Journal articles: 'ECRL'

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Michael, Stelin Agnes, and Gaddam Vijaya Lakshmi. "A Study of Variations in Radial Wrist Extensors." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 08, no. 02 (April 2019): 071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688901.

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Abstract Background and Aim Supernumerary muscles and tendons from extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) are sometimes encountered during hand surgery. They include accessory muscles like extensor carpi radialis intermedius (ECRI), intertendinous slips (ITS) between the two muscles, or simple birfurcated tendons. Awareness of these variations is crucial for preoperative planning for tendoplasty. This study was conducted with the aim of studying their prevalence since there is limited literature on its variations. Materials and Methods The study was carried out on 80 free upper limbs from the human cadavers, in the Anatomy Department of Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, Kerala. The radial carpal extensors were studied in detail. The length and width of the accessory muscles and tendons were measured. The percentage of different variations was also calculated. Results ITS from ECRL were seen in 20 of the limbs. ECRI was identified in 7 cases. Bifurcated tendon from ECRB was observed in two limbs. Absent ECRB was also noted in a specimen. In one specimen, ECRL and ECRB fused to form a single muscle and tendon, that later split into two for insertion into second and third metacarpal. The proximal attachment of both radial extensors was normal in all cases. Conclusion A total of 37.5% of variations was observed, among which supernumerary tendons accounted for 35%. Knowledge of these variations is essential in planning for tendon grafting and finger deformity correction surgeries.

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Lieber, R. L., B. O. Ljung, and J. Fridén. "Intraoperative sarcomere length measurements reveal differential design of human wrist extensor muscles." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.1.19.

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The design of the wrist extensor muscles was studied using a combination of intraoperative laser diffraction and biomechanical modelling of data obtained from human patients and previously published data. Intraoperatively, the change in sarcomere length per degree joint angle rotation (i.e. dSL/d omega) was measured as the wrist was moved from neutral to full flexion in both the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscles. Sarcomere length change per degree rotation was approximately twice as great for the ECRB compared with the ECRL muscle (9.06 +/- 1.06 versus 4.69 +/- 1.20 nm degree-1, mean +/- S.E.M., N = 7). Muscle fibre length and wrist extensor moment arms were obtained from published data and dSL/d omega calculated. The experimental values for dSL/d omega were extremely close to the calculated values. These data demonstrate that architectural differences between the ECRB and ECRL are accentuated by differences between their wrist extensor moment arms. This differential design may permit the extensor muscles, as a group, to generate high force over a wider range of velocities than would be possible with a single muscle or it may permit conservation of mass such that the two muscles together can generate approximately the same force and excursion as a single muscle but with approximately 30% less mass.

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Beutel, Bryan G., and Eitan Melamed. "Repair of Chronic Concomitant Avulsion Fractures of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 24, no. 01 (February 13, 2019): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835519720044.

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Combined simultaneous radial wrist extensor injuries, namely ipsilateral extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and brevis (ECRB) avulsion fractures, are rare. While non-operative management with cast immobilization has been described, most recommend operative intervention in the acute setting. Surgical repair of chronic injuries, however, has received little attention in the literature. This case describes a 50-year-old male who sustained combined ipsilateral ECRL and ECRB avulsion fractures from the bases of the index and middle metacarpals. Five months after the initial trauma, he underwent surgical repair with lengthening of the tendons using a novel technique and suture anchor fixation. This case demonstrates that successful repair of this rare injury can be achieved with retracted extensor tendons in the chronic setting.

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Matavelli Júnior, Fernando César, Lucas Gobbi, Marcos Paulo Sales dos Santos, Edie Benedito Caetano, Luiz Angelo Vieira, and Renato Alves de Andrade. "TRANSFER OF THE RADIAL NERVE BRANCHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF THE ANTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS NERVE LESION: AN ANATOMICAL STUDY." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 27, no. 6 (November 2019): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220192706226097.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This anatomical study aimed to analyze the possibility of transferring the radial nerve branches destined to the brachioradialis (BR), extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), and supinator (SM) muscles to innervate the AIN. Methods: Ten limbs from five male cadavers were prepared by intra-arterial injection of a solution of 10% glycerol and formalin. Results: The presence of only one branch to the BR muscle was noted in 7 limbs and two branches were noted in three limbs. In two members of a common trunk with branch to the ECRL. In eight cases, we identified one branch for the ERLC and two branches in two cases. We identified only one branch for the ECRB, while in six limbs, two branches were noted, penetrating the muscular body at two different points. We identified at least two branches innervating the supinator muscle. The AIN was detached from the median nerve distal to the intercondylar line of the humerus. In seven limbs, it originated from the nervous fascicles of the posterior region of the median nerve and from the posterolateral fascicles in three limbs. The flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus muscles received more than one branch of the AIN in all limbs. Conclusion: The radial nerve branches for the ECRL, ECRB, and supinator muscles can be transferred directly to the AIN or to one of its branches after intraneural dissection, without tension even in elbow movements. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

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Takagi, Takehiko, Yuka Kobayashi, and Masahiko Watanabe. "Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthroplasty with Dynamic Suspension Sling Using Extensor Carpi Radialis Tendon." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 24, no. 03 (August 23, 2019): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835519500450.

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Background: Despite various treatment methods, complications are reported with ligament reconstruction for thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthropathy, such as proximal migration, dorsal subluxation of the first metacarpal base, and hyperextension of the first CMC joint. The flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon is, in some cases, too thin to maintain suspension on the first metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. We used one-half of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) tendon instead of the FCR tendon, and compared this method with conventional reconstruction using the FCR tendon. Methods: The procedures were performed during 12 thumb CMC arthropathies. One-half of the ECRL tendon was passed and then wrapped around the intact FCR tendon several times for 6 cases (ECRL group). One-half of the FCR tendon was passed for 6 cases (FCR group). On radiography, we compared the thumb to index finger metacarpal angle (M1M2) and the first MCP angle (P1M1) between groups. Grip strength, pinch strength, and DASH score were also evaluated up to 2 years post-surgery. Results: In the ECRL group, M1M2 and P1M1 1 year post-surgery showed significant improvements compared to those before surgery; they showed no significant difference in the FCR group, although they achieved a peak at 3 months post-surgery in both groups. Both groups showed improvements in other parameters from 3 months to 1 year post-surgery. Conclusions: Postoperative progression of hyperextension of the first CMC joint was significantly reduced in the ECRL group. The ECRL tendon is thicker than the FCR tendon. In addition, the insertion site of the ECRL tendon is at the dorsal side of the second metacarpal, and the tendon can extend from the dorsal side to the volar side to stabilize the first metacarpal. Thumb CMC arthroplasty using one-half of the ECRL tendon is a useful reconstruction method.

