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Journal articles on the topic 'ECOWAS'
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1
Varela, Danilson, Filipa Monteiro, Patrícia Vidigal, Luís Silva, and Maria M. Romeiras. "Mechanisms Implemented for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture: An Overview of Cabo Verde Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145855.
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In 2005, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) adopted the Common Agricultural Policy of ECOWAS (ECOWAP), as an instrument for implementing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP). The main goals of ECOWAP/CAADP were set to promote agriculture development and end hunger by 2025. In this study we focused on the Cabo Verde archipelago as one of the best performing countries within ECOWAS in terms of overall sustainable development. In this paper, the evolution of the ECOWAP implementation and of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) associated with agriculture in Cabo Verde, were assessed by semi-quantitative (e.g., agricultural policies, agrarian periodical literature) and quantitative (modeling regression of ECOWAP implementation and Sustainable Development Goals—SDGs—performance) analyses. Our integrated results suggest that the agriculture development strategies, the signature of ECOWAP/CAADP by the national government, and political stability might explain the progress made towards poverty reduction and the improvement of food security. The results also show that agriculture-related SDGs in Cabo Verde are higher than the mean values obtained from the remaining West African countries, well above the top 25% WA countries. Nevertheless, Cabo Verde public expenditure into agriculture under the ECOWAP was generally below the targeted 10% of the national budget, with food import required to meet internal food demands.
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Joshua, Segun, Thaddeus T. Ityonzughul, and Gloria Obioma Amoke. "Ecowas and the management of the post-2016 presidential electoral conflict in Gambia." Kampala International University Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 9, 2020): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/kijhus-2020-1-3-04.
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This study explores the role of ECOWA in the management of the post-2016 presidential electoral conflict in Gambia. The 2016 election was surprisingly won by the leader of an opposition coalition; Adama Barrow. Barrow defeated Yayha Jammeh, who had already won consecutively four previous presidential elections. This marked the terminal point of Jammeh’s 20-years rule of Gambia, marred with human rights abuses. Jammeh initially conceded defeat but later changed his mind after a week, thus triggering a major political conflict. For months, he made incessant desperate attempts to cling to power, before finally leaving the country on 21 January 2017, when it appeared he would be removed by force. Indeed, different stakeholders including the ECOWAS played a vital role for ensuring peace in Gambia. In this connection, this study discusses exclusively the roles of ECOWAS in mitigating the conflict under consideration. With extant literature and oral sources backed with the realist conflict theory, the paper traces the historical foundations of the ECOWAS and electoral conflict in Gambia. It emphasizes the roles the organization has played in mitigating the post-2016 electoral conflict in the Country. The study reveals that ECOWAS was able to restore civil rule and peace in the country by threatening the use of force. ECOWAS enjoyed the support of both African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN). The two organizations gave ECOWAS the much needed support. This conflict resolution in the Gambia was termed the African solution to African problems. Hence this study recommends among others that ECOWAS should continue to act as the regional defender because the numerous conflicts in the region are indeed African problems and should therefore be tackled by Africans themselves.
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Ebobrah, Solomon T. "The Preliminary Reference Procedure of the ECOWAS Community Court of Justice: Why Would the Courts Not Play?" African Journal of International and Comparative Law 32, no. 3 (August 2024): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2024.0497.
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In what can generally be described as mimicry of the design and functioning of the preliminary reference procedure in the European Union legal framework, leaders of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) introduced the preliminary reference procedure into the ECOWAS legal framework in a 2015 revision of the Protocol of the ECOWAS Court. However, unlike the European equivalent which has been hailed as a tremendous success, the procedure has been a monumental failure in the ECOWAS framework, as not a single reference has emanated from any national court to the ECOWAS Court in the 17 years since the introduction of the procedure. Adopting a doctrinal research approach, this article explores why national courts of ECOWAS Member States are not likely to cooperate with the ECOWAS Court to successfully operationalise the procedure. It is argued that structural challenges as well as the absence of the enabling environment create nearly insurmountable obstacles to the functioning of the procedure in the ECOWAS framework.
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Olure Bank Adeyinka, Ayodeji Salihu, John Aiyedogbon, and Gbadebo Salako. "Intra-manufacturing export performance among ecowas member state." Journal of Management and Science 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.13.2.
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The study examined role economic integration and trade facilitation in promoting manufacturing export among ECOWAS member states The objectives of the study were achieved using descriptive, statistical and econometric analyses of annual data covering the period 2015 – 2020. The descriptive analysis helped in assessing the level of economic integration among ECOWAS member states. The econometric analyses were use examine the effect of economic integration on trade facilitation as well as the role of trade facilitation and economic integration in promoting manufacturing exports among ECOWAS member states. The findings reveal the level of trade facilitation in ECOWAS is below world average. That is ECOWAS member states has higher bureaucratic processes with greater costs of exporting/importing. Furthermore, results from econometric analyses reveal economic integration can significantly help in promoting manufacturing exports among ECOWAS member states. Again, economic integration and trade facilitation can significantly influence manufacturing exports across ECOWAS member states, while manufacturing production had direct and significant impact on manufacturing exports. Some policy recommendations that would help to facilitate trade flow to improve manufacturing exports across ECOWAS member states were recommended.
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Nwali, Collins Sunday, Oguntade Adegboyega Eyitayo, Mafimisebi Taiwo Ejiola, and Obisesan Adekemi Adebisola. "Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements Between Ecowas and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural Trade of Ecowas Bloc." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (May 5, 2022): 642–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i4.642-656.4720.
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This study examined the Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements between ECOWAS and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. The specific objectives of the study were to:(i) estimate the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc, (ii) estimate the potential revenue effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc and (iii) estimate the potential welfare effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. World Integrated Trade Solutions provided access to an online secondary data as classified by United Nations Harmonized system. The result on the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on both trading blocs showed that ECOWAS will gain US$198.9million in trade creation and lose US$58.4 million in Trade Diversion. On the other hand, there will be no trade creation for EU with negligible trade diversion of – US$0.2million. The result showed total potential tariff revenue losses of US$366.4million for ECOWAS bloc post EPA. On the other hand, EU will lose (US$951.8million) its agricultural products post EPA. The result further showed potential welfare gain of US$27.6million for consumers of ECOWAS bloc. On the other hand, there will be welfare gain of the EU at US$243.5million for their consumers post EPA. Among all the recommendations, the study therefore points out that the on-going EPA negotiations between ECOWAS and the EU need not to be hurriedly signed by ECOWAS bloc. Also, ECOWAS needs to strengthen its agricultural production efficiency to be able to compete globally and encourage its individual countries to return to a single digit borrowing interest rate to encourage more investment by local agricultural producers if they want to enjoy the benefits of trade treaties at long run if EPA is eventually signed.
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Ibrahim, Kehinde. "The Puzzling Paradox Presented within the African Supranational Judicial Institutions: The ECOWAS Court of Justice." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, Supplement (November 2020): 86–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0333.
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The judgments of the ECOWAS Court, which are final and immediately binding, are vital for the realisation of ECOWAS aims and objectives. The enforcement of its judgments is particularly important in the case of individuals whose enjoyment of fundamental human rights, as guaranteed under the ECOWAS Community laws, is dependent on effective enforcement. Yet, an existential puzzling paradox emanates through a poor record in the implementation of the ECOWAS Court's judgments. This problem, which is not limited to the West African region deserves scrutiny and concrete proposals. Legal and political considerations surface in assessing the existence of this paradox, and despite the lack of a consistent political will, to implement the decisions of ECOWAS Court relevant judicial actors have roles to play. National courts could take a bolder approach in complementing the work of the ECOWAS Court. The ECOWAS Court itself could put in place concrete mechanisms and adopt certain practices to address this poor record of non-implementation. It is yet to be seen how substantive mechanisms would work in practice.
