Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écrivains africains de langue française'
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Husti-Laboye, Carmen. "L'individu dans la littérature africaine contemporaine : l'ontologie faible de la postmodernité." Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/2f038f2d-2481-4422-acc2-52c319cfcb28/blobholder:0/2007LIMO2012.pdf.
Full textFederici, Sandra. "L'entrance des auteurs africains dans le champ de la bande dessinée européenne de langue française (1978-2016)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0379.
Full textThis research examines the conditions of possibilities within and the routes of entry of the African authors into the comic field of the French-speaking Europe. The dissertation employs a sociological approach by making, firstly, an institutional analysis of the conditions of production, circulation and reception, as well as the sociability in the local contexts, in particular in the French-speaking countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The examination of the modalities of publication in the edition or in the press, of the associations of authors, festivals and other promotional initiatives, and of the possibilities offered by associations and institutions, shows that local authors have to realize their artistic vocation and their professional projects in poorly organized and unfavourable environments. Of course, this state of things requires agents to exercise their greater or lesser skill in adapting to it and making it play to the advantage of their professional career, but it also prompts a number of authors to consider the publication in the European field as the goal towards which to focus their efforts and strategies. The general problem of entry is the angle of attack of the second part, which draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of fields to analyse the trajectories of the few African comics authors who managed to achieve a certain legitimation in European environments, namely Congolese Barly Baruti and Pat Masioni and the Ivorian Marguerite Abouet, as well as some other significant paths. The notions of habitus, strategy, periphery, autonomy and heteronomy, but also antinomy have helped to illuminate these paths. The theory of fields, which emphasizes the social conditions relating to the creation, circulation and consumption of symbolic goods and the institutions involved in the "mise en act" of the artistic-cultural object, in order to understand the position in the society of reference, was instrumental in understanding the importance of several factors: the impact of associations and of the international institutions; autonomy as a second step or eventually as a decisive phase, determining the entrance from the beginning; the “instances of legitimation”
Bédia, Jean-Fernand. "Les écrivains francophones d'origine mandingue et la question du modèle." Bordeaux 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR30025.
Full textThe problematic notion of identity in French-speaking African novels, through the question of paradigm, aims at circumventing one difficulty : the inertia of a controversy subjected to the historical contingencies at the origin of the francophone world. Thus emerges the objective of considering the sphere of the novel in all its constituent structures, that is sociological, religious, institutional, historical and linguistic. The narrative structure is modelled on the paradigm of the "donsomana" and the "Soundjata-fasa" through the significant presence of esoteric oratories like proverbs, as well as the mythical couple man-woman, the pre-eminent heroes of the oral tales of griots. The consequence of this resourcefulness can hence be appreciated in the epistemological renewal of the founding aspects of realism and fiction : characters and setting. The second discriminating notion of identity, which reveals the profound nature of the writing paradigm, is the language spoken by the protagonists or narrators. Hence, the language of the novel, in its singularity, is primarily an echo of the system of representation. Ahmadou Kourouma's "rape" of the French language, like the "fraternity of huts" of the Mandingue languages and the French language in the novels of Massa Makan Diabaté, are, together with the "classicism" of Djibril Tamsir Niane, linguistic concepts which, by claiming an identity affirmation, transpire into the political field. These two aspects of the aesthetic model in the novels of writers of Mandingue origin or culture essentially constitute the prolegomena of ethno-criticism as endogenous method
Ndiaye, El Hadji Malick. "Éthiques et poétiques auctoriales : le dire de l’auteur francophone face aux idéologies de l’appartenance : Bretagne, Québec, « Afriques »." Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269043/fr/.
Full textAfter having revisited the concept of authorship and analyzed the highly polyphonic and multicultural vocation of the francophone discourse, this work, focusing on three geographical areas (Brittany, Québec, Sub-Saharian Africa) and three authors (Pierre-Jakez Hélias, Félix Leclerc and Cheikh Hamidou Kane), examines the tension between the moral duty of belonging to a minority culture and the universality of the literary project. First, a study of Pierre-Jakez Hélias shows the underexamined biculturalism of some French populations and the uneasy identity of the author in a “French Francophone” context. Then, through Felix Leclerc 's writings, I question the Quebecois author's wor k, whose troubling ambiguity is not entirely accounted for by the myth of a bipolar opposition between English and French. Finally, with the study of potential identities in Kane’s novels, I discuss the evidence of a homogeneous black African identity, in order to better assess the relevance of a manifold reading of African cultures in literature. Ultimately, this work demonstrates that Francophone authors are ethically free to overcome biological constraints so their work can bear the hallmark of an assumed “alterculturality”
Bikéné, Békalé Béatrice. "Littérature gabonaise au féminin." Nancy 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN21017.
Full textThis thesis gives voice to gabonese women's novels according to the new criticism approaches on french-speaking african women's literature. The critics are agree to recognize that women literary production bring a new breath to african literature, because the female writers don't restrict themselves by developing autobiographical stories, but they treat marginal questions and they're concerned about today's problems in their society. In regard to these considerations, we wanted to assess by questionong the novels, the extent of newness so often praise by the critics. For that reason, we relied on some elements liable to express this change. Gabonese novelists illustrate the new tendency of women's literature by their free speaking and by developing a new vision round about woman's body, her sexuality, her motherhood, her freedom aspiration, her filial and matrimonial connections. But at the same time, their writing follow the african way of writing. This one doesn't yet offer - in spite of recourse to oral art and other african forms of language - interesting perspectives, on expression viewpoint, who can lead to an african esthetic renewal
Tchoffogueu, Emmanuel. "Les Romancières africaines à l'épreuve de l'invention de la femme : essai d'analyse du nouveau discours romanesque africain au féminin (Calixte Beyale, Ken Bugul, Malika Mokeddem)." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/TCHOFFOGUEU_Emmanuel_2008.pdf.
