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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ectoparasite

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ectoparasite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ectoparasite"

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Jamshidi, Shahram, Nadi Maazi, Shahrokh Ranjbar-Bahadori, Mahdiyeh Rezaei, Pedram Morakabsaz, and Morteza Hosseininejad. "A survey of ectoparasite infestation in dogs in Tehran, Iran." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 21, no. 3 (September 2012): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612012000300030.

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This survey was conducted to identify and estimate the frequencies of ectoparasites of dogs in Tehran, Iran. A total of 143 dogs attended at the Small Animal Hospital of the Veterinary School, the University of Tehran, were examined for the presence of ectoparasites and dermatological lesions. Ectoparasite specimens and blood samples were sent to parasitology and hematology laboratories, respectively. Ticks were the most frequent ectoparasite (36.4%, 52/143), followed by fleas (29.4%, 42/143), mites (25.9%, 37/143), and lice (8.4%, 12/143). Mixed infestations with two or more ectoparasites were detected in eight dogs. Rhipicephalus bursa was the most frequent ectoparasite in spring and summer. Ectoparasitic infestations were recorded mainly in large breeds and juvenile animals. Eosinophilia was more observed in dogs infested with Sarcoptes scabiei. The most common clinical sign, skin pruritus, was associated with mite and lice infestations. These results indicate that the tick R. bursa was the most prominent species of ectoparasite found in the evaluated group, followed by Ctenocephalides canis and S. scabiei var canis.

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PILOSOF, SHAI, MARCELA LARESCHI, and BORIS R. KRASNOV. "Host body microcosm and ectoparasite infracommunities: arthropod ectoparasites are not spatially segregated." Parasitology 139, no. 13 (September 5, 2012): 1739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001205.

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SUMMARYWe studied the distribution of ectoparasite species (an ixodid tick, a chigger mite, 7 mesostigmate mites, 5 fleas and 3 lice) on bodies of 5 species of rodent hosts from the marshlands in Argentina to establish whether arthropod ectoparasites are segregated across body parts of the same host individual. We asked (a) whether an individual ectoparasite species prefers certain parts of the body of its host and, if yes, whether these preferences overlap among ectoparasite species; (b) whether ectoparasite species composition differs among different parts of a host's body; and (c) whether co-occurrences of ectoparasite species within pre-defined body parts of a host are non-random and, if yes, whether ectoparasites co-occur in the same body part of a host either less or more often than expected by chance. It was found that, in general, ectoparasite species were not segregated across body parts of a host. Although some ectoparasites preferred certain body parts, these preferences were similar among ectoparasites belonging to different species and/or higher taxa resulting in similarity among host body parts in ectoparasite species composition. In addition, ectoparasite species demonstrated a tendency to co-occur on the same body parts of a host and not to be segregated among them. It was concluded that the distribution of ectoparasites on the body of a small mammalian host is driven mainly by their interaction with the host rather than by distinct preferences or interactions among ectoparasite species.

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Presley, Steven J., and Michael R. Willig. "Intraspecific patterns of ectoparasite abundances on Paraguayan bats: effects of host sex and body size." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 1 (January 2008): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004683.

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Abstract:Although levels of parasitism can vary greatly among individual bats of the same species, little is known about the characteristics of hosts that affect such variation. Bats were captured via mist nets from June 1995 to July 1997 from 28 localities throughout Paraguay. Over 17 500 ectoparasites were collected from 2909 bats; however, analyses of ectoparasite abundance were restricted to more abundant taxa of host and ectoparasite. We quantified the abundances of 29 taxa of ectoparasite on 19 species of bat host, as well as total abundance of ectoparasites regardless of taxonomic affiliation for 22 species of bat from Paraguay. The effects of host sex and host body size on these estimates of ectoparasite abundance were evaluated separately for each species of host. Ectoparasites did not respond consistently to host body size: ectoparasite abundance increased with host body size in 12 instances and decreased with host body size in 11 instances. Regardless of the existence or direction of effects of host body size on ectoparasite abundance, female hosts generally harboured more ectoparasites than did male hosts. Differences in host quality associated with the sex of bats, especially those related to behaviour, may be a more important determinant of ectoparasite abundance than are differences in size. Opportunities for host transfer are critical for species persistence of ectoparasites; consequently, ectoparasite populations on host individuals that form social groups or colonies should be larger, less prone to stochastic extinction, and have greater opportunity for speciation.

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Shilereyo, M., F. Magige, P. S. Ranke, J. O. Ogutu, and E. Røskaft. "Ectoparasite load of small mammals in the Serengeti Ecosystem: effects of land use, season, host species, age, sex and breeding status." Parasitology Research 121, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 823–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07439-1.

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AbstractEctoparasite load in small mammals can be influenced by both environmental conditions and host species characteristics. However, the nature of these influences is poorly understood in many ecosystems. We used zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression models with a log link function to assess variation in ectoparasite load among 19 small mammal host species across different land uses (protection in a park, pastoralism and agriculture), habitat types, seasons, age classes, sexes and breeding statuses. We collected 4258 ectoparasites from 612 individual belonging to 19 different species of small mammals. The average ectoparasite load per individual was higher in the pastoral and agricultural lands than in the National Park. Ectoparasite load varied among species and was the highest for the four common and generalist small mammal species (Aethomys sp., Arvicanthis niloticus, Mastomys natalensis, and Gerbilliscus vicinus), most notably in the disturbed pastoral and agricultural lands. It was also higher in the dry than the wet season and for adult males than adult females. These patterns partly reflect the greater mobility of small mammals in the drier conditions; in addition the large body size and home range of males increase the likelihood of encountering parasites. Human disturbance was associated with elevated ectoparasitic load among the small mammals and hence elevated risk of transmission of ectoparasites to humans. As a result, understanding the effect of habitat disturbance on ectoparasite load and its link to zoonotic disease risk should be an important conservation goal and public health priority. Moreover, effective pest control strategies should consider variation in ectoparasite load with land use, habitat type, season and species characteristics.

