Journal articles: 'Ecto parasites'

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BELLAY, S., E. F. DE OLIVEIRA, M. ALMEIDA-NETO, M. A. R. MELLO, R. M. TAKEMOTO, and J. L. LUQUE. "Ectoparasites and endoparasites of fish form networks with different structures." Parasitology 142, no. 7 (March 16, 2015): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000128.

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SUMMARYHosts and parasites interact with each other in a variety of ways, and this diversity of interactions is reflected in the networks they form. To test for differences in interaction patterns of ecto- and endoparasites we analysed subnetworks formed by each kind of parasites and their host fish species in fish–parasite networks for 22 localities. We assessed the proportion of parasite species per host species, the relationship between parasite fauna composition and host taxonomy, connectance, nestedness and modularity of each subnetwork (n = 44). Furthermore, we evaluated the similarity in host species composition among modules in ecto- and endoparasite subnetworks. We found several differences between subnetworks of fish ecto- and endoparasites. The association with a higher number of host species observed among endoparasites resulted in higher connectance and nestedness, and lower values of modularity in their subnetworks than in those of ectoparasites. Taxonomically related host species tended to share ecto- or endoparasites with the same interaction intensity, but the species composition of hosts tended to differ between modules formed by ecto- and endoparasites. Our results suggest that different evolutionary and ecological processes are responsible for organizing the networks formed by ecto- and endoparasites and fish.

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Lauri, Natalia, Zaher Bazzi, Cora L. Alvarez, María F. Leal Denis, Julieta Schachter, Vanesa Herlax, Mariano A. Ostuni, and Pablo J. Schwarzbaum. "ATPe Dynamics in Protozoan Parasites. Adapt or Perish." Genes 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010016.

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In most animals, transient increases of extracellular ATP (ATPe) are used for physiological signaling or as a danger signal in pathological conditions. ATPe dynamics are controlled by ATP release from viable cells and cell lysis, ATPe degradation and interconversion by ecto-nucleotidases, and interaction of ATPe and byproducts with cell surface purinergic receptors and purine salvage mechanisms. Infection by protozoan parasites may alter at least one of the mechanisms controlling ATPe concentration. Protozoan parasites display their own set of proteins directly altering ATPe dynamics, or control the activity of host proteins. Parasite dependent activation of ATPe conduits of the host may promote infection and systemic responses that are beneficial or detrimental to the parasite. For instance, activation of organic solute permeability at the host membrane can support the elevated metabolism of the parasite. On the other hand ecto-nucleotidases of protozoan parasites, by promoting ATPe degradation and purine/pyrimidine salvage, may be involved in parasite growth, infectivity, and virulence. In this review, we will describe the complex dynamics of ATPe regulation in the context of protozoan parasite–host interactions. Particular focus will be given to features of parasite membrane proteins strongly controlling ATPe dynamics. This includes evolutionary, genetic and cellular mechanisms, as well as structural-functional relationships.

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Abdullah, Shadan Hassan. "Ecto and Endo Parasites Prevalence in Domestic Chickens in Sulaimani Region." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v37i2.275.

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The study was conducted on 65 local adult chickens (Gallus domesticus) to investigate macro - and microscopically presence of external and internal parasites and their prevalence in Sulaimani region-Kurdistan/Iraq from May to July 2012. Results showed that 90.77 % out of total examined chickens were infested with ecto-parasites, out of that 81.36 % (48/59) were infested with lice such as (Menacanthus stramineus, Goniocotes gallinae, Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Cuclotogaster heterographus ) and 62.72 (37/59) of it with larval stage of soft tick such as (Argas persicus). Mixed infestations with more than two ecto-parasite species were detected. On the other hand 89.23% out of 65 examined chickens were infected by internal parasites including nematodes and cestodes such as (Heterakis gallinarum which formed 81% and the remains were Ascaridia galli, Cheilospirura hamulosa, Capillaria spp., Raillietina spp., Choanotaenia infundibulum, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Hymenolepis carioca and Davaniea proglottina).

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Stampe, Karina, Ole Næsbye Larsen, and Stephanie S. Godfrey. "Ecto- and endoparasites of the King's skink (Egernia kingii) on Penguin Island." Parasitology 147, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000839.

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AbstractWildlife species are often host to a diversity of parasites, but our knowledge of their diversity and ecology is extremely limited, especially for reptiles. Little is known about the host-parasite ecology of the Australian lizard, the King's skink (Egernia kingii). In spring of 2015, we carried out a field-based study of a population of King's skinks on Penguin Island (Western Australia). We documented five species of parasites, including two ectoparasitic mites (an undescribed laelapid mite and Mesolaelaps australiensis), an undescribed coccidia species, and two nematode species (Pharyngodon tiliquae and Capillaria sp.). The laelapid mite was the most abundant parasite, infesting 46.9% of the 113 captured lizards. This mite species increased in prevalence and abundance over the course of the study. Infection patterns of both mites varied with lizard life-stage; sub-adults were more commonly infested with laelapid mites than adults or juveniles, and sub-adults and adults were infested by more laelapid mites than juveniles. By contrast, adults had a higher prevalence of M. australiensis than juveniles or sub-adults. Among the gastrointestinal parasites, P. tiliquae was relatively common among the sampled lizards (35.3%). These results give new important information about reptiles as parasite hosts and what factors influence infection patterns.

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MOREIRA, O. C., P. F. RIOS, F. F. ESTEVES, J. R. MEYER-FERNANDES, and H. BARRABIN. "CrATP as a new inhibitor of ecto-ATPases of trypanosomatids." Parasitology 136, no. 1 (January 2009): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008005118.

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SUMMARYTrypanosomatid protozoa include heteroxenic species some of them pathogenic for men, animals and plants. Parasite membrane contains ecto-enzymes whose active sites face the external medium rather than the cytoplasm. Herpetomonas sp. displayed a Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase activity, a Mg-independent ecto-ADPase and an ecto-phosphatase activity. Both, the ecto-ADPase and phosphatase activities were insensitive to CrATP (chromium(III) adenosine 5′-triphosphate complex). Ecto-ATPase activity was reversibly inhibited. At 2 mm ATP the apparent Ki was 4·7±1·0 μm but a fraction of about 40–50% was insensitive to CrATP. Remarkably, at low substrate concentration (0·2 mm) more than 90% of the ecto-ATPase was inhibited with Ki=0·33±0·10 μm. These parameter dependences are interpreted as the presence of 2 ecto-ATPases activities, one of them with high ATP apparent affinity and sensitivity to CrATP. DIDS (4,4 diisothiocyanatostilbene 2,2′ disulfonic acid), suramin and ADP were also effective as inhibitors. Only ADP presented no additive inhibition with CrATP. The pattern of partial inhibition by CrATP was also observed for the ecto-ATPase activities of Leishmania amazonensis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. CrATP emerges as a new inhibitor of ecto-ATPases and as a tool for a better understanding of properties and role of ecto-ATPases in the biology of parasites.

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Weaver, H. J., and L. R. Smales. "The parasite assemblages of Zyzomys argurus (Thomas, 1889) (Muridae:Murinae) from northern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 6 (2009): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09099.

