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Journal articles on the topic 'Ectoprocta'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 7 July 2025

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1

WOOD, TIMOTHY S., PATANA ANURAKPONGSATORN, and JUKKRIT MAHUJCHARIYAWONG. "Freshwater Bryozoans of Thailand (Ectoprocta and Entoprocta)." Tropical Natural History 6, no. 2 (2006): 83–119. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.6.2.102927.

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This paper reports on the first systematic survey of freshwater bryozoans to be conducted in Southeast Asia. The study area includes 26 of the 76 provinces in Thailand, from Chiang Mai in the north to Surat Thani in the south. Eighteen species are documented, including 14 phylactolaemates, and 3 gymnolaemates. Six of these are already widely distributed in other areas of Asia, four others are previously known from one or two other countries of Asia or Australia, two are previously known only from Thailand, and six are described as new species. The new species are: Hislopia natans, Plumatella chulabhornae, P. siamensis, P. suwana, Swarupella divina, and S. kasetsartensis.

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2

Nielsen, Claus, and Katrine Worsaae. "Structure and occurrence of cyphonautes larvae (bryozoa, ectoprocta)." Journal of Morphology 271, no. 9 (2010): 1094–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10856.

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3

Nielsen, C. "The Phylogenetic Position of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda." Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, no. 3 (2002): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.685.

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4

Massard, Jos A., and Gaby Geimer. "Global diversity of bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) in freshwater." Hydrobiologia 595, no. 1 (2007): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9007-3.

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5

Rao, K. S., and N. K. Dad. "Studies of herbicide toxicity in some freshwater fishes and ectoprocta." Journal of Fish Biology 14, no. 6 (2006): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1979.tb03550.x.

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6

Hausdorf, Bernhard, Martin Helmkampf, Maximilian P. Nesnidal, and Iris Bruchhaus. "Phylogenetic relationships within the lophophorate lineages (Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda and Phoronida)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55, no. 3 (2010): 1121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.022.

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7

Mackey, L. Y., B. Winnepenninckx, R. De Wachter, T. Backeljau, P. Emschermann, and J. R. Garey. "18S rRNA suggests that Entoprocta are protostomes, unrelated to Ectoprocta." Journal of Molecular Evolution 42, no. 5 (1996): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02352285.

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8

Ricciardi, Anthony, and Timothy S. Wood. "Statoblast morphology and systematics of the freshwater bryozoan Hyalinella orbisperma (Kellicott, 1882)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 8 (1992): 1536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-211.

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The freshwater bryozoan Hyalinella orbisperma (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata), previously known only from Michigan, is added to the list of Canadian fauna from a specimen collected at Georgian Bay, Ontario. Floatoblasts match the appearance of those described from Michigan. The sessoblast of this species is recorded and illustrated for the first time. The case for other species with sessoblasts in the genus Hyalinella is extremely weak. Scanning electron microscopy of the floatoblast and sessoblast reveals a raised reticulation with interstitial tubercles covering the capsule periblast, suggesting a close phylogenetic relationship with certain Plumatella species. It is proposed that H. orbisperma be reassigned to the genus Plumatella.

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9

Cazzaniga, Néstor J. "Hyalinella Vahiriae (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata) en la Procincia de San Juan (Argentina)." Natura Neotropicalis 2, no. 19 (2005): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/natura.v2i19.3567.

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10

Funch, Peter, and Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen. "Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta." Nature 378, no. 6558 (1995): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378711a0.

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11

Hausdorf, B., M. Helmkampf, A. Meyer, et al. "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta." Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, no. 12 (2007): 2723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm214.

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12

Ricciardi, Anthony, and David J. Lewis. "Occurrence and ecology of Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt) and other freshwater Bryozoa in the lower Ottawa River near Montréal, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 5 (1991): 1401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-197.