Full textThis dissertation aims to demonstrate not only how African novelists in 1980-1990 promoted the image of the new African woman by continuing the feminist demands of their predecessors, but also, and foremost, to describe the pattern of their discourse, which was characterized predominantly by aesthetics of subversion of linguistic norms. This linguistic defiance mirrors their fight to invent the New African Woman, who throws off the shackles of tradition and opens herself up to universality. The corpus is composed primarily of autobiographical novelistic works by three writers who represent two geocultural macrospaces: the sub-Saharan Africa of C. Beyala and Ken Bugul, and the Maghreb of Malika Mokeddem. This study seeks, drawing on the linguistics of discourse as initiated by H. Weinrich and enriched by J. -M. Adam, D. Maingueneau, and A. Viala, to present how these creative female artists reconcile the feminine problem with the challenge of African development in such a way as to expeditiously contribute to new visibility for African literature. Transversal reading thus reveals a new place for the African woman, who is embodied in the creative space by the new woman writer participating in sociopolitical and cultural battles in order to advance a society in evolution into a promising future. The hypothesis of over-reading women’s literary works as the monotonous expression of the feminine condition is supported; the dissertation contributes, in particular, to a rehabilitation of feminine literature that has been undermined by criticism that has limited itself solely to descriptive and thematic aspects
Rotily-Forcioli, Thomasine. "L'éclosion du roman féminin en Afrique noire francophone : 1969-1985." Montpellier 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON30052.
Full textIn an effort to discover the reasons for the late appearance of the feminine african novel; we will look into the status of the african women in the traditional world, the evolution of the image of the women in literature and the biographies of female writers. This literary production travels beyond a study of the condition of woman. A very strong fictional live, showing the hidden face of society and creates an atmosphere which expresses a world troubled by political, economic and social problems. However, in a country undergoing transformation, african women have great difficulty in finding their true image appear doorned to the destiny of marriage and mothehood and are inevitably confronted by polygamy. Others, those influenced by western culture or prostitutes vainly attempt to adapt to the changes around them. The figurehead of the female novel remains the eternel woman, prisoner of her body, submissive and virtuos, who lives with a husband who is both fickle and cruel. Thus equally the problems of the couple are confronted and the image of man defined. The womans writers have a certain reserve towards feminist movements, as the latter might read to the depravity, a loss of cultural identity and growth in social imbalance, this viewpoint restricts the woman framework of their fiction, but their scepticism towards emancipation bears witress to their attachments to ancestral values
Maganga, Ulrich Kevin. "La Phratrie de l'imaginaire : les écrivains africains et le modèle latino-américain à partir des années 1980." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC043/document.
Full textThe renewal of sub-Saharan French-speaking writings in the 1980s results in a remarkable overtaking of the geographical, linguistic, cultural and identical traditional borders. So opening to the universal letters, many African writers turn to the Latin American universe which fascinates them for its space, topics, aesthetics, imaginary. It is this Latin American orientation of the African novel, the implementation of a relationship in the modes of expression and the representation of reality, that we call imaginary phratry. A phenomenon with multiple issues, the analysis of the imaginary phratry can reveal how, inspired by a common history and culture, the African and Latin American universe are literally brought closer in a fraternal posture reflecting some transatlantic solidarity
Kouassi, Kouamé Germain. "Les écrivains ivoiriens et la langue française: heurs et malheurs d'un mariage contre nature : l'exemple de l'oeuvre romanesque de Dadié, Kourouma et Adiaffi." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040245.
Full textThe present thesis entitled: Ivorian writers and french language: fortunes and misfortunes of a marriage against nature. An example of Dadié, Kourouma and Adiaffi's romance work, it takes a formal study and some detailed stylistic procedures put to work by the three principle writers of Côte d'Ivoire ( Dadie, Kourouma, and Adiaffi) to try and overcome the major obstacles that constitutes, obviously, french language in free expression of their tradition and of their cultural personalities. Also, it clearly looks like these writers have cunningly used in their romantic speech some terms, some constructions and particular forms of expression directly extracted from languages of their motherland by the help of a diversity of gathering and putting together into interlinguistics. Having in that one reference the imaginary african, they have in general foreseen obstacles, succeeded in showing that in the centre of a large language of international communication like french, it is possible to find a place for a plural expression, and, by the same way, for exchange between different languages and cultures
Muthoni, Wanjira. "La femme et les problèmes sociaux chez les romancières noires francophones." Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30023.
Full textThe focus of our thesis is on various social problems experienced by black women in patriarchal societes as seen by french-speaking female novelists from black africa and the caribbean islands. The need was felt to limit this study to former french colonies in order to be able to explore the influence of a particular form of colonisation on colonised women. We also analysed the way in which french patriarchy modified traditional african patriarchy and the resultant situation. Our study consists of five chapters, the first of which examines woman's body as seen by man, by western civilisation and by the woman herself from a psychological and philosophical standpoint. The second chapter deals with woman's relationship to the surrounding space : exile (a tragic experience) and space in one's native land. Home and the outside world change their significance depending on a woman's social class : the wealthy woman is housebound whereas the wage-earner is chased out of her home by the need to earn her living. The third chapter deals with woman's social conditioning. Traditional upbringing and western influence make her an alienated person but paradoxically, it was western formal schooling that was to open the door to individual freedom for her. In chapter four, we analyse various activities that help to bring out female dynamism and in chapter five, we look at woman's relationship to marriage. Sex and motherhood. Her economic dependence and the lack of contraception make these experiences a form of servitude. In conclusion, female novelists emphasize the importance of formal schooling in the improvement of the female condition
Hounkanrin, Zountangni Yveline. "La littérature engagée de l'Afrique de l'Ouest contemporaine : renouvellements et adaptations interculturelles." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040213.