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Ekinci, Ayşe. "ECTOPARASITES OF DOMESTIC PIGEONS (Columba livia domestica) IN DIYARBAKIR PROVINCE IN TÜRKIYE." Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences 9, Special Issue (April 11, 2024): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.62476/abes9s53.

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Ectoparasitic diseases have been observed in studies that have negative effects, especially on the development of pigeons. This study was conducted to determine the ectoparasite species found in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Diyarbakır city center. A total of 125 pigeons in Diyarbakır and its center were studied in terms of ectoparasites. It was determined that 66 (52.8%) of 125 pigeons examined during the study process in Diyarbakır were infested with various ectoparasite species at varying degrees. Columbicola columbae was found in 48% of the pigeons and Goniocotes bidentatus in 4.8%. One species was found in 60 (91%) of the infested pigeons and two species (C. Columbae + G.bidentatus) were found together in 6 (9%) of the infested pigeons.

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Lorch, Dagmar, Diana O. Fisher, and David M. Spratt. "Variation in ectoparasite infestation on the brown antechinus, Antechinus stuartii, with regard to host, habitat and environmental parameters." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 3 (2007): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06073.

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We studied ectoparasite infestation patterns in a wild population of brown antechinuses, Antechinus stuartii (Dasyuridae) at three sites in south-eastern New South Wales, over a period of seven months. Ectoparasite diversity on brown antechinuses was particularly high for a small mammal: 18 species of ectoparasites were recorded, including one undescribed species of mite. Ectoparasite infestation varied between study sites and changed seasonally. Variation between sites was related to habitat and environmental parameters, and the highest ectoparasite infestations were encountered in the coolest habitat with greatest depth of leaf litter. Host population densities varied only slightly between sites, and host density was not considered to be a primary factor influencing ectoparasite infestation. This is the first study to provide a host record of ectoparasites of Antechinus stuartii sensu stricto.

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Kupfer, Tom R., Daniel M. T. Fessler, Bozhi Wu, Tiffany Hwang, Adam Maxwell Sparks, Sonia Alas, Theodore Samore, Vedika Lal, Tanvi P. Sakhamuru, and Colin Holbrook. "The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1955 (July 28, 2021): 20210376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0376.

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Disgust has long been viewed as a primary motivator of defensive responses to threats posed by both microscopic pathogens and macroscopic ectoparasites. Although disgust can defend effectively against pathogens encountered through ingestion or incidental contact, it offers limited protection against ectoparasites, which actively pursue a host and attach to its surface. Humans might, therefore, possess a distinct ectoparasite defence system—including cutaneous sensory mechanisms and grooming behaviours—functionally suited to guard the body's surface. In two US studies and one in China, participants ( N = 1079) viewed a range of ectoparasite- and pathogen-relevant video stimuli and reported their feelings, physiological sensations, and behavioural motivations. Participants reported more surface-guarding responses towards ectoparasite stimuli than towards pathogen stimuli, and more ingestion/contamination-reduction responses towards pathogen stimuli than towards ectoparasite stimuli. Like other species, humans appear to possess evolved psychobehavioural ectoparasite defence mechanisms that are distinct from pathogen defence mechanisms.

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ASRIF, NUR ATHIRAH, KARIM NURQAMAREENA, and YEE LING CHONG. "Ectoparasites of Birds from a Rice Field in Samarahan Division, Sarawa." Trends in Undergraduate Research 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): a45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.1240.2018.

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Birds are easily infested with ectoparasites due to their fitness, foraging behaviour, nesting cavities, micro- and macro-habitats. However, the status of ectoparasite infestation on birds in Sarawak is widely unknown. Rice field provides food resources to a variety of birds. This study was conducted to determine the species composition of ectoparasites from birds in a rice field at Kuap Village, Samarahan, Sarawak. A total of 69 birds consists of five species were caught from the rice field and the most common bird species found was the Chestnut Munia (Lonchura atricapilla). From these, 55 were found infested with ectoparasites with the infestation prevalence of 79.71%. A total of 2,513 ectoparasites from eight species were recovered from this study which comprised of six species of mites, one species of soft tick, and one species from the class Insecta. The most dominant ectoparasite species was mite namely, Nanopterodectes sp. with a total of 1,626 individuals. This baseline data on the ectoparasite composition and infestation of birds is important as some of the ectoparasites have the potential in transmitting zoonotic diseases to the farmers working at the rice fields in this region. Keywords: Avian, Chestnut Munia, ectoparasite infestation, paddy plantation, Malaysia

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Lehmann, T. "Ectoparasite impacts on Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi under natural conditions." Parasitology 104, no. 3 (June 1992): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000063745.

