Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écosystèmes'
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Loeuille, Nicolas. "Coévolution et fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066209.
Full textFadda, Sylvain. "Organisation des communautés de coléoptères terricoles en écosystème multi-perturbé : le cas des écosystèmes de pelouses sèches." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30079.
Full textTribot, Anne-Sophie. "Esthétique et biodiversité des écosystèmes sous-marins." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT131/document.
Full textThe aesthetic value of landscapes and species is a central element for the conservation of biodiversity, since it involves the emotional and emotional dimensions of our relationship to nature. However, the links between biodiversity and aesthetic perception remains poorly studied and recognized within the ecosystem services framework.Following a first critical review, that described the conceptual and methodological bases of landscape aesthetics, three studies on underwater systems at different scales have been computed in order to better understand the link between the different facets of biodiversity and aesthetic perception.The results revealed that the link between biodiversity and aesthetic preferences is dependent on the scale of perception: at a multi-specific scale, biodiversity and species composition have a positive effect on aesthetic preferences, while preferences at a specific scale are disconnected to the ecological functioning of ecosystems.These results confirm the importance of aesthetic value in our perception of biodiversity, which could have major consequences in the way we protect our environment. The aesthetic experience based on the understanding of ecological functioning is proposed and described in order to promote an aesthetic perception relevant to ecological processes. Education to biodiversity based on engaged aesthetic is also proposed, in order to reconnect ecological needs and aesthetic preferences
Roulier, Marine. "Cycle biogéochimique de l'iode en écosystèmes forestiers." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3026/document.
Full textAs radioisotopes of iodine may concentrate in thyroid gland, 131I (t1/2 = 8.07 days) and 129I (t1/2 = 15.7 106 years) are of health concern. 129I is of major radioecological importance because it can potentially integrate natural biogeochemical cycle of its stable isotope (127I) due to its long half-life. Forests, characterized by their longevity, a high biomass turnover and a strong influence on hydrological and nutrients cycles, can intercept, recycle and accumulate a significant amount of pollutants and radionuclides released into environment. In this context, research developed in this thesis had the purpose of correct long-term prediction of iodine behaviour in forest ecosystems.Rainfall appears to be a significant input flux of iodine in forest soils and vegetation, depending on coastal distance and precipitation amount. Forest canopy modifies quantities and speciation of iodine initially present in rainfall. Humus would act as temporary iodine accumulation layer through its association with organic matter. However, humus layer also behaves as potential iodine mobilisation source by leaching and/or volatilization. This thesis has demonstrated that iodine levels in soils depend both on its atmospheric and litterfall inputs, but also on the soil's ability to fix iodine. Thus, environmental conditions characterized by organic matter accumulation and presence of metal (hydr)oxides in soils promote iodine retention. Thereafter, soil is the main iodine reservoir at the forest plot scale (~99.9%). Given small amounts of iodine in the trees (<0.03% of the total iodine stock), recycling of iodine by vegetation is low, iodine being not an essential element for vegetables.This thesis contributes to fill some gaps in the knowledge of iodine distribution within forests and on the processes of iodine reemission related to organic matter degradation. Data generated by this thesis help to better understand the modeling of iodine cycle in this forest ecosystem
Génin, Alexandre. "Réseaux d'interactions écologiques, stabilité et résilience des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG031/document.
Full textEcological systems are not simple but composed of many different elements(species, for example) interacting with each other. These networks ofinteractions exhibit structural properties that determine ecological systems’ability to absorb and recover from perturbations. Mappinginteractions along with their changes in time and space is therefore key tounderstand and predict empirical communities' response to global changes.In this thesis, we used plant communities as model systems (i) to explore howspatial patterns may help identify feedbacks loops which make communities morefragile to upcoming changes and (ii) to map species interactions in empiricalcommunities and describe how they change along stress gradients and recover fromperturbations. To do so, we used two datasets documenting plant communities insubalpine meadows (USA) and Mediterranean grasslands (France).Our results show that feedback loops can be inferred to some extent from thespatial patterns of plant communities and hence help identify communities thatmay respond more abruptly to perturbations. Going to a more detailed level ofdescription, plant-plant interactions (as measured through spatial associations)were shown to respond strongly and consistently to stress but exhibited a weakresilience to disturbances.This work shows that plant-plant interactions -- which are linked to the response of the community to perturbations -- can be uncovered using spatial patterns. It paves the way towards a better understanding and a better anticipation capacity of how ecological communities might reorganize when subject to disturbances
Zaoui, Mohammed. "Robotique nomade pour la restauration des écosystèmes dégradés." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS043V.
Full textLand degradation directly affects over a billion hectares throughout the world. It is a threat to almost 35% of the planet’s land as well as to the means of subsistence of two billion people. Estimations of heavy financial losses are increasing year after year. The degradation of arid and semi-arid lands is a serious drawback to the development of the countries concerned. This problem is today unsolved and since a number of organizations within the international community have not found an appropriate, perennial solution, we are powerlessly witnessing the progression of this plague despite the efforts and experiments carried out all over the world. It has become extremely urgent to find solutions that are not only technical, but also social, economic and cultural.This assessment calls for action and the need to exploit different approaches based on the most recent advanced technology. Mobile robotics are a lead to explore and may well contribute to slowing down this phenomenon in the near future. This technology offers endless possibilities in many fields: healthcare, personal assistance, military, agriculture and of course the restoring of ecosystems. It will therefore be necessary to follow the evolution of this sector and observe its effects on the environment and society in general in those regions affected by the phenomenon. Our findings aim to propose a technical solution, and the more general questions regarding societal consequences are not examined; our main concern is to demonstrate and evaluate the resilience capacity of a solution based on robotic techniques. This document is part of the R-Stepps project to experiment a fleet of robots to combat land degradation and reverse the progress of desertification. Its main mission is reforestation, maintenance and surveillance of such zones. The fleet of robots is composed of various platforms, each with a specific function. By limiting each robot to one task, this will ensure their solidity and simple design
Court-Picon, Mona. "Mise en place du paysage dans un milieu de moyenne et haute montagne du tardiglaciaire à l'époque actuelle : analyse du signal palynologique en Champsaur (Hautes-Alpes, France) à l'interface des dynamiques naturelles et des dynamiques sociales." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2034.