Full textThe literature of the French-speaking Black Africa was perceived for a long time even theorized like concerning an ordinary literature of engagement because of the history of the continent. This design, in a certain manner, unconsciously harmed the image which one could have of this literature. It is from the Eighties, after the collapse of the Communism, that the concept of literary engagement seems, to be constrained to evolve and to renew itself putting more and more the African writer in a rather uncomfortable situation divided between the desire to remain a political writer, near to his people concerns, and the desire to assert a creative autonomy. Nowadays, if the question of artistic engagement makes debate again, it’s certainly not a question of chance according to the confused and dubious time we must cope with. Indeed, we attend a loss of the reference marks and ideals leading the men of thought (intellectual, writers) to adopt writing projects, i. E. Engagements, different in their work of creation. What are the interrogations that were faced or are still faced to the sub-Saharan committed literature in this universalization era? Thus, our study tries to analyze the evolution of this problematic until the faintness current of the new African writers in French language, confronted with a problem of redefinition contents of literary engagement
Rubera, Albert. "La poétique feministe postcoloniale dans la littérature africaine francophone : autour de l'écriture romanesque de Ken Bugul." Paris 13, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA131006.
Full textConfluence of sociological theories, political movements and moral philosophies regarding the situation of women in general, and within their social, political and economic context in particular, feminism has always embraced worldwide ambitions. In this resolute struggle for women liberation, feminism changed the face several times, and was often divided into trends and streams sometimes opposed to one another with regard to the meaning of the struggle to lead. How is the postcolonial African woman going to react to feminism which can be considered as one of the forms of Western imperialism having for a long time acted in the guise of a universalistic discourse of women liberation? This is the question that Ken Bugul has already asked herself. This study intends to situate Ken Bugul's feminist thought and position at the cross-section of feminist and postcolonial theories
Ducournau, Claire. "Écrire, lire, élire l'Afrique : les mécanismes de réception et de consécration d'écrivains contemporains originaires de pays francophones d'Afrique subsaharienne." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0015.
Full textAt the crossroads of the sociology of culture and postcolonial studies, this dissertation explores the mechanisms by which contemporary writers from Francophone countries of sub-Saharan Africa attain literary recognition. The empirical material comprises archives, interviews with writers, publishers, and cultural agents; ethnographic observations of cultural events; and a statistical survey of 404 writers who were socialized in this part of the world, and who were active between 1983 and 2008. Their legitimation follows two waves: the first occurs in the early eighties and the second in the mid-nineties. The increase in the number of publications, the importance of the novel in the hierarchy of literary genres, and the evolution of the publishing industry combine to structure an African literary space. Its stake is the legitimate definition of the African writer, related to the nature of the writer’s relationship to Africa. The authors located in this space are socially elite and often mobile. From the eighties onwards, the number of new female writers has increased steadily; writers are more professionalized and more often settled outside Africa. Publishers in Paris have played a decisive role in a book market partly dissociated from the markets prevailing in African countries. The analysis of these global evolutions is complemented by case studies: the controversy surrounding the manifesto “Toward a World Literature in French” seen as a collective mobilization; the representation of colonization in the texts of Amadou Hampâté Bâ and Ahmadou Kourouma; and letters from readers
Chauchix, Cheikrouhou Danièle. "L'écriture des femmes de lettres maghrébines d'expression française en comparaison avec l'écriture africaine de Doris Lessing." Rennes 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985REN20008.
Full textPope, Julie. "Émancipation et création poétique. De la Négritude à l' écriture féminine à l'exemple d'Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sedar Senghor, Ahmadou Kourouma, Calixthe Beyala." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030067.
Full textIn the context of the independences of former French colonies, the poetic impetus of militant authors such as Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor or Léon-Gontran Damas is adamantly linked to the rebuttal of colonialism and to political activism. Intellectuals, writers, and artists strongly condemn European imperialisms. For the “Négritude” poets, poetry stands as the most obvious testimony of political and literary commitment. Their poetic works, relying both on oral practices inherited from Africa and on relatively classic prosodic styles, is the vehicle for political messages and reclaiming of African culture. Subsequently, novel writing in sub-Saharian Africa tackles more and more themes of slavery, colonization, colonial alienation, neo-colonialism, all of this becoming empowering processes. The question is to open on a renewed vision of the world, giving the French language a new creative trace, through the authors’ representation. Therefore, Francophone literature reclaims its singularity. This is especially true with Cameroon and Congo: for instance, Ahmadou Kourouma posits that his literature is malinké. Tchicaya U. Tam’si declares that if the French language is colonizing him, then he colonizes it in turn. The colonized rebellion paradoxically leans on the French colonizer language, while trying to displace and advance it through writing. Francophone literature in sub-Saharian Africa is the place of differences and of “différances”, for it bears the traces of many sociological reflexions, and becomes, through its diversity, a place for creativity, liberty and hybridity. We also witness the rise of political protest novel against dictatures, corruption, civil wars ; for example Ahmadou Kourouma, writing Allah n’est pas obligé, does not bother anymore with the rules of literature but excels in the practice of a “rotten language” to describe an atrocious war. This is a form of creativity similar to the one that give birth to creole, “français petit-nègre”, “camfranglais” and one that African sub-Saharian literature explore. It is in this perspective opened by subversive writing and reading practices that women emancipation in Africa takes place. The case of Calixthe Beyala, among others, illustrates this evolution of the status of women in society, beyond the sexual male/female divide. This process stems from post-colonialism and independentist movements gaining power and focus in the XXth century. Women distinguish themselves thanks to their writing and speech in a public sphere reserved to men. Novels written by sub-Saharian African women carefully describe traditional practices, polygamy, forced marriages. These writers, through their acquired freedom speech, have gained the power to participate in the public debate. This form of emancipation takes hold of a language and an art formerly reserved to men because of traditions. Violence, slang words, obscene or pornographic language are no longer part of a male monopoly on poetic language. This poetic creation is vested differently by women writers, who are therefore able to express themselves
Gomis, Aimé. "Écritures du corps dans la littérature sénégalaise. Esquisse d'une corporéité et implications plurielles : de Senghor à Ken Bugul." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030085.