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Adeyinka, Olure-Bank, Mustapha Muktar, Saheed Zakaree, Alexander Abraham, and Alfa Yakubu. "Impact of trade facilitation on intra-manufacturing export among ECOWAS member states." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 11, no. 6 (February 29, 2024): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v11i6.28466.
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This study investigates the effects of trade facilitation policies on intra-manufacturing exports among ECOWAS member states. Utilizing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) linear model, this research analyzes data from 2015–2020 for the ECOWAS member states. The findings reveal that trade facilitation policies in the ECOWAS region fall below the global average. This discrepancy is primarily due to the extensive bureaucratic processes in the region, leading to increased costs for exporting and importing goods. Consequently, there is a significant need for trade facilitation to enhance intra-manufacturing exports within ECOWAS. Based on these insights, the study recommends several policy interventions to improve trade flow and bolster intra-manufacturing exports in the ECOWAS region. These include a stronger commitment to trade agreements among ECOWAS member states, the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) to streamline trade processes and reduce bureaucratic delays associated with document processing for exports and imports, the strengthening of institutional frameworks within the member states, and the formulation of policies aimed at increasing industrialization levels to enhance manufacturing exports throughout the ECOWAS region.
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Bokeriya, Svetlana, and Gbaa Emmanuella Nguevese. "ECOWAS peacekeeping missions and their effects on West African nations." Международные отношения, no. 3 (March 2024): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2024.3.71338.
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The relevance of the research is determined by the increased role of regional actors in peacekeeping on the African continent. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is spearheading efforts to promote peace and security throughout the West African region. Through its peacekeeping and conflict resolution activities, ECOWAS has contributed greatly in shaping the policies of West African states. The object of the research is ECOWAS peacekeeping missions in West Africa. The subject of the research is ECOWAS peacekeeping. The aim of this article is to examine the ECOWAS peacekeeping missions in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau and the Gambia, their mandates, achievements, challenges and problems. The objectives of the article are to compare ECOWAS peacekeeping missions in terms of their impact and role in shaping the future of West Africa, and to assess the challenges and problems faced by ECOWAS in improving the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the authors' endeavor to characterize, using a wide range of sources and academic literature, the ECOWAS peacekeeping missions and their impact on West African countries. The methodological basis of the article is the system approach, which is based on the consideration of the object as a holistic set of interrelated elements. Based on an institutional analysis of ECOWAS peacekeeping in West Africa and a comparative analysis of conflicts in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau and the Gambia, the authors conclude that ECOWAS continues to be a leader in ensuring peace and stability in Africa and its experience, mechanisms and instruments for crisis resolution in West Africa can be used not only to resolve existing conflicts but also to prevent the emergence of new ones on the African continent.
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Dada, Eme A., and Adegoke I. Adeleke. "An Empirical Analysis of Integration and Intra-Regional Trade in ECOWAS." Journal of African Development 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.17.1.0095.
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This study examines integration and intra-regional trade in ECOWAS. It focuses on the benefit of common policies within ECOWAS and their implications for intra-regional trade among member countries. The study utilizes a gravity model that is modified to reflect economic features of ECOWAS. Findings of the research show that economic size and common language are the major drivers of intra-regional trade in ECOWAS. Specifically, it indicates that real GDP, population size, openness and language positively influence intra-regional trade while distance was found to be negatively related to intra-ECOWAS trade. Deepening economic and cultural integration is recommended to maximize the enormous gains accruable from increased intra-regional trade.
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Chuma-Okoro, Helen. "The Nigerian Constitution, the ecowas Treaty and the Judiciary: Interplay of Roles in the Constitutionalisation of Free Trade." Global Journal of Comparative Law 4, no. 1 (April 17, 2015): 43–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00401002.
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This paper discusses the Nigerian Constitution and the ecowas Treaty to determine whether and how they support free trade as envisioned in the Treaty, and the role of the judiciary in the realisation of this objective. Focusing on the ecowas Community Court and Nigerian superior courts vested with jurisdiction over constitutional matters, it argues that specific constitutional norms and policies of Nigeria inhibit the realisation of the objectives of free trade as constitutionalised in the ecowas Treaty. Relying on the principles of direct applicability and direct effect, and the arguments developed around these principles in relation to the obligations of State parties to treaties, it argues further that Community law should be applicable in national jurisdictions and enforced by national courts. Thus, Nigerian courts and the ecowas Community Court both have jurisdiction to arbitrate matters arising from national laws and policies having the effect of inhibiting the ecowas objectives of free trade. It concludes that while the ecowas and Nigerian frameworks support the interplay of roles in the adjudication and enforcement of ecowas norms, this would depend on the extent to which some of the constitutional and policy constraints in question are addressed.
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OKON, Enoch Ndem. "MALI: ECOWAS RESPONSES TO THE CONFLICT IN MALI (2012-2021)." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 37 (October 5, 2021): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.37.3.
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"This paper highlights the Economic Community of West African States [ECOWAS] mode of response to the Malian conflict between 2012 and 2021 and identifies various gaps therein. It seeks to explain why ECOWAS has found it difficult to resolve the Malian conflict in spite of its commitment and experience in conflict resolution in the subregion. Secondary data are used for the study and presented qualitatively. The study reveals that the towering interest of Algeria and other neighbors in the chaotic northern Mali, as well as French interest in its former colony hindered ECOWAS initiative and its effectiveness in resolving the conflict. The paper recommends ECOWAS’ involvement in negotiations at the next peace agreement, and the drawing up of a roadmap for implementing such agreement. Besides, ECOWAS needs to address governance deficits in Mali and elsewhere in the subregion through peer review mechanism and increase its capacity to respond to violent conflicts beyond microstates and Anglophone enclaves in the region. Keywords: ECOWAS, Malian conflict, military coup, Tuareg, Jihad."
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Adu, Yao Nikez, and Alexander Mezyaev. "Political Turmoil in ECOWAS: When Politics Prevails Over Law." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 67, no. 2 (June 20, 2024): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2024-67-2-102-117.
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Several military regimes have recently come to power within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This article on the political crisis in ECOWAS examines the main causes of these developments in the region and the approaches of regional organizations to address them in the African context, taking into account the practices of the OAU and the African Union. In the first phase, ECOWAS imposed a series of sanctions against these states for violating their international legal obligations in the areas of democracy, human rights, the rule of law, and good governance. In addition, the community decided to use military force in the Republic of Niger in order to free M. Bazoum, and, in response to this threat, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger decided, on September 16, 2023, to create the Alliance of Sahel States (ASS) for self-defense to repel the aggression of the ECOWAS troops. Furthermore, on January 28, 2024, the ASS countries announced their withdrawal from ECOWAS, and, in order to prevent a split in ECOWAS, on February 24, 2024, the community decided to lift the sanctions previously imposed on Niger, Mali, and Guinea on humanitarian grounds. This article examines in detail both the political and legal sides of the decisions taken by ECOWAS. Based on their analysis, the authors conclude that democracy remains an important tool for promoting stability in African multinational societies. According to the authors, attempts by the AU and ECOWAS to address political instability through normative means can be encouraged. However, ECOWAS’ sanction policies against offending countries should be based on existing community norms, humanity, and real facts in order to avoid dividing the community.
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Mati, Sagiru, Irfan Civcir, and Hüseyin Ozdeser. "ECOWAS COMMON CURRENCY: HOW PREPARED ARE ITS MEMBERS?" Investigación Económica 78, no. 308 (May 17, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2019.308.69625.