Full textIn order to better understand natural/anthropogenic processes interactions in mountainous ecosystems, an integrated research program has been undertaken on 9 lakes and peat bogs from the Champsaur valley. Palaecological approach (mainly palynology, but also microcharcoal, fungal spores and other microfossils, plant macro-remains, fossil insects, sedimentology, carbone 14 and Pb 210 dates) aimed at studying a small area at high spatial and temporal resolution to investigate the human occupation dynamics and agropastoral rhythms since the first clearings. .
Gauzens, Benoit. "Structure et fonctionnalité des réseaux trophiques : modèles et méthodes." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066298.
Full textDjoudi, El Aziz. "Structuration multi-échelle des communautés d'Arthropodes en agro-écosystèmes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B056.
Full textIn this study, we got interested in quantifying how local and landscape metrics structure arthropod communities in agro-ecosystems. For that, we used a long-term monitoring design located in ‘Ille-Et-Vilaine’ (Brittany, France), composed by spatially pair-matched fields under organic vs. conventional farming systems. First, we found that landscape heterogeneity, also interacting with farming systems, drives the diversity and abundance of trophic groups for both ground- and vegetation-dwelling arthropods. In a second chapter, we showed the importance of landscape context in shaping assemblages of predatory arthropods, and suggested that mechanisms behind the distribution of individual species strongly differ between spiders and carabids. Lastly, we highlighted the importance of distinguishing between resident (emergent) and mobile (circulating) individuals when assessing the differential role of local vs. landscape factors in community assembly. Overall, our results show a strong and positive effect of organic farming on arthropod populations, assemblages and communities, both at local and landscape scales, as well as in interaction with other landscape metrics. We also highlighted the relevance of using different levels of biological organization, and related response variables, when assessing the structure and functioning of arthropod communities in agroecosystems
Fournaud, Jeanne. "Rôle des lactobacilles dans les écosystèmes microbiens des viandes." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10645.
Full textChacornac, Jean-Michel. "Lacs d'altitude : métabolisme oligotrophe et approche typologique des écosystèmes." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10011.
Full textSamain, Eric. "Microbiologie et biochimie de l'acétogenèse dans les écosystèmes méthanogènes." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10228.
Full textMauchamp, Leslie. "Biodiversité et gestion des écosystèmes prairiaux en Franche-Comté." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2036/document.
Full textGrassland ecosystems are submitted to human pressure, especially due to agricultural management, preventing their natural succession toward the forest. However, when this pressure become too important, it could lead to a decrease of the diversity of plant communities (especially primary and secondary consumers) and of all communities that depend on them. As biodiversity is recognized to play an important role in the realization of ecosystem functions and services that benefit to human societies every day, important anthropic pressures could alter the maintaining of these services.In order to provide complementary information on the response of plant communities to anthropogenic factors, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of biodiversity, especially by including the various taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional facets of diversity. In addition, the spatial scale has to be taken into account, by comparing alpha (intra-site), beta (inter-site) components of the gamma diversity of a given parcel or region:.In this project, we especially focused on the complementarity of these approaches to diversity in order to assess the response of plant communities of the French Jura Mountains to agricultural practices used in this area. The production of PDO cheese, and especially the Comté cheese, offers an original framework for such investigations as the existence of this production is associated to strict regulations imposed to farmers for the management of their grassland systems. We studied the vegetation of 48 grasslands, split according to an altitudinal gradient (First Plateau, Second Plateau, High Range) by using an original multi-scale sampling design with plot sizes of 0.01, 1, 10 and 1000 m². The agricultural practices used on these 48 parcels have also been recorded by submitting questionnaires to farmers. In addition, we collected data on soil conditions in each parcel, including soil depth and physico-chemical analyses performed on 0 – 10 cm superficial soil samples.[...]The comparison of the species composition of 150 phytosociological relevés recorded in the 1990’s and repeated in 2012 reveals important changes in the floristic composition of grasslands. The general trend observed for the overall set of relevé suggests that contemporary communities are more adapted to frequent and/or intense defoliations, have a higher pastoral value and indicate a higher level of nutrient content in the soil. We also record differences in phylogenetic diversity values between the two sessions of relevés (while the taxonomic diversity of Simpson do not change) and so show that a loss of phylogenetic lineages among time.[...]The accumulation of phosphorous in the soil, associated to increasing nitrogen supply, especially in the form of inorganic fertilizers, can partly explain this trend. Even though we do not record any significant reduction of taxonomic diversity, the functional changes already observed suggest that the diversity could potentially decrease in the future.[...]
Badreddine, Ali. "Écosystèmes côtiers du littoral libanais : état écologique, conservation, évolution." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4031/document.
Full textThe aim of this study was to provide further knowledge of the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation status of important shallow habitats (vermetid reefs, Cystoseira forests) in a relatively poorly known region of the Mediterranean Sea: the Lebanese coast. Multiple approaches were applied for the first time along the Levantine Sea, such as the CARLIT (CARtography of rocky-shore LITtoral communities) index, a tool conceived to quantify the Ecological Status (ES) in the framework of the Water Directive (WFD 2000/60/EU). A general description of the Lebanese coastline, summarizing the major environmental features and anthropogenic activities influencing benthic communities, highlighted that Lebanon has been (and is at present) subject to multiple stressors. The application of the CARLIT, based on macroalgal, gives important insights on the ES of Lebanese ecosystems in relation to human impacts and provides a detailed cartography on the distribution and abundance of shallow communities, and in particular Cystoseira and Sargassum forests. The survey of some Lebanese vermetid reefs allowed the evaluation of their current status according to different human pressures and highlighted that they are highly affected by human pressures and only few of them are still alive. In a view of the upcoming oil and gas discovery offshore Lebanon, Lebanese marine ecosystems are under multiple and massive threats; the data provided in the research performed provide a baseline of the distribution and conservation status of key habitats along Lebanese coasts, in order to follow their evolution and to have a management tool in case of catastrophic oil spills
Dupont, Hélène. "Modélisation multi-agents d'un service ecosystémique : scénarios de systèmes d'equarrissage par des rapaces nécrophages." Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598563.