Full textIdentity constitutes one of the fundamental themes of African literature. It takes on a resonance in the writing of Senghor and Ken Bugul as well as in the writing of many Senegalese writing. It allows the establishment of an epistemological footbridge with the body. Therefore, the discourses about the body help to understand what is at stake concerning identity which livens up the dramatic tension of the narrative structures. For example, in the work of Cheikh Hamidou Kane, the body becomes the motive for a metaphysical apprehension of the "esse". In Ken Bugul’s autobiographies, the affirmation of identity of the feminine "Me" refers to the existential condition, especially when the literatures show the conflicts of gender. However, we agree that the debate on identity and the body has its importance in the understanding in the psychology of the character. It also has its importance in the construction of meaning, through which society reveals its vices and virtues. Moreover, that is why in the works of Sembene, Abasse Ndione, Sanou Lô, Marouba Fall, Seydi Sow or still El Hadji Momar Sambe, the social implication of literary discourse fragments of meaning to which all writing about the body refers. The ambition of this thesis is to construct a comparative exchange between their richness of meaning
Lévy, Clara. "Les écrivains juifs contemporains de langue française : déclinaisons identitaires et modes d'expression littéraire." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHESA010.
Full textAjakan, Touria. "Le roman féminin algérien d'expression française : 1947-1998." Paris 13, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA131003.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the evolution of the algerian french written female novel. This thesis comprises a general introduction which deals on the one hand with the current state of research on the topic ; and on the other hand locates the algerian female novel in its social environment. We have organised our study in three chapters. The first one is entitled : the first generation of algerian french writing women writers 1947-1962. Here we have displayed the roots conditions of the female novel in algeria. We have also detailed the view of the first women writers on their reality through varied topics, revolt against family and the longing to gain freedom. . . The second chapter is about the second generation of algerian women writers 1962-1980 and it focuses on the attitude towards sexuality, the female desire and the birth of the couple. The third chapter, the third generation of algerian women writers 1980-1998, is about the social and political conditions in the eighties and nineties which favored the female upcoming into writing. We have tried to outline the mechanism of rebellion brought about by women writers and their prospect of taboo subjects such as religion, politics and sexuality
Rabetsitonta, Tovonanahary A. "La représentation de la nature à travers les romans africains d'expression française." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040279.
Full textNature is represented in african french speaking novels through a traditionnal point of view. This latter has set the fondamental principles of it. Traditionnal african philosophie gives a religious sens to nature. It is a mythic perspective which conceives a unity between man and nature. Nature is the recipiendary of invisible and holy forces. It contains messages which are sent to man. African spirituality consists in the knowledge and the analysis of the signs that nature sends. That traditionnal point of view can be found in the novels of the following novellers: Djibi Thiam, Camara Laye, Nazi Boni, it is actualised through several manners by the other novels. The changes in the way of living and the historical evolution have introduced other relations between man and nature. The unity between them can hardly be lived. Thus, unity with nature is searched through diverse images and metaphores. However, by analysing these images and metaphores, one can see the persistancy of the traditionnal point of view, no matter how the problems that modernism creates are representation of nature through african speaking novels is therefore greatly influenced by the belief in the existence of a relation between man and nature
Devergnas, Annie. "Le monde animal, végétal et minéral dans l'imaginaire des écrivains marocains de langue française." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20040.
Full text@In this study, my aim was to find out wether the Moroccan literature in French, in its whole, refers to a specific imaginary animal, vegetal and mineral world. My first part points out a prolific use of quotations, reflecting a polycultural heritage : Muslim tradition as well as the influence of French school, the anteislamic poetry and the ancient mythology. The quotations are also noticeable in a great number of clichés. The importance of orality is revealed through quotations of tales, folksongs, and a great number of proverbs and traditional insults throughout the corpus. In a second part I studied the descriptive methods of the writers, concerning landscapes, animals or plants. They sometimes develop in comparisons and in lists whose purpose is to catalogue the natural world. I then analysed the interpersonal relationship linking the writers to nature. Its attractive power is to be seen in friendship, sexuality, dreams, ecological awareness, as well as in stylistic choices. On the other hand, a repulsive power is to be found in the descriptions of a threatening natural world, while the characters become aggressive towards nature ; nightmares, visions of horror and death also belong to this negative aspect of relationships. Finally I studied the immanence of supernatural forces and the sacred in this literature, which appears through superstitions, sacrificial scenes, sacred trees, the myths of Mother Earth, as well as in exemples of identification between man and nature and anthropomorphism. It seems to me that the very Moroccan culture reveals itself through the imaginary animal, vegetal and mineral world of its writers. It is worth noticing that those who best illustrate this study are mainly the best known of them
Fewou, Ngouloure Jean Pierre. "Le point de vue référentiel : exemples de romans africains d'expression française." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20028.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to re-question and to rethink the notion of referent, in the light of its linguistic, semantic and semiotic conception. It is a question of seeing how the point of view is inserted across these different currents and epistemological models to make easier the processes of intelligibility of significant practices. From there, we propose the concept of referential point of view, which makes it possible to solve many dichotomies maintained in the language sciences on the relation signify/signified, subject/object, simulacra/reality, etc. It then allows to show that the different discreet and dual links which are tied between these binary poles can be also articulated according to the uninterrupted and duals categories. Based on some african novels of french expression, we show on cases the necessity of the need for a taking into account of the sociocultural referent, governed and regulated by the point of view, but who must meet the requirements of coherence and pertinence in its turn, all points of view not making sense always
Chitour, Marie-Françoise. "Politique et création littéraire dans des romans africains d'expression française post-indépendance." Cergy-Pontoise, 1998. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/97CERG0029.pdf.
Full textAbdourahman, Ismaïl Abdourahman. "Aspects du fantastique et romans négro-africains." Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0473.
Full textEkpo, Denis. "La philosophie et le roman africain : une étude des romans existentiels africains d'expression française." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30002.