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<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This study operationalizes the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) to investigate the preparedness of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) members to form a Monetary Union (MU). Inflation and output models are estimated, with the sample 1988:01 to 2017:12 for the former and 1967 to 2016 for the latter. Analyses of ECOWAS convergence criteria, impulse responses, variance decompositions and correlations of shocks of these two models, reveal that the shocks across the ECOWAS members are asymmetric. The conclusion is that ECOWAS members as a whole are not well-prepared and therefore a full-fledged pan-ECOWAS MU is not advisable. It is also found that members of the European Monetary Union (EMU) tend to be a better fit for OCA than the ECOWAS members. The study recommends various courses of action such as fostering coordination among Central Banks of ECOWAS members, and providing a fund to serve as an incentive for countries that may incur cost rather than benefit if the single currency is created.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><strong>LA MONEDA COMÚN DE LA ECOWAS: ¿CUÁN PREPARADOS ESTÁN SUS MIEMBROS?</strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p>Utilizamos el Área Monetaria Óptima (AMO) para indagar cuán preparados están los miembros de la Comunidad Económica de Estados de África Occidental (ECOWAS, <em>Economic Community of West African States</em>) para formar una Unión Monetaria (UM). Estimamos modelos de inflación y producto con datos de 1988:01-2017 y 1967-2016 respectivamente. Los análisis de criterios de convergencia, impulso-respuesta, descomposición de varianza y correlación de choques de estos modelos revelan que los choques entre estos países son asimétricos. Concluimos que estos países no están bien preparados y, por tanto, una UM pan-ECOWAS no es aconsejable. Además, los integrantes de la Unión Monetaria Europea (UME) tienden a satisfacer mejor una AMO que los de ECOWAS. Nuestro análisis recomienda fortalecer la coordinación entre los bancos centrales de la ECOWAS y un fondo que incentive a los países que incurran en costos en lugar de beneficios si se crea la moneda única.<p align="center"> </p>
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Halidu, Agaba, Seniyi Sogo Cornelius, and Luke Olaiya. "Assessment of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 1999 and 2001 protocols in the resolution of the Gambian post-election crisis." Integrity Journal of Arts and Humanities 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/ijah2023.101.
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This study sought to appraise two Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Protocols; the Protocol on Conflict Prevention (1999) and the Democracy and Good Governance Protocol (2001), and how they address the political security challenge in Gambian. In resolving the Gambian crisis, ECOWAS adopted some of its already established protocols such as the ECOWAS Mechanism on Conflict Management, Resolution, Security, and Peacekeeping and the ECOWAS Protocol on Good Governance and Democracy. The study relied on the documentary method. So, data were collected from secondary sources by reviewing various newspapers, journals, textbooks, and online sources. The findings of the study reveal that ECOWAS was very successful in its Conflict Resolution Mechanisms in West Africa especially the use of the Protocol on Conflict Prevention (1999) and the Democracy and Good Governance Protocol (2001) as these helped to address the Political Security challenge in the Gambia. Consequently, this study concludes and recommends that other sub-regional bodies should emulate ECOWAS in adopting their conflict resolution mechanisms within their sub-region. Finally, the paper recommends that ECOWAS should ensure that democratic governance through free, fair, and credible elections, the rule of law, and respect for human rights are fully respected and implemented in her sub-region.
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IHEZIE, Okwuchukwu Ezra. "EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND MANUFACTURING OUTPUT IN ECOWAS ECONOMIES." Management of Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54989/msd-2022-0007.
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This study examined the impact of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing output in the ECOWAS, using time series data spanning from 1970 to 2019. The study employed panel data analysis to examine the relationship between exchange rate volatility and manufacturing output among all the ECOWAS countries. GARCH was used to establish the existence of volatility; Dumitrescu & Hurlin Granger non-causality test for causality direction between manufacturing and exchange rate, while Panel fixed, and random effect model was used to assess the magnitude of the effects of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing output in ECOWAS. The result of the volatility test from GARCH confirmed the presence of volatility in Exchange rates across all the countries in ECOWAS. Furthermore, the random effect model results showed that exchange rate volatility has a positive and significant impact on manufacturing output in ECOWAS. Based on the findings of this study, it is therefore recommended that exchange rate policies such as floating exchange rates and exchange rate sterilized intervention that will pave the way for competitiveness should be formulated by monetary authorities in ECOWAS.
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Okom, Michael P. "Sovereignty Versus Supranationality: The ECOWAS Conundrum." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 23 (August 29, 2016): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n23p289.
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The formation of any regional (supranational), body requires the surrender of a measure of sovereignty for the purpose of making the body sturdy and effective. ECOWAS member States have since its inception, demonstrated a noted reluctance to become fully committed to the tenets of the ECOWAS. They are still hanging on in a prehensile manner to their respective national laws, regulations and practices, leaving ECOWAS without any real grip on the organisation. This has left ECOWAS weak, (almost comatose), and unable to deliver on the great promises it made during its inauguration. These are the issues that this paper incisively analyses.
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Adu, Yao, and Alexander Mezyaev. "The Conflict Between ECOWAS and Mali: International Legal and Political Aspects." International Organisations Research Journal 18, no. 1 (March 5, 2023): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2023-01-07.
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In recent decades, Mali has faced an unprecedented political and economic crisis due to coups, terrorist and separatist threats, and international sanctions. The role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a subregional organization involved in the management of the Malian conflict is paramount. However, the influence of France in decision-making in the context of sanctions imposed on Mali by ECOWAS affected the authority of the West African organization. The role of France as a former colonial power in this crisis is indisputable in the context of its geopolitical engagement with its former colonies in Africa and particularly in West Africa. This article analyzes the course of the crisis, the role of the actors involved (ECOWAS, Mali, and France), and the political and legal scopes of the crisis. On the basis of structural, qualitative, and quantitative methods of assessment and comparative analyses of the ECOWAS Authority’s decisions, their legal and political meanings, the political situation on the ground, the history of conflict management in neighbouring countries such as Cote d’Ivoire and other West African states by ECOWAS, the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN), and the role of France in the crisis, the authors conclude that the ECOWAS Authority has played an important role in restoring political order in Mali. However, the authors note the failure of the Authority to reach a political agreement. Moreover, the authors agree that the ECOWAS Authority has reacted ultra vires to the Malian crisis vis-a-vis the power that is conferred by the ECOWAS instruments. And, the Authority’s blunder was not without French interference.
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Olaniyan, Temitayo Olumide, Muftau A. Ijaiya, and Funso T. Kolapo. "Remittances, Financial Sector Development, Institutions and Economic Growth in the ECOWAS Region." Migration Letters 19, no. 2 (March 7, 2022): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v19i2.1143.
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We investigate the relationship between remittances, financial sector development, institutions, and economic growth in a panel of 15 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) over the period 2000-2017. The empirical evidence is based on the Two-Stage Least Squares Instrumental Variable (2SLS-IV) estimator, which provided two main findings. First, measures of remittances themselves had negative and significant effects on economic growth in the ECOWAS sub-region. The interactive effects of remittances and measures of financial sector development promote growth in the sub-region, thus supporting the complementarity hypothesis. Second, measures of institutional quality had positive and significant effects on the growth of countries in the ECOWAS area. Meanwhile, the interactive terms of remittances and institutional quality show support for the substitutability hypothesis. Therefore, remittances substitute for the presence of weak institutions in the ECOWAS area. Based on the preceding, we suggest the need for ECOWAS countries to further broaden the roles of financial sector institutions inside the remitting process to enhance savings mobilisation and channel the remitted funds into productive and growth-enhancing activities. Moreover, policymakers in ECOWAS countries need to strengthen governance institutions, which could increase the developmental benefits of remittances.
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Hartmann, Christof. "ECOWAS and the Restoration of Democracy in the Gambia." Africa Spectrum 52, no. 1 (April 2017): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971705200104.