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To assess ectoparasite impact on individuals and populations of Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi under natural conditions, I addressed the following questions. Do ectoparasites affect their host fitness and, if so, how? Do ectoparasites affect host population level? Does this parasite–host interaction support the traditional concept of parasite evolution towards avirulence? For this purpose, host infestation, infection, survival, haematological indices, and physical condition were recorded. A field experiment which included manipulating host infestation while recording host survival was conducted to determine the causal relations between these variables. G. a. allenbyi was infested by 2 fleas (Synosternus cleopatrae and Stenoponia tripectinata), 5 mesostigmatid mites (Androlaelaps centrocarpus, A. hirsti, A. insculptus, A. marshalli and Hirstionyssus carticulatus), 1 tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), and 1 louse (Polyplax gerbilli). Ectoparasite burden significantly reduced host survival and red blood cell indices (red cell concentration, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit). Ectoparasite burden did not significantly affect white blood cell concentration. Gerbils were not infected by haemoparasites or gut helminths which potentially could cause anaemia. The causal relationship between S. cleopatrae burden and host survival was established by manipulation of host infestation. Both ectoparasite removal and initial level of infestation significantly affected host survival. Ectoparasites that caused anaemia were not associated with host physical condition (PC), measured as weight/length3. None of the red blood cell indices was correlated with host PC. These results suggest both that host PC was not affected by ectoparasite burden and that exsanguination leading to anaemia was the main effect of the ectoparasites. Ectoparasite pressure on the host population (based on the ectoparasite effects as estimated by statistical models, combined with dispersion of the infestation within the host population) changed seasonally and was greatest when host density was the highest. A large segment of the gerbil population was affected by ectoparasites during the entire year. An explanation for the evolution of parasite virulence, contrasting parasites that evolve towards increased virulence with parasites that evolve towards avirulence is presented. This classification is primarily based on whether parasite impact is equated with a higher efficiency of host exploitation, or whether it is a ‘side effect’ of parasite biology.

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KÜNTÜZ, Tuğba, Yiğit GÜNEŞ, Ataman Bilge SARI, and Oya ÜSTÜNER KELEŞ. "Navigating the Resistance: Current Perspectives on Ectoparasite Control in Veterinary Medicine." Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 7, 2023): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1328872.

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Ectoparasites present a global challenge to animal health, affecting a wide range of species. These parasites can infect both animals and humans, leading to significant health issues. The impact of ectoparasites extends beyond health, as they can also reduce the productivity of livestock. Moreover, many ectoparasite species act as vectors for bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, thereby posing significant risks to human and animal health. Historically, agents such as organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamates, insect growth regulators, neonicotinoids, spinosad, fipronil, avermectins, isoxazolines, and synthetic pyrethroids have been extensively used to treat and prevent ectoparasitic infestations. However, the extensive use of these chemicals has resulted in the development of resistance among many target species, potentially reducing the effectiveness of these treatments. This article aims to survey the current status of resistance in ectoparasites to active pharmaceutical ingredients used in veterinary medicine. It also seeks to update the understanding of resistance mechanisms and explore measures that can be implemented to prevent the development of resistance.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ectoparasite"

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Lee, Patricia Lee-Ming. "Ecology and evolution of swift-ectoparasite interactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363756.

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Walther, Bruno Andreas. "Comparative studies of ectoparasite communities of birds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364001.

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Coull, Jason J. "A molecular biology strategy for ectoparasite vaccine development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602286.

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BARROS, Fabíola Nascimento de. "Avaliação da atividade do óleo da semente de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) contra ectoparasitos de felinos domésticos." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5620.

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Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-07T11:31:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola Nascimento de Barros.pdf: 2299817 bytes, checksum: f8cda058792595289089b7953254755f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-07T11:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola Nascimento de Barros.pdf: 2299817 bytes, checksum: f8cda058792595289089b7953254755f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
he biological activity of oil extracted from andiroba seeds against Felicola subrostratus and Lynxacarus radovskyi was evaluated in vitro and the effect of the oil on domestic cats naturally infected with Felicola subrostratus, Lynxacarus radovskyi and Otodectes cynotis was evaluated in vivo. The in vitro tests were performed with immersion. In the experiment with Felicola subrostratus four concentrations of the andiroba seed oil were tested: 10%, 25%, 50% and 100%. In the experiment with Lynxacarus radovskyi, six concentrations were tested: 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%. Following the immersion test, the insects were kept in the laboratory at room temperature and examined for the occurrence of mortality for 72 hours. The in vivo tests were performed with the topical administration of a 100-ml andiroba oil solution applied with cotton swabs to the entire body of each animal for the treatment of infestation by Felicola subrostratus and Lynxacarus radovskyi. For the pediculosis, the tests were divided into two steps: 1) concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% were tested in a single application; and 2) concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% were used once a week for three weeks. For acariosis, a single application was tested at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20%. For otodectic mange, concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% were administered in the ear canal of each cat 5 drops (0.025 ml), for five consecutive days. The animals were kept in individual metal cages and periodically assessed for the determination of efficacy. The biological activity of the product achieved 100% mortality at all concentrations in the in vitro tests with Felicola subrostratus and Lynxacarus radovskyi. The high percentage of reduction in infestation by ectoparasites in all groups tested with andiroba seed oil in the in vivo experiments demonstrates the promising use of this phytotherapy, which proved effective against lice and mites and had a considerable residual effect, especially at concentrations of 20% and 30%.
Avaliou-se “in vitro” a atividade biológica do óleo da semente de andiroba contra Felicola subrostratus e Lynxacarus radovskyi, e também o efeito “in vivo” do óleo da semente de andiroba em felinos domésticos naturalmente infestados por Felicola subrostratus, Lynxacarus radovskyi e Otodectes cynotis. Os testes “in vitro” foram realizados por meio de teste de imersão em que, no experimento com Felicola subrostratus, foram testadas quatro diluições do óleo de andiroba: 10%, 25%, 50% e 100% e no teste com Lynxacarus radovskyi, foram testadas seis diluições: 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% e 100%. Após o teste de imersão, os ácaros e insetos foram mantidos em laboratório, em temperatura ambiente e posteriormente observados para verificação de mortalidade, até 72 horas após o início do experimento. Os testes “in vivo” foram realizados mediante aplicações tópicas de 100ml de solução de andiroba para cada animal, com auxílio de algodão, distribuídos por todo o corpo do mesmo, tanto na infestação por Felicola subrostratus quanto por Lynxacarus radovskyi. Na pediculose, os testes foram divididos em duas etapas: na primeira foram testadas concentrações de 2,5%, 5% e 10%, em aplicação única e, na segunda etapa, foram usadas concentrações de 2,5%, 5%, 10% e 20%, uma vez por semana, durante três semanas. Na linxacariose, a aplicação foi única, testando as concentrações de 2,5%, 5%, 10% e 20%. Para a sarna otodécica, testaram-se as concentrações de 2,5%, 5%, 10% e 20%, sendo instiladas dentro do conduto auditivo de cada felino, cinco gotas (0,025 ml), por cinco dias consecutivos. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas metálicas individuais e periodicamente avaliados para verificação da eficácia. A atividade biológica do produto demonstrou-se na mortalidade de 100% para todas as diluições testadas, tanto no teste “in vitro” com Felicola subrostratus quanto com Lynxacarus radovskyi. Os elevados percentuais de redução de infestação por ectoparasitos, para todos os grupos testados com o óleo da semente de andiroba demonstrados nos três experimentos “in vivo” revelam a utilização promissora deste fitoterápico, com ação piolhicida, acaricida e de efeito residual considerável, principalmente nas concentrações de 20% e 30%.