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Seven species of freshwater Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) were collected from the lower Ottawa River near Montréal, Quebec: Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt), Plumatella repens (Linnaeus), Hyalinella punctata (Hancock), Paludicella articulata (Ehrenberg), Fredericella indica Annandale, Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy), and Cristatella mucedo Cuvier. Lophopodella carteri is reported from Canada for the first time, and this record represents a 300-km northward extension of its known range. Plumatella repens, H. punctata, F. indica, and P. articulata are new records for the province of Quebec. Bryozoan colonies were commonly associated with each other and with other macroinvertebrates, including freshwater sponges, molluscs, turbellarians, chironomid larvae, and caddisfly larvae. Larval caddisflies, Ceraclea (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), and the microturbellarian Stenostomum (Turbellaria: Catenulida) were predators of living bryozoan colonies.

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13

Smith, D. G., and T. S. Wood. "A review ofPlumatella javanicaKraepelin 1906 (Ectoprocta) with a reassessment of statoblast morphology." Tropical Zoology 8, no. 2 (1995): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1995.10539293.

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14

Ricciardi, Anthony, and Henry M. Reiswig. "Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 2 (1994): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-048.

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The freshwater Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) are one of the most poorly known faunal groups in Canada. A recent survey of 80 freshwater habitats in eastern Canada (from Ontario to Newfoundland) revealed 14 species of bryozoans, representing 56% of described species in North America. The greatest numbers of species and specimens were found in alkaline waters (pH 7.0–9.8) near lake outflows, wherever hard substrates were present. Paludicella articulata, Cristatella mucedo, Fredericella indica, and Plumatella fungosa are among the most frequently encountered, widely distributed, and eurytopic species. Pottsiella erecta and Plumatella fruticosa are rare, and new to eastern Canada. Lophopodella carteri, an exotic Asian species discovered in Lake Erie in the early 1930s, has become firmly established in the lower Ottawa and upper St. Lawrence rivers. Detailed notes on taxonomy, morphology, distribution, and ecology are given for each bryozoan. New limits of tolerance to water temperature, pH, and calcium and magnesium hardness are established for several species. A taxonomic key to the freshwater bryozoans of eastern Canada, including a key to statoblast types, is presented for the first time.

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15

Schwaha, Thomas, and Andreas Wanninger. "Myoanatomy and serotonergic nervous system of plumatellid and fredericellid phylactolaemata (lophotrochozoa, ectoprocta)." Journal of Morphology 273, no. 1 (2011): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.11006.

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16

ALVES, DOUGLAS F. R., SAMARA P. BARROS-ALVES, DANIEL J. M. LIMA, VALTER J. COBO, and MARIA LUCIA NEGREIROS-FRANSOZO. "Brachyuran and anomuran crabs associated with Schizoporella unicornis (Ectoprocta, Cheilostomata) from southeastern Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, no. 1 (2013): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013000100012.

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The main goals of this investigation were to describe the community structure of anomuran and brachyuran crabs inhabiting reefs constituted by colonies of Schizoporella unicornis, and to provide a species importance ranking for this community. Collections were carried out on S. unicornis reefs at two-month intervals from May 2003 to May 2004, in the rocky sublittoral of the southeastern Brazilian coast. Relative abundance and occurrence were used to rank these species in the hierarchy importance. A total of 2,018 individuals were obtained, in 11 families, 22 genera and 31 species. Porcellanidae and Pilumnidae were the most abundant families, comprising respectively almost 60% and 15% of individuals sampled. The species ranking indicated four main groups A, B, C and D, with group A subdivided. Subgroup A1 contained 9 species, including the species of greatest ecological importance for community regarding abundance and occurrence. The great abundance of crabs associated with S. unicornis seems to be the result of its recognized importance during the crab developmental cycle, and as shelter and food for some Decapod species. These observations reveal the importance of conserving the areas occupied by these reef colonies, which appear to be an important environment for maintaining local biodiversity.

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17

Okuyama, Makiko, Hiroshi Wada, and Teruhisa Ishii. "Phylogenetic relationships of freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta, Phylactolaemata) inferred from mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences." Zoologica Scripta 35, no. 3 (2006): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00227.x.

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18

Wood, Timothy S. "Reappraisal of Australian freshwater bryozoans with two new species of Plumatella (Ectoprocta : Phylactolaemata)." Invertebrate Systematics 12, no. 2 (1998): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it96036.