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Following the disputed December 2016 presidential elections in The Gambia, ECOWAS managed to “restore democracy” in the country by using the threat of force, but without any use of direct physical violence. Both the African Union and the United Nations Security Council backed ECOWAS, which also gave ECOWAS legitimacy, for what was essentially ECOWAS's policy, and indeed an African solution to African problems. Only when the scenario of military invasion became credible did the Gambian regime accept the defeat. Four main factors explain the behaviour of ECOWAS and its success: ECOWAS had a clear legal mandate to threaten the use of force in order to protect democracy in one of its member states; there was consensus that ECOWAS forces could have coped with the relatively small Gambian army; the Gambian president could not rely on friends among his regional peers or some powerful ally from outside Africa; and regional leaders such as Nigeria and Senegal made a credible commitment to the regional intervention. While the intervention was a victory for pro-democratic activist regionalism, the specific West African conditions make a diffusion of the model to other parts of Africa unlikely.
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Danfulani, Walnshak Alheri, and Enver Gülseven. "Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Strategy to Development." Social Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 4, 2024): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13100531.
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Many countries around the world have leveraged the potential of partnerships to counter collective challenges and foster development. ECOWAS has looked to partnerships to tackle shared challenges to infrastructural development in its member countries. This study sought to understand ‘how partnerships could foster sustainable development in ECOWAS member nations.’ Using a qualitative method, both primary and secondary data were sourced to mainstream the ECOWAS multilateral Public–Private Partnership (PPP) strategy to foster sustainable development in implementing its 2045 Infrastructure Master Plan. This study finds that such development plans that were hitherto a challenge to implement by ECOWAS member states have received a boost through the World Bank Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF). This partnership provided effective diagnostics to improve efficiency, build capacity, identify PPP possibilities, and revamp policy and legal frameworks for PPPs, resulting in better access to more financing, proper implementation, monitoring, and sustainability of infrastructural projects. The ECOWAS PPP framework has been able to allow its member states to leverage the advantages that the private sector has to foster sustainable development. This has poised ECOWAS to be on track to implementing its infrastructure master plan.
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Dahiru, Ahmad Aminu, and Shakila Yacob. "WALKING THE TIGHT ROPE OF DIPLOMACY: ECOWAS APPROACH TO INSTITUTIONAL FORMATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT, 1975 – 1977." SEJARAH 30, no. 2 (December 6, 2021): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no2.8.
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Few weeks after the signing ceremony of the Treaty forming the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in Lagos, Nigeria on 28 May 1975, the ECOWAS formation treaty was ratified by threshold of member states in June 1975. The charter envisages the immediate formation of the Executive Secretariat to guide the implementation of regional policies and programs and facilitate the achievement of the community integration objectives. However, the ECOWAS institutional formation process was held hostage and delayed for almost two years by some highly political debacles. Using qualitative historical method, this article explores the historical evolution of ECOWAS to highlight the impact of diplomacy on the formation of the Executive secretariat. The finding from the analysis in the study indicates that, the mechanism of diplomatic compromise used to resolve the political disagreements affected the formation process and the structure and function of the ECOWAS Executive Secretariat.
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Enabulele, Amos O., and Anthony Osaro Ewere. "Can the Economic Community of West African States Community Court of Justice Enforce the African Charter Replicas of the Non-Justiciable Chapter II Human Rights Provisions of the Nigerian Constitution against Nigeria?" International Human Rights Law Review 1, no. 2 (2012): 312–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00102004.
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This article highlights a major source of tension between the Supplementary Protocol of the Economic Community of West Africa States Community Court of Justice (ECOWAS CCJ) and the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (CFRN), in relation to the enforcement of economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights against Nigeria, as manifested in a recent decision of the ECOWAS CCJ in Registered Trustees of the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) v Federal Republic of Nigeria and Universal Basic Education Commission. The focus of this article on the tension is both from the perspective of Nigerian law and of the ECOWAS CCJ. It argues that while the CFRN cannot deprive the ECOWAS CCJ of the jurisdiction expressly given to it by its Protocols, the CFRN does have implications for the enforcement of any decision of the ECOWAS CCJ that offends its provisions within the CFRN sphere of superiority.
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Julius, Edobor. "HARNESSING THE BENEFITS OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION SCHEMES IN ECOWAS: THE PLACE OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE 21ST CENTURY." UCC Law Journal 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ucclj.v3i2.1358.
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The ECOWAS integration schemes envisaged that the place of individuals will require an in-depth consideration of the role individuals play, both as beneficiaries of integration (particularly as it relates to trade liberalisation, free movement, residence and establishment) and also, as potential victims of the rough side of integration, which will necessarily require the examination of how individuals may enforce their rights under the integrative instruments. Although several attempts at creating effective regional integrative arrangements in ECOWAS have been made, it is disheartening to state that economic activities involving individuals within the ECOWAS sub-region remain at its lowest ebb. This study reiterates that despite the efforts made to ensure that the ECOWAS integration agenda is realisable, it is in doubt whether citizens of the Community have actually felt free to move in, live and establish in any part of the sub-region of their choice without any attack either on their persons or their investments. This study reveals that attacks on foreigners and their businesses in the ECOWAS region have become legendary and remain a hindrance to the realisation of the ECOWAS objectives envisaged in its legal instruments. In view of the above, this study therefore, recommends that until these identifiable challenges are curtailed, member States may lean towards adopting a protectionist approach to its economic and citizenry affairs and thus, may not be favourably disposed to ensuring full implementation of the ECOWAS Protocols on the right of movement, residence and establishment.
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O’brin, Bini Debordjo Marie, and Xiaoiao Luo. "Institutions and Economic Growth: Evidence from Ecowas." International Business & Economics Studies 4, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): p58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v4n4p58.
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This study examines institutions and economic growth: evidence from ECOWAS for 2000-2018. We use eight alternative variables to evaluate institutions and economic growth: gross domestic product, gross fixed capital formation, population growth, and foreign direct investment, control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability & absence of violence/terrorism, and rule and law. Then, we adopted the combined OLS model, the fixed effects model, the random effects model, the difference-GMM, and the system-GMM model. The results show that different measures of institutional indicators significantly impact the economic growth of ECOWAS. However, the institution’s quality has nothing to do with the financial results expected by ECOWAS. In most cases, foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation, and population growth positively impact the economic development of ECOWAS, while political stability, rule and law, control of corruption, and effectiveness of government harm the economic growth of ECOWAS. Therefore, decision-makers and competent authorities should reduce the organization’s quality through appropriate development strategies such as derivatives.
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AHO, Edouard. "Les déterminants des investissements directs étrangers dans la Communauté des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO)." Revue d’Economie Théorique et Appliquée 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 159–78. https://doi.org/10.62519/reta.v3n2a3.
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Résumé : Cet article analyse les déterminants des investissements directs étrangers dans la CEDEAO afin de contribuer à l’amélioration de l’attractivité de la zone. En effet, malgré une augmentation progressive des flux d’IDE depuis l’an 2000 dans la CEDEAO, on y observe une inégale répartition de ces capitaux. Les résultats obtenus à partir d’un panel comportant les 15 pays de la CEDEAO sur la période 1980-2010, suggèrent que le développement financier et l’indice de gouvernance sont de loin les déterminants principaux des IDE dans la CEDEAO, suivis de la taille du marché (population). Mots – clés : Investissements directs étrangers – Firmes multinationales – Données de panel – CEDEAO The determinants of foreign direct investments in the West African States (ECOWAS) Abstract: This paper analyzes the determinants of foreign direct investment in ECOWAS to help improve the attractiveness of the area. Indeed, despite a gradual increase in FDI flows since 2000 in the ECOWAS, one can observe an unequal distribution of these funds. The results obtained from a panel comprising the 15 ECOWAS countries over the period 1980-2010, suggest that financial development and governance index are by far the main determinants of FDI in ECOWAS, followed by size market (population). Keywords: Foreign Direct Investments – Multinational Firms – Panel data – ECOWAS JEL Classification : F21 – F23 – F31 – C23
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DIOP, Mariama. "EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF ECOWAS COUNTRIES." International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review 07, no. 04 (2024): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35409/ijbmer.2024.3591.