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Mathieson, Benjamin Richard Fraser. "An investigation of Psoroptes ovis, the sheep scab mite with a view to developing an in vitro feeding system." Thesis, Bangor University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307234.

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Milne, Catherine E. "The economic modelling of sheep ectoparasite control in Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=128366.

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In this study, data collected in a survey of Scottish sheep farmers was used to corroborate and augment secondary data available in the literature on sheep ectoparasites and their control in 1999/2000. The data was used to design and construct a decision tree model, which was used to determine probability weighted profit-maximising control strategies for six flock types/size groups that were representative of Scottish sheep farms. Organophosphate (OP) based dips, applied in both the autumn and spring/summer, were found to be the profit-maximising control strategy for five flock types/size groups. The exception was for small (100-ewe) lowground flocks, where two applications of cypermethrin in pour-on formulation maximised the avoidable disease losses. Each of these strategies can give rise to animal welfare, human health and /or environmental externalities. OP dips can damage human health and the environment but minimise animal welfare losses, and cypermethrin pour-on, while non-damaging to human health and the environment, can result in some avoidable welfare losses, as ectoparasite control is less effective than for OP dips. Using multi-criteria analysis (MCA), the economics of sheep ectoparasite control from a social standpoint has also been examined. Some profit-maximising control strategies do not necessary maximise social benefits. A conflict can arise between the farmer and society. The minimum cost that society would need to be willing to accept in order to finance possible incentives for sheep farmers to switch from the profit-maximising control strategy to strategies that provide different bundles of social benefits is estimated.

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Callahan, Heather Ann. "Molecular Characterization of the Ichthyobodo necator Complex: An Important Fish Ectoparasite." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03292003-152735/.

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Ichthyobodo necator is a member of the Order Kinetoplastida and an important fish ectoparasite with a broad host and ecological range. When Ichthyobodo were exposed to the anesthetic tricaine, buffered with sodium bicarbonate, parasites remained attached to the skin of fish. When parasites were exposed to unbuffered tricaine, they detached almost completely from the skin. This finding indicated that tricaine should always be buffered when fish are to be clinically evaluated to prevent a reduction or complete loss in parasite load. Unbuffered tricaine was used to collect large numbers of parasites from the skin and gills of hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis male x M. chrysops female) for DNA isolation and analysis. A method for obtaining samples for DNA isolation without use of tricaine was also determined. Four preservation methods (Utermohl?s solution, ethanol, formalin, freezing) and two DNA isolation methods (DNA isolation kit, crude lysate) were examined. It was concluded that ethanol-fixation was the best preservation method for DNA isolation and PCR amplification of Ichthyobodo DNA. Using these methods, genomic DNA was isolated from Ichthyobodo trophonts collected from five freshwater and one marine fish. The 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from each isolate was PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. The 18S rRNA gene suggested that rather than being a single species, Ichthyobodo represented a complex of at least four different species, each of which occupied a distinct geographical region. The 18S rRNA gene was also amplified and cloned for related kinetoplastid speceis. Phylogenetic relationships within the Order Kinetoplastida (suborders Bodonina and Trypanosomatina) were determined. The suborder Bodonina appeared to contain at least 3 major lineages, none of which correlated with currently recognized families. Ichthyobodo had the most divergent sequence within the Bodonina, indicating it was the most genetically distinct bodonid currently known. The study of Ichthyobodo has contributed to a new understanding of phylogenetics and systematics for the Order Kinetoplastida, as well as insight into the potential for the spread of this parasite locally, nationally and internationally.

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Miller, Courtney. "Host Specificity and Ectoparasite Load of Bat Flies in Utila, Honduras." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/63.

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Bat flies (Streblidae) are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of bats that display varying degrees of host specificity. A total of 265 streblid bat flies were collected from 122 bats belonging to the families Phyllostomidae and Natalidae from Utila, the smallest bay island of Honduras. Out of four host-parasite associations, three were considered primary. Out of the three bat species analyzed, one had significantly lower parasite prevalence and another had significantly higher parasite load and intensity. Both male and female bats were equally likely to be infested and variables of parasite density did not differ amongst host sex for any species. However, one species of bat had a significantly larger number of male parasites than female parasites. No significant relationships were found between variables of parasite density and host body mass or bat health (indicated by the ratio of mass to forearm length). The roosting ecology of the two cave roosting species in the study was considered and despite no apparent lack of dispersal barriers, the bat flies exhibited consistent primary associations. Examination of similar host-parasite relationship has many implications in parasite-host relationships and coevolution.