Full textThe object of our dissertation has been a study of some african novels in the light of european existential philosophy. Our point of departure was that de six novels in question - l'aventure ambigue, la plaie, chaine, l'ecart, un piege sans fin, and le regard du roi - apprehend human reality in africa from an essentially metaphysical or existen- tial view point. To this effect, they lend themselves to a fruitful philosophical analysis capable of shedding new light on the human or metaphysical problems they explore. Existential philosophy together with its various models of analysis served as the theoretical and methodological frame- work of our study. As the essence of philosophical criticism of literary texts should be the union of literary analysis with philosophical reflexion, our study has been divided into two phases. The first phase is concerned with a phenomenological stu- dy of the forms and structures of the novels aimed at uncovering the existential mouvements and themes of which the said forms and structures are the embodiments. The second phase takes up the themes and mouvements so uncovered in order to submit them to a tho- rough and systematic philosophical analysis. Thus in keeping with an existential approach, in the first instance the adventure of the hero of each novel is viewed and analysed as the dialectics of the individual's freedom as it comes to grips with various si- tuations. In the second instance, other human and historical pro- blems raised by some of these texts are submitted to a sypnotic philosophical scrutiny. Finally, as each of these novels is infor- med by a certain point of view of its author on african human and historical reality, our study ends with a critical evaluation of each author's african thoughts as portrayed in his nove
Messa, Wambe Caroline Flore. "Femmes auteures, femmes publiques : mise en abyme de l'écrivaine par les romancières d'Afrique subsaharienne et du monde insulaire d'expression française, dans leurs productions littéraires contemporaines." Limoges, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIMO2006.
Full textThe women's literature since its true take-off in the 1980s, in sub-Saharan Africa as in the island world of French speaking is more and more prolific. The women writers are making history and mark the minds. Their narrative processes imply and require a close link with readers. The written subject writes about herself. In fact, as well as the title of this thesis expresses, it is to observe the status of the woman writer in the contemporary productions of Africa's novelists and those of the island world of French speaking. Further to the language, the literary style, themes and ideologies, these women writers have a common history, especially slavery and colonization which reinforce and justify the various reconciliations made. The status of women, in this study, remains important and is even a priority, because it is all about this : investigate the woman writer's status as shown in their novels. Women, they question themselves on the future of the woman in their respective society, in particular on that of the woman writer, from which the book child and the testimony book emerge, just to mention those examples. The point is to analyze "the fictional visions" that the women writers have in regard to their job, to observe other's consideration, attention, legitimacy and the credit granted to them. It is therefore about studying in the condition in which the women produce their novels, the publication's possibilities, promotion and distribution of the book, in a comparative approach and analytical method
Soukehal, Rabah. "Le roman algérien de langue française (1950-1990) : approche de son évolution thématico-esthétique." Rennes 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN20025.
Full textIt is since 1950 that the Algerian novel in French, as a literary genre, is in evolution, due to the metamorphosis through which the country is going in political, religious, ethnical, social, economic, educational and other ways. This evolution is linked to the changements of the writer's vision of the world as well. Through this double approach first one discovers the richness of subjects that shows the writer's work on details. Secondly one comes to know about the novelist's aesthetic work, a constant search of new concepts in the writing of novels
Delbart, Anne-Rosine. "Les Exilés du langage : un siècle d'écrivains français venus d'ailleurs : 1919-2000." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO2010.
Full textBedecarré, Madeline. "La Francophonie à tout prix : le rôle de la Francophonie institutionnelle dans l'accès à la reconnaissance des écrivains africains d'expression française." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH207.
Full textThe dissertation argues that the creation of institutional Francophonie in 1970 influences the French-language African literature through the creation and financing of literary prizes. These francophone prizes have and continue to play an important role in granting access to recognition: in part determining what is published, affecting their reception, and influencing the categories used to classify these texts and authors. Drawing on archival research, interviews, ethnographic observation of awards ceremonies, and a database of over 300 prizes, the dissertation shows how the supranational institution of la Francophonie has maintained since the 1970s a circuit of literary recognition for almost exclusively Sub-Saharan African authors. The institution promotes and generates the production of African literature while at the same time imposing constraints. For many years the circuit privileged theatre and the short story over other genres and tends even today to depoliticize or repoliticize prized texts. Ultimately, the dissertation shows how literary prizes do the imaginative work of inscribing African literature into this category of “francophone”. By demonstrating how literature and politics mutually affect one another, the dissertation points to the need for greater scholarly attention to the role played by state institutions in elaborating enduring aesthetic standards and criteria of literary value
Thauvin-Chapot, Arielle. "La Folie dans les romans africains d'expression française : un espace de désordre et de transgression." Limoges, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIMO0508.
Full textFrench written african novels produce a lot of madmen. In fact, madness here, is a words made madness madness proceeds of the whole construction of the novel because the madman produces a structural desorder in the novel. Desorder and madness are always associated to build a text in which the reader is confronted to non-sense. African novelists while showing the adventure of madness, bring many questions about the words and their relation to the world
Moupoumbou, Clément. "La représentation de la mort dans le roman négro-africain d'expression française." Nancy 2, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc121/2004NAN21008.pdf.
Full textIn the African novel written in French, death prervades the narrative fabric. What strikes the reader is the omnipresence of death, as feature in the titles. The recurrence of the motif of violent death is to be set in relation with authoritarian regimes in Africa. The evolution of African society has introduced a significant factor underlying the novel, which is the deritualisation of death as a consequence of the devitalisation of myths. Facing existential angst, the novel reappropriates the way of thinking about death extant among traditional African societies. It consists in bringing into play the permanent conflict between " impulsie imagination " and " rational imagination " one the one hand, and their complementarity on the other. The dynamic antagonism opposing rationality and impuse in the constructive phase of their duality enables the creation of myths which make life tolerable. Against this cultural background the novel builds utopias to postulate another dimension to the future
Cisse, Ibrahima Ousmane. "La satire de la dictature dans les romans contemporains latino-américains et négro-africains d'expression française." Grenoble 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE39034.