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In this study, we present an analysis of the ecto- and endoparasite fauna of Zyzomys argurus from Queensland and the Northern Territory. The finding of the louse Hoplopleura zyzomydis, and the nematodes Syphacia abertoni and S. boodjamullaensis, together with the new host records for Nippostrongylus sp., Aspiculuris tetraptera and Raillietina sp., have increased the number of parasites known from Z. argurus from 18 to 24, and provide the first records of parasites from Z. argurus from central and eastern Australia. Analysis of the assemblage of parasites found from Z. argurus appears to indicate that, while intraspecific transmission of parasites is relatively common, host-switching from other species is not. The ecology of Z. argurus appears to be the main determinant of its depauperate parasite fauna.

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Costa, Graça, Luísa Costa, Maria João Santos, and E. Melo-Moreira. "A Review of the Parasites of Deep-Water Fishes from Macaronesian Islands, North-East Atlantic Ocean." Open Parasitology Journal 6, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874421401806010017.

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The deep-water fish fauna of Macaronesian islands is currently estimated at a total of 1029 different fish species, but records of both ecto- and endoparasites are from only about 30 of those species. This fact presents an exciting field of research for scientists interested in fish parasitology, by exploring the structure of parasite communities and their connections with ecological and oceanographic variables. Research on the effect of climatic changes on the parasite faunas, on the occurrence of fish parasites in man and its impact on human health, has not been carried out to date. The present review aims to collate our present knowledge about the parasites of deep-water fishes of Macaronesia, and to suggest directions for future research on the parasites of fishes from the deepwater realm. A checklist of the parasites infecting the deep-water fishes from this region is included.

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Morrill, A., J. J. Mlynarek, and M. R. Forbes. "Explaining covariation between endo- and ecto-parasites in spreadwing damselflies (Zygoptera: Lestidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 10 (October 2013): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0096.

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Host individuals and populations are commonly infected by more than one type of parasite, yet studies examining parasite effects on host fitness often limit observations or experiments to only a single parasite taxon or to a narrow subset of potential parasite taxa. Addressing covariation between parasite taxa is important for determining the potential for misattributing effects caused by one parasite species to another parasite species, and also for testing more broadly whether host attributes relate to exposure or susceptibility to infection. In this study, parasitism by ectoparasitic water mites (Arrenuridae) and endoparasitic gregarines (Eugregarinidae) of two spreadwing damselfly species, Lestes disjunctus Selys, 1862 and Lestes forcipatus Rambur, 1842, was measured and analyzed for covariance. No significant correlations between the intensities of the two types of infecting parasites were found when both live and resisted mites were considered. However, significant negative correlations between live mites and gregarines were consistently found in L. forcipatus host samples, but never in L. disjunctus samples. These results show some species-specific patterns of covariation between mite and gregarine infections in damselflies. We propose potential underlying causes for this correlation related to parasite–host ecology and to changes in host behaviour resulting from water mite infection of L. forcipatus.

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TASCA, T., C. D. BONAN, G. A. DE CARLI, J. J. F. SARKIS, and J. F. ALDERETE. "Heterogeneity in extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis among clinical isolates ofTrichomonas vaginalis." Parasitology 131, no. 1 (March 7, 2005): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005007377.

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Trichomonas vaginalisis a parasitic protozoan that causes trichomonosis, a sexually-transmitted disease, with serious sequelae to women and men. As the host–parasite relationship is complex, it is important to investigate biochemical aspects of the parasite that contribute to our understanding of trichomonal biology and pathogenesis. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase 1), which hydrolyses extracellular ATP and ADP, and ecto-5′-nucleotidase, which hyrolyses AMP, have been characterized in laboratory isolates ofT. vaginalis. Here we show that the extracellular ATP[ratio ]ADP hydrolysis ratio varies among fresh clinical isolates, which presented higher ATPase and ADPase activities than long-term-grown isolates. Growth of parasites in iron-replete and iron-depleted medium resulted in different, albeit minor, patterns in extracellular ATP and ADP hydrolysis among isolates. Importantly, some isolates had low or absent ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity, regardless of environmental conditions tested. For isolates with ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity, high- and low-iron trichomonads had increased and decreased levels of activity, respectively, compared to organisms grown in normal TYM-serum medium. This suggests a regulation in expression of either the enzyme amounts and/or activity under the control of iron. Finally, we found no correlation between the presence or absence of dsRNA virus infection among trichomonad isolates and NTPDase and ecto-5′-nucleotidase activities.

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Martins, Mauricio Laterça, Lucas Cardoso, Natalia Marchiori, and Santiago Benites de Pádua. "Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 1 (March 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015013.

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The Phylum Protozoa brings together several organisms evolutionarily different that may act as ecto or endoparasites of fishes over the world being responsible for diseases, which, in turn, may lead to economical and social impacts in different countries. Apart from the recent advances for the diagnosis of fish diseases in Brazil, little is known on the protozoan parasites and their relationship with environment and host. This revision presents the most important protozoan parasites found in farmed fish from Brazil, not only with emphasis on its diagnosis, biology, transmission and host-parasite relationship, but also on some information that may be useful to researchers in determining the correct diagnosis in fish farms.

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Roberto Meyer-Fernandes, José. "Ecto-ATPases in protozoa parasites: looking for a function." Parasitology International 51, no. 3 (September 2002): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5769(02)00017-x.

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GONZÁLEZ, M. T., and M. E. OLIVA. "Is the nestedness of metazoan parasite assemblages of marine fishes from the southeastern Pacific coast a pattern associated with the geographical distributional range of the host?" Parasitology 136, no. 4 (February 6, 2009): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009005575.

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SUMMARYNested structure is a pattern originally described in island biogeography to characterize how a set of species is distributed among a set of islands. In parasite communities, nestedness has been intensively studied among individual fish from a locality. However, nested patterns among parasite assemblages from different host populations (localities) have scarcely been investigated. We recorded the occurrence of parasites in 9 fish species widely distributed along the southeastern Pacific coast to determine whether the ecto- and endoparasite assemblages of marine fishes show a nested structure associated with host distributional range. Nestedness was tested using Brualdi-Sanderson index of discrepancy (BR); and 5 null models incorporated in a‘Nestedness’programme (Ulrich, 2006). The ecto- and endoparasite richness do not show similar patterns of latitudinal gradients among fish hosts, with 33–66% of analysed ectoparasite assemblages, and 25–75% of endoparasite assemblages showing nested structures through the host distributional range. For ectoparasites, species richness gradients and nested structure (when present) might be associated with decreased host densities or could reflect negative environmental conditions in the distributional border of the host species, whereas for endoparasites might be caused by geographical breaks of prey or changes in prey availability (intermediate hosts). The sampled extension of the distributional range of the host species, as well as the lack of specificity of some parasites, could influence the detection of nestedness.

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Espinaze, Marcela P. A., Cang Hui, Lauren Waller, Francois Dreyer, and Sonja Matthee. "Parasite diversity associated with African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) and the effect of host and environmental factors." Parasitology 146, no. 6 (February 6, 2019): 791–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018002159.

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AbstractThe African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is a critically endangered species endemic to southern Africa. Limited information is available on the parasite diversity associated with the species in natural settings. This study explores the diversity and incidence of parasites associated with African penguins and their nests, and records the effect of host and environmental factors on parasite infestation. Ecto-, haemo- and helminth parasites were recorded from 210 adult birds, 583 chicks and 628 nests across five colonies (two mainland and three islands) along the south-western coast of South Africa, in 2016 and 2017. Mean nest density (total and active nests) and climate variables (temperature and precipitation) were obtained for each colony. Parapsyllus humboldti was the most abundant and prevalent ectoparasite on penguins and in nests (69.10 and 57.80%, respectively), while Piroplasmorida/Haemospororida (33.51%) and Cardiocephaloides spp. (56.17%) were the most prevalent haemo- and helminth parasites of penguins, respectively. In general parasite abundance and prevalence was significantly affected by penguin age (chicks vs adults), location (mainland vs islands), nest density (total and active nests) and season (spring vs autumn/winter). It is concluded that parasite infestations are structured and that penguin chicks at mainland colonies are more susceptible to parasite infestations during spring.

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Kleinertz, S., I. M. Damriyasa, W. Hagen, S. Theisen, and H. W. Palm. "An environmental assessment of the parasite fauna of the reef-associated grouperEpinephelus areolatusfrom Indonesian waters." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 1 (October 25, 2012): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000715.

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AbstractSixtyEpinephelus areolatuswere examined for metazoan fish parasites in Indonesia, off Segara Anakan lagoon, Java and in Balinese waters. The study revealed 21 different parasite species, and 14 new host and locality records. The anisakid nematodesAnisakis typicaand, for the first time in Indonesia,Anisakissp. HC-2005 were identified by using molecular methods. Ecological parameters were calculated for both sites off the anthropogenically influenced Segara Anakan lagoon and the relatively undisturbed reference site at the southern Balinese coast. The fish from Segara Anakan demonstrated a significantly higher enzymatic activity (Hepatosomatic index) and a significantly reduced number of heteroxenous gut helminths (e.g. the digeneanDidymodiclinussp., the nematodeRaphidascarissp. and the acanthocephalanSerrasentis sagittifer). Other regional differences forE. areolatusincluded ecto-/endoparasite ratio, endoparasite diversity, the parasite species composition and prevalence of infection of the respective parasite species. We applied the stargraph method to visualize observed regional differences using grouper parasites as biological indicators for the sampled coastal ecosystems at both sampling sites.

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Sobecka, Ewa, Ewa Łuczak, Beata Więcaszek, and Artur Antoszek. "Parasite community structure of cod from Bear Island (Barents Sea) and Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea)." Polish Polar Research 32, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10183-011-0016-6.

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Parasite community structure of cod from Bear Island (Barents Sea) and Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea) A total of 142 cods: 60 from the South-East Ground of Bear Island and 82 from the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea) were examined for their ecto- and endoparasites. Twenty different parasite species, comprising one Myxosporea, three Cestoda, four Digenea, seven Nematoda, three Acanthocephala and two Crustacea were found. The parasite component communities comprised 1446 individuals (17 species, six higher taxa) from the Bear Island and 6588 individuals (nine species, three higher taxa) from Pomeranian Bay. The observed parasite host specificity was low, and the intensity in a single fish ranged from one to 279 specimens. The eudominant parasite species were Echinorhynchus gadi, Hemiurus levinseni and Contracaecum osculatum. The dominant parasite communities from the Bear Island were nematodes, but acanthocephalans dominated in cod from the Baltic Sea. It appears that one group of parasites, better adapted for the specific conditions of the macrohabitat, has replaced another. The most prevalent parasites were E. gadi, Anisakis simplex, C. osculatum and Hysterothylacium aduncum, and the mean values of crowding were the highest for E. gadi and Pomphorhynchus laevis. The nematode Camallanus lacustris was noted in this host species for the first time. Only six species of parasites were common to cod from both fishing grounds.

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Hofmeester, Tim R., Esther J. Bügel, Bob Hendrikx, Miriam Maas, Frits F. J. Franssen, Hein Sprong, and Kevin D. Matson. "Parasite Load and Site-Specific Parasite Pressure as Determinants of Immune Indices in Two Sympatric Rodent Species." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121015.

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Wildlife is exposed to parasites from the environment. This parasite pressure, which differs among areas, likely shapes the immunological strategies of animals. Individuals differ in the number of parasites they encounter and host, and this parasite load also influences the immune system. The relative impact of parasite pressure vs. parasite load on different host species, particularly those implicated as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, is poorly understood. We captured bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) at four sites in the Netherlands. We sampled sub-adult males to quantify their immune function, infestation load for ecto- and gastrointestinal parasites, and infection status for vector-borne microparasites. We then used regression trees to test if variation in immune indices could be explained by among-site differences (parasite pressure), among-individual differences in infestation intensity and infection status (parasite load), or other intrinsic factors. Regression trees revealed splits among sites for haptoglobin, hemagglutination, and body-mass corrected spleen size. We also found splits based on infection/infestation for haptoglobin, hemolysis, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. Furthermore, we found a split between species for hemolysis and splits based on body mass for haptoglobin, hemagglutination, hematocrit, and body-mass corrected spleen size. Our results suggest that both parasite pressure and parasite load influence the immune system of wild rodents. Additional studies linking disease ecology and ecological immunology are needed to understand better the complexities of host–parasite interactions and how these interactions shape zoonotic disease risk.

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ENNES-VIDAL, V., R. O. S. CASTRO, C. BRITTO, H. BARRABIN, C. M. D'AVILA-LEVY, and O. C. MOREIRA. "CrATP interferes in the promastigote-macrophage interaction in Leishmania amazonensis infection." Parasitology 138, no. 8 (June 17, 2011): 960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000710.

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SUMMARYRecent have shown the relationship between Ecto-Nucleoside-Triphosphate-Diphosphohydrolases (Ecto-NTPDases or ecto-nucleotidases) and virulence and infectivity in trypanosomatids. In this work, the inhibition of the ecto-ATPase activities and promastigote growth of Leishmania amazonensis by CrATP was characterized. Furthermore, this compound was used to investigate the role of ecto-nucleotidase in the interaction of L. amazonensis with resident peritoneal macrophages obtained from BALB/c mice. CrATP partially inhibits the ecto-ATPase activity, presenting Ki values of 575·7±199·1 and 383·5±79·0 μm, in the presence or absence of 5 mm MgCl2, respectively. The apparent Kms for ATP (2·9±0·5 mm to Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase and 0·4±0·2 mm to Mg2+-independent ecto-ATPase activities) are not significantly altered by CrATP, suggesting a reversible non-competitive inhibition of both enzymes. When CrATP was added to the cultivation medium at 500 μm, it drastically inhibited the cellular growth. The interaction of promastigote forms of L. amazonensis with BALB/c peritoneal macrophages is strongly affected by CrATP. When the parasites were treated with 500 μm CrATP before interacting with macrophages, the adhesion and endocytic indices were strongly reduced to 53·0±14·8% and 39·8±1·1%, respectively. These results indicate that ecto-nucleotidase plays an important role in the infection process caused by Leishmania amazonensis.

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Musa, Sharmin, Sharmin Dil Afroz, and Hamida Khanum. "Occurence of ecto- and endo parasites in pigeon (Columba livia Linn.)." University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 30 (May 24, 2012): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v30i0.10758.

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Parker, Andrew R., and Natalia Martini. "Diffraction Gratings in Caligoid (Crustacea: Copepoda) Ecto-parasites of Large Fishes." Materials Today: Proceedings 1 (2014): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2014.09.012.

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Sansom, Fiona M., Simon C. Robson, and Elizabeth L. Hartland. "Possible Effects of Microbial Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases on Host-Pathogen Interactions." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 72, no. 4 (December 2008): 765–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00013-08.

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SUMMARYIn humans, purinergic signaling plays an important role in the modulation of immune responses through specific receptors that recognize nucleoside tri- and diphosphates as signaling molecules. Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ecto-NTPDases) have important roles in the regulation of purinergic signaling by controlling levels of extracellular nucleotides. This process is key to pathophysiological protective responses such as hemostasis and inflammation. Ecto-NTPDases are found in all higher eukaryotes, and recently it has become apparent that a number of important parasitic pathogens of humans express surface-located NTPDases that have been linked to virulence. For those parasites that are purine auxotrophs, these enzymes may play an important role in purine scavenging, although they may also influence the host response to infection. Although ecto-NTPDases are rare in bacteria, expression of a secreted NTPDase in Legionella pneumophila was recently described. This ecto-enzyme enhances intracellular growth of the bacterium and potentially affects virulence. This discovery represents an important advance in the understanding of the contribution of other microbial NTPDases to host-pathogen interactions. Here we review other progress made to date in the characterization of ecto-NTPDases from microbial pathogens, how they differ from mammalian enzymes, and their association with organism viability and virulence. In addition, we postulate how ecto-NTPDases may contribute to the host-pathogen interaction by reviewing the effect of selected microbial pathogens on purinergic signaling. Finally, we raise the possibility of targeting ecto-NTPDases in the development of novel anti-infective agents based on potential structural and clear enzymatic differences from the mammalian ecto-NTPDases.

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Kaunisto, Kari M., Pipsa Kaunisto, Jaakko J. Ilvonen, and Jukka Suhonen. "Parasitism, immune response, and egg production of the spearhead bluet (Coenagrion hastulatum) damselfly." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 5 (May 2017): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0146.

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Theoretical models predict that parasites reduce reproductive success of their hosts, but very few empirical studies have given support to this. Using the spearhead bluet (Coenagrion hastulatum (Charpentier, 1825)) damselfly, we tested how immune response, wing length, and the number of both endo- and ecto-parasites affect egg production of host damselflies. The study was conducted with four different populations in southwest Finland. We found a negative association between endoparasitic gregarines and number of host eggs. Furthermore, immune response increased with the number of water mites, but decreased with the number of eggs. Contrary to previous studies with other damselfly species, the number of ectoparasitic water mites did not affect the number of eggs. Moreover, wing length, used as an indicator of individual size, was not associated with egg numbers. The negative effect of gregarine parasites on egg numbers is likely to affect the composition of host populations, i.e., damselflies that show higher resistance to these endoparasites will have more of their offspring represented in subsequent generations. In future, more experimental research on the varying effects of different parasite species on the number of eggs is needed.

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Das, D. R., S. Majumder, and K. J. Chandra. "ECTO- PARASITISM IN JUVENILE INDIAN MAJOR CARPS OF DIFFERENT FISH FARMS OF MYMENSINGH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v14i2.31406.

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An investigation was made on the ecto-parasitism of juvenile carps of Mymensingh region. Eight farms, four Government (Govt.) and four Private (Pvt.) fish farms were investigated for Indian major carps(Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus cirrhosus) (Catla, Rui and Mrigal) during June, 2010 to May, 2012. Monthly samplings were carried out with 5 fish from each species and each farms. Altogether 2880 fish hosts were examined of which 1674 were found to be infested with different groups of parasites during the study period. The ectoparasites were very common in gill, skin, mouth cavity, muscle, base of the pelvic, pectoral, anal, caudal fin and body surface of all fishes. Eleven species of protozoan, thirteen species of monogeneans and two species of argulus were recorded. The risk of being infestation by parasites in carps significantly (p<0.001) increased when the water quality parameters were deteriorated. Prevalence (%), mean intensity and abundance were found to be species specific and also varied with seasons and management systems practiced by different farmers. Prevalence (%) of ecto-parasites in carps was significantly (p< 0.001) higher in Pvt. farm than that of Govt. farms and was significantly (p< 0.01) higher in rainy season. Rui was more susceptible than Catla and Mrigal.

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PALM, H. W., S. KLEINERTZ, and S. RÜCKERT. "Parasite diversity as an indicator of environmental change? An example from tropical grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) mariculture in Indonesia." Parasitology 138, no. 13 (February 15, 2011): 1793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000011.

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SUMMARYFish parasites are used to monitor long-term change in finfish grouper mariculture in Indonesia. A total of 210Epinephelus fuscoguttatuswere sampled in six consecutive years between 2003/04 and 2008/09 and examined for parasites. The fish were obtained from floating net cages of a commercially run mariculture facility that opened in 2001. The fauna was species rich, consisting of ten ecto- and 18 endoparasite species. The ectoparasite diversity and composition was relatively stable, with the monogeneansPseudorhabdosynochusspp. (83–100% prevalence, Berger-Parker Index of 0·82–0·97) being the predominant taxon. Tetraphyllidean larvaeScolex pleuronectisand the nematodesTerranovasp. andRaphidascarissp. 1 were highly abundant in 2003/04–2005/06 (max. prevalenceS. pleuronectis40%,Terranovasp. 57%,Raphidascarissp. 1 100%), and drastically reduced until 2008/09. These parasites together with the prevalence ofTrichodinaspp., ecto-/endoparasite ratio and endoparasite diversity illustrate a significant change in holding conditions over the years. This can be either referred to a definite change in management methods such as feed use and fish treatment, or a possible transition of a relatively undisturbed marine environment into a more affected habitat. By visualizing all parameters within a single diagram, we demonstrate that fish parasites are useful bioindicators to monitor long-term change in Indonesian grouper mariculture. This also indicates that groupers can be used to monitor environmental change in the wild. Further taxonomic and systematic efforts in less sampled regions significantly contributes to this new application, supporting fish culture and environmental impact monitoring also in other tropical marine habitats.

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Zylbersztejn, Ana Madeira Brito, Carlos Gustavo Vieira de Morais, Ana Karina Castro Lima, Joyce Eliza de Oliveira Souza, Angela Hampshire Lopes, Sílvia Amaral Gonçalves Da-Silva, Mário Alberto Cardoso Silva-Neto, and Patrícia Maria Lourenço Dutra. "CK2 Secreted byLeishmania braziliensisMediates Macrophage Association Invasion: A Comparative Study between Virulent and Avirulent Promastigotes." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/167323.

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CK2 is a protein kinase distributed in different compartments ofLeishmania braziliensis:an externally oriented ecto-CK2, an intracellular CK2, and a secreted CK2. This latter form is constitutively secreted from the parasite (CsCK2), but such secretion may be highly enhanced by the association of specific molecules, including enzyme substrates, which lead to a higher enzymatic activity, called inductively secreted CK2 (IsCK2). Here, we examined the influence of secreted CK2 (sCK2) activity on the infectivity of a virulentL. braziliensisstrain. The virulent strain presented 121-fold higher total CK2 activity than those found in an avirulent strain. The use of specific CK2 inhibitors (TBB, DRB, or heparin) inhibited virulent parasite growth, whereas no effect was observed in the avirulent parasites. When these inhibitors were added to the interaction assays between the virulentL. braziliensisstrain and macrophages, association index was drastically inhibited. Polyamines enhanced sCK2 activity and increased the association index between parasites and macrophages. Finally, sCK2 and the supernatant of the virulent strain increased the association index between the avirulent strain and macrophages, which was inhibited by TBB. Thus, the kinase enzyme CK2 seems to be important to invasion mechanisms ofL. braziliensis.

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Kokum, LU, and M. Shahiduzzaman. "The Predisposition Of Deferential Tenderness Of Stag At Pirganj Upazila Of Bangladesh." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 2, no. 09 (September 21, 2020): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue09-28.

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The Predisposition of deferential Tenderness in Paragon of Rampur area was concentrated from January to December 2010. 100 and forty Stags of various ages in various seasons were researched for deferential ailments. The ailment was analyzed by clinical and physical assessments. The excrement were inspected by direct smear strategy following fixation by sedimentation and floatation procedures so as to recognize gastro intestinal parasites. Other end deferential ailments were analyzed based on explicit side effects. The Stags were likewise analyzed for ecto deferential pervasion. The ectoparasites were gathered by hand picking or by utilizing hair brush and analyzed under magnifying instrument for morphological examinations. The outcomes uncovered that the general Predisposition of endodeferential illnesses was 60.71% and ecto deferential Tenderness 15.71%. Grown-ups are more powerless for both ecto and endo deferential pervasion. By and large Predisposition of endodeferential ailments was discovered higher in blustery season and ecto deferential invasion in summer season. The investigation make consideration that the Stags in Pirgonj experiencing various deferential infections and proposes that treatment and control measures ought to be taken to keep the Stag populace out of deferential ailments.

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Abdullah, Shadan Hassan Abdullah, Aram Ahmad Mohammed Mohammed, and Nahla Mohammed Saeid Saeid. "Study of ecto and haemo parasites in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan region/Iraq." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 20, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10640.

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Oakwood, Meri, and David M. Spratt. "Parasites of the northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus (Marsupialia:Dasyuridae) in tropical savanna, Northern Territory." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 1 (2000): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99056.

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The ectoparasites of northern quolls, Dasyurus hallucatus, are reported from 79 animals live-trapped at Kapalga Research Station, Kakadu National Park, during 1992–95. The ecto- and endoparasites are reported from 62 dead D. hallucatus during the same period; these were mostly road-kills collected from an 88-km section of the Arnhem Highway between Jabiru and the Northern Entry Station of Kakadu National Park. Tissues from 28 of the road-kills were examined histologically. Additionally, 214 scat samples were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Seven species of ectoparasite, including two species of tick, a larval trombiculid mite, a louse and two (possibly three) species of flea, and 17 species of endoparasite including a trematode, a larval cestode, 13 species of nematode, a larval pentastome and a protozoan were recorded from D. hallucatus. Sarcocystis sp. was found in tissues but neither Toxoplasma gondii nor Trichinella pseudospiralis were detected in histological sections or tissue digests. Ticks, mites and nematodes were found in scats. The tick Haemaphysalis bancrofti, the flea Echidnophaga aranka and possibly E. ambulans, and the nematodes Mackerrastrongylus peramelis and Cylicospirura heydoni represent new host records for D. hallucatus. Although parasitism was common in D. hallucatus, few individuals harboured large burdens. Consequently, it appears unlikely that parasitism is a major factor contributing to the decline of northern quolls in this region.

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D H Al-Moula, I. "Study of some endo and ecto parasites in domestic rabbits in Mosul/ Iraq." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 2 (December 28, 2005): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2005.46707.

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Cosentino-Gomes, Daniela, and José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes. "Ecto-phosphatases in protozoan parasites: possible roles in nutrition, growth and ROS sensing." Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 43, no. 1 (January 21, 2011): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10863-011-9334-y.

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Luque, JL, NN Felizardo, and LER Tavares. "Community ecology of the metazoan parasites of namorado sandperches, Pseudopercis numida Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903 and P. semifasciata Cuvier, 1829 (Perciformes: Pinguipedidae), from the coastal zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 2 (May 2008): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000200007.

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One hundred and twenty-eight specimens of namorado sandperches, 62 P. numida and 66 P. semifasciata, collected between October 2002 and June 2003 off the Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Lat 23° S and Long 42° W), were examined to study their metazoan parasites. Parasite communities of these fish were composed basically of endoparasites, mainly digenean and cestodes species, with low prevalence and abundance but having high parasite species richness values (at the component community level). Among these values, that found for P. numida is the highest so far recorded for marine fishes from the Neotropical Region. Thirty-nine species of metazoan parasites were collected: 36 from P. numida and 28 from P. semifasciata. Twenty-five parasite species were common to both species of namorado sandperches. Pseudopercis numida and P. semifasciata are new host records for all parasite species collected, with the exception of Microcotyle pseudopercis. Choanodera sp., Leurodera decora, Neolebouria georgenascimentoi, and Proctoeces sp. which were recorded for the first time in the South American Atlantic Ocean. Gnathia sp. from P. numida and Scolex pleuronectis from P. semifasciata were the species having the greatest dominance frequency. Parasite abundance in P. numida and P. semifasciata were positively correlated with the host total length. Only in P. numida was parasite species richness correlated positively with the host total length. No significant differences between endoparasite infracommunities of P. numida and P. semifasciata were detected. The ectoparasites of P. numida had higher values for parasite abundance, parasite richness, Brillouin index, evenness index, and Berger-Parker index than those of the ectoparasites of P. semifasciata. Comparisons among all ecto- and endoparasites showed the ectoparasites of P. numida as the most heterogeneous group. Low similarity values were observed among the three types of parasite infracommunities of the two hosts.

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Passos Lemos, Adriana dos, André Luís Fonseca de Souza, Ana Acacia de Sá Pinheiro, Márcia de Berrêdo-Pinho, and José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes. "Ecto-phosphatase Activity on the Cell Surface of Crithidia deanei." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 57, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2002): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-5-617.

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In the present work we have partially characterized an ecto-phosphatase activity in Crithidia deanei, using viable parasites. This enzyme hydrolyzed p-nitrophenylphosphate at a rate of 3.55 ± 0.47 nmol Pi/h x 108 cells. The dependence on p-NPP concentration shows a normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics for this phosphatase activity and the value of the apparent Km for p-NPP was 5.35 ± 0.89 mᴍ. This phosphatase activity was inhibited by the product of the reaction, the inorganic phosphate. Experiments using classical inhibitors of acid phosphatases, such as ZnCl2 and sodiumfluoride , as well as inhibitors of phosphotyrosine phosphatase, such as sodium orthovanadate and ammonium molybdate, showed a decrease in this phosphatase activity, with different patterns of inhibition.

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Papadaki, Amalia, Anastasia S. Politou, Despina Smirlis, Maria P. Kotini, Konstadina Kourou, Thomais Papamarcaki, and Haralabia Boleti. "The Leishmania donovani histidine acid ecto-phosphatase LdMAcP: insight into its structure and function." Biochemical Journal 467, no. 3 (April 17, 2015): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20141371.

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Acid ecto-phosphatase activity has been implicated in Leishmania donovani promastigote virulence. In the present study, we report data contributing to the molecular/structural and functional characterization of the L. donovani LdMAcP (L. donovani membrane acid phosphatase), member of the histidine acid phosphatase (HAcP) family. LdMAcP is membrane-anchored and shares high sequence identity with the major secreted L. donovani acid phosphatases (LdSAcPs). Sequence comparison of the LdMAcP orthologues in Leishmania sp. revealed strain polymorphism and species specificity for the L. donovani complex, responsible for visceral leishmaniasis (Khala azar), proposing thus a potential value of LdMAcP as an epidemiological or diagnostic tool. The extracellular orientation of the LdMAcP catalytic domain was confirmed in L. donovani promastigotes, wild-type (wt) and transgenic overexpressing a recombinant LdMAcP–mRFP1 (monomeric RFP1) chimera, as well as in transiently transfected mammalian cells expressing rLdMAcP–His. For the first time it is demonstrated in the present study that LdMAcP confers tartrate resistant acid ecto-phosphatase activity in live L. donovani promastigotes. The latter confirmed the long sought molecular identity of at least one enzyme contributing to this activity. Interestingly, the L. donovani rLdMAcP–mRFP1 promastigotes generated in this study, showed significantly higher infectivity and virulence indexes than control parasites in the infection of J774 mouse macrophages highlighting thereby a role for LdMAcP in the parasite's virulence.

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Данилова, Мария, Mariya Danilova, Александр Генералов, Aleksandr Generalov, Рамазан Акбаев, and Ramazan Akbaev. "Dependence of the effectiveness of anthelmintic treatments on the multiplicity of their treatment in dogs living in megacities." Russian veterinary journal 2019, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32416/article_5d10c4067666e9.68310871.

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Despite the fact that in the modern market there is a huge number of drugs and various medicines the majority of preparations aimed at combating against only the ecto-and endoparasites of carnivorous animals. Currently, parasites of dogs are widespread in the countryside and in conditions of megacities. Often, the owners neglect the prevention of parasites diseases in their pets, which leads to disastrous consequences. It is necessary to find the most effective, non-toxic, widely available and easy-to-use medicine that will ensure the success of disease therapy, as well as a comprehensive system of antiparasitic measures. In our opinion, the use of the drug on the basis of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime may be the best solution.

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Movsesyan, Petrosyan, Vardanyan, Nikogosyan, Arutyunova, and Barseghyan. "FORMATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF THE FAUNA OF ECTO- AND ENDOPARASITES ON THE ARARAT PLAIN OF ARMENIA." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.342-348.

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Our studies were aimed at analyzing biodiversity of ecto- and endoparasites of sheep, cattle, rabbits, domestic birds and dogs in the lowland zone of the Republic, with semidesert climate and height of 850 m above the sea level. This is one of the warm regions of the Republic. The studies performed have established moderate and high degree of animal infection with parasites. We identified 33 parasite species, mostly helminths (15 species), including 10 species of nematodes (Trichocephalus ovis, Nematodirus spathiger, Haemonchus contortus, Chabertia ovina, Dictyocaulus filaria, Muellerius capillaris, Protostrongylus spp., Passalurus ambiqus, Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum), 4 species of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Paramphistomum cervi), 1 species of cestodes (Moniezia expansa), 9 protozoan species (Piroplasma bigeminum, Babesia ovis, Eimeria perforans, E. magna, E. irresidua, E. tenella, E. acervulina), 7 species of ticks, 1 species of insects, and 1 species of leishmaniasis vector, the mosquitos from the genus Phlebotomus. We registered 5 species of freshwater molluscs (Lymnaea auricularia, L. stagnalis, L. ovata, L. truncatula, Planorbis planorbis), and 2 species of terrestrial molluscs (Helicella derbentina, Napaeopsis hohenackeri).

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Müller, Wendt, Dieter Heylen, Marcel Eens, Hector Fabio Rivera-Gutierrez, and Ton G. G. Groothuis. "An experimental study on the causal relationships between (ecto-)parasites, testosterone and sexual signalling." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67, no. 11 (July 10, 2013): 1791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1586-6.

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Yeasmin, Tania, Hamida Khanum, and Rimi Farhana Zaman. "Seasonal prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep (Ovis aries." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 42, no. 1 (May 13, 2015): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v42i1.23335.

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The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep at Azimpur, Dhaka during February, 2012 to January, 2013. A Total of 60 hosts were examined and about 71.67% sheep were found to be infested with arthropod parasites. In sheep two species of arthropod parasites, Linognathus vituli (61.67%) and Damalinia caprae (68.33%) were identified as ecto-parasites. The prevalence of ectoparasites was higher during summer (85%), followed by winter (75%) and rainy (55%). The higher intensity was also recorded in summer (325.17±1.92). Lambs were found more susceptible (85.71%) than adult (80.95%) and young (56%) sheep and higher in female (77.27%) than in male (68.42%). Twelve species of helminth parasites were identified, of them, 3 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 6 nematodes, highest prevalence was shown by Strongyloides sp (71.67%) and lowest by Dictyocaulus sp. (3.33%); found comparatively higher in adults (85.71%) than in young (80%) and 28% in lambs. The male sheeps were more susceptible (81.58%) to helminth infection than female (72.73%). Prevalence of helminthes was found higher in winter (95%) season. The value of co-efficient of correlation between the prevalence and intensity of infestation of ectoparasites and helminth parasites in sheep were 0.95 and 0.978 respectively. In both cases these two variables differed significantly (P<0.01).Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(1): 45-55, 2014

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Pavlovic, Ivan, Misa Lazarevic, Mirjana Trifunovic, Aleksandar Cvetkovic, Milutin Cukic, Milenko Zutic, and Aleksandar Brankov. "Our experience with peroral application of ivermektin in therapy of swine endoparasitosis." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 3-4 (2002): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0204211p.

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Endoparasitic infections present a frequent health problem among swine maintained on farms, with ascariasis and esophagostamosis being the most frequent diseases. There are several valid methods in curbing parasites in swine - peroral application of antiparasitics and their subcutaneous application. Ivermektin is an antiparasitic with a wide range of effects which is successfully used in curbing ecto and endoparasites in swine and other animals. Ivermektin has so far primarily been applied subcutaneously which required considerable efforts and the engagement of numerous staff in therapy of large agglomerations of frarm animals. In recent years Ivermektin has appeared in powder form that is mixed in feed which largely facilitates therapy and the prevention of ecto and endoparasitoses in farm animals. In order to examine the efficiency of the peroral application of Ivermektin in treating endoparasitic infections, our paper presents the curbing of acradosis and esophagostamosis in farm swine using peroral application of Ivermektin (Ivermektin-P, Hemovet, Vrsac). Four control examinations after therapy did not reveal any parasite infections, which is evidence that Ivermektin is absolutely efficient when applied perorally. On the grounds of the obtained results, we are of the opinion that the peroral application of Ivermektin is a successful therapy of endoparasitic infections in swine, which is not in any way less efficient than its subcutaneous application. The peroral application of Ivermektin largely facilitates therapy and the prevention of parasitic infections on farms with large agglomerations of animals.

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González-Acuña, Daniel, Sebastián Llanos-Soto, Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque, Felipe González, John Mike Kinsella, Sergey Mironov, Armando Cicchino, Carlos Barrientos, Gonzalo Torres-Fuentes, and Lucila Moreno. "Parasites of the Southern silvery grebe Podiceps occipitalis (Aves, Podicipedidae) in Chile." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 3 (September 2017): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017015.

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Abstract A total of 97 southern silvery grebes (Podiceps occipitalis), which died as the result of an oil spill on the coast of central Chile, were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Two lice species including Aquanirmus rollandii (Philopteridae) and Pseudomenopon dolium (Menoponidae) were found from 6.2% (6/97) of birds. In 91.7% (89/97) of cases, grebes were infected with some kind of helminths. Three species of gastrointestinal helminths were detected: Eucoleus contortus (Nematoda), Profilicollis bullocki (Acanthocephala), and Confluaria sp. (Cestoda). In addition, Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda) was removed from the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal articulation in 13.4% (13/97) of the specimens examined. To our knowledge, these are the first records of A. rollandii, E. contortus, and Confluaria sp. as parasites of P. occipitalis. In addition, these findings expand the distributional range of A. rollandii, E. contortus, P. fulicaeatrae, and Confluaria sp. to Chile.

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Arsalan, S. H., E. Daham, Q. T. AL-Obaidi, and E. G. Sulaiman. "Study the percentage of infection with endo and ecto parasites in dogs in mosui / iraq." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 20, no. 1 (June 28, 2006): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2006.62475.

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Adeogun, O. A., G. A. Oladosu, M. M. A. Akinwale, O. A. Okunade, I. A. Akintayo, N. Idika, A. A. Adeiga, et al. "Identification, Distribution and Prevalence of Ecto-parasites Associated with Cultured Fish in Ogun State, Nigeria." Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 9, no. 5 (August 15, 2014): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2014.413.418.

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Dranzoa, C., M. Ocaido, and P. Katete. "The ecto-, gastro-intestinal and haemo-parasites of live pigeons (Columba livia) in Kampala, Uganda." Avian Pathology 28, no. 2 (April 1999): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459994830.

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Rashid, Muhammad, Muhammad Imran Rashid, Haroon Akbar, Liaquat Ahmad, Muhammad Adeel Hassan, Kamran Ashraf, Khalid Saeed, and Mohamed Gharbi. "A systematic review on modelling approaches for economic losses studies caused by parasites and their associated diseases in cattle." Parasitology 146, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018001282.

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AbstractParasites reside inside or outside their hosts and get host nutrition and blood. Here, we have emphasized economic losses in cattle caused by parasitic diseases due to ecto- and endo- parasites (flies, ticks, mites and helminths). We have outlined different methods/models including economic evaluation techniques and dynamic analysis as a major class, used for the calculation of economic losses caused by parasites in cattle. According to already conducted studies, a decrease in production is mentioned in quantity and percentage while financial losses are expressed in the form of account with respect to per head, herd or for the specific study area. The parasites cause the reduced production and financial losses due to control, treatment and mortality costs. We calculated the average decrease in milk production and organ condemnation as 1.16 L animal−1 day−1 and 12.95%, respectively, from overall cattle parasitic infections. Moreover, the average calculated financial and percentage losses were US$ 50.67 animal−1 year−1 and 17.94%, respectively. Economically important parasitic diseases mentioned here are caused by specific spp. of protozoans and helminths according to data collected from the literature. Protozoan diseases include tick-borne diseases, coccidiosis, neosporosis, trypanosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Losses due to tick-borne infections were encountered for decreased milk production, mortality, treatment and control. Losses from coccidiosis were due to decreased weight gain, treatment costs and mortality. While abortion losses were encountered in neosporosis. Trypanosomiasis caused losses due to a decrease in milk yield. Moreover, only diagnostic (conventional or molecular techniques) cost was taken into account for cryptosporidiosis. Economically important nematode parasites are Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Ostertagia spp. and Haemonchus placei. Due to the zoonotic importance of echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus is the most economically important cestode parasite. Losses caused by echinococcosis were due to organ condemnation, carcass weight loss and decreases hide value, milk production and fecundity. While, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important trematodal disease, which causes cirrhosis of the liver due to parasite migration, and thus, the organ becomes inedible. So, it would be helpful for farmers and researchers to approach these methods/models for calculation of parasitic losses and should adopt suitable measures to avoid long-term economic losses.

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Urquhart, Katy, Campbell C. Pert, Rob J. Fryer, Paul Cook, Sarah Weir, Rachel Kilburn, Una McCarthy, et al. "A survey of pathogens and metazoan parasites on wild sea trout (Salmo trutta) in Scottish waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 3 (December 17, 2009): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp271.

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Abstract Urquhart, K., Pert, C. C., Fryer, R. J., Cook, P., Weir, S., Kilburn, R., McCarthy, U., Simons, J., McBeath, S. J., Matejusova, I., and Bricknell, I. R. 2010. A survey of pathogens and metazoan parasites on wild sea trout (Salmo trutta) in Scottish waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 444–453. In all, 300 wild sea trout were sampled from three east coast and two west coast sites around Scotland over a 3-year period to establish the prevalence and the abundance of bacteria, viruses, and ecto- and endoparasites. No bacterial pathogens were isolated from any fish. One fish tested positive for viral pathogens (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus). The viral agent syncytium, resulting from aquareovirus infection, was found in four fish from the east coast. The parasitic fauna consisted of three classes of ectoparasite, Monogenea, Isopoda, and Copepoda, and four classes of endoparasite, Cestoda, Digenea, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala. Sea trout from the east coast sites were larger than those from the west coast. The abundance of Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Hysterothylacium aduncum, and Anisakis sp. was significantly greater at the east coast sites. The only parasite found in significantly greater numbers at a west coast site was Pomphorhynchus laevis.

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LAKEHAL, Kheira, Radhwane SAIDI, Nora MIMOUNE, Farouk BENACEUR, Ratiba BAAZIZI, Rachid CHAIBI, Oum Keltoum ADJEB, and Khadidja SOUIEHI. "The Study of Ectoparasites and Mesoparasites in Turtles (Testudo Graeca Graeca) in the Region of Laghouat (South of Algeria)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 77, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2020.0001.

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This study was carried out in order to identify the different parasites (ecto and mesoparasites) infesting the tortoise Testudo graeca graeca. For this, a population of 24 tortoises was studied from mid-March to May 2018, in the region of Aflou-Laghouat, within two sites: Djellel and Oued Sebgag. The turtles were captured at the time of their activity; sex, age, body weight, total length of the shell and body height were determined. A careful search for parasites has been carried out using various recommended techniques. A total of 126 Hyalomma aegyptium ticks were identified, with an overall prevalence of 71%, an average intensity of 7.4 and an abundance of 5 ticks per individual. The stool examination identified six mesoparasites, namely: Angusticaecum holopterum, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongylus sp, Nematodirus sp, Trichostrongylus sp, Fasciola hepatica. The sex of the host showed a significant influence on the parasitic infestation: the females were four times more infested than the males.

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Dube, S., P. Zindi, J. Mbanga, and C. Dube. "A Study of Scavenging Poultry Gastrointestinal and Ecto-parasites in Rural Areas of Matebeleland Province, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Poultry Science 9, no. 9 (August 15, 2010): 911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.911.915.

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RA, Odenu, Mohammed BR, Simon MK, and Agbede RIS. "Ecto-parasites of Domestic Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria-West Africa." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 51, no. 1 (2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.220654.

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Llanos-Soto, Sebastián, Mabel Córdoba, Lucila Moreno, John Mike Kinsella, Sergey Mironov, Armando Cicchino, Carlos Barrientos, Julio San Martín-Ordenes, and Daniel González-Acuña. "External and intestinal parasites of the Austral thrush Turdus falcklandii (Aves, Turdidae) in central Chile." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019067.

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Abstract A total of thirty Austral thrushes Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) carcasses were brought to the Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, to be examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Ectoparasites were found on 20% (6/30) of the thrushes and belonged to species Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera) and Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Endoparasites were isolated from 26.6% (8/30) of the birds and identified as Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula (Cestoda) Schrank, 1788, and Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). To our knowledge, all endoparasites collected in this study are new records in T. falcklandii and expand their distributional range to Chile.

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Alifuddin, M., Yani Hadiroseyani, and I. Ohoiulun. "Parasites in Fresh Water Ornamental Fish (Cupang, Guppy and Rainbow Fish)." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.2.93-100.

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Parasite inventory on some fresh water ornamental fish was done by survey methode. Parasites found from cupang fish namely Trichodinid (Ciliophora), Dactylogyrus sp. and Gyrodaclylus sp. (Platyhelminthes), Acanthocephala and cystic form; in guppy fish Trichodinid (Ciliophora), Gyrodaclylus sp. (Platyhelminthes) and Lerneae sp. (Crustasea); on rainbowg found Trichodinid (Ciliophora), Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodaclylus sp. (Platyhelminthes), Acanthocephala, Lerneae sp. (Krustasea) and cystic form. Parasites found known as ecto, meso and endoparasites. From this study, there is correlation between parastes present with length fish. Key word : Fish water ornamental fish, fish parasites ABSTRAK Inventarisi parasit telah dilakukan dengan metode survey pada ikan hias air tawar yakni, ikan cupang (Betta splendens Regan), ikan gapi (Poecilia reticulata Peters) dan ikan rainbow (Melanotaenia macculochi Ogilby). Pada ikan cupang ditemukan parasit Trichodinid (Ciliophora), Dactylogyrus sp. dan Gyrodaclylus sp. (Platy-helminthes), Acanthocephala dan kiste); pada ikan gapi ditemukan Trichodinid (Ciliophora), Gyrodaclylus sp. (Platyhelminthes) dan Lerneae sp. (Krustasea); pada ikan rainbowg ditemukan parasit Trichodinid (Ciliophora), Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodaclylus sp. (Platyhelminthes), Acanthocephala, Lerneae sp. {Krustasea) dan kista. Parasit yang ditemukan tergolong ekto, meso dan endoparasit. Dari penelitian ini terlihat adanya hubungan keberadaan parasit dengan ukuran panjang ikan. Kata kunci: Ikan hias air tawar, parasit ikan

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Begum, Aleya, Mandira Mukutmoni, Farjana Akter, and Subrina Sehrin. "Occurrence of parasites in domestic ducks from rural areas of Narayanganj." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 47, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v47i2.44342.

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Thirty six domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were examined to observe the occurrence of ecto and endoparasites. Altogether seven species of ectoparasites namely Anaticola crassicornis, Lipeurus caponis, Goniocotes hologaster, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus, Holomenopon leucpxanthum and Dermanyssus gallinae were observed and identified. L. caponis showed the highest prevalence both in male and female (100%). Mean intensity of A. crassicornis in female ducks was the highest (14.5 ± 2.36) followed by L. caponis (12.5 ± 3.21). The lowest mean intensity was of G. hologaster (2.5 ± 1.41) in male ducks. Prevalence of D. gallinae was higher in male (62.5%) than in female (40%). The maximum percentage of ectoparasites was recovered from wing feather (38.62) followed by trunk (23.85) and skin (23.44). Among the endoparasites, the occurrence of cestodes (77.78%) was the highest with the topmost intensity (51.43 ± 4.88). The highest prevalence was of Hymenolepis columbae and Hymenolepis diminuta (60%). Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Echinostoma revolutum and Tracheohilus sisowi showed the similar prevalence (30%) in male ducks. Patagifer bilobus showed the peak mean intensity in both the male and female ducks. Only one species of nematode, Ascaridia galli was recovered. The maximum endohelminths were found in the small intestine (48.30%) followed by duodenum (31.36%) and rectum (15.32%). Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(2): 315-323, 2019

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Morley, N. J. "Symbiotic bacteria of helminths: what role may they play in ecosystems under anthropogenic stress?" Journal of Helminthology 90, no. 6 (January 12, 2016): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x15001066.

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AbstractSymbiotic bacteria are a common feature of many animals, particularly invertebrates, from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. These bacteria have increasingly been recognized as performing an important role in maintaining invertebrate health. Both ecto- and endoparasitic helminths have also been found to harbour a range of bacterial species which provide a similar function. The part symbiotic bacteria play in sustaining homeostasis of free-living invertebrates exposed to anthropogenic pressure (climate change, pollution), and the consequences to invertebrate populations when their symbionts succumb to poor environmental conditions, are increasingly important areas of research. Helminths are also susceptible to environmental stress and their symbiotic bacteria may be a key aspect of their responses to deteriorating conditions. This article summarizes the ecophysiological relationship helminths have with symbiotic bacteria and the role they play in maintaining a healthy parasite and the relevance of specific changes that occur in free-living invertebrate–bacteria interactions under anthropogenic pressure to helminths and their bacterial communities. It also discusses the importance of understanding the mechanistic sensitivity of helminth–bacteria relationships to environmental stress for comprehending the responses of parasites to challenging conditions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ecto parasites'

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