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Wright, Harry Watmore. "Identification of vaccine candidates against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5703.

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The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) is a blood feeding ectoparasite that infests many bird species. Economically it is the most important parasite affecting egg-laying hens. The aim of this study was to identify vaccine candidate proteins from D. gallinae using a number of approaches. An immunisation trial was conducted using four protein fractions derived from D. gallinae. The fractions were injected into hens and immunoglobulin Y was purified from the yolk of eggs laid by the hens. An in vitro feeding assay in which mites were fed these antibodies showed a significant increase (p = 0.013) in mortality of mites fed with antibodies against a PBS-soluble fraction of D. gallinae. The PBS-soluble proteins were then fractionated by anion exchange chromatography into three fractions, which were then used to immunise hens. One fraction produced antibodies that caused the greatest percentage mortality of mites, based on the results from a single feeding assay. To identify further potential vaccine antigens, three expressed sequence tag (EST) databases were produced. A complementary DNA (cDNA) library was prepared from a mixed gender and life stage population and 46 contigs were identified with significant homology to proteins from other organisms. A second database was generated using a suppression subtractive hybridisation approach and 133 “fed mite enriched” contigs identified with significant homology to proteins in either the NCBI non-redundant (nr) protein, KEGG databases or had a domain predicted by InterProScan. The most abundant proteins in this database were vitellogenin and GP80, a precursor molecule of vitellogenin. Roche 454 sequencing technology was used to generate an EST database of 13,363 contigs, of which 26 % had significant homology to a protein in the NCBI nr protein database. The majority of contigs (45 %) were classified as Cellular Processes and Signalling proteins. Illumina Solexa sequencing technology was also used to analyse the expression levels of genes in fed and starved mites. A total of 66 contigs were obtained with a significant and greater than three-fold change in expression level between the two groups. The contig with the largest fold change was homologous to vitellogenin (fold change 110). Paramyosin and tropomyosin have been used successfully to immunise hosts against other parasitic species. Tropomyosin had previously been characterised in D. gallinae. In this study paramyosin was characterised and recombinant versions of both proteins were used in an immunisation trial. Anti-tropomyosin (p < 0.001) and anti-paramyosin (p = 0.004) antibodies fed to mites in the in vitro feeding assay caused a significant increase in the mortality of the mites when compared to controls. An in vivo challenge was performed injecting three groups of hens with the PBS-soluble native protein fraction, a recombinant protein cocktail, consisting of paramyosin, tropomyosin, cathepsin L, cathepsin D and histamine release factor, and an adjuvant only control, which were subjected to a challenge of D. gallinae. Each group consisted of three replicates based on weight. Western blot analysis of hen serum showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the titre of antibody from the hens immunised with the recombinant cocktail compared with controls. One of the replicates immunised with the PBS-soluble protein fraction showed a strong response but this was lacking in the other two replicates and no significant difference in IgY titre was found. No significant differences were found between the number of mites collected from the test or control groups following a large mite challenge. In conclusion the PBS-soluble protein fraction, paramyosin and tropomyosin have been shown to have potential as vaccine candidates based on in vitro studies. The bioinformatic analysis of D. gallinae has provided a large EST database and a list of 66 proteins that had a significant difference in expression levels in fed and starved mites, which can be further mined for potential vaccine candidates.

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Härkönen, L. (Laura). "Seasonal variation in the life histories of a viviparous ectoparasite, the deer ked." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514298967.