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Of the 10 species of freshwater bryozoans previously reported from Australia, only Fredericella australiensis, Hyalinella lendenfeldi and Lophopodella carteri can be positively confirmed from existing preserved material. From a survey of all known museum collections of freshwater bryozoans comes compelling evidence that a specimen labelled ‘Plumatella toanensis’ is actually Hyalinella lendenfeldi, including the only known statoblasts of this species. Plumatella agilis is recognised tentatively pending new material. Fredericella sultana, Plumatella emarginata and P. repens are not represented by any known specimens, although they are likely to occur in Australia. Hyalinella punctata and Gelatinella toanensis have been previously reported in error. Two other previously misidentified specimens, including Hyalinella vaihiriae, are now reported as new species: Plumatella velata and P. rieki. A taxonomic key is given for Australian freshwater bryozoan species, including species both verified from Australia and others only presumed to occur there.

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19

Wood, Timothy S., and Byron T. Backus. "Differentiation of North American and European forms of Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata)." Hydrobiologia 237, no. 3 (1992): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005850.

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20

Pasichnyk, S., та H. Lysenko. "НОВІ ЗНАХІДКИ ПРЕДСТАВНИКІВ ТИПУ МОХУВАТКИ (ECTOPROCTA, АБО BRYOZOA) НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ІЧНЯНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ПАРКУ". Research Notes, № 1 (23 жовтня 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2786-8478-2023-bn-1-39-43.

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В статті досліджується аналіз видового складу представників типу Мохуватки (Ectoprocta, або Bryozoa) на території Ічнянського національного природного парку. Досліджено природні водойми та штучно створені ставки в заплаві річки Іченька на території даної природоохоронної установи. Збір матеріалу проводився впродовж весняного, літнього та осіннього сезонів в 2022 році. Зверталася увага на видовий склад представників Bryozoa, загальну чисельність та розміри колоній. Після зниження температури води в пізній осінній період та загибелі колоній Bryozoa досліджувалися спінобласти, що знаходилися при аналізі зразків бентосу. Визначалася форма та розміри спінобластів для уточнення видової належності видів Bryozoa. З’ясовано присутність в досліджуваних водоймах Ічнянського національного парку представників виду Мохуватка гребінчаста (Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, 1798). Також з’ясовано сезонні зміни чисельності, зміна розміру колоній в різні пори року, а також значення даного виду в екосистемах водойм досліджуваної природоохоронної установи. Встановлено, що перші колонії з’являються в другий половині весни, в кінці квітня. Чисельність та розміри колоній досліджуваного виду починають зростати в другий половині липня. Таким чином, можна говорити, що вид Cristatella mucedo є звичайним видом Bryozoa в водоймах Ічнянського національного природного парку.

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21

Monti Areco, Florencia, Guillermo Luis Avalos, and Rodolfo Gustavo Kassor. "Freshwater Bryozoa in Argentina: A Novel Record in a RAMSAR Wetland." Biología Acuática, no. 44 (June 18, 2025): e046. https://doi.org/10.24215/16684869e046.

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This study focuses on freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta), particularly Phylactolaemata, which reproduce sexually and asexually, either by clonal budding or through encapsulated dormant structures called statoblasts. These structures are crucial for the taxonomic identification of bryozoans. Current knowledge about taxonomy, systematics, physiology, ecology, and biogeography of freshwater bryozoans in South America is scarce. In Argentina, the diversity and distribution of bryozoans are poorly known, with most studies focusing on marine species. The findings of Plumatella emarginata Allman, 1844 in northeastern Argentina represents the first record of a Phylactolaemata in a RAMSAR site in this country. The study area includes Totorá Lagoon and Iberá Lagoon in the Province of Corrientes, northeastern Argentina, both crucial to the local and regional ecosystem. Water physicochemical parameters were measured. This study highlights the need for further research on freshwater bryozoans in South America to enhance our understanding of these ecologically significant organisms.

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22

Wood, T. S., and C. A. Taylor. "The Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Taxonomic Studies of Freshwater Bryozoans (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600007431.