Full textDinh, Quoc-Tuc. "Transferts et comportements d'antibiotiques à l'échelle du bassin versant élémentaire." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066900.
Full textHayet, Audrey. "Contribution de l'écologie à la caractérisation de sites contaminés : application à l'évaluation des risques pour les écosystèmes." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S055.
Full textCordonnier, Thomas. "Perturbations, diversité et permanence des structures dans les écosystèmes forestiers." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000909.
Full textPortas, Marlène. "Diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des Eumycètes dans les écosystèmes pélagiques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769938.
Full textBouchaud, François. "Analyse forensique des écosystèmes intelligents communicants de l'internet des objets." Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUI014.
Full textWith the development of the Internet of Things, searching for data in a digital environment is an increasingly difficult task for the forensic investigator. It is a real challenge, especially given the heterogeneity of the connected objects. There is a lack of standardization in communication architectures and data management policies. It is accompanied by dependencies between connected ecosystems, especially through hidden links and fragmented information. In this thesis, we suggest adjusting the traditional approach of digital investigation to the constraints of the Internet of Things. We develop methodologies and tools to understand and analyze the connected environment. We assume that the crime scene is a connected whole and not an aggregate of independent digital objects. It contains key data for understanding and contextualizing a past event or phenomenon as evidence for the criminal trial. Digital forensics is considered to be the og extit{application of science to the identification, collection, examination, and analysis, of data while preserving the integrity of the information and maintaining a strict chain of custody for the data fg~ (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Faced with a crime scene, the investigator seeks to understand the criminal event. He examines the data stored in the physical medium and/or in a remote part of the cloud. Our work develops a process of rapid identification of the phenomenon according to four phases: detection, localization, object recognition and information crosschecking. It is enriched with radio signature search tools~: single-sensor and multi-sensor mesh network. This approach is built around the problem of apprehending a multiform connected environment, containing devices that are not always visible or identifiable during a field approach. We integrate in our study the strategy of equipment collection. The challenge lies in the ability to extract one or more connected objects, without compromising the stored data, to place them in a controlled and secure environment. The object is maintained in a state that guarantees the non-alteration or loss of data. The study includes a first phase of understanding the physical environment and dependencies. It seeks to determine the mechanisms of information migration to online platforms and to isolate groups of objects by intelligently breaking the connections. Devices are extracted, then packaged and sealed according to their technical characteristics and the connected infrastructure. We then deepen the exploitation of the information collected using forensic methods. The data is then analyzed according to temporal, spatial and contextual axes. We also propose a classification and a prioritization of the connected structure according to the characteristics of the desired data. The work gives a reading of the life cycle of the data within the Internet of Things infrastructure. In a prospective approach, we deepen the questions of the fine identification of the connected object according to these hardware and software characteristics. The acoustic signature of electronics appears as a relevant physical property in the study of equipment. This feature completes our range of tools in the identification of connected objects
Husson, Bérengère. "Fonctionnement et dynamique des écosystèmes hydrothermaux : vers un premier modèle." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0008/document.
Full textIn nearly forty years of research, significant insights have been gained on vent field geology, on the chemistry of emitted fluid and on the ecology of the communities inhabiting hydrothermal ecosystems. The fauna forms dense assemblages, distributed along the hydrothermal fluid/sea water mixing gradient, and visually dominated only by a few species. The high spatio-temporal variability of the hydrothermal fluid has a strong influence on species distribution. However, the mechanisms determining the species response to this variability is still poorly understood. In order to investigate this issue, a modelling approach is presented. Data collected for more than 20 years on the Eiffel Tower edifice, on the Lucky Strike vent filed (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) were integrated in order to identify meaningful elements for our problem. An integrative study of the faunal biomasses on the edifice showed that these are dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. This bivalve is likely to have a significant influence on the ecosystem functioning and is thus the object of a first model. The search for data to constrain it led to the measurement of in situ metabolic rates. Once parametrized, the model provided quantitative estimates of unknown fluxes. The simulation of hydrothermal flow interruption provided some insights on the mussel biomass response to its environment variability
Jacquet, Claire. "Intégration théorique de la biogéographie et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT138.
Full textThe general objective of this thesis is to combine theories acting at different spatial scales in order to better predict the effect of global changes, such as such as resource overexploitation, climate change or habitat fragmentation, on ecosystem functioning. The unique feature of this work is the use of species body mass to describe both spatial dynamics, trophic interactions and biomass flows between the species of an ecosystem. An advantage to this approach is that it links ecosystem properties to a functional trait, measured at the species or even the individual level.First, I study the relationship between the diversity and the stability of ecosystems. It has been demonstrated that species-rich, complex ecosystems should be too sensitive to perturbations to persist through time, which raises a paradox as many species-rich ecosystems are observed in nature. With the compilation and the analysis of a large dataset of empirically measured ecosystems, I show that there is no relationship between stability and diversity or complexity in real ecosystems. A further analysis demonstrates that the non-random organization of energy flows between predators and prey allows complex ecosystem to be stable.A second step is to link this stabilizing structure to species functional traits. I derive food web topology, species energetic needs and equilibrium densities from body mass to build quantitative realistic food webs. I find that food webs composed of species with very different body masses are characterized by a high number of weak trophic interactions and are more stable than food webs with more similar species.Finally, I study the effect of habitat area and isolation of the mean and variance of species body mass distribution, using models integrating the interspecific variability of dispersal ability, vulnerability to extinctions and trophic position. I compare model predictions to observed body mass distributions of fish assemblages found on tropical reefs with a global database. I find that body mass distribution in local fish assemblages does not correspond to a random sample of the regional species pool, which confirms the predictions of the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography.The integration of functional ecology, island biogeography and theory on the stability of complex systems open new perspectives in the fields of macroecology and ecosystem management since it highlights the potential impact of habitat destruction and fragmentation on the functional reorganization of species assemblages and therefore on the structure and functioning of ecosystems
Burgaud, Gaëtan. "Etude des communautés fongiques cultivables des écosystèmes hydrothermaux marins profonds." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2059.