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Zhang, Wei Qiang, Yu Zhang, and Jian Ping Hu. "P-Type ECRL Circuits for Gate-Leakage Reduction in Nanometer CMOS Processes with Gate Oxide Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1919.

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With the decrease of the power supply voltage, the thickness of the gate oxide has been also scaled down in CMOS technologies using gate oxide materials. The leakage dissipation through the gate oxide is becoming an important component of power consumption in currently used nanometer CMOS processes without metal gate structure. Base on the fact that PMOS transistors have an order of magnitude smaller gate leakage than NMOS ones, this paper propose a P-type efficient charge recovery logic (P-ECRL) to reduce leakage dissipations in nanometer CMOS processes with gate oxide materials. For an example, a J-K flip-flop and a mode-10 counter using four-phase P-ECRL circuits are verified. All circuits are simulated using 90nm and 45nm CMOS processes with gate oxide materials. The proposed P-ECRL circuits show significant improvement in terms of power consumption over the traditional N-type ECRL counterparts.

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Suguna, T., and M. Janaki Rani. "Analysis of Adiabatic Hybrid Full Adder and 32-Bit Adders for Portable Mobile Applications." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 14, no. 05 (April 7, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i05.13343.

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In VLSI, power optimization is the main criteria for all the portable mobile applications and developments because of its impact on system performance. The performance of an adder has significant impact on overall performance of a digital system. Adiabatic logic (AL), a new emerging research domain for optimizing the power in VLSI circuits with high switching activity is discussed, in this paper, for implementing the adder circuits. Various adiabatic logic styles full adder designs are reviewed and multiplexer based hybrid full adder topology is designed and implemented with ECRL and 2PASCL AL styles. Moreover in this paper, 32 bit adders such as Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), Carry Select Adder (CSLA), Carry Save Adder (CSA), Carry Skip Adder (CSKA) and Brent Kung Adder (BKA) are realised using proposed ECRL and 2PASCL adiabatic full adders. All the adders are implemented and simulated using TANNER EDA tool 22nm technology, parameters like power, area, delay and power delay product (PDP) of all the adders are observed at different operating frequencies, with supply voltage of 0.95 v and load capacitance of 0.5 pF. The observed parameters are compared with the existing adiabatic full adder designs and concluded that the proposed adiabatic full adders have the advantages of less power, delay and transistor count. In conclusion ECRL full adder is 31% faster, has equal PDP and less area than 2PASCL full adder. At 1000MHz ECRL 32 bit carry save adder is having less delay among all the 32 bit adder and 65% less PDP than 2PASCL adder and it is concluded that ECRL 32 bit carry save adder can be selected for implementation of circuits that can be used in portable mobile applications.

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BAEK, G. H., J. M. JUNG, W. J. YOO, and M. S. CHUNG. "Transfer of Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus or Brevis for Opponensplasty." Journal of Hand Surgery 24, no. 1 (February 1999): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(99)90027-x.

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For the restoration of thumb opposition many types of tendon transfer techniques have been described. The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) of the ring finger is commonly selected as a motor. On occasion, however, the quality of the flexor muscles of the fingers or wrist is not good enough for tendon transfer and another available muscle must be selected. In this situation, we have preferred to use an extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) or brevis (ECRB) transfer to restore opposition of the thumb. Follow-up examination, at an average 5 years and 10 months after operation, showed that the results of ten of 11 transfers were excellent and the other was good.

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Aslantürk, Okan, Kadir Ertem, Emre Ergen, and Muhammed Köroğlu. "Extensor carpi radialis longus tendon ball interposition arthroplasty for treatment of late-stage Kienböck’s disease: Short-term results of a novel technique." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 230949901880251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499018802514.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term clinical and radiological results of extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) tendon ball arthroplasty for treatment of late-stage Kienböck’s disease. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of 19 patients suffering from Kienböck’s treated with ECRL tendon ball arthroplasty between December 2014 and December 2016. Patients’ clinical functions were assessed using grip strength, range of motion (ROM) of the wrist, QuickDASH, Mayo wrist score, and visual analog scale score. Radiological examination was performed to assess carpal height ratio and progression of arthritis. Results: The median follow-up was 30 months (range, 12–36 months). At final follow-up, ROM of operated wrist was 71% of the nonoperated side. Thirteen (86.6%) patients were pain free. Carpal height ratio was statistically significantly reduced compared with preoperative values. All patients declared their satisfaction with the results due to their preoperative status. Conclusions: ECRL tendon ball arthroplasty is a new and good option for treatment of late-stage Kienböck’s disease with low complication rate.

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Stone, Andrew, Zuhaib Shahid, Sujit Agarwal, and Tanaya Sarkhel. "Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Tenodesis Using a Biotenodesis Screw for Treatment of Symptomatic Geissler 2 Scapholunate Dissociation." Journal of Hand and Microsurgery 11, S 01 (May 19, 2019): S53—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1683943.

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AbstractTreatment of scapholunate dissociation (SLD) depends on the degree of injury. We present our technique of extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) tenodesis for Geissler grade 2 SLD and our preliminary results. After arthroscopic confirmation of Geissler grade 2 SLD, we use a single incision and a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) anchor, attaching half of the ECRL tendon to the scaphoid. Preliminary results include improvements in QDASH, QDASH (work) and QDASH (sports/music), a median satisfaction level of 4/5 (satisfied), and a low complication rate. Our method is a safe, reproducible, and effective treatment of symptomatic Geissler grade 2 SLD that has failed nonoperative management, with technical advantages over alternative methods in the literature.

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Ng, K. W., and K. T. Lau. "ECRL-based low power flip-flop design." Microelectronics Journal 31, no. 5 (May 2000): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2692(00)00006-9.

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Bergsma, Minke, Jemara Board, Job N. Doornberg, Inger Sierevelt, Mark Rickman, Ruurd L. Jaarsma, and Miryam C. Obdeijn. "MRI Study on the Distance between the Distal Radius and the Flexor and Extensor Tendons: Is There Any Room for Error/Hardware?" Journal of Wrist Surgery 08, no. 06 (July 26, 2019): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693053.