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Bryozoans are among the most common multicellular animals that attach to submerged surfaces in fresh waters. Zooids of the colony capture and digest suspended food particles; they also produce distinctive asexual buds called statoblasts. Measuring 0.35 to nearly 1 mm in diameter, statoblasts have a chitinous exterior and are the only truly hard parts of the bryozoan colony. Like the mastax of rotifers or mouthparts of midge larvae, statoblasts show a variety of taxonomically significant features. Scanning electron microscopy reveals clear patterns in statoblast surface topography that suggest many more species than the 60 or so normally recognized.Statoblast surface features were first used to distinguish species of the genus Fredericella. The European F. sultana, with a smooth statoblast surface, had been assumed to occur worldwide. SEM micrographs showed the statoblast surface of New World Fredericella to be finely pitted, identical to that of F. indica in India (Figure 1). Another Fredericella species, not yet named, is distinguished only by its highly rugose statoblast surface (Figure 2). Such features are retained through generations of laboratory rearing under various controlled conditions.

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23

Smith, Douglas G. "A new freshwater moss animal in the genus Plumatella (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata: Plumatellidae) from New England (U.S.A.)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 11 (1992): 2192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-296.

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A new species of phylactolaemate ectoproct is described from New England. The new species is characterized by a thick hyaline ectocyst, which is transparent throughout the colony, and a round floatoblast. Other features of the floatoblast and the surface morphology of the sessoblast fenestra distinguish this species from its apparently closest relatives, Hyalinella orbisperma and Hyalinella vaihiriae. It is proposed that along with the two above-mentioned forms the new species described evolved from a Plumatella repens-like ancestor. The new species is confined to near-pristine environments in several types of lentic to near-lotic habitats having in common weak acidity. The discovery of the new species, which contains characters common to both Hyalinella and Plumatella, further stresses the need to reevaluate the genus Hyalinella.

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24

Wood, Timothy S. "Plumatella nitens, a new species of freshwater bryozoan from North America (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata), previously misidentified." Hydrobiologia 328, no. 2 (1996): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00018711.

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25

Wanninger, Andreas, Demian Koop, and Bernard M. Degnan. "Immunocytochemistry and metamorphic fate of the larval nervous system of Triphyllozoon mucronatum (Ectoprocta: Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata)." Zoomorphology 124, no. 4 (2005): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-005-0004-7.

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26

Sinko, J., J. Rajchard, Z. Balounova, and L. Fikotova. " Biologically active substances from water invertebrates: a review." Veterinární Medicína 57, No. 4 (2012): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5914-vetmed.

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Some species of invertebrates especially bryozoans (Bryozoa syn. Ectoprocta) and marine sponges (Porifera) are very important sources of pharmacologically exploitable compounds. These substances are probably produced to protect themselves from fish predators and may be an advantage in competition. The real sources of compounds with these antipredatory effects are probably not marine invertebrates themselves, but microscopic symbionts or food which they feed on. Bryostatins from bryozoan species Bugula neritina are produced by a bacterial symbiont called Candidatus Endobugula sertula. They have significant anti-cancer effects, but also other therapeutic benefits. Compounds with the structure of bryostatins were also discovered in some other invertebrates. Sponges are a source of many compounds, e.g., ara-A (vidarabine), manzamine, lasonolides, spongistatins, peloruside and others with antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunosuppressive and similar activities. Other important sources of compounds with medical effects are tunicates (Tunicata syn. Urochordata) and some snails (Mollusca). One drug was developed from tunicates &ndash; Yondelis against refractory soft-tissue sarcomas. Certain other drugs originate from snails: e.g., prialt, which acts against chronic pain in spinal cord injury. &nbsp;

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27

Fuchs, Judith, Matthias Obst, and Per Sundberg. "The first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52, no. 1 (2009): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.021.

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28

Schwaha, Thomas, Timothy S. Wood, and Andreas Wanninger. "Myoanatomy and serotonergic nervous system of the ctenostome Hislopia malayensis: evolutionary trends in bodyplan patterning of ectoprocta." Frontiers in Zoology 8, no. 1 (2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-8-11.

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29

Denley, D., A. Metaxas, and J. Short. "Selective settlement by larvae of Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa (Ectoprocta) along kelp blades in Nova Scotia, Canada." Aquatic Biology 21, no. 1 (2014): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00569.