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Objective: The study investigated the effect of export diversification on women’s labor force participation in ECOWAS countries. Material and Methods: We employed the ordinary least squares estimation technique then the fixed-effects model for a panel of 15 countries of ECOWAS with data ranging from 2000 to 2020, collected from the databases of the world development indicators and UNCTAD. Results: The study has indicated that export diversification in ECOWAS countries increase the female labor force participation rate. Conclusion: We recommended that the governments of ECOWAS countries should not only provide incentives to expand the export basket, but also support businesses that need a female workforce for more inclusive growth in their countries.
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Jemiluyi, Olufunmilayo Olayemi, and Rebecca Folake Bank-Ola. "The Burden of Infectious Diseases: A Trend Appraisal in Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Trade Blocs." Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jsrmbs.v2i3.331.
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Purpose: The study aimed at presenting a comparative appraisal of the trends of the two most prevalent infectious diseases bedeviling the region: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB). Subject & Methods: Data on fourteen ECOWAS member countries and also fourteen member countries of the SADC bloc. This represents about 93.3% and 87.5% membership of the ECOWAS and SADC blocs respectively. Although the choice of sample size is determined largely by the availability of data, the choices were carefully made to maximize available observation. The data were sourced from World Development Indicators online database published by the World Bank. We use two measures of infectious diseases: the prevalence rate of human immunodeficiency virus and the incidence of tuberculosis. Results: The HIV prevalence rates and incidence of TB were uneven in the two selected trade blocs. The magnitude and the severity of the diseases varied. The burden of both diseases was higher for SADC and lesser for ECOWAS. The average prevalence rate of HIV in the SADC bloc over the study period was 600% of the prevalence rate in ECOWAS (SADC = 12.5%, ECOWAS = 2.1%). Likewise, in the same period, the average TB incidence per 100,000 people was 578.8 and 181.7 respectively in the SADC and ECOWAS blocs. Conclusions: The study finds that the magnitude and severity of the diseases vary widely between the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) trade blocs. And, while concerted efforts at curbing the diseases have yielded results, there is still much to be done in both blocs.
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N’Diaye, Tafsir Malick. "Conflict Prevention and Conflict Resolution in the African Context: Peacekeeping in Liberia." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 21, no. 1-2 (1993): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700501668.
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The West African force known as the ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) was sent to Liberia by ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States). A closer look at the Force shows that it is an adaptation of the peacekeeping system used by the United Nations. What started as a system of collective security based on the regional security mechanism of ECOWAS turned into a standard peacekeeping operation as a result of “the Yamoussoukro process.”
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Ologbenla, Patrick. "Institutional Quality. Human Capital and Industrial Sector Growth in Ecowas." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 65, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subboec-2020-0011.
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Abstract The industrial sector has been identified as a tool for effective economic diversification among developing countries but major challenges of the sector have been the institutional and human capital in these economies. Consequently, the need to re-assess the relationship among the three is pertinent. The study investigates empirically, the impacts of institutional quality and human capital on the industrial sector growth of the ECOWAS. The methodology adopted is quantitative with the use of panel data analysis. Findings from the analysis show that both human capital and institutional quality in the ECOWAS have not supported industrial growth significantly. However, the result shows that macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate and exchange rate have the largest effect on the growth of the industrial sector of ECOWAS. The study used ECOWAS that has not been used by any of the previous authors and the economic bloc is in dire need of economic diversification. It is recommended that ECOWAS countries should improve on their institutional quality and human capital development for them to be effective in promoting the growth of their industrial sector.
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Shkvarya, L. V., and M. S. Yu Abdoulaye. "ECOWAS: Integration vs Disintegration." Asia and Africa today, no. 8 (December 15, 2024): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0321507524080048.
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The artic1e presents an ana1ysis of the changes in the socio-economic situation and regiona1 economic integration taking p1ace in the countries of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States). The re1evance of the topic is predetermined by the withdrawa1 of three countries - Ma1i, Niger and Burkina Faso - from ECOWAS in 2024. The artic1e shows that today, i.e. a1most ha1f a century after the estab1ishment of ECOWAS, most of the countries of the association sti11 remain the poorest and be1ong to the group of 1ow-income countries, the structure of their economies has changed 1itt1e on average, often with the share of agricu1tura1 and industria1 production decreasing, but the service sector share increasing. The authors conc1ude that, a1though the socio-economic deve1opment of the countries has been and remains differentiated, there have been practica11y no major breakthroughs in it, as we11 as in integration cooperation within ECOWAS. According to the authors, in order to activate the integration processes in ECOWAS, it is important to comp1ete the process of deco1onization and form the own approach to the deve1opment of regiona1 economic integration.
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Nathaniel, Oladunjoye Opeyemi. "Validity of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Hypothesis in the Ecowas (1980–2017)." Emerging Economy Studies 5, no. 2 (October 4, 2019): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394901519870886.
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This study investigates the validity of a purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis in the ECOWAS. Secondary data on real exchange rates, domestic inflation rates, and foreign inflation rates were sourced from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank (2018). Unit root tests, Panel unit root tests, and panel cointegration tests were used to investigate the validity of the PPP hypothesis in the ECOWAS. The study found that the PPP hypothesis is valid individually in all the ECOWAS member countries. The results from the panel unit root tests also confirm the validity of the PPP hypothesis in the ECOWAS. Specifically, the LLC with individual intercept ( t = −5.97117, p < 0.0000), IPS with individual intercept ( t = −3.30564; p < 0.0000), Fisher ADF with individual intercept ( t = −3.43996; p < 0.0003), and Fisher PP with individual intercept ( t = −5.91557; p < 0.0000) while the panel cointegration test rejects the validity of the PPP hypothesis. Therefore, the study suggests that the ECOWAS can cautiously forge ahead with the implementation of their economic integration policies and programs in the sub-region.
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Agho, Kingsley, Osita Ezeh, Pramesh Ghimire, Osuagwu Uchechukwu, Garry Stevens, Wadad Tannous, Catharine Fleming, and Felix Ogbo. "Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates and Associated Factors in 13 “Economic Community of West African States” (ECOWAS) Countries." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123007.
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Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has important protective effects on child survival and also increases the growth and development of infants. This paper examined EBF rates and associated factors in 13 “Economic Community of West African States” (ECOWAS) countries. A weighted sample of 19,735 infants from the recent Demographic and Health Survey dataset in ECOWAS countries for the period of 2010–2018 was used. Survey logistic regression analyses that adjusted for clustering and sampling weights were used to determine the factors associated with EBF. In ECOWAS countries, EBF rates for infants 6 months or younger ranged from 13.0% in Côte d’Ivoire to 58.0% in Togo. EBF decreased significantly by 33% as the infant age (in months) increased. Multivariate analyses revealed that mothers with at least primary education, older mothers (35–49 years), and those who lived in rural areas were significantly more likely to engage in EBF. Mothers who made four or more antenatal visits (ANC) were significantly more likely to exclusively breastfeed their babies compared to those who had no ANC visits. Our study shows that EBF rates are still suboptimal in most ECOWAS countries. EBF policy interventions in ECOWAS countries should target mothers with no schooling and those who do not attend ANC. Higher rates of EBF are likely to decrease the burden of infant morbidity and mortality in ECOWAS countries due to non-exposure to contaminated water or other liquids.
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Abban, Stanley. "Impact of Ebola Virus Disease and ECOWAS Membership on Intra-Regional Trade in West Africa." Journal of World Economic Research 13, no. 2 (October 10, 2024): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jwer.20241302.12.