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Abstract Purpose This study aims to quantify the distances between the cortex of the distal radius and flexor and extensor tendons. Methods We analyzed 50 magnetic resonance images (MRI) of intact wrist without pathology. The distances between the volar cortex and the flexor pollicis longs (FPL), index flexor digitorum profunduns (FDPi), flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) were measured at the level of the watershed line and 3- and 6-mm proximal to this level. The distances between the dorsal cortex and the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), extensor pollicis longus (EPL), extensor indicis proprius (EIP), and the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) were measured at the level of Lister's tubercle and 5-mm distal to this level. Analysis was descriptive. Results At the watershed line, the FPL, FDPi, FDP, and FDS were located at an average of 3.1, 2.4, 3.6, and 5.1 mm, respectively, volar to the volar cortex. The distances of the FDP and FDS increased at 3-mm proximal to the watershed line and increased for all four tendons at 6-mm proximal to the watershed line. Dorsally, at Listers' tubercle the ECRL, ECRB, EPL, EIP, and EDC were identified at an average of 0.7, 0.5, 0.5, 2.6, and 3.2 mm, respectively, dorsal to the dorsal cortex of the distal radius. At 5-mm more distal, these tendons were located on average 1.2, 1.0, 0.7, 1.9, and 1.8 mm, respectively, dorsal to the dorsal cortex. Conclusion On the volar side, on average there is enough room for a volar plate when staying proximal to the watershed line. On the dorsal side, there is virtually no room for protruding screws as physical anatomical space is limited to a maximum of 0.7 mm from cortex to the closest tendon (the FDP), with screw increments being 2 mm. Level of Evidence This is a Level II Study.

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Lieber, R. L., and J. Fride´n. "Intraoperative Measurement and Biomechanical Modeling of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris-to-Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Tendon Transfer." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 119, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2798283.

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Sarcomere length was measured intraoperatively in five patients undergoing tendon transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) to the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) for radial nerve palsy. All measurements were made with the elbow in 20 deg of flexion. Prior to tendon transfer, FCU sarcomere length ranged from 2.84 ±. 12 μm (mean ± SEM) with the wrist flexed to 4.16 ± .15 μm with the wrist extended. After transfer into the ECRL tendon, sarcomere length ranged from 4.82 ± .11 μm with the wrist flexed (the new longest position of the FCU) to 3.20 ± .09 μm with the wrist extended, resulting in a shift in the sarcomere length operating range to significantly longer sarcomere lengths (p < 0.001). At these longer sarcomere lengths, the FCU muscle was predicted to develop high active tension only when the wrist was highly extended. A biomechanical model of this tendon transfer was generated using normative values obtained from previous studies of muscle architectural properties, tendon compliance, and joint moment arms. Predicted sarcomere lengths pre- and post-tendon transfer agreed well with intraoperative experimental measurements. The theoretical wrist extension moment-wrist joint angle relationship was also calculated for a variety of values of FCU muscle length. These different lengths represented the different conditions under which the FCU could be sutured into the ECRL tendon. Variation in FCU muscle length over the range 200 mm to 260 mm resulted in large changes in absolute peak moment produced as well as the angular dependence of peak moment. This was due to the change in the region of FCU operation on its sarcomere length-tension curve relative to the magnitude of the ECRL moment arm. These data demonstrate the sensitivity of a short-fibered muscle such as the FCU to affect the functional outcome of surgery. In addition, we demonstrated that intraoperative sarcomere length measurements, combined with biomechanical modeling provide the surgeon with a powerful method for predicting the functional effect of tendon transfer surgery.

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Salva-Coll, G., M. Garcia-Elias, M. T. Leon-Lopez, M. Llusa-Perez, and A. Rodríguez-Baeza. "Effects of forearm muscles on carpal stability." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 36, no. 7 (May 18, 2011): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193411407671.

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Thirty cadaveric forearms were tested using a wrist testing apparatus specifically designed to investigate the mechanisms of muscle stabilization of the wrist. The specimens were set in a jig allowing the distal row to migrate proximally and to rotate around the pronosupination forearm axis. Five wrist motor tendons (FCR, FCU, ECU, ECRL and APL) were loaded with specific weights. Reactive rotations of the scaphoid, triquetrum and capitate were measured by an electromagnetic motion tracking device. When all five tendons were loaded simultaneously, the capitate supinated and the proximal row predominantly supinated and flexed. By contrast, when the ECU was loaded in isolation, it caused pronation to both proximal and distal rows. The FCR exhibited a mixed effect pronating the capitate and triquetrum, whilst supinating the scaphoid. Based on this, a hypothesis is proposed linking wrist stability to the balance of wrist pronators (ECU and FCR) and supinators (FCU, ECRL and APL).

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Doménech-García, Víctor, Thorvalur S. Palsson, Shellie A. Boudreau, Pablo Bellosta-López, Pablo Herrero, and Thomas Graven-Nielsen. "Healthy Pain-Free Individuals with a History of Distal Radius Fracture Demonstrate an Expanded Distribution of Experimental Referred Pain Toward the Wrist." Pain Medicine 21, no. 11 (September 11, 2020): 2850–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa228.

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Abstract Objective Nociception caused by injuries may sensitize central mechanisms causing expanded pain areas. After recovery, the status of such pain distribution and sensitivity mechanisms is unknown. The present study investigated whether individuals who have fully recovered from a distal radius fracture demonstrate increased pain sensitivity and expanded distribution of pressure-induced pain. Design Cross-sectional single-blinded study. Setting Clinical setting. Subjects Twenty-three pain-free individuals with a history of painful distal radius fracture and 22 nonfractured, age/gender-matched controls participated in two experimental sessions (day 0, day 1) 24 hours apart. Methods Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were recorded bilaterally at the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), infraspinatus, and gastrocnemius muscles. Spatial distribution of pain was assessed following 60-second painful pressure stimulation at the ECRL (bilateral) and the infraspinatus muscles on the fractured or dominant side. Participants drew pain areas on a body map. After day 0 assessments, prolonged pain was induced by eccentric exercise of wrist extensors on the fractured/dominant side. Results Compared with controls, pressure-induced ECRL pain in the fracture group referred more frequently toward the distal forearm (P < 0.005) on day 0. Both groups showed larger pain areas on day 1 compared with day 0 (P < 0.005), although the fracture group showed a larger relative change between days (P < 0.005). The fracture group showed larger pain areas on the fracture side compared with the contralateral side on both days (P < 0.005). Conclusions Prolonged pain and recovered prior painful injuries like fractures may sensitize pain mechanisms manifested as expanded pain distribution. Pressure-induced referred pain can be a simple pain biomarker for clinical use.