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30

Dobretsov, Sergey. "Biofouling on artificial substrata in Muscat waters." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 20 (January 1, 2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol20iss0pp24-29.

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Macro-fouling communities developed on acrylic, aluminum, wood and fiberglass panels were investigated after 4 months exposure in Marina Bandar al Rawdah and Marina Shangri La. Wet weight of biofouling was about 2-fold higher in Marina Bandar Rawdah and different communities were formed on the front and back sides of the panels. Differences between communities on different materials were less pronounced. In the second study, wet weight and community composition of macro-fouling communities on ceramic tiles at the depth of 1 m and 5 m in Marina Bandar al Rawdah were investigated. During 2008 – 2010, there were no differences between biomass of communities, while in 2011 biomass of macro-fouling was higher on tiles at 5 m. In December 2008 the minimal weight (0 kg/m2) and in September 2011 the maximal weight (26.3 kg/m2) of macro-fouling communities were recorded. In total, 27 invertebrate fouling species were found, which mostly (33%) belonged to phylum Ectoprocta. Three invasive bryozoan (Bugula neritina, Zoobotryon verticillatum and Schizoporella errata) and one invasive tunicate (Ciona intestinalis) species were observed. Overall, this study indicates high biofouling pressure in Muscat marinas and suggests necessity of future studies of fouling communities in Oman waters.

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Sun, Jiejie, Jinyuan Leng, and Linsheng Song. "The Evolution of NLR Inflammasome and Its Mediated Pyroptosis in Metazoa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 20 (2024): 11167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011167.

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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) inflammasomes are multiprotein signaling platforms that control the inflammatory response and coordinate antimicrobial defense. In the present study, the distribution of NLR, Caspase-1, and gasdermin (GSDM) homologues and their structural characteristics and evolutionary relationships were systematically analyzed in metazoa according to the genomes of species. In invertebrates, there were only NLRC and/or NLRD presented from sponge to amphioxus, and according to the evolutionary tree, NLR from sponge located in the most primitive position. Caspase-1 existed in some metazoan phyla (Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelia, Nematoda, Platyelminthes, Coelenterate, and Porifera) and its activation sites were relatively conserved. The amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures of N-terminal CARD/Death domain of NLR and Caspase-1 were similar in species from sponge to human. NLR and Caspase-1 co-existed in species of Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Annelia, Coelenterate, and Porifera. There was only GSDME or PJVK found in some phyla of invertebrates and their cleavage sites were conserved (DxxD). And it was predicted that the NLR inflammasome in inducing pyroptosis could occur in species of Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Annelia, and Coelenterate. These studies indicated that NLR inflammasome emerged early in sponges of metazoa, and NLR inflammasome in inducing pyroptosis first appeared in Coelenterate, suggesting that inflammasome and its mediated pyroptosis had existed in the early stage of metazoa, but they had been lost in many species during evolution.

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Vieira, Leandro Manzoni, and Alvaro Esteves Migotto. "Checklist dos Entoprocta do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Biota Neotropica 11, suppl 1 (2011): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000500018.

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O Filo Entoprocta compreende cerca de 180 espécies de metazoários aquáticos e sésseis, na grande maioria marinho. Esses animais são encontrados em substratos diversos, incluindo seixos, algas, conchas e outros animais. Apesar da semelhança com outros organismos coloniais, como hidrozoários e briozoários, os entoproctos são distintos pelo corpo constituído por um cálice distal com tentáculos ciliados, sustentado por um pedúnculo fixo no substrato através do pé ou estolão. A relação do grupo é bastante obscura, e estudos taxonômicos e morfológicos são escassos em todo mundo. Devido sobretudo ao trabalho de Ernest Marcus e Eveline Du Bois-Reymond-Marcus, realizado entre as décadas de 1930 e 1970, são conhecidas 18 espécies na costa brasileira, 16 das quais relatadas para o estado de São Paulo. Infelizmente, grande parte do material tipo descrito por eles está provavelmente perdido, sendo localizados apenas alguns nas coleções do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) e Natural History Museum em Londres (NHMUK). Assim, o conhecimento sobre a taxonomia, biologia e ecologia é restrito a algumas espécies e localidades. A ausência de levantamentos faunísticos e monitoramentos dificulta uma avaliação detalhada da composição e alteração da fauna em regiões impactadas. Atualmente, não existem especialistas em Entoprocta em São Paulo ou no Brasil, e devido à baixa diversidade do filo, só se justifica a capacitação de especialistas que se dediquem também a outros grupos, como Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). A formação de coleções científicas, como a do MZUSP, pode atrair o interesse de pesquisadores para estudo taxonômicos e de outros aspectos dos espécimes brasileiros, até agora pouco conhecidos.