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The West African sub-region bore the brunt of the world's largest Ebola outbreak, significantly impacting the economic activities and trade shares of the affected countries. This study seeks to examine the repercussions of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) on the trade shares of affected countries and to explore the potential influence of ECOWAS membership on intra-regional trade in West Africa. Using the Poison Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation technique, an analysis of the augmented gravity model of international trade was conducted. The findings indicate a two-fold reduction in the trade shares of affected countries with their intra-regional partners due to the Ebola Virus Disease. Additionally, with Mauritania expressing its desire to join the ECOWAS sub-region, there is a need to explore the impact of the Regional Economic Community on intra-regional trade. Furthermore, the study reveals that ECOWAS membership has the potential to double trade levels in West Africa. The findings also suggest that Mauritania stands to gain significant benefits from becoming a member of the ECOWAS. In conclusion, this study highlights the necessity for ECOWAS to proactively respond to disease outbreaks and underscores the importance of increased research investment. Moreover, it emphasizes the need for the ECOWAS to further improve infrastructure to facilitate intra-regional trade, especially in transportation.
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Achonwa, Ethel Chinwe, Jeremaih Acuro Awah, Furong Xue, and Sophie tatiana Ngoye. "Migration diplomacy and its role in the ECOWAS region." Международные отношения, no. 3 (March 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2024.3.70777.
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Migration within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a complex phenomenon, driven by economic disparities, political instability, and social inequalities. This dynamic region experiences both internal and outward migration flows, creating a landscape of challenges and opportunities that demands innovative solutions. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), comprising 13 member countries, has collectively embraced diplomacy in the context of interregional migration. This decision signifies a relaxation of regulations when any member country seeks to engage in migration activities within another member state. As a result, both the sending and receiving countries have experienced associated benefits and encountered pertinent challenges. It is noteworthy that ECOWAS migration diplomacy is considered the weakest interregional diplomacy globally. This article aims to delve into the concept of migration diplomacy within ECOWAS, shedding light on its historical and current status, the opportunities it presents, and the challenges impeding its advancement. Furthermore, it utilizes Nigeria and Ghana as case studies to illustrate these points. This article employs a multi-faceted approach to explore the role of migration diplomacy in the ECOWAS region. It draws upon a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The study begins with a comprehensive review of existing literature on migration diplomacy, focusing on its theoretical framework, practical applications, and specific relevance to the African context. This review includes academic journals, reports from international organizations such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and policy documents from ECOWAS and its member states. The analysis further deepens with the examination of specific case studies within the ECOWAS region.
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Adewuyi, Adeolu O., and Godwin Akpokodje. "Macroeconomic Factors and Private Investment: An empirical analysis for ECOWAS and its sub-groups." IBADAN JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2007): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/ijss/7002.50.0230.
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This study examines the effect of macroeconomic factors on private investment in the ECOWAS sub-region during the period 1986-2004. Descriptive analysis revealed that private investment is low in most ECOWAS countries and this has affected their output in terns of low growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Suggesting that the low living standard in the ECOWAS sub-region can be attributed to the relatively poor private investment. Average private investment in the entire ECOWAS has not exceeded 10.0 per cent over a period time. Showing that all the unilateral and collaborative efforts on promoting private investment had little or no impact. It employs panel data technique of analysis, covering 15 ECOWAS countries. Empirical analyses were carried out at both aggregate and disaggregate levels by sub-grouping the countries into the l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine- UEMOA or WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union} (Francophone- ECOWAS countries) and non- UEMOA (Anglophone ECOWAS countries). The problem of endogeneity during model specification was addressed by constructing an alternative GMM estimator that combined the level and first difference specifications using lagged levels of variables as instruments. Econometrics analysis in this paper revealed that the poor performance of ECOWAS countries, in terms of private investment since the mid-1980s, stemmed partly from the differences in the policies pursued by individual countries or region sub-groups, particularly in the areas of monetary interest rate policy and its deteriorating infrastructures. Inappropriate macroeconomic policies, especially fiscal and monetary (i.2. exchange rate and public expenditure policy) have also discouraged private investment in the sub region. However, productive capacity and market factors have helped to boost investment. In conclusion, macroeconomic stability, reduction of external debts, appropriate exchange and interest rate policies and increased government investment, particularly on infrastructure, would play a major role in stimulating private investment in the sub-region, When all these are done, then there is need for improved service delivery at an affordable rate on the part of the private investors so as to improve welfare of the people.
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Odobo, Samuel Osagie, Amos Musa Andekin, and Kingsley Udegbunam. "Analysis of ECOWAS Institutional Framework for Conflict Management." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mjss-2017-0051.
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AbstractThe Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has evolved conflict management and security framework through which it responds to the myriads of socio-political crisis in the sub-region. This paper assesses the ECOWAS mechanisms for conflict management vis-à-vis the challenges facing the region. It begins by looking at the nature of conflict in West Africa; and then the evolution of ECOWAS conflict management framework. Using content analysis, the paper argues that ECOWAS has evolved a comprehensive conflict management and security framework and has made significant achievements in conflict management in the West African sub-region. It however, recommends peacebuilding efforts that address poverty, human rights abuses and election fraud as well as more synergy and political will to handle religious extremism in the sub-region
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Gawi, Yesmin Abubakar, and Abdulkarim Abdullahi. "Regional security challenges in West Africa and the imperative for the ECOWAS military intervention." Journal of Global Economics and Business 5, no. 17 (April 1, 2024): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.58934/jgeb.v5i17.267.
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The region of West Africa has been plagued by various security challenges, ranging from armed conflicts and political instability to terrorism and organized crime. These challenges have had a profound impact on the stability and development of the sub-region, hindered economic growth, and posed threats to regional peace. The Economic Community of West African States has emerged as a key player in addressing these security challenges through its military intervention efforts. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the regional security challenges in West Africa and highlight the imperative for the ECOWAS military intervention. This paper endeavors to provide a comprehensive analysis of the regional security challenges in West Africa and the imperative for ECOWAS military intervention, offering insights into the multifaceted nature of security threats and the intricacies of addressing them through regional mechanisms. By examining the lessons learned from previous ECOWAS military interventions in countries like Liberia and Sierra Leone, this paper aims to understand the role and contribution of ECOWAS integration in regional peace, security, conflict prevention, management, and resolution. Using content analysis, the paper assesses the effectiveness of ECOWAS mechanisms for conflict management and evaluate their achievements in addressing regional security challenges. Furthermore, the paper will explore the need for peacebuilding efforts that address underlying issues such as poverty, human rights abuses, and election fraud. The paper also delves into the challenges and limitations faced by ECOWAS in its military interventions and propose recommendations for strengthening its capacity to effectively address the security challenges in West Africa. Additionally, it will analyze the evolving nature of security threats in the region and the adaptability of ECOWAS responses to these dynamic challenges. Finally, the paper concludes that the complex security concerns confronting West Africa demand a cohesive, coordinated response by international powers, backed by regional and sub-regional bodies.
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Stoica, Diana Sfetlana. "Decoloniality in danger or being boosted? An exploration of ECOWAS positions and conflict management in the Western African region." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 16, no. 3 (June 10, 2023): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.3.5.
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This paper aims to explore the notion of decoloniality by examining the decisions and actions of the ECOWAS in response to the coup d’état in Burkina Faso in 2022, as well as other comparable sanctions imposed on Mali and Guinea during internal crisis challenges. These topics were raised and debated in various mass media outlets. For this purpose, readers are invited to imagine, based on ideas interpreted from official positions of the ECOWAS, or perceptions of them, expressed in academic narratives and the media, if decoloniality could be boosted or is in danger, following the decisions, actions, and positions of the ECOWAS. The interpretations through the lens of decoloniality portrayed in African narratives, and these explorations are characteristic of qualitative analysis. In examining how ECOWAS manages potential crises in the region, particularly in the cases of Guinea, Mali, and Burkina Faso, we can identify basic features of decoloniality. Taking a social-constructivist perspective, we can explore how African narratives of development can inspire critical resistance. Specifically, we must consider how power and relationships based on power can be decolonized to prioritize a people-centric view of development. In analyzing the use of violence and safety in the actions of the ECOWAS, we can determine whether they boost or endanger decoloniality. The academic community has shown considerable interest in the impact of the ECOWAS on the political climate of Western African states. However, it is important to consider the philosophical perspective on how the portrayal of ECOWAS actions and decisions can affect the narratives of opposition, anti-ism, and power dynamics. Specifically, in the case of internal conflicts, these portrayals can direct the debate on whether decolonization, as a theory, cultural movement, or process, can continue the work of African resistance initiated during the decolonization process which remains unfinished.