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Anitha, K., and R. Jayachira. "Design and Analysis of CMOS and Adiabatic 1:16 Multiplexer and 16:1 Demultiplexer." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 5, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v5.i1.pp8-17.

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Conventional CMOS is compared with two adiabatic logic styles namely Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) and Improved Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (IECCRL). A 16:1 multiplexer and 1:16 demultiplexer using these design techniques are designed and results are compared based on their minimum/maximum power consumption and transistor count. The proposed schematics multiplexer and demultiplexer are simulated using Microwind2 and DSCH2 software.

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De Luca, Carlo J., and Zeynep Erim. "Common Drive in Motor Units of a Synergistic Muscle Pair." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 2200–2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00793.2001.

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The interaction among the motor units of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) muscles in man was studied during wrist extensions in which the two muscles acted as synergists. Intramuscular recordings were obtained using special quadrifilar needle electrodes. Isometric wrist extensions at 20–30% of the maximal effort were studied. The electromyographic (EMG) signals were decomposed into the individual motor-unit action potential trains comprising the signal. The interaction among motor units were characterized by the estimated time-varying mean firing rate and the cross-correlation between the time-varying mean firing rates of pairs of motor units. Pairs of motor units within each muscle as well as pairs of motor units across the muscles were considered. In-phase common fluctuations, termed common drive, were observed in the mean firing rates of motor units within each muscle, consistent with earlier work on other muscles. Common fluctuations were also observed between the firing rates of ECU and ECRL motor units albeit with a variable phase shift. The existence of common drive across synergistic muscles was interpreted as implying that the CNS considers the muscles as a functional unit when they act as synergists.

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Shin, Youngjoon, Chanho Lee, and Yong Moon. "A Low Power 16-bit RISC Microprocessor Using ECRL Circuits." ETRI Journal 26, no. 6 (December 9, 2004): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.04.0804.0003.

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Yang, Minghui, and Yu Xie. "Spatial Pattern Change and Ecosystem Service Value Dynamics of Ecological and Non-Ecological Redline Areas in Nanjing, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 4224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084224.

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Ecological conservation red line (ECRL) is gaining increasing academic attention as delimiting the minimum space scope of ecological protection and the bottom line of ecological security. Taking Nanjing as a case study, we divided the territory into ecological and non-ecological redline areas (ERAs and NERAs, respectively). This paper highlights two key research issues based on the 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018 annual remote sensing data: (i) quantitative analysis of the Ecological Redline Policy (ERP) validity by conducting a horizontal comparison of the ERAs and NERAs; and (ii) exploration of the land-use transitions and spatial pattern changes affecting ecosystem service value (ESV). Results showed that delineating ECRL could effectively slow down the decline rate of ESV. The trend of eco-quality deterioration was greater than eco-quality improvement in Nanjing, presenting an ESV that declined slightly in the whole. According to our findings, we suggest that reasonably increasing eco-lands (woodland and water area) and decreasing construction land will enhance the regional ESV. Meanwhile, promoting the transition from production space to ecological space and depressing the encroachment of living space on other space types, will be instrumental in mitigating the ESV decline. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable implications for spatial planning and sustainable development in Nanjing.

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Shi, Jian Ying, Hui Ya Li, and Yan Bin Xu. "Design of the Approved Low Power Energy Recovery Logic Circuit." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.851.

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An approved energy recovery logic circuit (AERL) was designed in this paper. In order to further reduce the power consumption of energy recovery logic circuits, the NMOS transmission gate and NMOS bootstrap technique ware used. The characteristics of the AERL circuit ware simulated using 0.5 micrometer BSIM3V3 spice models in HSPICE. The results show that the AERL circuit has much lower power consumption compared with PT-BCRL, BERL, ECRL and 2N2N-2P logic.

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Martínez-Martínez, Francisco, Alberto Giménez-Ros, Vicente J. León-Muñoz, and Fernando Santonja-Medina. "Reconstruction of the Distal Oblique Bundle of the Interosseous Membrane with Extensor Carpi Radialis Hemitendon: A New Minimally-Invasive Technique." Revista Iberoamericana de Cirugía de la Mano 48, no. 02 (November 2020): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1719013.

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AbstractThe main stabilizing element of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). Secondary stabilizers include the distal oblique band (DOB), which is inconsistently found. When TFCC repair has failed or cannot be performed, DOB reconstruction is a therapeutic option. Even though distal radioulnar ligamentoplasty remains the technique of choice, recent papers show similar outcomes from both methods. We present two cases of successful DOB repair with the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) hemitendon.

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Yeoh, Emile Kok-Kheng. "Between Scylla and Charybdis? Emerging New Malaysia and Its Enigmatic Relations with China." Bandung 7, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 209–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21983534-00702004.

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Abstract This article traces the evolution of China-Malaysia relations under National Front Prime Minister Najib Razak and the Alliance of Hope Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. While the Belt and Road Initiative (bri) strengthened Beijing’s support of Najib’s kleptocratic regime in Malaysia, the 2018 general elections brought the anti-graft Alliance of Hope coalition led by Mahathir into power. Under Mahathir’s leadership, Malaysia cancelled several large-scale infrastructural projects like the East Coast Rail Link (ecrl), owing to their links with Najib’s 1mdb scandal and the unfavorable terms of the bri which put Malaysia severely in China’s debt. Although this curtailed Beijing’s use of Malaysia as a pawn in its goals in the region, it alienated some of the new Alliance of Hope’s supporters and saw the loss of much Chinese investment. However, Malaysia had already been caught in the bri’s web and Mahathir had to mend fences with Beijing by renegotiating better deals and redefining Malaysia’s relations with China. As Malaysia is geopolitically strategic to China’s extension of influence in Southeast Asia, Beijing willingly cut the ecrl cost by a third. It is in such context and with due consideration of the changing developments in the Alliance of Hope’s perception of Malaysia’s relations with China that this article will explore the enigmatic nature of China-Malaysia relations as the latter strives to protect its sovereignty against Chinese influence and Beijing continues to press its charm offensive through the bri.

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Necking, Lars Eric, and Oddvar Eiken. "Ecrl-Strip Platy for Metacarpal Base Fixation after Excision of the Trapezium." Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 20, no. 2 (January 1986): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02844318609006324.

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Chauhan, Prerna, and Bal Krishan. "Design and Analysis of Various Gates using Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL)." International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsip.2017.10.11.01.