Full textFor the last 20 years, numerous descriptions of new species of Archea and Bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were produced from lab culture collections but regarding micro-eukaryotes, similar works were extremely rare. Consequently, this research has focused on isolation of fungi from samples collected at deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. It allowed (1) to describe filamentous fungi and yeasts, their physiological characteristics which suggest isolation of endemic and ubiquitous species and their variable adaptations to elevated hydrostatic pressures ; (2) to reveal distribution heterogeneities between hydrothermal sites and frequent association with dominant animal communities (Bathymodius azoricus and Rimicaris exoculata) ; (3) to compare culturable fungal communities with data from amplified rDNAs of hydrothermal samples ; (4) to assess the presence of yeasts in deep-sea water surrounding endemic animal communities with in situ hybridization ; (5) to describe a new species in the Candida genus, Candida marinus ; (6) to analyse using dHPLC fungal communities in the water column at different sites of the Atlantic ocean in order to assess the specificity of the culturable fungal communities obtained from deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples. This research reveals for the first time the presence of filamentous fungi at deep-sea hydrothermals vents, it enlarges our view of the microbial diversity in these extreme ecosystems and suggests future works to study fungal communities in marine environment
Bettarel, Yvan. "Importance quantitative et fonctionnelle des virus dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21403.
Full textMaligoy, Mathieu. "Analyse post-génomique des interactions cellulaires dans des écosystèmes modèles." Toulouse, INSA, 2008. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000231/.
Full textDelogu, Émilie. "Modélisation de la respiration du sol dans les agro-écosystèmes." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2301/.
Full textAround 1/3 of the Earth land surface is used for croplands. Their role in the carbon cycle is a crucial issue for scientists today. In the context of global warming, understanding the factors influencing carbon fluxes of agricultural soils and their components is essential for implementing efficient mitigation practices. The CO2 produced at the soil surface results from several respiratory processes making the evaluation of the existing methods complicated. Understanding the soil respiration sources and their dynamics are crucial issues to estimate the potential for carbon sequestration into soils via efficient cultural practices. Because of its major role in carbon loss over croplands, soil respiration modeling received much attention to quantify the fluxes (empirical modeling), to highlight the lack of knowledge and to guide researches (mechanistic modeling). In this study, empirical and semi-mechanistic models were carried out depending on how precise, generic or real the model should be. Using abiotic and biotic factors was essential to properly model respiration among five sites with different soil and climate. The Rh sensitivity to Ts and ?s was adequate to obtain satisfying predictions over bare soils but the dependency of Rs on an indicator of the vegetation growth (GPP) was necessary to improve the predictions during crop periods. The empirical approach could not allow a good and reliable estimation of the contributions of the different components of Rs. Semi-mechanistic model was tested on 3 sites with various climatic and soil conditions. This approach allowed a good assessment on the heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions since it described more carefully the soil respiration and its underlying processes. Rh accounted for 63 % to 66 % of Rs for winter wheat culture whereas it accounted for 52 % to 56 % for a spring wheat rotation. Rs represented 33 % to 43 % of the total ecosystem respiration balance during winter wheat season and about 50 % for spring wheat. The semi-mechanistic model was developed to simulate the effects under different cultural practices as fertilization (manure) and tillage systems. It was concluded that carbon sequestration and carbon dioxide fluxes were more affected by soil organic matter inputs than by the tillage system itself
Jolly, Dominique. "Evolution et dynamique des écosystèmes du Burundi : pollen et statistique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22017.
Full textTogola, Anne. "Présence et devenir des substances pharmaceutiques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13314.
Full textPharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have started recently to be studied in natural environments. The widespread use and the large consumed quantities of these compounds can lead to important inputs into the aquatic environment through wastewater treatment plants. The first part of this work consisted in the development and the comparison of various procedures concerning sampling (spot sampling and passive sampling), extraction step (Solid Phase Extraction , Microwave-assisted extraction) and analysis (Gas chromatography / mass spectrometry), needed for pharmaceutical analysis in various aquatic compartments (dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases, biological organisms). Thus a first assessment of pharmaceutical contamination of various aquatic systems (Seine, Loire, Adour and Garonne estuaries, Mediterranean coastal water…) has been undertaken. A contamination of aquatic compartments with pharmaceutical substances has been highlighted for all studied systems. Concentrations ranging from few ng. L-1 to several μg. L-1 have been measured, depending on compounds, sampling stations and seasonal variations. This work has allowed to document the origins (quantification and qualification of inputs) and the fate (degradation phenomena) of those compounds. It has also highlighted partition phenomena between the different phases (ie particulate matter and dissolved phase) and the bioaccumulation capability of some of those substances
Hugoni, Mylène. "Structure et activité des Archaea planctoniques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22388/document.