Full textMany political scientists perceived the recent history of africa as the exact replica of the political process in south america. Post-independent africa indeed experiences identical sociopolitical difficulties with latin american countries : social inequelities, tremendow debt, political subordination, army-controlled political power, etc. . . And those are signs of the failure of politics in both continent which generated a profuse production of literary works, espacially in the field of novel-writing where the dominant feature invariously comes out to be the military dictators. Every literature is the product and the image of the environnement in which it take rooks. This identity of inspiration is therefore not amazing, and such a community of fate has mather favoured the rise of what is called by some people a "thrid word literature". Somehow, novelists in both contients declaim against established military power and demigrate dictators, for they see their works as a contribution to the life of their respective societies. Moreaver, they continually adopt similar literary attitudes. Indeed, if sembene ousmaner or ferdinand oyono make you think of zola or balzac, it is their latin american countes ports that the 1980 ies' african prose weiters take up
Mfaboum, Mbiafu Edmond. "Le mythe de la malediction du negre chez les auteurs africains et caribeens d'expression francaise." Cergy-Pontoise, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CERG0092.
Full textN'Da, Pierre. "Les jeunes, personnages favoris des romanciers negro-africains d'expression francaise." Paris 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA030150.
Full textYoung people are privileged characters in black african novels : they are dynamic elements and central figures in a great number of narratives. After trying to define their interest from the viewpoint of the novelists. My study investigates the whole range of qualities they are endowed with in order to meet the readers' expectations and specifically fit the essential parts of accusing heralds and messianic heroes they are often made to play. Examining the opinions and the behavior of various types of young people in relation to the situations and problems dealt with in novels shows that the young, and especially the progressists, represent the conscience and the hopes of the people on whose behalf and for whom they speak and act. Through their words, their actions and the predominant viewpoint they are constantly made to voice, they definitely appear as the announcers or the vectors of the novelist's ideological vision
Amoa, Koidio Urbain. "De la parole poétique traditionnelle à l'art des poètes dits de "la deuxième génération" : quelques exemples de poètes des Etats Ouest-africains d'expression française." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30055.
Full textCabakulu, Mwamba. "Exotisme européen dans la littérature africaine de langue française de 1926 à 1977 : les Blancs en Europe vus par les Africains." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120051.
Full textThe african, till now treated by the european as an object of curiosity of ethnological and literary study, rises in turn as an observer and a critique of european society. Using a wide range of african narratives set in europe, real or imaginery, this study proposes to identify and examine the interaction and the causes of conflict and or affinities between the two societies. We will analyse the european as perceived by the african and the destiny that awaits the african in a predominantly european environment. On this perspective the corpus used reveals, on the one hand, the european framework, the climate and the habitat and, on the other, the cultural values representated by the flora and the fauna. Beyond this physical framework, the african writers unmask certain european customs and social practices and also some of the basic characteristics of their mental outlook. Some of these elements of the occidental culture are weighed upon positively and others negatively, the point of reference being african culture and society. This physical, material and moral environment has conditionned the adaptation or the lack of it, of african characters in european society. . . .
Bourlet, Mélanie. "Emergence d'une littérature écrite dans une langue africaine : L'exemple du poulâr (Sénégal/Mauritainie)." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0013.
Full textThe thesis considers the development of a written literature in an African language, focusing on pulaar (Senegal/Mauritania), one of the major dialectal variants of Fulani. The first part treats the interface between political context, linguistic changes and literary writing on the Latin alphabet. It is divided into two parts and (1960-1990s) centred on the appropriation of the languages by scholars seeking to integrate the culture into their nationalist claims. A second period, which extends to the present, witnesses the appearing of new and less politicised writers who, more interested to the status of individuals in a mutating society, appropriated the art of writing while refusing to use it to express ideologies. The second part considers literary creativity, using some sixty texts (mostly prose and poetry) identified during fieldwork in Senegal and Mauritania. Given the wealth of texts obtained and the author’s desire to reveal their riches, the choice was made to focus on prose, and on four novels from already well-known writers belonging to the second literary period: Yero Dooro JALLO, Nidkkiri Joom Moolo (Ndikkiri le Guitariste), 1981 ; Ibraahiima DEM, Sahre Goonga (Le Monde de la Vérité), 1997 ; Saydu Bah, Sammba Jallo. Moni fof et feccere mum (Sammba Jallo. Chacun sa destinée), 2005 ; Mammadu Abdul SEK, Ngayngu Gid’li (L’Amour-Haine), 2004. The appendix contains the detailed summaries of the four novels and a biobibliography of fifteen authors
Mulamba, Watema F. Shabendelo. "L'influence et l'enrichissement de la langue pende (Zaïre) par les mots d'origine étrangère, notamment le français." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040077.
Full textThroughout our work, we have demonstrated the importance of the French language and its influence on the pende language which has enriched itself thanks to the French language through contacts with the Europeans. The concept of "bilinguism" which is presented in our work is considered, not within its psychological incidents but rather as a phenomenon that affects partly or globally a society. In this scientific undertaking, our aim is primarily related to "pedagogical research". This research will mostly be of interest to professors of French in the pende environment. We have provided a reasoning which focuses on factors 'bilinguism" as well as on a polarization of languages: pende and French, in global relationship with semantic domains that are complementary in the acts of communication. A pende individual has no difficulty whatsoever when asked to provide the meaning of such words as cahier=kaye; soldat=suta; territoire=teditwadi; monsieur=mishe; touche=tushe; avion=aviyo; garcon=ngalaso; voiture=vatidi;etc. . . Thus, one easily understands the linkage between consonant and vowel which allows for simple (open)syllables. This process would allow a professor of to give numerous examples when teaching a course on speech in order to cement this speech automation. As in the case for all bantoue languages, the pende people try to assimilate the definite article in French so as to make it an integral part of the word in the pende language. Exemples of such include: l'huile=luidi; l'hopital=lupitalo; l'état=leta; etc. .
Mateoc, Floarea. "Configuration du depaysement dans l'espace litteraire francophone." Artois, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ARTO0002.