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Hou, Wensheng, Xiaolin Zheng, Yingtao Jiang, Jun Zheng, Chenglin Peng, and Rong Xu. "A STUDY OF MODELS FOR HANDGRIP FORCE PREDICTION FROM SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF EXTENSOR MUSCLE." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 21, no. 02 (April 2009): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237209001131.

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Force production involves the coordination of multiple muscles, and the produced force levels can be attributed to the electrophysiology activities of those related muscles. This study is designed to explore the activity modes of extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) using surface electromyography (sEMG) at the presence of different handgrip force levels. We attempt to compare the performance of both the linear and nonlinear models for estimating handgrip forces. To achieve this goal, a pseudo-random sequence of handgrip tasks with well controlled force ranges is defined for calibration. Eight subjects (all university students, five males, and three females) have been recruited to conduct both calibration and voluntary trials. In each trial, sEMG signals have been acquired and preprocessed with Root–Mean–Square (RMS) method. The preprocessed signals are then normalized with amplitude value of Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC)-related sEMG. With the sEMG data from calibration trials, three models, Linear, Power, and Logarithmic, are developed to correlate the handgrip force output with the sEMG activities of ECRL. These three models are subsequently employed to estimate the handgrip force production of voluntary trials. For different models, the Root–Mean–Square–Errors (RMSEs) of the estimated force output for all the voluntary trials are statistically compared in different force ranges. The results show that the three models have different performance in different force ranges. Linear model is suitable for moderate force level (30%–50% MVC), whereas a nonlinear model is more accurate in the weak force level (Power model, 10%–30% MVC) or the strong force level (Logarithmic model, 50%–80% MVC).

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Teichmann, P., C. Friederich, and D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. "Pushing energy savings in adiabatic logic by carbon-nanotube field effect transistors." Advances in Radio Science 9 (August 1, 2011): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-215-2011.

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Abstract. For the first time carbon nanotube (CNT) transistor based adiabatic logic (AL) was analyzed in this work and compared to CNT based static CMOS (CCNT). Static CCNT inverters are used as a reference and compared to inverters in the AL families Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) and Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL) in terms of energy dissipation. Energy savings by adiabatic logic in dependence of operating frequency, supply voltage and number of nanotubes per transistor are reviewed. It is shown that CNT based AL circuits provide high energy saving factors even for high frequencies compared to CNT based static CMOS circuits.

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Kerver, A. L. A., L. Carati, P. H. C. Eilers, A. C. Langezaal, G. J. Kleinrensink, and E. T. Walbeehm. "An anatomical study of the ECRL and ECRB: Feasibility of developing a preoperative test for evaluating the strength of the individual wrist extensors." Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 66, no. 4 (April 2013): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2012.12.015.

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Clark, D., R. Amirfeyz, P. McCann, and R. Bhatia. "EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS AVULSION: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE REPORT." Hand Surgery 13, no. 03 (January 2008): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810408004067.

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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) avulsion is a rare injury which follows resisted wrist hyperflexion. Treatment of this condition with open reduction and internal fixation is not previously described in the literature, and treatment with plaster immobilisation or k-wire fixation requires a prolonged period of immobilisation. We believe that open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures with early mobilisation will result in the best possible wrist function. We describe a sign to raise the index of suspicion for this injury: a palpable bone lump on the dorsum of the hand in the presence of wrist extensor pain or weakness after wrist hyperflexion injury is a sign of wrist extensor avulsion.

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29

Sravani, M. Venkata, and D. Haripriya. "Design and Implementation of Ecrl and Sqal Logic Based Low Leakage Power Full Adders." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 8, no. 4 (2017): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00524.1.

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30

Sekhawat, Kuldeep Singh, and Gajendra Sujediya. "Design and Analysis of RCA and CLA using CMOS, GDI, TG and ECRL Technology." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 11 (2017): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.4.11.19.

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31

Fusetti, C., M. Papaloizos, H. Meyer, N. Borisch, and D. Della Santa. "The ECRL bone-tendon ligamentoplasty for chronic ulnar instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb." Chirurgie de la Main 24, no. 5 (October 2005): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.main.2005.08.003.

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32

Alnaif, N., S. Alrobaiea, Alain J. Azzi, S. Thibaudeau, and M. H. Martin. "Diagnosis of isolated extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) tendon avulsion fracture using ultrasound: a paradigm shift." Skeletal Radiology 47, no. 9 (March 7, 2018): 1289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-018-2901-0.

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33

Berger, Richard A., William F. Blair, and James G. Andrews. "Resultant forces and angles of twist about the wrist after the ecrl to ecu tendon transfer." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 6, no. 3 (May 1988): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100060316.

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34

Lefebvre, Rachel, Jessica Intravia, Lisa Cao, Alidad Ghiassi, and Milan Stevanovic. "Bridge Plate Failure with Extensor Tendon Injury: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2018 (October 29, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3256891.

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Background. Dorsal spanning plate fixation is an increasingly popular method of fixation for certain distal radius fractures. Published outcomes are encouraging, but complications are still reported. Methods. We present a case report of a 26-year-old woman with spanning plate breakage and extensor pollicis longus (EPL) metallosis, fraying, and near-complete rupture. The patient’s unsuccessful follow-up led to this complication. Metallosis and damage to the extensor indices (EI) and distal extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) were intraoperative obstacles for tendon transfer to restore EPL function. Results. Tendon transfer in the setting of bridge plate failure has not yet been described in the literature. There are reports of spanning plate failure indicating that breakage often happens through the plate’s holes and after fracture healing. Conclusions. The compounded complication of plate failure with extensor tendon injury emphasizes the important relationship between the local anatomy, barriers to patient care, and potential problems after spanning plate fixation.

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Heitzmann, Wolfram, and Jörg van Schoonhoven. "ECRL Suspension as a Revision Procedure in Failed Resection Arthroplasty of the First Carpometacarpal (CMC-I) Joint." HAND 11, no. 1_suppl (September 2016): 4S—5S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944716660555g.

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36

Jennifer Judy, D., and V. S. Kanchana Bhaaskaran. "Ultra Low Power, High Performance Negative Edge Triggered ECRL Energy Recovery Sequential Elements with Power Clock Gating." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7, no. 16 (April 25, 2014): 3312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.7.676.