Full textAquatic Archaea are important players among microbial plankton and significantly contribute to biogeochemical cycles, especially nitrogen, but details regarding their community structure and seasonal activity and dynamics remain largely unexplored. In marine ecosystems, the widespread distribution of Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea (AOA) suggests that they probably play a major role in nutrients cycling. However, we cannot generalize these observations to all aquatic ecosystems because of their high diversity and/or a lack of information and studies on these organisms for some of these ecosystems. More precisely, lacustrine and coastal ecosystems were less studied while they are potentially subjected to strong anthropogenic impacts. Moreover, notable differences in terms of diversity and activity between marine and freshwater communities can be expected, considering the specific environmental parameters of each ecosystem. The objectives of this thesis were: i) to study the archaeal community structure across a temporal scale and assess the diversity of archaeal communities and AOA in diverse aquatic ecosystems along anthropogenic and/or salinity gradient (lacustrine, estuarine and coastal ecosystems); ii) to determine their relative contribution in ammonia oxidation, compared to Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) by looking at their spatial and temporal distribution and activity, and iii) to explore more precisely the environmental parameters that could drive AOA and/or AOB establishment
Héritier, Laurent. "Changements environnementaux et menaces sur la biodiversité des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0034/document.
Full textHuman imprint on Earth is actually so profound leading global environmental changes that affects and modifies the functioning of ecosystems. Among the natural biomes, freshwater ecosystems are remarkable habitats that comprise great species biodiversity but are also the most threatened by human activities. The main causes of the loss of water quality anddisruption of freshwater ecosystems includes water pollution and the introduction of alien species. The fisrt part of this thesis showed invasion of parasites on native freshwater turtle populations, carried by introduced turtle species. Furthermore, it highlighted the necessary to study and describe the new invasive parasite species with more performant technics. The second part of this thesis consisted in the development of a tool to evaluate the status of thehealth of wild freshwater turtle populations, allowed also the level of contamination of the watercourses
Delogu, Elodie. "Modélisation de la respiration du sol dans les agro-écosystèmes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953712.
Full textJobard-Portas, Marlène. "Diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des Eumycètes dans les écosystèmes pélagiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22090/document.
Full textMicroorganisms play major roles in aquatic ecosystems, primarily as the main actors for organic matter mineralization and recycling. “True” fungi (i.e. Eumycota) are among heterotrophic microorganisms that are highly efficient in recycling organic materials in natural ecosystems. However, the overall diversity of fungi and their quantitative and functional importance remain largely unknown in typical pelagic ecosystems. Environmental 18S rDNA surveys have recently highlighted the importance of microscopic fungi in the diversity of picoeukaryotes (size < 5 μm) in lake ecosystems, including particularly the members of chytridiomycetes (i.e. chytrids) as the dominant phyla. These studies and the known major roles of fungi in natural ecosystems such as soils have leaded us to venture the hypothesis that fungal diversity and functional roles are important structuring factors in pelagic ecosystems. The main aims of the thesis were to examine the overall diversity, genetic structure and quantitative importance of various phyla belonging to the Kingdom Fungi in freshwater pelagic ecosystems. Methodological tools were also developed for ecological investigations of fungal populations of interest. Phylogenetic diversity and quantitative importance of fungi (size classe: 0.6 and 150 μm) were analysed in three contrasting pelagic lakes. Environmental 18S and ITS rDNA surveys were performed during spring 2007 in the oligomesotrophic Lake Pavin, the eutrophic Lake Aydat, and the mesotrophic and humic Lake Vassivière, all located in the French Massif Central. Phylogenetic affiliation of sequences confirmed the presence and the substantial diversity of chytridiomycetes, known as parasites of primarily phytoplankton. We also have unveiled a sizeable number of sequences belonging to the fungal lineages of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, mainly known as saprophytes. The seasonal dynamics of fungal community structure (essayed by TRFLP),and the quantitative importance of various taxonomic divisions (estimates by real time quantitative PCR or qPCR), revealed significant differences with seasons and with ecosystems. These differences were linked to phytoplankton composition and population successions, with at times the influence of allochthonous inputs, primarily for the eutrophic Lake Aydat. Finally, molecular sequences obtained during the few past years allowed the development of primers for targeting microscopic fungal lineages of interest, and the ecological study of their in situ dynamics using qPCR and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) approaches. Overall, we consider that the acquisition of complementary data is necessary to allow the inclusion of fungi and their main functions (i.e. saprophytisms and parasitism) in the energy and matter fluxes in pelagics ecosystems, and the related biogeochemical cycling
Munoz, Gabriel. "Ecodynamique des composés poly- et perfluoroalkylés dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0414/document.
Full textPoly- and perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds that have been used sincethe 1950s in a variety of applications and that have emerged as ubiquitously distributed contaminants.The first aim of this work was to optimize and validate analytical procedures for the trace-leveldetermination of PFAS. These methods were then applied to various sets of environmental samples,providing new elements to document the occurrence and environmental fate of PFAS in aquaticecosystems. In terms of statistical analyses, a special care has been devoted to incorporate nondetects(data 1 for PFOS and several long-chain PFAA, providing new evidence for theirbiomagnification. The last theme addressed in this work was the analysis of newly-identified cationicand zwitterionic PFAS ; preliminary evidence seem to dispel concerns about the bioaccumulationpotential of the latter
Lecomte, Maxime. "Approche hybride de modélisation explicable du métabolisme des écosystèmes microbiens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0094.