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Abstract The life histories of ectoparasites are shaped by both host and off-host environment. A suitable host is primarily needed during reproduction, whereas juvenile stages outside the host are directly exposed to environmental variability. Viviparity, i.e. the development of an embryo inside the body of the mother resulting in large offspring size, increases offspring survival. The production of large offspring has its consequences in terms of high variation in offspring age and in the environment that each young individual will face. I used a viviparous ectoparasite, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), to investigate the consequences of long reproductive lifespan and varying offspring environment on offspring life-histories and seasonal adaptations. Offspring life-histories varied seasonally. I showed that the resources provided by the deer ked females determine offspring performance throughout its off-host period. Offspring size increased towards the spring and the end of the reproductive period, and simultaneously offspring survival and cold tolerance increased. Seasonal variation in offspring size did not reflect the resources that would guarantee offspring survival during the longest diapause or the highest cold tolerance during the harshest winter period. Diapause intensity varies with birth time according to the expected length of the winter ahead. However, the deer ked pupae, regardless of their age, overwinter at an opportunistic diapause, which may be terminated rapidly only by an exposure to high temperature. Contrary to general observations, photoperiod has no role in regulating the seasonal shifts of the deer ked. Neither is high cold tolerance associated only with diapause, but it remains high through four seasons, also in the active developmental and adult stages. I also evaluated the effects of life-history variation on the invasion potential of the deer ked. I conducted a large-scale transplant experiment to test the survival and pupal development at and beyond the current range. I found that the lower spring and summer temperatures and the shorter growth season in the north cause a deterioration in pupal performance and shorten the flight period. However, the colder climate may not totally prevent further spread. A more important factor that will affect deer ked invasion is host availability, and especially in Finland, the density of the moose population. Seasonal variation in offspring life histories in viviparous ectoparasites differs from the variation patterns reported in most invertebrates. This may be due to the extremely large offspring size and to the fact that maternally derived resources determine offspring performance through the entire off-host period. Variation in offspring performance is thus determined by maternal resources and seasonal variation in the condition of the moose
Tiivistelmä Useimpien ulkoloisten elinkierto on riippuvainen isännästä ja isännän ulkopuolella kasvavien jälkeläisten kohtaamista ympäristöoloista. Viviparia eli jälkeläisen kehitys naaraan sisällä ja siitä usein seuraava suuri jälkeläiskoko parantavat jälkeläisten selviytymistä. Suurten jälkeläisten tuottaminen pitkällä aikavälillä johtaa siihen, että eri-ikäiset jälkeläiset kohtaavat vuodenajasta riippuen hyvin erilaiset olosuhteet. Väitöstyössäni tarkastelin Suomessa nopeasti yleistyneen hirvieläinten ulkoloisen, hirvikärpäsen (Lipoptena cervi), avulla, mitä seurauksia viviparialla, pitkällä lisääntymiskaudella ja ympäristön vuodenaikaisvaihtelulla on jälkeläisten elinkierto-ominaisuuksiin. Väitöskirjatyössäni havaitsin, että hirvikärpäsjälkeläisten elinkiertopiirteet vaihtelevat jälkeläisen syntymäajan mukaan. Osoitin myös, että hirvikärpäsnaaraan jälkeläisilleen tarjoamat ravintovarat määrittelevät jälkeläisten isännästä riippumattoman elinkierron aikaisen menestyksen. Jälkeläisten keskimääräinen koko kasvoi lisääntymiskauden edetessä talvesta kohti kevättä, jolloin myös selviytyminen ja kylmänsietokyky paranivat. Jälkeläiskoon vuodenaikaisvaihtelu ei näin ollen vastaa jälkeläisten tarvitsemia resursseja suhteessa talvehtimisen pituuteen eikä korreloi koville talvipakkasille altistumisen todennäköisyyden kanssa. Lepotilan keston määrittelevä diapaussin syvyys vaihteli syntymävuodenaikaa vastaavasti. Diapaussin havaitsin kuitenkin olevan ensisijaisesti opportunistinen, jolloin pelkästään korkea lämpötila voi nopeasti päättää lepotilan kaikenikäisillä yksilöillä. Vastoin yleisiä käsityksiä valorytmi ei vaikuta diapaussin säätelyyn. Vastoin ennakko-odotuksia kylmänsietokyky säilyy korkeana vuoden ympäri ja kaikissa tutkituissa elinkierron vaiheissa. Sovelsin tutkimieni elinkiertopiirteiden vaikutusta myös lajin invaasiokykyyn, ja tutkin istutuskokeen avulla koteloiden selviytymistä ja kehitystä nykyisellä esiintymisalueella ja sen pohjoispuolella. Alhaisemmat kevät- ja kesälämpötilat sekä lyhyempi kasvukausi vähentävät aikuiseksi selviytymistä ja lyhentävät lentoaikaa syksyllä. Ilmastotekijöiden suhteen hirvikärpänen voisi esiintyä nykyistä pohjoisempana. Tärkein tekijä hirvikärpäsen leviämistä tarkasteltaessa on kuitenkin sopivien isäntäeläimien saatavuus ja Suomen oloissa erityisesti hirven eli hirvikärpäsen pääisännän kannan tiheys. Tutkimukseni perusteella ulkoloisten vivipariasta seuraava jälkeläisten elinkiertopiirteiden ajallinen vaihtelu eroaa muiden selkärangattomien vastaavasta vaihtelusta. Yhtenä syynä eroihin lienee se, että hirvikärpäsnaaras tuottaa erityisen suuria jälkeläisiä ja että jälkeläiset puolestaan ovat täysin riippuvaisia emon antamista resursseista. Emon lisääntymisresurssit ja hirven kunnon vuodenaikaisvaihtelu vaikuttavat mahdollisesti siihen, minkälaisia jälkeläisiä hirvikärpänen milloinkin kykenee tuottamaan

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Books on the topic "Ectoparasite"

1

C, Henderson David, ed. Ectoparasite control. Ipswich: Farming Press, 1997.

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Meng, Charles Q., and Ann E. Sluder, eds. Ectoparasites. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527802883.

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Wall, Richard, and David Shearer, eds. Veterinary Ectoparasites: Biology, Pathology and Control. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470690505.

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David, Shearer, and Wall Richard Ph D, eds. Veterinary ectoparasites: Biology, pathology, and control. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001.

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Richard, Wall. Veterinary ectoparasites: Biology, pathology, and control. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001.

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David, Shearer, ed. Veterinary entomology: Arthropod ectoparasites of veterinary importance. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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(Organization), AGRECOL, ed. Natural veterinary medicine: Ectoparasites in the tropics and subtropics. Weikersheim: J. Margraf, 1990.

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K, Wikel Stephen, ed. The immunology of host-ectoparasitic arthropod relationships. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1996.

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Pathophysiology of endoparasitic infection: Compared with ectoparasitic infestation and microbial infection. Sydney: Academic Press, 1989.

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International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets (3rd 1995 College Station, Tex.). Third International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets: April 2-4, 1995. [College Station, TX?: Texas A&M University?, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ectoparasite"

1

Hansen, Olaf, and Michael Londershausen. "Ectoparasite." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 824. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_996.

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Dunford, James C., Louis A. Somma, David Serrano, C. Roxanne Rutledge, John L. Capinera, Guy Smagghe, Eli Shaaya, et al. "Ectoparasite." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1287. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3507.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Ectoparasite." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 889. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_13612.

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Webber, R. "Ectoparasite zoonoses." In Communicable diseases: a global perspective, 252–72. Wallingford: CABI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780647425.0252.

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Webber, R. "Ectoparasite zoonoses." In Communicable diseases: a global perspective, 277–98. Wallingford: CABI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780647425.0277.

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Webber, R. "Ectoparasite zoonoses." In Communicable diseases: a global perspective, 277–98. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786395245.0277.

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Woods, Debra J., Tom L. McTier, and Andrew A. DeRosa. "Comparison of Anti-ectoparasite and Anti-endoparasite Therapies and Control Strategies." In Ectoparasites, 1–23. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527802883.ch1.