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37

Karalezli, Nazım, Aysun Uz, Ali Fırat Esmer, Mehmet Demirtaş, Arzu Gül Taşcı, Harun Kütahya, and Gürhan Ulusoy. "Tendon Interposition and Ligament Reconstruction with ECRL Tendon in the Late Stages of Kienböck’s Disease: A Cadaver Study." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/416246.

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Background. The optimal surgical treatment for Kienböck’s disease with stages IIIB and IV remains controversial. A cadaver study was carried out to evaluate the use of coiled extensor carpi radialis longus tendon for tendon interposition and a strip obtained from the same tendon for ligament reconstruction in the late stages of Kienböck’s disease.Methods.Coiled extensor carpi radialis longus tendon was used to fill the cavity of the excised lunate, and a strip obtained from this tendon was sutured onto itself after passing through the scaphoid and the triquetrum acting as a ligament to preserve proximal row integrity. Biomechanical tests were carried out in order to evaluate this new ligamentous reconstruction.Results. It was biomechanically confirmed that the procedure was effective against axial compression and distributed the upcoming mechanical stress to the distal row.Conclusion. Extensor carpi radialis longus tendon has not been used for tendon interposition and ligament reconstruction in the treatment of this disease before. In view of the biomechanical data, the procedure seems to be effective for the stabilization of scaphoid and carpal bones.

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38

Kurosawa, Kenji, Takashi Watanabe, Ryoko Futami, Nozomu Hoshimiya, and Yasunobu Handa. "Development of a closed-loop fes system using a 3-d magnetic position and orientation measurement system." Journal of Automatic Control 12, no. 1 (2002): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jac0201023k.

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We have developed a closed-loop FES system using a magnetic 3-D position and orientation measurement system (FASTRAK, Polhemus Inc). The purpose of this development was to resolve some experimental difficulties involved in our previous goniometer-based experimental system. The new system enabled us to perform FES control experiments on the multi-joint musculoskeletal system of the upper limbs including forearm pronation/supination. In this paper, we evaluated the system by some single-joint tracking tasks in order to compare its control performance with that of the previous system. Four muscles (ECRL(B), ECU, FCR, and FCU) of neurologically intact subjects were stimulated to control the wrist joint's two degrees of freedom movement. Stimulation currents were determined by a multi-channel PID controller that was designed for a musculoskeletal system with redundancy (i.e. the number of muscles stimulated is more than that of the degree-of-freedom of the movement). The results showed that the system had sufficient control performance on tracking desired trajectories. Moreover, the system could compensate for unwanted external disturbances.

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39

Zhou, Li, Min Nian, Jun Gu, and David M. Irwin. "Intron 1 sequences are required for pancreatic expression of the human proglucagon gene." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 290, no. 3 (March 2006): R634—R641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00596.2005.

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The mammalian proglucagon gene is expressed in pancreatic islet A-cells, intestinal L-cells, and select neurons of the brain, where posttranslational processing results in the liberation of a unique profile of peptides. Despite the importance of proglucagon-derived peptides in human biology, little is known about the regulation of the human gene, as the rat gene has been the preferred model for understanding the regulation of proglucagon gene expression. Previously, we have shown that although the immediate promoter region of the rat proglucagon gene is sufficient for expression in pancreatic islet cells, the homologous human proglucagon promoter sequences are not sufficient. We have now used a comparative genomic approach to identify noncoding sequences near the human proglucagon gene that are conserved among mammals, and thus potentially are regulatory sequences. Our alignments identified three evolutionarily conserved noncoding regions (ECR), one is the immediate promoter region (ECR1), the second is about 5 kb 5′ to the mRNA start site (ECR2), and the third is near the 3′ end of the first intron (ECR3). Our in vitro transient transfection assays with reporter gene constructs that include the human ECR3 support expression in rodent islet cell lines. Complementary studies with transgenic mice possessing a reporter gene regulated by a human proglucagon gene promoter-intron 1 (including ECR3) sequences express the reporter gene in the pancreas, as well as the intestine and selected neurons. These studies suggest that conserved sequences within intron 1 of the human proglucagon gene are important for expression in the pancreas.

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40

Fujii, Hiromasa, Kanya Honoki, Hiroshi Yajima, Akira Kido, Yasunori Kobata, Daisuke Kaji, and Yoshinori Takakura. "Epithelioid Sarcoma of the Forearm Arising from Perineural Sheath of Median Nerve Mimicking Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Sarcoma 2009 (2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/595391.

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We report here a case of epithelioid sarcoma in the forearm of a 33-year-old male presenting with symptoms and signs of carpal tunnel syndrome originating from the direct involvement of the median nerve. Due to the slow growing of the tumor, the patient noticed the presence of tumor mass in his forearm after several months from the initial onset of the symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an8×4 cm mass involving the median nerve in the middle part of the forearm, and histological analysis of the biopsy specimen revealed the diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma. Radical surgical resection was performed in conjunction with adjuvant chemotherapy. The function of the flexors were restored by the multiple tendon transfers (EIP→FDS;ECRL→FDP;BrR→FPL;EDM→opponens) with superficial cutaneous branch of radial nerve transfer to the resected median nerve. The function of the affected hand showed excellent with the DASH disability/symptom score of 22.5, and both the grasp power and sensory of the median nerve area has recovered up to 50% of the normal side. The patient returned to his original vocation and alive with continuous disease free at 3.5-year follow-up since initial treatment.

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Et. al., Srilakshmi Kaza,. "Performance Analysis of Adiabatic Vedic Multipliers." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 11, 2021): 1429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.2039.

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Energy dissipation and reliability are the two important design constraints in the high performance processor design. With the advancements in the IC manufacturing and reduced feature sizes the energy dissipation increases in exponential manner at the lower technology nodes. So, there is a need to design energy-efficient and reliable circuits and systems. The reliability with temperature is also one of the major challenges in today’s smart systems as they are operated in harsh environments. Most of the works till date analyzed the reliability with respect to DC constraints. The basic operation in the high performance Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is the multiplication is used to simplify various operations like convolution, filtering and correlation. In this work, a Vedic multiplier with 4x4 size is implemented with FinFET based energy recovery Modified PFAL (MPFAL) logic at 45 nm technology node. The designed multiplier performance is analyzed and compared with our earlier work in terms of energy dissipation and delay. The results indicate a reduction of 55% in energy dissipation over ECRL based Vedic multiplier. Linear variation of power dissipation with temperature in the order of pW shows that design MPFAL Vedic muliplier is more reliable compared to CMOS multiplier.