Full textMicrobial communities are complex systems composed of various species of microorganisms interacting with each other and with their environment. Systems biology offers a framework for their study, combining experimentation, high-throughput data generation and the integration of the latter into computer models. Understanding these ecosystems requires the analysis of their metabolism and of the exchange of molecules between members, which can have positive or negative impacts on each other. Metabolism is a set of biochemical reactions that can be represented as a genome-scale metabolic network through the association of genes and reactions in an organism. These networks can be used to build metabolic models, mathematical representations of organism behavior under given environmental conditions. Scaling up to the analysis of a community composed of a few species under controlled conditions, or several hundreds in natural environments, raises methodological difficulties in the construction of models. This thesis manuscript deals with the construction of computational models for the analysis of metabolism and metabolic interactions in microbial ecosystems, with a particular attention on explaining the cellular mechanisms underlying bacterial interactions. Numerical solutions are mainly used - ensuring the accuracy of results - but they face combinatorial issues generated by bacterial interactions in large-scale communities. Discrete approaches overcome this problem, but are limited to pairwise analysis. In order to identify a putative methodological tradeoff reconciling the advantages of both approaches, i.e. finding a hybrid approach, a first contribution focuses on the development of a dynamic and accurate numerical model of a cheese bacterial community composed of three strains. Our iterative strategy enables the integration of heterogeneous data through refinement and dynamic calibration steps. This back-and-forth between knowledge and model ensures the accurate prediction of metabolite concentrations and bacterial densities during cheese production. We propose as a second contribution a reasoning-based model for deciphering cooperative and competitive potentials in bacterial communities. This model relies on the inference of logical rules motivated by biology in order to evaluate and compare community interaction potentials. Ecosystem-specific interactions potentials are retrieved, and the fast execution of the reasoning-based approach facilitates the screening of collections of communities. Finally, the third contribution is a reflection on the enrichment of the logic model. We propose a prototype based on the inference of logical rules, enabling (i) the selection of the best community based on biological constraints and (ii) the inference of a temporal notion, which can impact interaction potentials. Through this thesis, we demonstrate that the construction of a hybrid model of metabolism is not required but that a hybrid approach, using numerical models for small communities and discrete models for rapid analysis of full-size communities, seems to be relevant
Bottollier-Curtet, Marion. "Conséquences des invasions végétales sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes riverains fluviaux." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743158.
Full textLejeune, Olivier. "Une théorie champ moyen de l'organisation spatio-temporelle des écosystèmes végétaux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211884.
Full textMueller, Derek. "Structure et dynamique des cryo-écosystèmes : plates-formes de glace nordiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23041/23041.pdf.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is the first systematic study of a newly discovered class of extreme ecosystems in the arctic environment: microbial mat communities and their habitats on northern ice shelves. The overarching objective was to examine the structure and dynamics of these cryo-ecosystems at several scales and to examine the interaction between physical and biological aspects on the five major ice shelves found in the Canadian High Arctic. This study made use of a broad range of methods including: microscopic enumeration of algal taxa; quantification of pigments with high performance liquid chromatography; automated over-winter measurements of salinity, irradiance and temperature; helicopter-assisted surveys and sampling; and analysis of satellite imagery. The chemical and physical limnology of the cryo-habitats across this entire ecosystem was found to be heterogeneous and a diverse community of phototrophic microorganisms was found within the microbial mats. Habitat fragmentation was shown to have little effect on the biodiversity of the cryo-ecosystem, however environmental gradients were significantly associated with microbial mat community structure. The hypothesis that ice shelf microbial mat organisms subsist in sub-optimal conditions was tested by examining metabolic responses to changes in salinity, irradiance and temperature. Heterotrophic microbiota were found to be optimized for the extreme conditions prevalent on the ice shelf, whereas photosynthetic micro-organisms tolerated a broader range, suggesting they were extremotrophic (defined by this study as tolerance by microbiota to local conditions but with in situ growth well outside their physiological optima) rather than extremophilic (a more narrow specialization to local conditions, with in situ growth close to physiological maxima). An assemblage of sunscreening and accessory pigments was associated with the autotrophic community, which may account for the extended tolerance range of the extremotrophs. The relationship between microbial mat cover and the surface ablation of the ice shelf was examined and a high concentration of nutrients within the microbial mats indicated that this microenvironment differed greatly from the properties of the bulk ecosystem. These results underscore the importance of biotic-physical coupling on the ice shelf, and in the cryosphere in general. A break-up event on the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf and the drainage of an epishelf lake (ice-dammed freshwater overlying seawater) was discovered during the study period. Further analysis suggested that climate warming contributed to this event, which highlights the vulnerability of ice shelf dependent habitats and their value as indicators of climate change. These cryo-ecosystems also provide new insights into microbial life under extreme polar conditions, with implications for survival, growth and evolution during glacial periods in the past, including the Precambrian Era.
Moulin, Thibault. "Modélisation mathématique de la dynamique des communautés herbacées des écosystèmes prairiaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD075/document.
Full textDynamic modelling of ecological systems is an essential method to understand, predict and control thedynamics of semi-natural ecosystems, which involves complex processes. The main objective of this PhDthesis is to develop a simulation model of the medium- and long-term dynamics of the herbaceous vegetationin permanent grasslands, taking into account both biodiversity and productivity. Grasslandecosystems are often hot spots of biodiversity, which contributes to the temporal stability of their services.On an agricultural perspective, this important biodiversity contributes to the forage quality, andbesides, it induces a higher ability of the vegetation cover to resist to different climatic scenarios (globalwarming, heat and drought waves).However, this key aspect of biodiversity is only poorly included in grassland models : often absent ofmodelling or included in a very simple form. Building on those considerations, this PhD work exposes thewriting of a process-based succession model, described by a system of Ordinary Differential Equationsthat simulates the aboveground vegetation dynamics of a temperate grassland. This model implementedthe main ecological factors involved in growth and competition processes of herbaceous species, and couldbe adjust to any level of diversity, by varying the number and the identity of species in the initial plantcommunity. This formalism of mechanistic models allows us to analyse relationships that link diversity,productivity and stability, in response to different climatic conditions and agricultural management.In mathematical grassland models, plant communities may be represented by a various number of statevariables, describing biomass compartments of some dominant species or plant functional types. The sizeof the initial species pool could have consequences on the outcome of the simulated ecosystem dynamicsin terms of grassland productivity, diversity, and stability. This choice could also influence the modelsensitivity to forcing parameters. To address these issues, we developed a method, based on sensitivityanalysis tools, to compare behaviour of alternative versions of the model that only differ by the identityand number of state variables describing the green biomass, here plant species. This method shows aninnovative aspect, by performing this model sensitivity analysis by using multivariate regression trees. Weassessed and compared the sensitivity of each instance of the model to key forcing parameters for climate,soil fertility, and defoliation disturbances. We established that the sensitivity to forcing parameters ofcommunity structure and species evenness differed markedly among alternative models, according tothe diversity level. We show a progressive shift from high importance of soil fertility (fertilisation level,mineralization rate) to high importance of defoliation (mowing frequency, grazing intensity) as the sizeof the species pool increased.These results highlight the need to take into account the role of species diversity to explain the behaviourof grassland models. Besides, to properly take into account those interactions in the grassland cover, theconsidered species pool size considered in the model needs to be high enough. Finally, we compare modelsimulations of the aboveground vegetation to measures from two experimental sites, the mowing grasslandof Oensingen, and the grazing grassland of Laqueuille. Results of these comparison are promising andhighlight the relevance of the choice and the representation of the different ecological processes includedin this mechanistic model.Thus, this PhD work offers a model, perfectly fitting with current needs on grassland modelling, whichcontribute to a better understanding of the herbaceous vegetation dynamics and interactions betweenproductivity, diversity and stability
Tchabi, Alphonse. "Contribution à l'étude des écosystèmes naturels du domaine soudanais au Bénin." Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30203.