Full textTo arrive at a configuration of emigration in the literary, francophone space, we chose authors from different areas, focusing on some representative novels of the French J. M. G. Le Clezio and Michel Torunier, a Belgian writer, Pierre Mertens, one from Luxembourg, Jean Portante, and two Romanians, now French residents, B. Nedelcovici and D. Tepeneag, all illustrative for a thorough study of this phenomenon. Writers were included who had an external perspective on it, and also others who had themselves undergone the experience of emigration. Moreover, these works feature characters from different cultural backgrounds, leading to diverging and converging patterns making up the aforementioned configuration. The question we have considered regards the definition of expatriation and the way(s) it is experienced. The analysis highlights the transformations the heroes undergo, a series of fractures on different levels; even if mostly negative, they are eventually overcome, hence my thesis statement that the phenomenon of emigration implies, concomitantly, gains and losses. Our approach examines, sequentially, the crisis leading to exile, the entailing psychological trauma, the identitarian issue, the cultural experiences and the identification of the positive stages that allow for the surpassing of obstacles. These aspects highlight a common feature: the negative aspect is dominant, especially on a psychological and identitarian level. The positive facet is present only in some works, at the end of the heroes' quest, which allows for a synthesis of these experiences of gains and losses into a configuration so peculiar to an old and yet persistent phenomenon
Nahlovsky-Lett, Anne-Marie. "L'Infra-discours d'une reconstruction de soi : les relais d'écriture romanesque : les écrivaines algériennes de langue française." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR20050.
Full textBehind the game of fiction and the alchemy of a new language, our research aims at defining a mere proceeding of discourse destructuration, together with a restructuration of the person. Our analysis is based on three novels in the Algerian Francophone women's literature of the second part of the twentieth century : "So Vast the prison" by Assia Djebar, "N'zid" by Malika Mokeddem and "Forbidden vision" by Nina Bouraoui. Our first goal is to demonstrate how these three works are linked in the fashion of writing relays, indicating an evolution from one narrative to the other, which reveals, behind words, an immediate subjacent discourse, going along with the story within its own logic. Our next step is to question the functioning of language and the foundations of writing, so as to study, through the prism of psychoanalysis, the secret stratagem of the language games, which brings to light unconscious mechanisms of writing. The scripturary adventure is the revealer of self-building at work and discloses the achievement of progress for the literary, creative, feminine consciousness, thus establishing the Algerian francophone female writer in a new personal and social statute of "the women with a book"
Kouassi, Affoué Virginie. "Etude comparative de la description dans quelques romans realistes francais et quelques romans africains." Paris 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA030049.
Full textWorked out an overall structural perspective, this comparative study is articulate around a double problematic. The study try to show on the one hand the specific way of description's functioning defined as unity opposite to the narration and on the over hand to examine the ability of the same unity to be novels classification operator in cultural eyries
Tacchino, Erica. "Auteures de langue française et anglaise nées après 1940 : Bénin et Nigéria, perspectives socio-littéraires." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE2003.
Full textThis study tries to examine the most original aspects of European and African feminine literature published after 1940. My main objective is to compare and contrast the works of African postcolonial authors (Francophone and Anglophone) with those of western authors and to analyse some specific themes. I consider some little known writers and texts and I relate them in a « horizontal » way (observing South/South similarities in Sub-Saharan Africa) and in a « vertical » way (observing North/South and South-North similarities between Europe and Africa) focussing on some recurrent topics such as the condition of women and children and these writers’ political commitment
Questo studio cerca di esaminare gli aspetti più originali della letteratura femminile africana ed europea apparsa dopo il 1940. Il nostro obiettivo principale è di mettere in relazione le opere di autrici africane postcoloniali (francofone ed anglofone) con quelle di autrici occidentali e di analizzarne alcuni temi specifici. Infatti, compariamo alcune scrittrici ed alcuni testi poco conosciuti in maniera « orizzontale » (osservando legami Sud/Sud nell’Africa Sub-sahariana) ed in maniera « verticale » (osservando legami Nord-Sud e Sud-Nord fra Europa ed Africa) considerando alcune tematiche caratteristiche, come « le condizioni della donna e del bambino» e « l’impegno » in queste autrici
Gourdin, Céline. "Ville et écriture au féminin : Québec et Montréal dans le roman féminin québécois des années soixante à nos jours." Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5d2929be-a191-41cd-a278-78589ddcf308/blobholder:0/2006LIMO2005.pdf.
Full textAmougou, Ndi Stéphane. "La représentation littéraire de la brutalité : le génocide rwandais dans quelques romans africains francophones." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT5038.
Full textThis dissertation takes a new approach to the brutality of the Rwandan genocide through some French-speaking African novels. These novels are a (re)presentation of the cruel Rwandan History. They adopt the forms of a distorted, tortured landscape and try to breathe life into a decrepit world. The first part deals with the context before, during and after the genocide. The observation of the socio-political and economic context has revealed a connection between this fatal conflict and the problematic links of History and memory. The essence of the reports conforms to the fragility and the limits of the ethnic groups' obsessions for identity. Beyond the physical and psychological damage, the texts have foreseen devastating effects on the future generations. The second part of the dissertation is an exploration of the narrative strategies which expose the brutality of this genocide. For a clearer rendering of this apocalyptic world, all the texts show a heterogeneous writing style and a serial-type structure. In this respect, the broad effects of the symbolism of the titles and the tensions that followed in the transmission of the massacres have appeared. Furthermore, the polyphony of the intrigues and their hybrid composition has forcefully invoked the contradictions of the Rwandan society. The text analyses have brought out characters marked by violence and fear in a universe which keeps up confusion. Studying the representation of the brutality of the Rwandan genocide has permitted identifying power as the main responsible for this catastrophe
Leclerc, Jean. "La quête de l'identité antillaise chez les écrivains de la caraïbe anglophone : (1930-1955)." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOL015.
Full textThe thirties were the years of political awakening, the birth of trade-unions in the Caribbean. All this was to lead to Bandoung in 1955. Those were also the years when Claude Mc Kay, Alfred Mendes and Clr James became known as writers. In those years, writers at long last dared to write, to question the established colonial order. Once the political and literary emancipation stage was through, an authentic literature could blossom
Mounziegou-Mombo, Narcice. "Les modalités de l'élaboration romanesque dans la littérature gabonaise. : Lecture des oeuvres de Peter Ndemby et de Chantal Magalie Mbazoo Kassa." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0015/document.