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Wall, Richard, and David Shearer. "The diagnosis and control of ectoparasite infestation." In Veterinary Entomology, 313–401. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5852-7_8.

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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Criconematidae: Criconemoides and Hemicriconemoides species." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes, 106–15. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0005.

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Abstract Criconemoides is an obligate root ectoparasite and feeds on root tips or anywhere along the root. This chapter includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as sampling, isolation/detection and identification with morphological and molecular characterization of the Criconemoides with Criconemella, Mesoscriconema and Macroposthonia as synonyms.

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Pagel, Mark, and Walter Bodmer. "The Evolution of Human Hairlessness: Cultural Adaptations and the Ectoparasite Hypothesis." In Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Horizons, 329–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0443-4_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ectoparasite"

1

Glamazdin, I. G., O. A. Panova, N. Y. Sysoeva, Y. V. Chernigovtseva, and Y. E. Smirnova. "ECTOPARASITES OF DOMESTIC DOGS UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE IN MOSCOW." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.104-108.

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Ectoparasites of domestic dogs continue to be regularly recorded in the city. Young animals under one year of age are most susceptible to the infection. The purpose of our research was to study the spread of ectoparasites in domestic dogs under one year of age in Moscow. The study was carried out on 543 dogs admitted to a veterinary clinic in 2018–2022. The animals were both with clinical manifestations of diseases and clinically healthy. All animals were examined, the coat condition was determined, and microscopy of ear exudate, superficial and deep skin scrapings, trichoscopy, and a wet paper test were performed. Ectoparasites were found in 30.9% of examined dogs under the age of one year. Ixodid ticks (9.2%), Demodex sp. (8.3%), Ctenocephalides sp. (5.3%), and Cheyletiella yasguri (4.0%) were most frequently diagnosed. Ticks Otodectes cynotis (2.2%) and Sarcoptes canis (1.3%) and biting lice Trichodectes canis (2.0%) were found less frequently. Combined infection by several types of ectoparasites was diagnosed in 8 cases (1.5%). Having compared our data with those previously published, it becomes obvious that the ectoparasite infection of young domestic dogs under the age of one year remains high in Moscow.

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Zubareva, I. M., N. V. Yudina, and E. A. Efremova. "EPIZOOTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ECTOPARASITOSIS OF CARNIVORES IN THE MEGAPOLIS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF NOVOSIBIRSK)." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.184-188.

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The most well-known ectoparasites of dogs and cats are fleas and Acariformes, which are also carriers of infectious and invasive diseases. Animals admitted to the veterinary clinic served as the material for the research. The study involved 3346 animals, of which 1596 cats and 1707 dogs. Classical life-time diagnostic methods of ectoparasitosis were used. The results obtained show that among all dermatological patients, the proportion of those infected with ectoparasites was 47.6%. Among ectoparasites, fleas were most often recorded; the prevalence of infection was 4.78%. Aphanipterosis was recorded in all seasons of the year, the maximum invasion of 1.76% was observed in autumn, and the minimum of 1.30% in winter. The second most common disease was otodectosis (IP 1.94%). The heyletiellosis rate was 0.27% (total 9 animals, including 1 cat); and demodicosis, 0.24%. Notoedrosis was only diagnosed in the cats with IP 0.15%, sarcoptosis was recorded in the dogs with IP 0.09%. Ectoparasite infections are recorded at any time of the year, however, the peak of invasion occurs to a greater extent in the summer-autumn months. They can also occur at any age, but are more common in cats and dogs under one year of age.

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Safarov, A. A., F. D. Akramova, J. A. Esonboev, U. A. Shakarbaev, and D. A. Azimov. "FAUNA OF ECTOPARASITES OF PREDATORY MAMMALS (MAMMALIA: CARNIVORA) IN UZBEKISTAN." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.402-407.

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The study of the species composition of ectoparasites and the functioning of the parasitic system with the participation of specific groups of vertebrates in certain climatic zones is of scientific and practical interest. In this regard, the clarification of the parasitological situation in predatory mammals in the system "ectoparasites – predatory animals" in the biogeocenoses of Uzbekistan is an urgent task of fundamental and applied parasitology. For the first time, the features of the species composition of the ectoparasite fauna in domesticated (dog, cat) and wild (jackal, wolf, fox, jungle cat) predatory mammals from Uzbekistan were studied. Twenty three species of ectoparasites, mites and insects, were found on the studied predators. Ticks in our material are represented by 14 species belonging to the families Ixodidae (12 species), Sarcoptidae (1 species) and Demodicidae (1 species). The bulk of them are ixodid ticks among which representatives of the genera Haemaphysalis (3 species) and Rhipicephalus (4 species) dominate. The insects turned out to be representatives of five families: Trichodectidae (1 species), Linognathidae (1 species), Pulicidae (4 species), Culicidae (2 species), and Hippoboscidae (1 species). In terms of frequency of occurrence and species composition, fleas occupy a leading position. The number of arthropod species per infected host (for example, dogs) ranged from 3 to 7.

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Peña Fernández, Antonio, Lucrecia Acosta, and Mª Ángeles Peña. "E-WEB RESOURCES FOR TACKLING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED HUMAN PARASITE AND ECTOPARASITE INFECTIONS." In 16th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2023.1982.

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Zamornea, Maria, Dumitru Erhan, Stefan Rusu, Oleg Chihai, and Lidia Bondari. "Variation of some meat quality indices in ectoparasite polyparasitized and antiparasitic treated hens." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.48.