Full textLe, Calvez Thomas. "Diversité et fonctions écologiques des champignons en écosystèmes hydrothermal marin profond." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465055.
Full textFrom molecular clock estimates we hypothesized their diversification in oceans. The marine hydrothermal ecosystems share characteristics with the primitive ocean. Thus, we have tested and analyzed the diversity of fungi in this particular ecosystem, in the aim to detect fungi displaying ancestral traits within the fungal Kingdom. Diversity analyses were performed from ciPCR, allowed to highlight the presence of a new branch forming one of the most ancient evolutionary lineage of fungi, in agreement with our working hypothesis, along with a large fungal diversity To understand the ecological functions of these fungi in these ecosystems, we chose an original metagenomic approach: DNA were pyrosequenced in 3 independent runs. Contigs had been used in order to extract and annotate fungal genes in the aim to reconstruct the hypothetical fungal metabolism, by homologies searches in public database. Unassembled reads were used to reconstruct the different metabolisms of the metagenome, and to better understand the taxonomic composition of our sample
Nérot, Caroline. "Invertébrés benthiques et biomarqueurs : témoins du fonctionnement trophique des écosystèmes côtiers." Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716957.
Full textThe trophic functioning of benthic coastal ecosystems depends on the availability of organic matter sources (OM). At the scale of the continental shelf, the variability of diversity and abundance of these sources reflects in the spatial distribution of primary consumers such as filter4eeding bivalves. If the trophic sources are widely studied on tidal flats and estuarine areas, the knowledge on the benthic food web of the continental shelf is limited by sampling issues at depths down to 200 m, about 300 km offshore in the northern Gulf of Biscay. In this study, stable isotopes and fatty acids used as trophic markers were measured in tissues of five bivalve species, on a depth gradient (0-200 m) across the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay, in two regional sites strongly contrasted by their natural features and human pressures. The spatial variations of the trophic signatures of bivalves allowed distinguishing three zones with different trophic functioning, consistently with hydrological structures described on the continental shelf and that control phytoplankton dynamics. The results also revealed a limited spatial extent of terrestrial inputs in the OM sources consumed by the bivalves. Finally, despite the conclusions obtained by the use of stable isotopes and fatty acids were fairly consistent, the interpretation of some results suggests a strong influence of the metabolic processes on trophic signatures of bivalves
Nerzic, Julie. "Les enjeux de l'observation des écosystèmes de services pour le designer." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34056.
Full textPhan, Thi Hai Van. "L'arsenic dans les écosystèmes du sud-est asiatique : Mekong Delta Vietnam." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU003/document.
Full textAquifer arsenic (As) contamination is occuring throughout deltaic areas of Southeast Asia, including the Mekong Delta, and affects the health of millions of people. As is highly sensitive to fluctuations of redox conditions which are generated by the alternating wet-dry cycles during the monsoonal seasons. A survey of geophysical and chemical characteristics of soil and groundwater in the An Phu district, located in the vicinity of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, shows the occurrence high As aqueous concentration in this region. Chemical and geophysical data indicate a strong positive correlation between As concentrations in the anoxic groundwater and conductivity of soils. In addition, mechanisms of As release are shown to be associated with colloidal and iron (oxyhydr)oxides which undergo microbial mediated reductive dissolution under redox oscilatting conditions. The presence of sulfate microbial reduction potentially stabilizes As in the solid phase and diminish As in the aqueous phase through the adsorption/desorption of As onto iron (oxyhydr)oxides and/ or sulfides with formation of thiols complexes in solid phase. Because of the high pyrite content in sediment, pyrite oxidation may drop in pH values, leads to inhibition of sulfate reducing bacteria and reduces sequestration of dissolved As. Although the biogeochemical cycling of redox sensitive species such as As in dynamic systems is challenging, it has been possible to strengthen our collective understanding of such system
Lebarbenchon, Camille. "Maladies infectieuses et écosystèmes : écologie des virus influenza aviaires en Camargue." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20079.