Full textGabonese literary works in general and the novel in particular raise amazement because of their being scarce. The goal of our dissertation has been to improve some aesthetical approaches of the Gabonese novel. It has consisted in turning down the common description of the Gabonese novel as being behind. The aesthetics of the Gabonese novel reveals an identity of isolation. The systems of its setting up result mainly from this aspect. Revealing how the novel has been built up in the Gabonese literature through the writings of Peter Ndemby and Chantal Magalie Mbazoo Kassa means, on the one hand, developing issues of influences in the Gabonese prose and shaping the relationship between text and society. This process helps to uncover a better definition of literariness in Gabon according to the works of Fortunat Obiang Essono. On the other hand, in dealing with the modalities of the Gabonese novel, we have had to develop its literary peculiarity through its mimetic and autistic literariness, and its ‘exiguousness’. From the literary story of Lanson through the sociocriticism of Claude Duchet and Pierre Zima, the Gabonese novel has unveiled peculiarities requiring new approaches, a new conception of literariness in the Gabonese novel
Daaloul, Wided. "Littérature féminine francophone ? : vers une "ego-histoire" : Maghreb, Machreq, Afrique sub-saharienne." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE2032.
Full textIn this research, I investigate the particularities of the contemporary francophone feminine novel from Maghreb, Mashrek and sub-Saharan Africa or France. The corpus I study is composed of feminine and masculine francophone novels written by authors coming from these various areas. I use narratology, socio-criticism, psychoanalysis, psychocristicism and mythocristicism in order to bring out aesthetic and generic characteristics. Through these analytic methods, I analyze the components of the novel: the style, the context, the interiority and the imagination. Based on the examined elements, I establish the poetics of the francophone feminine novel. Some features of this genre of novel refer to “the androgyny of imagination”, “cross-culturality” and “ego-histoire”
Badang, Geneviève. "Les Africains entre cultes ancestraux et christianisme : permanence du dilemme dans la littérature négro-africaine. Le cas de six auteurs francophones." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040240.
Full textThe irruption of Christianism in an already religious ground, the several expressions of the Christian faith in its occidental form, as well as the occidental logical mind, have destabilised the African mentalities. The implantation of the Christianism, with its brutal ways, has surprised and revolted some of the African people. The Christianism has been shown as the only way of salvation. The African man had to choose between his cultural inheritance, and the Christian one. The Christianism was the screen of occidental values. Through this dilemma, the African man was facing the despise of his African traditional believes. It is hard for the African people to live in their African culture and to fulfil the Christian duties. That for their behaviour has been called "syncretism". If the language and the way to behave are the expression of a culture, the African people should deculture themselves to be converted to Christianity ? That is how the first missionaries thought
Kerhali, Wafa. "Joyce Mansour, une vision du monde ou le surréalisme au féminin." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030099.
Full textMy purpose is to shed some new light on the links between surrealist poet Joyce Mansours world and other writers of her generarion in terms of content and form. It’s also to pick out sketches and itinireraies in the way the writing takes form, to find out similar principles and different expressions resulting from each writer’s singularity. These processes are referend to surrealism as esthetic and ethic movement, a dialectic thinking that rejects the separation between the real from the imagimary, and poetry from politics. Two perspectives help to clarify the field and make all kinds of questionnig fly out. The writing, first, how defines a critical and esthetic attitude from the litterary theory, in terms of silence,“ indicidble” and cry. Secondly, a feminine approch that takes into count the specifity of creative womens experience. Here the surrealism offers both a specific and paradoxal field, where it’s structures appear in the most varied forms. We are there fore going to raise questions about some referents and see the ways they are outwitted by that writer
Khateb, Louis. "L'univers romanesque arabophone de Naguib Mahfouz et francophone d’Albert Cossery. : deux écrivains égyptiens de sensibilité différente." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040119.
Full textThis study puts together, and this for the first time, the novels of two writers of a same country and of the same time: namely, Naguib Mahfouz and Albert Cossery. The purpose of this thesis is to show the difference between the two works through links of continuity and discontinuity from the point of view of form, ideology and message. Our research carefully follows the literary production of these two authors which runs for the arabophone one between 1938 and 1988 and between 1941 and 1984 for the second one. For a comparative analysis, this thesis contains five parts. In the first one which has to do with the study of space, places and time, we can see the first difference between these two writers. While Mahfouz marks the physical and cerebral attachment of his characters to Egypt and the town of Cairo, Cossery, with indifference and derision, drifts away from them, expounding that neither place nor time must mark human beings. The second part deals with women, ranging from contempt to fascination, from tradition to modernism. The third one is a research about men's sexuality, between liberty, dissoluteness, modesty and emotion. The fourth one speaks about humour and irony; in the cosserian world of derision this humour sets free his characters but is unable to make mahfouzian characters forget their distress. The fifth one shows man at the same time bound to god and away from him
Sikalumba, J. K. "Milieu social et création littéraire dans les oeuvres romanesques des romanciers africains francophones et anglophones contemporains : essai d'analyse des pratiques littéraires dans les oeuvres romanesques de quelques romanciers d'expressions française et anglaise." Paris 12, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA120001.
Full textThis thesis turns mainly round the theme of social environment and literary creation. Our interest was to study the literary works mainly at three levels, namely : at the levels of causes and consequences of the duality of the way of life which governs the contemporary african society and at the level of narratology. The study of the first encounter between africans and europeans and the infiltration of the african society by the cultural values of the western society through the new school and the church shows similarity between fiction and reality. The social environment plays the role of a catalyst concerning the imagination of each novelist. The study of the problem of the political power reveals the new leaders' individualistic behaviour in the negative sens. Their insatiable craving for power and richness makes them brutal towards their fellow countrymen. The other major preoccupation of the novelists centres around the economic, linguistic and socio-cultural consequences brought about by the duality of the way of life. And if the novelists have as common denominator the borrowing of constructing materials from the social environment, the study has shown that each novelist has his own way of using these materials. It is especially the study of narratology which has revealed the particularity of each novelist's literary practice. In short, each novelist has his own way of creating a literary work