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42

Bargagli-Stoffi, A., E. Amirante, J. Fischer, G. Iannaccone, and D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. "Resonant 90 degree shifter generator for 4-phase trapezoidal adiabatic logic." Advances in Radio Science 1 (May 5, 2003): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-1-243-2003.

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Abstract. Many adiabatic logic families make use of multi phase trapezoidal or sinusoidal power clocks to recover the energy stored in the load capacitances. A key aspect for the evaluation of the performance of adiabatic logic is then the study of a system that includes the power clock generator. A four-phase trapezoidal power clock generator, according to the requirements of the most promising architectures, namely the ECRL and PFAL, has been designed and simulated. The proposed circuit, realized with a double-well 0.25 µm CMOS technology and external inductors, is a resonant generator designed to oscillate at a frequency of 7 MHz, which is within the optimum frequency range for adiabatic circuits realized with this CMOS technology. The generator has been simulated with the equivalent load of fifty 1-bit adders and the operating behavior of a 4-bit adder has been evaluated. The key aspects of a generator for adiabatic logic are its power consumption and the phase relationships between its output signals. The proposed generator has a conversion efficiency higher than 80%, and it is robust with respect to variations of technology parameters. The four power supplies exhibit the correct relationship of phase also in the presence of no equally distributed loads.

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43

Bhardwaj, Praveen, Harshil Parekh, Hari Venkatramani, and S. Raja Sabapathy. "SURGICAL CORRECTION OF ULNAR DEVIATION DEFORMITY OF THE WRIST IN PATIENTS WITH BIRTH BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY SEQUELAE." Hand Surgery 20, no. 01 (January 2015): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810415970011.

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Ulnar deviation deformity of the wrist in patients with birth brachial plexus palsy is an important cosmetic concern among the patients and their relatives; especially in the patients who have recovered the basic limb functions. Though there is ample literature available regarding the management of the shoulder deformity there is paucity of literature regarding management of wrist ulnar deviation deformity. We report our experience with correction of this deformity in five cases with isolated ulnar deviation deformity without forearm rotational deformity or weakness of the wrist muscles. All the patients underwent extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) to extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) tendon transfer. At a minimum of 18 months follow-up all the patients and their families were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance of the limb. Correction of the deformity improves the appearance of the limb, improves self-confidence of the child, and allows them to integrate well into the society. Interestingly, the patients expressed improvement in their grip strength and overall hand function after this surgery. The notable functions which improved were easy reach of the hand-to-mouth for feeding and easy handling of the things requiring bimanual activities. Although the main aim of this operation was to correct the appearance of the hand it was found to be also functionally useful by the patients and hence we are encouraged to report it for wider use. The results were maintained during the follow-up period of as long as 47 months.

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Campana, Kathleen. "Moving from ECRR to ECRS: Getting Every Child Ready for School." Children and Libraries 16, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/cal.16.4.37.

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Have you ever wondered how well your storytimes and other programs are preparing children for school by providing the skills they need to enter school ready to learn? You are probably using the five practices from Every Child Ready to Read 2 (ECRR)—talking, singing, reading, playing, and writing—to support children’s literacy learning, but are you using them to support other types of learning?

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Spies, CK. "Reisebericht CK Spies – ASSH International Traveling Fellowship 2018." Handchirurgie · Mikrochirurgie · Plastische Chirurgie 50, no. 05 (September 2018): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0752-7118.

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Es ist mir eine außerordentliche Freude und Ehre über mein ASSH (American Society for Surgery of the Hand) Reisestipendium, das von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Handchirurgie gefördert wurde, zu berichten. Im Rahmen des akademischen weltweiten Austausches erlässt die amerikanische Gesellschaft die Kongressgebühren für den jährlichen Handchirurgenkongress und organisiert Hospitationen, sog. „Observerships“, verteilt über die Vereinigten Staaten in renommierten Abteilungen, die sich auf die Hand spezialisiert haben. Man konnte sich im Vorfeld eine Reiseroute wünschen. Es gab sieben Gruppen mit i. d. R. drei Stipendiaten. Meine Wunschkliniken wurden mir zu meiner Freude zugewiesen. Danach erfolgte die Korrespondenz mit den jeweiligen Institutionen, um die Aufenthalte gründlich zu planen. Man bekam stapelweise Unterlagen zu Datenschutzerklärungen, Verhaltensregeln usw. zugeschickt, die unterschrieben werden mussten. Der Impfschutznachweis war ebenfalls obligatorisch. Dies bedurfte einiger Mühe und Planung, da auch ein TBC-Status mit dem Quantiferon-Test vorgelegt werden musste. Nachdem alles organisiert war, startete der Flieger am fünften September vom Frankfurter Flughafen Richtung Ann Arbor, Michigan. Am folgenden Tag sollten wir uns um 6:30 Uhr am Haupteingang einfinden, wo wir unseren Ausweis mit Lichtbild bekamen. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt traf ich meine Mitreisenden, eine Kollegin aus Spanien und einen Kollegen aus Südkorea, zum ersten Mal. Zusammen ging es dann mit einem Fellow (Arzt in der Weiterbildung zum Handchirurgen und bereits Facharzt für Orthopädie bzw. plastische Chirurgie) zur sog. „Grand Round“ von 7:00 Uhr bis 8:00 Uhr. Ein Forum, in dem Forschergruppen ihre Projekte vor Investoren vorstellen dürfen. Ziel dieses Symposiums ist die Einwerbung von Drittmittel bzw. Planung eines „Start-ups“. Danach trafen wir Professor Kevin Chung, Leiter der Abteilung für Handchirurgie, und verbrachten einen sehr interessanten und lehrreichen Tag im Operationssaal. Wir hatten die Möglichkeit zu einem ungezwungenen Austausch. Aufgrund der juristischen Umstände durften wir in allen Abteilungen lediglich beobachten und nicht assistieren. Wir sahen u. a. einen ECRL-Sehnentransfer auf die FDP 3–5-Sehnen bei komplexer Nervenschädigung nach Crush-Verletzung, eine Neurolyse des Nervus ulnaris in Kombination mit einer Tenolyse der Flexoren nach alter Nervus ulnaris Läsion und auch eine Revision einer sekundär dislozierten distalen Radiusfraktur nach Plattenosteosynthese. Danach trafen wir uns mit dem Ärzteteam in der Abteilungsbibliothek. Wir durften Präsentationen über unsere Forschungsprojekte mit anschließender Diskussion vortragen.