Full textEmerging infectious diseases are particularly studied and monitored today because of their unprecedented increase in number, speed and wideness of dispersion within wildlife, domestic or human populations. In humans, it is now estimated that 75% of these emerging diseases have a zoonotic origin, meaning they are caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted naturally between humans and other vertebrate animal species. The origin of the emergence of these zoonoses is directly linked to human interference with the natural environment, to a greater or lesser degree. Within this framework, my thesis specifically focuses on the interactions between pathogens responsible for these diseases and ecosystems. The objectives were (i) to study interactions between human activities, parasites and ecosystems through synthesis and discussion papers; (ii) to study in more detail the ecology of avian influenza viruses in the Camargue, especially the prevalence of infections in bird communities present throughout the year, the role of aquatic ecosystems in the temporal dynamics of the disease, and genetic characteristics of the circulating virus; (iii) to study more specifically highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses within the Camargue but also on a wider scale, particularly to highlight the need to integrate knowledge about the ecology of the host and the functioning of ecosystems in the study of this emerging disease. The work led to increased knowledge of the ecology of influenza virus in the Camargue and, more generally, to stress the need to study pathogens responsible for emerging zoonotic diseases at the level of ecosystems
Izard, Lloyd. "Structuration spatiale et variabilité des écosystèmes mésopélagiques dans l'Océan Indien Sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS621.
Full textThe Southern Indian Ocean hosts diverse oceanic environments, pelagic communities, and predator populations that have recently led to the establishment of conservation areas and UNESCO World Heritage recognition. However, predator populations in this region have displayed signs of decline, likely attributed to the impacts of climate change and prey dynamics. These prey populations consist predominantly of zooplankton and micronekton, playing a crucial role in marine ecosystems by influencing biogeochemical cycles and the transfer of energy and biomass along the trophic web. Nevertheless, the study of their structuring is intricate due to their deep distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) and their daily vertical migrations, making it one of the least explored areas on a global scale. In this thesis, we employ active acoustics, which provides high spatial and vertical resolution for tracking these organisms, to investigate the structuring of mesopelagic ecosystems in two contrasting oceanic systems. We initially examined their responses in a transition zone between these oceans, within the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands region. Our findings indicate that nycthemeral migrations are the primary factor vertically structuring pelagic organisms, even within a pronounced transition zone. Three spatially coherent regions were identified, sharing common environmental and acoustic features. Observations at 38 kHz (commonly used in hydroacoustics) confirmed increased biological activity in the subtropical zone and a minimum in the subantarctic zone. However, our analyses also reveal a distinct acoustic response based on the acoustic frequency considered, in terms of vertical structuring and integrated biomass. Additionally, the low levels measured in the Southern Ocean appear inconsistent with the high biomasses consumed by the large marine predator populations in this region. These observations highlight an acoustic resonance issue in the study of these organisms. To investigate this phenomenon, our second study focused on the structuring of communities at a regional scale, proposing a two-frequency acoustic landscape classification, both probing depths of up to 1000 m. Four spatially coherent regions were identified based on the combination of vertical structuring at the two considered frequencies. The results of this study reveal a shift in the dominance of acoustic responses between 38 and 18 kHz at the subantarctic front, supporting the hypothesis of a community change at these latitudes and raising questions regarding the use of 38 kHz as a descriptor for mesopelagic communities. Given the complexity of acoustic data (potentially multivariate, with distinct vertical ranges, and four-dimensional), the work presented in this thesis also contributed to the development of functional analysis methods to reconcile the horizontal, vertical, and temporal variability of these ecosystems. As marine ecosystem management requires an understanding of the dynamics of these systems and the structuring of the communities within them, our work has also had implications in marine conservation. At the national level, it contributed to the extension of the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands Nature Reserve, and at the international level, it contributed to the ecoregionalization of the pelagic zone in the subtropical and subantarctic region of the South Indian Ocean
Rétif, Julie. "Distribution des terres rares dans les réseaux trophiques des écosystèmes estuariens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU4003.
Full textThe growing interest of society in rare earth elements, regrouping 17 metallic elements with unique properties and used in the industrial, agricultural and medical sectors, is leading to an increase of their release into the environment, resulting in enrichments in the aquatic media, particularly in estuaries, that are subject to strong anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this work was to study the environmental distribution of rare earth elements in estuarine ecosystems through the study of two highly anthropized French estuaries showing different levels of contamination: the Loire estuary and the Seine estuary. The study of abiotic compartments demonstrated rare earth elements are mainly accumulated in the solid phases of natural aquatic systems. However, the dissolved phase corresponds to the most impacted compartment by anthropogenic inputs with gadolinium enrichments reported in the two estuaries. The study of the biota, focusing on a large number of species from 5 phyla (algae, annelids, mollusks, crustaceans and vertebrates) representing the main levels of an estuarine food web, revealed a trophic dilution of rare earth elements within the two estuaries. Indeed, the bioaccumulation of rare earth elements is higher in algae. However, the enrichments (including gadolinium) are greater in vertebrates. These results demonstrated higher total rare earth element concentrations in the Loire estuary compared to the Seine estuary, probably due to a higher geogenic background. On the other hand, the higher anthropogenic gadolinium contamination reported in the Seine estuary could be explained by the higher population density, implying a higher number of medical procedures requiring contrast agents. Thus, the estimation of transfers from abiotic compartments to the biota and trophic transfers within the biota allowed to characterize the overall fate of rare earth elements in these estuarine ecosystems
Maron, Pierre-Alain. "Contribution à l'élaboration de bio-descripteurs microbiens pour la compréhension du fonctionnement et de l'évolution des systèmes complexes." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10034.
Full textTayoub, Mahmoud. "Application de méthodes statistiques multivariables à l'étude de la diversité et de la structure des peuplements de diptères Dolichopodidae au niveau d'un interface étang-forêt (Etang du Prussien, Parc Naturel Régional de Saint-Amand-Raismes, Nord)." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10066.
Full textRoques, Alain. "La spécificité des relations entre cônes de conifères et insectes inféodés en Europe occidentale. : Un exemple d'étude des interactions plantes-insectes." Pau, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PAUU3012.
Full textRybarczyk, Hervé. "Processus d'eutrophisation et ses consequences sur les peuplements d'un ecosysteme estuarien macrotidal, un exemple en manche orientale : la baie de somme." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066231.
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