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Beatrice, Omodanisi Kemi. "How Sovereign Is a State From Foreign Intervention? Gambia as a Case Study." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 2, no. 2 (August 13, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v2i2.4155.
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This paper examines to what extent is Gambia sovereign from foreign intervention. It considers the legality or otherwise of ECOWAS’ military intervention in the recent post-election/ political crisis in Gambia. Bearing in mind that national sovereignty in international law is not absolute as International Humanitarian Law, Human Right and International Criminal Law have provided exceptions, this paper highlight situations which permit foreign intervention in a state and considers the various argument of writers on the legality/illegality of ECOWAS’ military intervention in Gambia. The paper argues that ECOWAS’ military intervention lacks the requisite authorisation of the UN Security Council who by its resolution permitted the application of political measures only. ECOWAS also failed to meet the requirement for the application of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Gambia. More so, intervention on the basis of restoring democracy is void of legal backing as the enabling protocol permits ECOWAS to apply sanctions on member-state where democracy is abruptly brought to an end. On the whole, this paper concludes that though ECOWAS’ military intervention is justifiable in view of the situation in Gambia, it however lacked the requisite legal backing. The paper recommends that in situations where intervention is not based on humanitarian reason to necessitate the application of R2P, military intervention should have the requisite authorisation of the UN Security Council and the application of force should be the last option having exhausted all other means of dispute resolution.
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Ridge, Laura Jean, Victoria Vaughan Dickson, and Amy Witkoski Stimpfel. "The Occupational Health of Nurses in the Economic Community of West African States: A Review of the Literature." Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 11 (July 31, 2019): 554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079919859383.
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Nurses provide the majority of health care in sub-Saharan Africa, which has high rates of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This systematic review used PRISMA methodology to synthesize the literature published between January 2008 and December 2018 examining the occupational health of nurses practicing in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The United States’ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Hierarchy of Controls is used to frame the findings. This research was mostly conducted in Nigeria and Ghana and focused on administrative controls. Nurses practicing in ECOWAS are at high risk of acquiring a bloodborne illness due to inadequate engineering and administrative controls, as well as limited access to personal protective equipment (PPE). These findings indicate interventions to improve these controls would likely lower the occupational risks faced by nurses practicing in ECOWAS. Research in more countries in ECOWAS would likely find differences in occupational health practices in Nigeria and Ghana, which are relatively wealthy, and other countries in the region. This literature showed nurses practicing in ECOWAS did not have adequate protection from biological hazards. Regional health groups, such as the West African Health Organization, should commit to improving occupational health practice. Needle recapping and double gloving must be discontinued, and PPE must be made more widely available in ECOWAS. Occupational health professionals in the region should advocate for better distribution of PPE and consider offering trainings on these behaviors.
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Okoro, Agwu Sunday, Augustine Ujunwa, Farida Umar, and Angela Ukemenam. "Does regional trade promote economic growth? Evidence from Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)." Journal of Economics and Development 22, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jed-10-2019-0039.
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PurposeThis paper examines the impact of regional and non-regional trade on economic growth using annual data from Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member countries for the period 2007 to 2017.Design/methodology/approachTrade data were decomposed into regional (trade among ECOWAS Member States) and non-regional (trade between ECOWAS Member States and the rest of the world). We used the dynamic system GMM to estimate the models and introduced exchange rate, unemployment rate, population growth and gross capital formation as controlled variables.FindingsThe results revealed that the estimated coefficient of ECOWAS regional trade is statistically significant and positive in predicting growth, while the non-regional trade coefficient is negative and not statistically significant in predicting growth. Other predictors of growth introduced into the model as controlled variables, such as exchange rate, unemployment rate, population growth and gross capital formation, displayed mixed results. More importantly, population growth, unemployment and exchange rate depreciation hurt economic growth, while gross capital formation promotes economic growth.Practical implicationsThe findings provide strong support in favour of the Krugman (1991) hypothesis that regional trade agreements (RTAs) are a better alternative to global trade.Originality/valueOur decision to disaggregate ECOWAS trade is unique and influenced largely by the objective of the study, which is to establish the type of ECOWAS trade that is a good predictor of growth. The evidence from our findings support the theory that RTAs are a better catalyst to economic growth.
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Temitope Samuel Moses. "The role of Nigeria in the regional integration process in west Africa (1975 - 2023): Case study of Ecowas." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2024): 001–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2024.7.2.0059.
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This paper examines Nigeria's role in the regional integration process in West Africa through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from 1975 to 2023. Nigeria's significant economic, political, and military influence in the region has positioned it as a key player in ECOWAS. This study explores Nigeria's contributions, challenges, and the impact of its policies on regional integration. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical and contemporary data, this paper provides insights into Nigeria's leadership and its implications for regional stability and development. The findings from the study revealed Nigeria's pivotal role in the regional integration process in West Africa through ECOWAS. Nigeria's economic strength, political leadership, and security contributions have been instrumental in shaping the trajectory of ECOWAS. The country's efforts in promoting economic integration, mediating conflicts, and supporting peacekeeping missions have significantly contributed to regional stability and development. However, the analysis also highlights several challenges that have impacted Nigeria's role. Economic vulnerabilities, domestic political instability, and regional rivalries have occasionally hindered Nigeria's ability to lead effectively. Addressing these challenges is crucial for Nigeria to sustain its leadership role and for ECOWAS to achieve its integration objectives.
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Sunday Ugbo Owuzo, Peter Chukwuyem Egbon, and Chukwugoziem Tom Ezi. "Determinants of private investment in selected ECOWAS countries in Africa." International Journal of Advanced Economics 6, no. 11 (November 5, 2024): 586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v6i11.1685.
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The main focus of this study is the evaluation and / or examination of the determinants of private investment among the selected ECOWAS countries. The selected countries include Cote d' Ivoire, Ghana, Gambia and Nigeria. In the context of ECOWAS, these countries are emerging economies. Panel data for these selected countries covered the period 1986 to 2022.The study adopted the fixed effects and random effects panel estimation techniques in the analysis of our econometric models. The selection between the fixed effects and random effects was done using the Hausman test. The results indicated preference for the fixed effects over random effects. Over all, the results of the fixed effects indicated that all the determinants except inflation, money supply and credit to the private sector in the ECOWAS region were significant in explaining the performance of domestic private investment. But in the context of the random effects, all the determinants except credit to the private sector were significant in explaining the nature of the behaviour of domestic private investment in the ECOWAS region. Keywords: Determinants, Domestic Private Investment, Panel Data, ECOWAS, Africa. JEL Classification Code: E22
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Olubiyo, Kolade G., and Iyanu-Oluwa A. Ayodele. "Beyond Sanctions: ECOWAS and the Resurgence of Military Coups in West Africa." ABUAD Journal of Social and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (July 8, 2024): 341–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/ajsms.2024.0502.07-j.