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46

Mussi, Paola, Chundong Yu, Bert W. O’Malley, and Jianming Xu. "Stimulation of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 (SRC-3) Gene Overexpression by a Positive Regulatory Loop of E2F1 and SRC-3." Molecular Endocrinology 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 3105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2005-0522.

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Abstract Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3, amplified in breast cancer 1, or ACTR) is a transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors and certain other transcription factors such as E2F1. SRC-3 is overexpressed in breast cancers, and its overexpression is sufficient to cause mammary carcinomas in vivo. However, the mechanisms controlling endogenous SRC-3 overexpression are unknown. In this study, we identified the first exon and analyzed the 5′ regulatory sequence of the SRC-3 gene. We found three evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs) in the 5′ SRC-3 regulatory sequence, and ECR2 makes a major contribution to the SRC-3 promoter activity. The ECR2 region (bp −250/+350) contains several specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites and two E2F1 binding sites. We show that E2F1 can significantly activate the ECR2 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of E2F1 significantly increases the promoter activity of the endogenous SRC-3 gene and boosts SRC-3 expression in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of E2F1 reduces SRC-3 expression. We demonstrate that the mechanism of E2F1 activity on SRC-3 promoter is independent of the E2F binding sites but relies on the Sp1 element located at bp +150/+160. Sp1, E2F1, and SRC-3 are specifically recruited to this Sp1 site and the interaction between E2F1 and Sp1 is essential to modulate SRC-3 expression. Moreover, SRC-3 coactivates E2F1 activity and thereby additively stimulates a further increase in SRC-3 expression in vivo. These results suggest that in cells with hyperactive E2F1, such as the case encountered in breast cancer cells, there is a positive feedback regulatory loop consisting of E2F1 and SRC-3 to maintain high levels of SRC-3 and E2F1 activity, which may partially interpret the oncogenic role of SRC-3 overexpression.

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47

Horstjann, M., M. D. Andrés Hernández, V. Nenakhov, A. Chrobry, and J. P. Burrows. "Peroxy radical detection for airborne atmospheric measurements using absorption spectroscopy of NO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 5 (May 13, 2014): 1245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1245-2014.

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Abstract. Development of an airborne instrument for the determination of peroxy radicals (PeRCEAS – peroxy radical chemical enhancement and absorption spectroscopy) is reported. Ambient peroxy radicals (HO2 and RO2, R being an organic chain) are converted to NO2 in a reactor using a chain reaction involving NO and CO. Provided that the amplification factor, called effective chain length (eCL), is known, the concentration of NO2 can be used as a proxy for the peroxy radical concentration in the sampled air. The eCL depends on radical surface losses and must thus be determined experimentally for each individual setup. NO2 is detected by continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) using an extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) at 408.9 nm. Optical feedback from a V-shaped resonator maximizes transmission and allows for a simple detector setup. CRDS directly yields absorption coefficients, thus providing NO2 concentrations without additional calibration. The optimum 1σ detection limit is 0.3 ppbv at an averaging time of 40 s and an inlet pressure of 300 hPa. Effective chain lengths were determined for HO2 and CH3O2 at different inlet pressures. The 1σ detection limit at an inlet pressure of 300 hPa for HO2 is 3 pptv for an averaging time of 120 s.

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48

Anderson, Sarah, Shane Horgan, Fiona Jamieson, Cara Jardine, and Ashley Rogers. "ECR collective response: The future of criminology and the unsustainability of the status quo for ECRs." Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895820949299.

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49

Ono, Noritsugu, Takeshi Kusunoki, and Katsuhisa Ikeda. "Relationships between IL-17A and Macrophages or MUC5AC in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Proposed Pathological Significance." Allergy & Rhinology 3, no. 2 (January 2012): ar.2012.3.0030. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ar.2012.3.0030.

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Recently, some researchers have reported that macrophages and neutrophils were related to severe asthma. Mucus hypersecretion and persistent airway inflammation result from increased expression of mucin gene (MUC5AC). Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is considered as intractable rhinosinusitis. From the viewpoint of “one way one disease,” we examined whether ECRS is associated with infiltrating macrophages, neutrophils, their promotive factors, and MUC5AC. We examined 21 nasal polyps with CRS. Each specimen was fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, processed routinely, and then prepared as semithin sections (3.5 μm). We immunohistochemically observed the macrophages by using CD68, neutrophils by using neutrophil elastase and the promotive factors, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) 1, IL-17A, and IL-8, in both ECRS and non-ECRS. The number of macrophages (CD68+ cells), IL-17A, and MUC5AC+ cells in ECRS were significantly greater than in non-ECRS. The mean number of MCP-1+ cells in ECRS was greater than that in non-ECRS, but not significantly. There was a significant correlation in all cases between IL-17A and macrophages or MUC5AC+ cells. Neither the numbers of neutrophils (positive cells for neutrophil elastase) nor the IL-8+ cells showed any significant differences between ECRS and non-ECRS. Our study suggested that infiltrating macrophages, IL-17A and MUC5AC, as well as eosinophils could have roles in the development of ECRS.

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50

Song, Moongu, Inhwan Lee, and Hyunsik Kang. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness without Exercise Testing Can Predict All-Cause Mortality Risk in a Representative Sample of Korean Older Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091633.

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This study examined the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) without exercise testing and all-cause mortality in Korean older adults. The present study was carried out using data from the 2008 and 2011 Living Profiles of Older People Survey. A total of 14,122 participants aged 60 years and older (57% women) completed the 2008 baseline and 2011 follow-up assessments (i.e., socioeconomic status, health behaviors and conditions, and prevalence of chronic diseases), and they were included for the final analyses. CRF was estimated (eCRF) with sex-specific algorithms and classified as lower (lowest 25%), middle (middle 50%), and upper (highest 25%). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across eCRF categories. In total, multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs were 1 for the upper eCRF group (referent), 1.059 (0.814~1.378) for the middle eCRF group, and 1.714 (1.304~2.253) for the lower eCRF group. In men, multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs were 1 for the upper eCRF group (referent), 1.011 (0.716~1.427) for the middle eCRF group, and 1.566 (1.098~2.234) for the lower eCRF group. In women, multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs were 1 for the upper eCRF group (referent), 1.064 (0.707~1.602) for the middle eCRF group, and 1.599 (1.032~2.478) for the lower eCRF group. The current findings suggest that eCRF may have an independent predictor of all-cause mortality, underscoring the importance of promoting physical activity to maintain a healthful level of CRF in Korean geriatric population.

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Journal articles on the topic 'ECRL'

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