes. The mitigation banking system leads to a decrease of transaction costs and a change of the actors bearing them. It seems that the evolution of the whole framework of biodiversity offsets policy implementation in the United-States leans toward an institutional complementarity between these two organizational forms rather than a disappearance of hierarchical organizations
Chaïb, Jérôme. "Flore et végétation des milieux aquatiques et amphibies de Haute-Normandie : Chorologie, phytosociologie, écologie, gestion." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES041.
Full textAfter a short presentation, of the physical geography of Upper-Normandy, where we can find more widely shown unpublished climatic datas, we describe all the ecologic factors which govern the aquatic and amphibious ecosystems of this area : ponds, watercourses, pool, alluvial gravel-pits, canals, dykes, marshes, moorlands. Then we examine how the notion of ecological niche, of ecocomplex, of vegetal sequencies could be applied, to these environments. From a pattern extracted from 300 plant distribution maps drawn for this research, a chorologic study founded, for the major part, on climatic datas shows a close correlation between the distribution of some species with peculiar repartition and the setting up of 3 contrasted climatic regions : a wide zone with an oceanic regime, several areas marked by a more or less strong continentality, an important zone penetrated by south influences. The phytosociologic study is based on a previous reflexion in order to restore the classical approach of aquatic and amphibious environments. The whole "stucturalist" knowledge is analysed : morphological structures and adaptation to the environment, the structure of communities in space and time, the structures in relation with the partition of the ecological niche. From the notion of adaptation which is very bound with aquatic communities liable to change under numerous forms, we suggest the notion of "waiting sociations". This notion enables us, more especially, to better understand the place occupied by some phytocenoses in the ecocomplex and to introduce the synsystem in a more natural way. The we study, with 160 associations, from Lemnetea to Alnetea, the application of these new concepts and a revision of the customary classifications, more especially for Potametea. Finally, to organize the protection of aquatic environment, solutions of ecologic management oriented on the control of flood are purposed. Those solutions are illustrated by experiments conducted in Upper-Normandy for ten years
Gilbin, Rodolphe. "Caractérisation de l'exposition des écosystèmes aquatiques à des produits phytosanitaires : spéciation, biodisponibilité et toxicité : exemple du cuivre dans les eaux de ruissellement de parcelles viticoles (Roujan, Hérault, France)." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON13513.
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