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33

Shrivastava, Pradeep, and K. S. Rao. "Ecology of Plumatella emarginata (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata) in the surface waters of madhya Pradesh with a note on its occurrence in the protected waterworks of Bhopal (India)." Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 39, no. 2 (1985): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(85)90010-8.

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Winston, Judith E., and Timothy S. Wood. "Ectoproct Bryozoans of Ohio." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 110, no. 2 (1991): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3226759.

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35

SHIMONOYA, MITSURU. "A new species of the genus Parachauliodes (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) from Northern Kyushu, Japan." Zootaxa 4585, no. 1 (2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4585.1.9.

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A new species of the genus Parachauliodes van der Weele, 1909, P. rastellus sp. nov., is described from northern Kyushu, Japan. This new species is most similar to P. japonicus (McLachlan) and differs by the form of the male antenna and genitalia. Parachauliodes is primarily characterized by the “bilobed” ectoproct of male genitalia and by the serrate antenna of both sexes. In the new species, the male ectoproct is bilobed, but sexual dimorphism in the antennae is present. The male antenna of the new species is pectinate with short branches and the female antenna is serrate. Accordingly, including the new species P. rastellus, the antennae of Parachauliodes can either be serrate or pectinate with short branches in the male, serrate in the female. The types of “Parachauliodes” buchi Navás are illustrated. A brief description of copulation, oviposition, eggs and hatching for the new species is also given.

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36

LIU, XINGYUE, FUMIO HAYASHI, and DING YANG. "The Protohermes dichrous species group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of two new species from eastern Malaysia." Zootaxa 3620, no. 4 (2013): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3620.4.1.

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A dobsonfly species group, the Protohermes dichrous group, endemic to Borneo, is characterized by the straight directed male ninth gonostylus with a narrow base and the elongate male ectoproct. Protohermes goodgeri sp. nov. and P. karubei sp. nov. from northern Borneo (eastern Malaysia) are herein described as new species placed in the P. dichrous group.

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LIU, XINGYUE, FUMIO HAYASHI, and DING YANG. "The Protohermes latus species group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of two new species from India and Myanmar." Zootaxa 3609, no. 5 (2013): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.5.7.

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The Protohermes latus species group is recognized by the sexual dimorphism of the adult pronotum and the male genitalia which possess a bilobed ectoproct. Protohermes sonus sp. nov. from northwestern Myanmar and Protohermes sublunatus sp. nov. from northeastern India are herein described as new species placed in the P. latus group. The potential for peculiar behaviour during courtship of the species in the P. latus group is also discussed based on some remarkable morphological features.

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Kalita, Girindra, and M. M. Goswami. "Ectoproctan fauna of Deepar wetland of Assam, India." Zoos' Print Journal 21, no. 1 (2005): 2123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.1321.2123-5.

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39

Cohen, B. L., A. Gawthrop, and T. Cavalier–Smith. "Molecular phylogeny of brachiopods and phoronids based on nuclear–encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1378 (1998): 2039–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0351.

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Brachiopod and phoronid phylogeny is inferred from SSU rDNA sequences of 28 articulate and nine inarticulate brachiopods, three phoronids, two ectoprocts and various outgroups, using gene trees reconstructed by weighted parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood methods. Of these sequences, 33 from brachiopods, two from phoronids and one each from an ectoproct and a priapulan are newly determined. The brachiopod sequences belong to 31 different genera and thus survey about 10% of extant genus–level diversity. