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Journal articles on the topic 'Ectodermal germ layers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

M, Hariharasubramanian, Rajashekar T S, Suresh Kumar K, and Hanumanthayya K. "A Rare Case of Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia." Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences 14, no. 4 (2024): 167–69. https://doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v14i4.69.

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A wide range of hereditary diseases affecting two or more ectodermally derived tissues together are referred to as ectodermal dysplasias (EDs). The most frequently impacted ectodermal derivatives are the teeth, nails, sweat glands, and hair. The mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, lips, eyes, ears, and other ectodermal structures could also be impacted. During embryonic development, the ectoderm forms the outermost layer of the primary germ layers that give rise to the several structures that are commonly affected in ED. As a result, depending on the array and severity of the anomaly, ED p

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Hartenstein, A. Y., A. Rugendorff, U. Tepass, and V. Hartenstein. "The function of the neurogenic genes during epithelial development in the Drosophila embryo." Development 116, no. 4 (1992): 1203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.4.1203.

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The complex embryonic phenotype of the six neurogenic mutations Notch, mastermind, big brain, Delta, Enhancer of split and neuralized was analyzed by using different antibodies and PlacZ markers, which allowed us to label most of the known embryonic tissues. Our results demonstrate that all of the neurogenic mutants show abnormalities in many different organs derived from all three germ layers. Defects caused by the neurogenic mutations in ectodermally derived tissues fell into two categories. First, all cell types that delaminate from the ectoderm (neuroblasts, sensory neurons, peripheral gli

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Kirillova, Anastasia, Grigory Genikhovich, Ekaterina Pukhlyakova, Adrien Demilly, Yulia Kraus, and Ulrich Technau. "Germ-layer commitment and axis formation in sea anemone embryonic cell aggregates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 8 (2018): 1813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711516115.

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Robust morphogenetic events are pivotal for animal embryogenesis. However, comparison of the modes of development of different members of a phylum suggests that the spectrum of developmental trajectories accessible for a species might be far broader than can be concluded from the observation of normal development. Here, by using a combination of microsurgery and transgenic reporter gene expression, we show that, facing a new developmental context, the aggregates of dissociated embryonic cells of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis take an alternative developmental trajectory. The self-organ

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Indra Buana and Sulfia Magfirah. "Teratoma Mediastinum." Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia 3, no. 3 (2023): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jikki.v3i3.2168.

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Teratomas are germ cell tumors consisting of somatic tissue derived from two or three germinal layers (ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal). Teratomas can be classified as mature teratomas and immature teratomas. Teratomas usually arise in the gonads but can also be extra-gonadal. Extragonadal teratomas can occur in the anterior mediastinum, retroperitoneum, pineal, and anterior suprasellar. The general incidence of teratomas is sacrococcygeal 40%, ovarian 25%, testicular 12%, brain 5%, and others including neck and mediastinum 1%. The etiology of teratoma is unknown, but there is a theory

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5

Das, Prasun, Sudipta Basu, and Srijak Bhattacharyya. "Atypical Presentation of Complicated Dermoid Cyst of Ovary Mimicking Diverticular Abscess." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 6 (2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210605.

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Background: Cystic teratomas comprises 20% overall among all ovarian neoplasia. They are made of derivatives of at least two of three germ layers. Histologically different dermoid cyst contains only well differentiated embryological elements of ectodermal layer. Diverticulitis of colon mainly affects elderly population having abscess formation causing lower abdominal pain. Case presentation: We report a case of 50 yr old woman presenting with lower abdominal pain. From barium enema, ultrasound and CT we suggested the probability of diverticular abscess. Patient was undergone left salpingo-ooph

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Adamu, Zainab Ali, Garba Dahiru Waziri, Kamarudeen Owolabi Sani, Yusuf Kalli Gazali, and Abdullahi Mohammed. "Mature midline teratoma arising within a posterior thoracic myelomeningocele in an infant: A case report." IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research 9, no. 4 (2024): 203–5. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.achr.2024.047.

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Myelomeningocele can occur throughout the spinal axis but the area with the least common localization is the thoracic region which is uncommon. Rarely, these abnormalities coexist with a teratoma and only few reports of a teratoma arising from a myelomeningocele have been reported. Teratoma can also undergo malignant transformation to a non-germ cell malignancy. Here, we report an interesting case of a teratoma arising within thoracic myelomeningocele in an infant. A three month old girl born via vaginal delivery to two related Fulani parents presenting with upper back swelling noticed since b

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7

Henry, G. L., I. H. Brivanlou, D. S. Kessler, A. Hemmati-Brivanlou, and D. A. Melton. "TGF-beta signals and a pattern in Xenopus laevis endodermal development." Development 122, no. 3 (1996): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.3.1007.

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We have analyzed two gene products expressed in the early endoderm of Xenopus laevis: Xlhbox-8, a pancreas-specific transcription factor and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP), a marker of small intestinal epithelium. Expression of the pancreas marker relies on cell signaling mediated by both the TGF-beta and FGF classes of secreted peptide growth factors, whereas, expression of the more posterior small intestinal marker does not. Endodermal explants devoid of mesoderm express both markers in a regionalized manner. Cortical rotation is required for the expression of the more anterio

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8

Khatri, Amit, Namita Kalra, Rishi Tyagi, Khadeeja Kulood M, Mayank Sharma, and Drishti Kaushal. "Plausible predicament in emergency endodontic rehabilitation of a child with Sturge-Weber syndrome: A case report." Contemporary Pediatric Dentistry 3, no. 2 (2022): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51463/cpd.2022.97.

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Sturge–Weber Syndrome (SWS) is a neuro-oculo-cutaneous vascular disorder that includes leptomeningeal hemangioma and port wine stains, usually ipsilaterally, with ocular manifestations and extended lesions over the oral cavity. It is an embryonic developmental disorder affecting both mesodermal and ectodermal germ layers, associated with somatic mutation of gene GNAQ. It has a sporadic occurrence of 1:50,000 and no gender predilection. This case report added to the knowledge and understanding of systematic rehabilitation of a child patient with SWS and its associated risk factors in an emergen

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9

Miller, J., S. E. Fraser, and D. McClay. "Dynamics of thin filopodia during sea urchin gastrulation." Development 121, no. 8 (1995): 2501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.8.2501.

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At gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo, a dramatic rearrangement of cells establishes the three germ layers of the organism. Experiments have revealed a number of cell interactions at this stage that transfer patterning information from cell to cell. Of particular significance, primary mesenchyme cells, which are responsible for production of the embryonic skeleton, have been shown to obtain extensive positional information from the embryonic ectoderm. In the present study, high resolution Nomarski imaging reveals the presence of very thin filopodia (02-0.4 micron in diameter) extending from

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10

von Huth, Sebastian, Jesper B. Moeller, Anders Schlosser, et al. "Immunohistochemical Localization of Fibrinogen C Domain Containing 1 on Epithelial and Mucosal Surfaces in Human Tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 66, no. 2 (2017): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155417743694.

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Fibrinogen C domain containing 1 (FIBCD1) is a transmembrane receptor that binds chitin and other acetylated compounds with high affinity. FIBCD1 has previously been shown to be present in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, we performed a detailed analysis of normally structured human tissues for the expression of FIBCD1 by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. We find that FIBCD1 is expressed in epithelial cells derived from all three germ layers. Endodermal-derived epithelial cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system showed h

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Olenev, A. S., N. V. Kurtenok, E. L. Tumanova, et al. "Fetal mediastinal teratoma: a case report." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (2024): 120–29. https://doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2024-9-4-120-129.

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Teratomas are the most common congenital tumors, and are composed of various tissues of ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal origin. Usually, they contain derivatives of all three germ layers such as bone, cartilage, muscle, epithelial and glandular tissue. Mediastinal teratomas are extremely rare, and usually arise in the anterior mediastinum as a median or paramedian mass. In the perinatal period, up to 15% of all teratomas are observed. The tumor is more often located in the anterior mediastinum, may be associated with the thymus or thyroid gland, in some cases it is not possible to deter

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Lubitz, Sandra, Stefan Glaser, Julia Schaft, A. Francis Stewart, and Konstantinos Anastassiadis. "Increased Apoptosis and Skewed Differentiation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Lacking the Histone Methyltransferase Mll2." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 6 (2007): 2356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-11-1060.

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Epigenetic regulation by histone methyltransferases provides transcriptional memory and inheritable propagation of gene expression patterns. Potentially, the transition from a pluripotent state to lineage commitment also includes epigenetic instructions. The histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase Mll2/Wbp7 is essential for embryonic development. Here, we used embryonic stem (ES) cell lines deficient for Mll2 to examine its function more accurately. Mll2−/− ES cells are viable and retain pluripotency, but they display cell proliferation defects due to an enhanced rate of apoptosis. Apoptosis was

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13

Lee, H. H., and M. Frasch. "Wingless effects mesoderm patterning and ectoderm segmentation events via induction of its downstream target sloppy paired." Development 127, no. 24 (2000): 5497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.24.5497.

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Inactivation of either the secreted protein Wingless (Wg) or the forkhead domain transcription factor Sloppy Paired (Slp) has been shown to produce similar effects in the developing Drosophila embryo. In the ectoderm, both gene products are required for the formation of the segmental portions marked by naked cuticle. In the mesoderm, Wg and Slp activities are crucial for the suppression of bagpipe (bap), and hence visceral mesoderm formation, and the promotion of somatic muscle and heart formation within the anterior portion of each parasegment. In this report, we show that, during these devel

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14

Ruffins, S. W., and C. A. Ettensohn. "A fate map of the vegetal plate of the sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) mesenchyme blastula." Development 122, no. 1 (1996): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.1.253.

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Previous lineage tracing experiments have shown that the vegetal blastomers of cleavage stage embryos give rise to all the mesoderm and endoderm of the sea urchin larva. In these studies, vegetal blastomers were labeled no later than the sixth cleavage division (60-64 cell stage). In an earlier study we showed that single cells in the vegetal plate of the blastula stage Lytechinus variegatus embryo could be labeled in situ with the fluorescent, lipophilic dye, DiI(C18), and that cells labeled in the central region of the vegetal plate of the mesenchyme blastula primarily gave rise to homogeneo

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15

Brown, D., D. Wagner, X. Li, J. A. Richardson, and E. N. Olson. "Dual role of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor scleraxis in mesoderm formation and chondrogenesis during mouse embryogenesis." Development 126, no. 19 (1999): 4317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.19.4317.

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Scleraxis is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor shown previously to be expressed in developing chondrogenic cell lineages during embryogenesis. To investigate its function in embryonic development, we produced scleraxis-null mice by gene targeting. Homozygous mutant embryos developed normally until the early egg cylinder stage (embryonic day 6.0), when they became growth-arrested and failed to gastrulate. Consistent with this early embryonic phenotype, scleraxis was found to be expressed throughout the embryo at the time of gastrulation before becoming restricted to chondroge

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16

Sumarlin, Sofi, and Wiwin Suhandr. "Congenital cervical teratoma." Southeast Asian Journal of Case Report and Review 11, no. 2 (2024): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.sajcrr.2024.011.

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: Teratoma, originating from the Greek word "teras" meaning "monster," reflects its diverse tissue composition, often containing ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal tissues. These embryonic germ layers contribute to the rarity of teratomas in the neck, though they are more commonly found in the sacrococcygeal area. Notably, teratomas occurring in the cervical region can lead to life-threatening symptoms due to their mass effect.: A 26-year-old multiparous woman highlighted the challenges of managing cervical teratomas. During her 38th week of gestation, an ultrasound revealed a tumour on th

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Nishikawa, Yumiko, Fumiko Hirota, Masashi Yano, et al. "Biphasic Aire expression in early embryos and in medullary thymic epithelial cells before end-stage terminal differentiation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 207, no. 5 (2010): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20092144.

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The roles of autoimmune regulator (Aire)–expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) in the organization of the thymic microenvironment for establishing self-tolerance are enigmatic. We sought to monitor the production and maintenance of Aire-expressing mTECs by a fate-mapping strategy in which bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic (Tg) mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the Aire regulatory element were crossed with a GFP reporter strain. We found that, in addition to its well recognized expression within mature mTECs, Aire was expressed in the early embryo befo

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Rao, Ishani H., Rohan Dhamsania, Edmund K. Waller, and Sanjay Chandrasekaran. "Abstract 2634: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) regulates ZEB1 expression in cancer." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (2022): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2634.

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Abstract Background: In cancer immunology, VIP is a neuropeptide with pleiotropic effects that include inhibiting T cell activation, increasing Treg frequency, and augmenting the myeloid-derived suppressor cells function. VIP expression by cancer may represent a paracrine immune-checkpoint pathway while simultaneously having autocrine effects on cancer growth. We used an in silico model to identify genes whose over-expression in cancer was correlated with VIP expression and confirmed the role of VIP receptor (VIPR) signaling in vitro using VIPR inhibitors. Methods: The TCGA PanCan dataset (UCS

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Malami Aliyu, Usman, Ehiosa Charles Okuofo, Charles Oluchukwu Okwonna, and Sadiku Malami Sahabi. "Clinicopathological pattern of soft tissue sarcoma in a tertiary health institution in North Western Nigeria." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 5 (2018): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20181750.

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Background: Soft tissue sarcomas are a rare group of heterogeneous tumours that consist of several neoplasia which differentiate into different cell lines. They could arise from the mesodermal or ectodermal embryonic germ layers. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue tumour in the paediatric age group in most studies, while in adults, malignant fibrous histocytoma, liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma are seen to be more predominant. The study aims to highlight the histological patterns, clinical presentation, associated risk factors and the patients’ performance status at presentation.Metho

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Niswander, L., and G. R. Martin. "Fgf-4 expression during gastrulation, myogenesis, limb and tooth development in the mouse." Development 114, no. 3 (1992): 755–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.3.755.

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Fgf-4, initially isolated as a transforming gene from human tumors, is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family. It has previously been shown by northern blot hybridization analysis to be expressed in teratocarcinoma and embryonic stem cells, suggesting that it plays a role in embryonic development. We have carried out an RNA in situ hybridization analysis of Fgf-4 expression in the developing mouse embryo, from fertilization through the 14th day of gestation (E14.5). Our results show that Fgf-4 RNA is first detected at the late blastocyst stage in cells that give rise to all of t

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Yasuo, H., and P. Lemaire. "Generation of the germ layers along the animal-vegetal axis in Xenopus laevis." International Journal of Developmental Biology 45, no. 1 (2001): 229–35. https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.11291851.

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After completion of gastrulation, typical vertebrate embryos consist of three cell sheets, called germ layers. The outer layer, the ectoderm, which produces the cells of the epidermis and the nervous system; the inner layer, the endoderm, producing the lining of the digestive tube and its associated organs (pancreas, liver, lungs etc.) and the middle layer, the mesoderm, which gives rise to several organs (heart, kidney, gonads), connective tissues (bone, muscles, tendons, blood vessels), and blood cells. The formation of the germ layers is one of the earliest embryonic events to subdivide mul

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Rathjen, J., S. Dunn, M. D. Bettess, and P. D. Rathjen. "Lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent cells in vitro: a role for extraembryonic cell types." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 1 (2001): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00079.

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The controlled differentiation of pluripotent cells will be a prerequisite for many cell therapies. We have previously reported homogeneous conversion of embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro to early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells, equivalent to early primitive ectoderm, an obligatory differentiation intermediate between ES cells and somatic cell populations. Early primitive ectoderm-like cells differentiated within aggregates form mesodermal lineages at the expense of ectoderm. In this work we demonstrate that the failure of EPL cells to form ectodermal cell types does not reflect an inher

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Duband, J. L., T. Volberg, I. Sabanay, J. P. Thiery, and B. Geiger. "Spatial and temporal distribution of the adherens-junction-associated adhesion molecule A-CAM during avian embryogenesis." Development 103, no. 2 (1988): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.2.325.

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A-CAM (adherens-junction-specific cell adhesion molecule) is a calcium-dependent adhesion molecule which is associated with intercellular adherens junctions in various tissues (Volk & Geiger, 1986, J. Cell Biol. 103, 1441–1450 and 1451–1464). In the present report, we have investigated the distribution of A-CAM during avian morphogenesis by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. A-CAM appeared at the onset of gastrulation on developing mesodermal and endodermal cells and was then expressed on tissues derived from the three primary germ layers. During embryonic life, A-CAM was co

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Baker, R., and G. Schubiger. "Ectoderm induces muscle-specific gene expression in Drosophila embryos." Development 121, no. 5 (1995): 1387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.5.1387.

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We have inhibited normal cell-cell interactions between mesoderm and ectoderm in wild-type Drosophila embryos, and have assayed the consequences on muscle development. Although most cells in gastrulation-arrested embryos do not differentiate, they express latent germ layer-specific genes appropriate for their position. Mesoderm cells require proximity to ectoderm to express several muscle-specific genes. We show that ventral ectoderm induces mesoderm cells to express nautilus (a MyoD homologue) and to differentiate somatic myofibers, whereas dorsal ectoderm induces mesoderm cells to express vi

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Ang, S. L., and J. Rossant. "Anterior mesendoderm induces mouse Engrailed genes in explant cultures." Development 118, no. 1 (1993): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.1.139.

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We have developed germ layer explant culture assays to study the role of mesoderm in anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning of the mouse neural plate. Using isolated explants of ectodermal tissue alone, we have demonstrated that the expression of Engrailed-1 (En-1) and En-2 genes in ectoderm is independent of mesoderm by the mid- to late streak stage, at least 12 hours before their onset of expression in the neural tube in vivo at the early somite stage. In recombination explants, anterior mesendoderm from headfold stage embryos induces the expression of En-1 and En-2 in pre- to early streak ecto

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Kang, J. H., S. M. Park, S. Y. Heo, et al. "221 DERIVATION OF INSULIN-PRODUCING CELLS FROM HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLASTS AT INTERMEDIATE PHASE OF REPROGRAMMING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab221.

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Process of somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can broadly be divided into an early stochastic phase and a later, hierarchical and more deterministic phase of gene activation. Between the stochastic onset and the deterministic progression while approaching pluripotency, cells upon reprogramming undergo a transient activation or repression of developmental regulators. In these intermediate cells yet acquiring pluripotency, many somatic gene expressions are lost, while various lineage-specific factors are activated. In the present study, we produced pancreatic β

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Nitobe, Yohshiro, Toshihide Nagaoki, Gentaro Kumagai, et al. "Neurotrophic Factor Secretion and Neural Differentiation Potential of Multilineage-differentiating Stress-enduring (Muse) Cells Derived from Mouse Adipose Tissue." Cell Transplantation 28, no. 9-10 (2019): 1132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689719863809.

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Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are endogenous pluripotent stem cells that can be isolated based on stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA-3), a pluripotent stem cell-surface marker. However, their capacities for survival, neurotrophic factor secretion, and neuronal and glial differentiation are unclear in rodents. Here we analyzed mouse adipose tissue-derived Muse cells in vitro. We collected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from C57BL/6 J mouse adipose tissue and separated SSEA-3+, namely Muse cells, and SSEA-3–, non-Muse cells, to assess self-renewability; pluripote

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Warga, R. M., and C. Nusslein-Volhard. "Origin and development of the zebrafish endoderm." Development 126, no. 4 (1999): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.4.827.

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The segregation of cells into germ layers is one of the earliest events in the establishment of cell fate in the embryo. In the zebrafish, endoderm and mesoderm are derived from cells that involute into an internal layer, the hypoblast, whereas ectoderm is derived from cells that remain in the outer layer, the epiblast. In this study, we examine the origin of the zebrafish endoderm and its separation from the mesoderm. By labeling individual cells located at the margin of the blastula, we demonstrate that all structures that are endodermal in origin are derived predominantly from the more dors

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Lhomond, Guy, Michael Schubert та Jenifer Croce. "Spatiotemporal requirements of nuclear β-catenin define early sea urchin embryogenesis". PLOS Biology 22, № 11 (2024): e3002880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002880.

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Establishment of the 3 primordial germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) during early animal development represents an essential prerequisite for the emergence of properly patterned embryos. β-catenin is an ancient protein that is known to play essential roles in this process. However, these roles have chiefly been established through inhibition of β-catenin translation or function at the time of fertilization. Comprehensive analyses reporting the totality of functions played by nuclear β-catenin, during the early embryogenesis of a given animal, i.e., at different developmental stages

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Cleine, J. Herman, and Jonathan M. W. Slack. "Normal fates and states of specification of different regions in the axolotl gastrula." Development 86, no. 1 (1985): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.86.1.247.

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A fate map was constructed for four regions of the early gastrula of Ambystoma mexicanum using orthotopic grafts from donors labelled with FLDx (fluoresceinated-lysinated-dextran). The region around the animal pole gave rise to epidermis only and did not include prospective neural plate. The dorsal marginal zone contributed to cephalic endoderm and to the whole length of the axial mesoderm (notochord and somites), the lateral marginal zone to lateroventral and somitic mesoderm, and the ventral marginal zone to lateroventral mesoderm. It was found that the dorsal marginal zone contributed relat

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Lawrence, P. A., P. Johnston, and J. P. Vincent. "Wingless can bring about a mesoderm-to-ectoderm induction in Drosophila embryos." Development 120, no. 12 (1994): 3355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.12.3355.

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By means of nuclear transplantations, we make mosaics in which largely wingless- embryos contain patches of wingless+ cells. In these genetic mosaics, using a standard assay for wingless function (the maintenance of engrailed expression), we uncover an induction across germ layers: Wingless made in the mesoderm can sustain engrailed expression in the ectoderm. This result makes clear that Wingless is expressed in the mesoderm until at least one hour after gastrulation and may function in this germ layer in the wild type.

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Christopher, Grace A., Rebecca J. Noort, and Jessica L. Esseltine. "Connexin 43 Gene Ablation Does Not Alter Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Germ Lineage Specification." Biomolecules 12, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12010015.

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During embryonic germ layer development, cells communicate with each other and their environment to ensure proper lineage specification and tissue development. Connexin (Cx) proteins facilitate direct cell–cell communication through gap junction channels. While previous reports suggest that gap junctional intercellular communication may contribute to germ layer formation, there have been limited comprehensive expression analyses or genetic ablation studies on Cxs during human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) germ lineage specification. We screened the mRNA profile and protein expression patterns of

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Bajaj, Anubha. "Sophomoric and Metamorphosed-Immature Teratoma." Clinical and Medical Research and Studies 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.59468/2836-8525/003.

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Immature teratoma is a malignant germ cell tumour constituted of divergent mature and immature tissues along with a characteristic component of primitive neuro-ectoderm. The malignant, ovarian neoplasm demonstrates cellular genesis from embryonal germ cell layers denominated as ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm and is comprised of variably quantifiable mature and immature tissues.

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Bronner, G., and H. Jackle. "Regulation and function of the terminal gap gene huckebein in the Drosophila blastoderm." International Journal of Developmental Biology 40, no. 1 (1996): 157–65. https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.8735925.

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Pattern formation in Drosophila involves a cascade of maternal and zygotic factors which are spatially restricted in the blastoderm embryo. Here we show that the Drosophila gene huckebein (hkb), a member of the gap gene class of segmentation genes, is not only required for suppression of segmentation in the terminal regions of the embryo but also to spatially restrict germ layer formation at the beginning of gastrulation. hkb encodes a Sp1/egr-like zinc finger protein, likely to be a transcription factor. Its absence in hkb mutants causes the ectodermal and mesodermal primordia to expand at th

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Page, M. "Changing patterns of cytokeratins and vimentin in the early chick embryo." Development 105, no. 1 (1989): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.105.1.97.

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The distribution of cytokeratins and vimentin intermediate filaments in the first 48 h of chick development has been determined using immunofluorescent labelling. During formation of the germ layers, cytokeratin expression is associated with the appearance of an integral epithelium (ectoderm), whereas vimentin expression is associated with cells that detach and migrate from this epithelium to form endoderm and mesoderm. Subsequently, vimentin persists in the endoderm and mesoderm and the tissues derived therefrom, such as the somites and developing heart, throughout the period of study. The ap

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Kalimi, G. H., and C. W. Lo. "Communication compartments in the gastrulating mouse embryo." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 1 (1988): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.1.241.

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We characterized the pattern of gap junctional communication in the 7.5-d mouse embryo (at the primitive streak or gastrulation stage). First we examined the pattern of dye coupling by injecting the fluorescent tracers, Lucifer Yellow or carboxyfluorescein, and monitoring the extent of dye spread. These studies revealed that cells within all three germ layers are well coupled, as the injected dye usually spread rapidly from the site of impalement into the neighboring cells. The dye spread, however, appeared to be restricted at specific regions of the embryo. Further thick section histological

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Yancey, S. B., S. Biswal, and J. P. Revel. "Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of the gap junction protein connexin43 during mouse gastrulation and organogenesis." Development 114, no. 1 (1992): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.1.203.

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Connexin43 (Cx43) is a member of the family of channel-forming proteins that make up the gap junction and are believed to provide pathways for cell-cell exchange of developmental signals. We have used immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy to characterize the patterns of distribution of Cx43 in postimplantation mouse embryos representing stages of development extending through gastrulation and the major period of organogenesis [through 13.5 days post coitum (dpc)]. We find that Cx43 is expressed early after implantation by the undifferentiated, pluripotent cells of the primitive embryonic

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Hebert, J. M., M. Boyle, and G. R. Martin. "mRNA localization studies suggest that murine FGF-5 plays a role in gastrulation." Development 112, no. 2 (1991): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.2.407.

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During gastrulation in the mouse, the pluripotent embryonic ectoderm cells form the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Little is known about the mechanisms responsible for these processes, but evidence from previous studies in amphibians, as well as expression studies in mammals, suggest that signalling molecules of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family may play a role in gastrulation. To determine whether this might be the case for FGF-5 in the mouse embryo, we carried out RNA in situ hybridization studies to determine when and where in the early postimplantation

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Giger, Florence A., and Nicolas B. David. "Endodermal germ-layer formation through active actin-driven migration triggered by N-cadherin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (2017): 10143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708116114.

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Germ-layer formation during gastrulation is both a fundamental step of development and a paradigm for tissue formation and remodeling. However, the cellular and molecular basis of germ-layer segregation is poorly understood, mostly because of the lack of direct in vivo observations. We used mosaic zebrafish embryos to investigate the formation of the endoderm. High-resolution live imaging and functional analyses revealed that endodermal cells reach their characteristic innermost position through an active, oriented, and actin-based migration dependent on Rac1, which contrasts with the previous

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Wells, J. M., and D. A. Melton. "Early mouse endoderm is patterned by soluble factors from adjacent germ layers." Development 127, no. 8 (2000): 1563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.8.1563.

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Endoderm that forms the respiratory and digestive tracts is a sheet of approximately 500–1000 cells around the distal cup of an E7.5 mouse embryo. Within 2 days, endoderm folds into a primitive gut tube from which numerous organs will bud. To characterize the signals involved in the developmental specification of this early endoderm, we have employed an in vitro assay using germ layer explants and show that adjacent germ layers provide soluble, temporally specific signals that induce organ-specific gene expression in endoderm. Furthermore, we show that FGF4 expressed in primitive streak-mesode

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Quan, Hui, Hao Tian, Sirui Liu, et al. "Progressive Domain Segregation in Early Embryonic Development and Underlying Correlation to Genetic and Epigenetic Changes." Cells 10, no. 10 (2021): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102521.

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Chromatin undergoes drastic structural organization and epigenetic reprogramming during embryonic development. We present here a consistent view of the chromatin structural change, epigenetic reprogramming, and the corresponding sequence-dependence in both mouse and human embryo development. The two types of domains, identified earlier as forests (CGI-rich domains) and prairies (CGI-poor domains) based on the uneven distribution of CGI in the genome, become spatially segregated during embryonic development, with the exception of zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and implantation, at which point

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KEPKEP, Necip, Hikmet YAVUZ, and Metin KARSLIGIL. "The Benign Cystic Teratoma of Ovary (Dermoid Cyst)." European Journal of Therapeutics 2, no. 2 (1991): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58600/eurjther.19910202-550.

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The Benign Cystic Teratoma (Dermoid cyst) frequently seen in younger women, is the benign and cystic germ cell tumor of the ovary. it contains all types of the matur germ layers such as ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Malignant changes may rarely occur and influence the prognosis of the patients. Cystectomy must be performed on the cases who desire childbirth. Otherwise oopherectomy or saplingooopherectomy can be done on the patients who don't want pregnancy.

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SISKOS, NIKISTRATOS, PAVLOS LELOVAS, MARIANNA STASINOPOULOU, and NIKOLAOS KOSTOMITSOPOULOS. "Two case studies of 129/Sv testicular teratoma." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 68, no. 1 (2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15568.

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Testicular teratoma is classified among testicular germ cells tumors. While its incidence is relatively low among animals, in 129/Sv mice is presented in relatively high prevalence. It has been revealed that murine teratoma arises from genetically altered germ cells that undergo malignant transformation during embryogenesis. A point mutation on the 129/Sv genome has been incriminated for failing to regulate normal pathways in germ cell development leading in high teratocarcinogenic risk. For a neoplasm to be characterized as teratoma, derivatives from at least two germ cell layers have to be d

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Choi, Y. S., and B. Gumbiner. "Expression of cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin in Xenopus embryos begins at gastrulation and predominates in the ectoderm." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 6 (1989): 2449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.6.2449.

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The expression of the Ca2+-dependent epithelial cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin (also known as uvomorulin and L-CAM) in the early stages of embryonic development of Xenopus laevis was examined. E-Cadherin was identified in the Xenopus A6 epithelial cell line by antibody cross-reactivity and several biochemical characteristics. Four independent mAbs were generated against purified Xenopus E-cadherin. All four mAbs recognized the same polypeptides in A6 cells, adult epithelial tissues, and embryos. These mAbs inhibited the formation of cell contacts between A6 cells and stained the basolateral

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Steinmetz, Patrick R. H., Andy Aman, Johanna E. M. Kraus, and Ulrich Technau. "Gut-like ectodermal tissue in a sea anemone challenges germ layer homology." Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, no. 10 (2017): 1535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0285-5.

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Steinmetz, Patrick, Andy Aman, Johanna Kraus, and Ulrich Technau. "Gut-like ectodermal tissue in a sea anemone challenges germ layer homology." Mechanisms of Development 145 (July 2017): S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.295.

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Duncan, S. A., A. Nagy, and W. Chan. "Murine gastrulation requires HNF-4 regulated gene expression in the visceral endoderm: tetraploid rescue of Hnf-4(−/−) embryos." Development 124, no. 2 (1997): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.2.279.

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Immediately prior to gastrulation the murine embryo consists of an outer layer of visceral endoderm (VE) and an inner layer of ectoderm. Differentiation and migration of the ectoderm then occurs to produce the three germ layers (ectoderm, embryonic endoderm and mesoderm) from which the fetus is derived. An indication that the VE might have a critical role in this process emerged from studies of Hnf-4(−/−) mouse embryos which fail to undergo normal gastrulation. Since expression of the transcription factor HNF-4 is restricted to the VE during this phase of development, we proposed that HNF-4-re

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Mac Auley, A., Z. Werb, and P. E. Mirkes. "Characterization of the unusually rapid cell cycles during rat gastrulation." Development 117, no. 3 (1993): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.3.873.

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The onset of gastrulation in rodents is associated with the start of differentiation within the embryo proper and a dramatic increase in the rate of growth and proliferation. We have determined the duration of the cell cycle for mesodermal and ectodermal cells of rat embryos during gastrulation (days 8.5 to 9.5 of gestation) using a stathmokinetic analysis. These embryonic cells are the most rapidly dividing mammalian cells yet described. Most cells of the ectoderm and mesoderm had a cell cycle time of 7 to 7.5 hours, but the cells of the primitive streak divided every 3 to 3.5 hours. Total ce

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Gordeev, M. N., A. S. Zinovyeva, E. E. Petrenko, et al. "Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation to Definitive Endoderm As a Model of Heterogeneity Onset During Germ Layer Specification." Acta Naturae 16, no. 4 (2024): 62–72. https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.27510.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine thanks to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into somatic cells and the germline. ESCs correspond to pluripotent epiblast — the tissue from which the following three germ layers originate during embryonic gastrulation: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Importantly, ESCs can be induced to differentiate toward various cell types by varying culture conditions, which can be exploited for in vitro modeling of developmental processes such as gastrulation. The classical model of gastrulation postulates that mesode

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Watanabe, M., M. Kinutani, M. Naito, O. Ochi, and Y. Takashima. "Distribution analysis of transferred donor cells in avian blastodermal chimeras." Development 114, no. 2 (1992): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.2.331.

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Blastodermal chimeras were constructed by transferring quail cells to chick blastoderm. Contribution of donor cells to host were histologically analyzed utilizing an in situ cell marker. Of the embryos produced by injection of stage XI-XIII quail cells into stage XI-2 chick blastoderm, more than 50 percent were definite chimeras. The restriction on the spatial arrangement of donor cells was induced by varying the stage of host. Ectodermal chimerism was limited to the head region and no mesodermal chimerism was shown when the quail cells were injected into stage XI-XIII blastoderm. Mesodermal a

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