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The recent resurgence of military coup d’etat in the West African region is alarming and problematic because of its contagion effect. Since 2019, Chad, Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and Niger have experienced military coup d’etat. As part of the efforts aimed at reversing military coups in these States, ECOWAS’ swift response has been in the form of sanctions, which include economic blockade, movement restrictions for the coup leaders, severance of diplomatic relations, and suspension of military leaders from the international community, among others. This effort has neither deterred the coup leaders nor hastened the return to civil rule. This paper attempts to examine ECOWAS’ responsibility beyond the imposition of sanctions in the era of resurgent coups in West Africa. The paper adopts the qualitative method of data collection using secondary sources, which include published books, journals, resolutions, and proceedings of ECOWAS. The paper argues that while ECOWAS is performing its moral obligation by imposing sanctions, the organisation lacks the capacity to compel West African leaders in the entrenchment of good governance. It, however, concludes that ECOWAS needs to re-strategize by having a potent framework capable of deepening good governance and stability of democracy in West Africa.
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Zubair, Zulaiha A., and Hussin ah Abdull. "Institutional Quality, School Enrolment and Mobile Subscribers in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS-5): Impact on FDI using Panel Data." Review of Economics and Development Studies 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i1.279.
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Basically, the quality of institution, human capital (schoolenrolment) and infrastructure (mobile subscribers) are significant determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI). With exception of few studies on corruption, however, empirical research on the link between infrastructure, human capital and FDI remain limited. Particularly in the context of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This paper aims to examine the linkage between infrastructure (mobile subscribers, corruption, schoolenrolment), and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) among selected ECOWAS countries using panel data techniques for the period of 1990-2015. The methodology carried out to achieve this objective involves the panel unit root, panel cointegration and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS). The result indicates that, there is long run relationship among the series. Corruption and infrastructure are negatively significantly related with FDI at the long run in the selected ECOWAS countries. The empirical evidence indicates that feeble level of institutions (corruption) and infrastructure impedes FDI inflows in the selected ECOWAS countries. The results confirm that FDI enhancement through role of institution, schoolenrolment and infrastructure (mobile subscribers) exist not only in the transition nation but also in the selected ECOWAS countries.
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Ohaegbu, Nnaemeka Emmanuel, and Benedict Ndubuisi Akanegbu. "Assessment of the Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks from ECOWAS Member Countries to Nigeria." Journal of Social Science Studies 10, no. 1 (April 24, 2023): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v10i1.20930.
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The paper evaluated the effects of monetary policy shocks from ECOWAS Member Countries to Nigeria using a combination of quarterly, annual time-series and panel data spanning from 1995–2021. The Standard Global Vector-Autoregressive (GVAR) Model of analysis was used to draw structural inference for the study using data on: consumer prices, international commodity prices (oil, agricultural raw material and metal ore), exchange rate, interest rate (short and long run), real output, money supply, and export diversification index. The result of the Impulse Response Function (IRF) revealed that shocks resulting from monetary policy transmission from the ECOWAS member Countries to Nigeria has diverse effects on Nigeria and is largely determined by the extent of monetary policy accommodative stance. The shock that may occur is likely to be country-specific because ECOWAS is an economic union that hardly has the foundation to share common economic or monetary risk. Additionally, the extent of trade flow between Nigeria and the rest of ECOWAS, determines the tendency that such shocks affect Nigeria. Finally, whether ECOWAS is a shock source, or a channel of transmission determines how much of an impact shocks from that region will have.
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Adigbole, Ezekiel A., Taiwo Azeez Olaniyi, Olufemi Adebayo Oladipo, Abdulrasaq Funsho Kuranga, Oluwaseye Grace Fakile, and Adenike O. Oladipo. "Impact of Transparency and Government Spending on Tax Ratio in ECOWAS Nations: Pre–COVID Era." Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 12, no. 2 (September 6, 2023): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jab.v12i2.51211.
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Tax payment is a phenomenon of global significance irrespective of national differences, ideologies, and uniqueness. In this regard, government expenditure scrutiny and transparent reporting have emerged as an important development in social policy that could help boost tax revenue, although less questioned. Therefore, this study examined the impacts of transparency, and government spending (on health, education, and infrastructure) on tax ratio in ECOWAS nations. This study adopted ex-post facto research design. The secondary data used were collected from fifteen (15) ECOWAS countries and covered the selected pre – COVID period of 2012 to19 (8 years). Panel data regression technique was used to estimate the data collected. The results of the analysis revealed that: transparency positively impact on tax ratio in ECOWAS nation; and government spending on Education and Infrastructure positively impact on tax ratio; while government spending on health has no significant impact on tax ratio among ECOWAS nations. This study concluded that transparency and government spending jointly impact tax ratio in ECOWAS nations. The study therefore recommended that tax authorities should embrace the principle of informational, participatory, and accountability transparency to facilitate a tax system capable of closing tax gap.
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St. George, Jill, and Tom Durbin. "Considering a Regional Approach to Combating Human Trafficking in the Caribbean: The ECOWAS Example." Slavery Today Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/stj/itzp7500.
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This paper seeks to explore the current practices employed in two regional organisations with regards combating human trafficking. Both West Africa, through ECOWAS, and the Caribbean, through CARICOM, have established regional agreements with neighbouring states to achieve regional cooperation where possible. However CARICOM policies are in their infancy with regards human trafficking, while ECOWAS has a vast network of agreements in place. This paper will consider the successes of the ECOWAS agreements and their possible assistance and relevance to the Caribbean to assist in CARICOM’s fight against human trafficking.
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Kabir Usman, Fadila, Saheed Zakaree, Mustapha Muktar, Alfa Yakubu, and Adeyinka Olure-Bank. "Infrastructure and economic growth in ECOWAS member states: The Westerlund co-integration approach." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2024): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v12i1.28460.
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This research explores the impact of infrastructure on member states' economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Utilizing panel secondary data sourced from the World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) and the African Infrastructure Development Index (AIDI) across all fifteen ECOWAS Member States over eighteen years, the study employs the panel Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model and the Westerlund co-integration test for analysis. The findings reveal that investments in infrastructure, improvements in the African Development Index, and enhancements in the Electricity Composite Index significantly contribute to the economic growth of ECOWAS countries. Specifically, infrastructure investment is associated with a 0.01 per cent increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the ECOWAS countries studied. In comparison, the African Development Index and the Electricity Composite Index are linked to increases in GDP by 0.292 per cent and 0.987 per cent, respectively, in the long term. Based on these outcomes, the study recommends that ECOWAS country authorities enhance policies to optimize government spending on infrastructure quality. Furthermore, adopting quality-enhancing and efficiency-driven financing policies in infrastructure is advocated to complement ECOWAS's ongoing infrastructural development efforts. The realization of these recommendations hinges on the availability of accurate data for informing decisions and guiding policymakers. Hence, the study underscores the need for the ECOWAS Commission to bolster its capacity for collecting reliable data on infrastructure variables and other indicators. It also proposes that future research should focus on promoting sub-regional peer-review mechanisms for infrastructure indicators among member states and establishing structures to fortify infrastructure in West Africa.
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Weinrich, Amalie Ravn. "Regional citizenship regimes from within: unpacking divergent perceptions of the ECOWAS citizenship regime." Journal of Modern African Studies 61, no. 1 (March 2023): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x22000507.
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AbstractThis paper explores the Economic Community of West African States’ (ECOWAS) citizenship regime by investigating the institutional perceptions of five departments of the ECOWAS Commission. Creating a citizenship regime has been a central objective of the organisation's institutional framework but previous research has refrained from examining its multiplicity. The paper uses the concept of citizenship regime consisting of the dimensions rights, access, belonging and responsibility mix as the conceptual lens and draws on institutional documents and primary data from interviews conducted at the ECOWAS Commission. The paper contributes to current debates in citizenship studies and African regionalism and the literature on supra-national citizenship building, regional integration and governance research in Africa and elsewhere. The empirical data show that movement is central to the ECOWAS citizenship regime, whether formulated in terms of a right, as a way to facilitate access, or a way to establish a sense of regional belonging.