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As a result of the conducted research it was established, that the meat quality of hens polyparasitized with malophages (Cuclotogaster heterographus, Eomenacanthus stramineus, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniocotes maculatus, Goniodes dissimilis, Lipeurus caponis, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus cornutus, Menacanthus pallidulus) fleas (Ceratophylus gallinae, C. hirundinis) and mites (Dermanyssus gallinae, D. hirundinis), then treated with Ectostop T5%, Ectostop P5%, showed a protein content of 20.5±0.20%, a pH of 5.3±0.12 and a moisture content of 65.4±0.21%, these indices reaching the level of the non-infested batch (control). The protein level is low in the meat samples of batch II (untreated infested), constituting 16.22±0.03%, and in batch VII treated with Ivomec chemical preparation 17.02±0.87%. The meat moisture index is characterized by a greater difference for batch II and VII constituting 74.52±0.18% and 70.1±0.05% respectively. The pH assessed in untreated infested and Ivomec-treated hens is alkaline, which will lead to decreased keeping capacity.

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Meyer, M. D. "Using ectoparasites to demonstrate population dynamics." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.115049.

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Iurcu-Straistaru, Elena, Nicola Sasanelli, Ion Toderas, Alexei Bivol, Vasile Maticiuc, Stefan Rusu, and Cristina Andoni. "Investigations on invasive nematodes associated with complex insect pests from soil in corn in the environmental conditions of the Republic of Moldova." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.36.

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Corn is one of the major technical field crops in the Republic of Moldova, advantageous in bioecological and productive aspects, which is invaded annually by the harmful organisms with considerable parasitic impact. The phytosanitary control results, carried out annually and seasonally, comparatively in the corn plantations, notice a significant diversity of the specific diseases and of the invasive insects that seriously affect the plants from the germination phases until the harvest. In corn, were established the numerical density values (D. n.), comparative in different ecological areas, on average 15-280 (ex. /100 g soil), with an abundance by 5-25% higher in the autumn than in the spring. Phytoparasitic impact indices the frequency (F %) and intensity (I %) of the phytohelminthological disease level was estimated, being more advanced by 3-30% in the spring-summer period, observed differently depending on the area compared to the autumn period. The structure of parasitic phytonematode complexes was determined counting 20 species, included in 8 families and one order (Tylenchida), classified according to trophic specialization, with the predominance of endo-ectoparasites. It was established the diversity of the associated invasive insect species from the soil: 12 species, 8 families, 3 orders, also, with invasive ectoparasitic impact on corn plants, with the disease degree of 5-40%, detected in all phases of vegetation and sectors investigated.

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Petrova, V. V., and A. M. Melnikova. "ECTOPARASITES OF BATS (CHIROPTERA) IN DARWIN RESERVE (VOLOGDA REGION)." In Современные проблемы общей и прикладной паразитологии. Воронеж: Цифровая полиграфия, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57007/9785907283979_2022_16_65-69.

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Fatakhov, Kurban, Davudai Devrishov, and Oleg Litvinov. "Therapeutic effect of Lipomec 2% in mixed sheep ectoparasites." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: VETERINARY MEDICINE, AGRICULTURE, ENGINEERING AND ECOLOGY” (VMAEE2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0148347.

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Cipriano, Isabela de Almeida, Juliana Alencar Gonçalves, Giordani Mascoli de Favare, Mateus Oliveira Mena, Tábata Alves Do Carmo, Gabriel Jabismar Guelpa, Caio Vinícius da Silva Teixeira, and Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello. "Metilação global genômica relacionada à ectoparasitas em bovinos." In Anais do International Meeting of Agrarian Science and Technology. Recife, Brasil: Even3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/146359.1-4.

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Reports on the topic "Ectoparasite"

1

Brown, Ashleigh. Ectoparasites. Brooke, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46746/gaw.2020.abi.ectop.

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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Abstract:

Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.

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Noga, Edward, Angelo Colorni, Michael Levy, Ariel Diamant, and Ramy Avtalion. The Immune Response of Fish to Amyloodinium: A Model for the Protozoan Ectoparasites. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7603513.bard.

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Soroker, V., and N. C. Rueppell. acterization of the architecture of hygienic behavior of honeybees to enable breeding for improved honeybee health. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134169.bard.

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Abstract:

High honeybee colony losses in the last decade have raised the scientific efforts to determine and mitigate the causes of declining honeybee health. Although honeybees are exposed to a variety of stressors, infestation by the ectoparasitic mite (Varroa destructor) and the viruses it vectors are considered to be the most significant biological problem of A. mellifera worldwide. Management of viral diseases is problematic and mainly focuses on control of Varroa. Current Varroa control suffers from the evolution mite resistance, negative effects on bees and bee products, and other inefficiencies and impracticalities. This situation necessitates the development of an integrated strategy for Varroa pest management. Breeding honeybee stocks that are resistant to mites is an essential part of any sustainable long-term control of Varroa. We have focused our study on the behavioral trait of worker hygienic behavior that has been described as a social colony defense mechanism against Varroa and some other brood diseases. The main original objectives of our proposal were: 1) Characterize the phenotypic architecture of the hygienic behavior and its cost (age and intensity of uncapping, removal, recapping, higher sensitivity of workers, stronger signaling by the brood, as well as the age of first foraging, longevity, and individual immunity of workers, and colony level of Varroa and viruses); 2) Determine patterns of inheritance of the key aspects of hygienic behavior by phenotyping of multiple crosses over several generations and reciprocal crosses; 3) Identify a robust core marker set for hygienic behavior by comparative transcriptomic analyses and QTL mapping of the hygienic trait; 4) Verify the core marker set in study of the general honeybee population to associate marker genotypes with hygienic performance; 5) Test the colony-level outcomes of introgressing hygienic-selection lines under field conditions into locally adapted populations. During the course of the project, we conducted a number of field experiments in our research apiaries and with beekeepers at different sites in Israel.

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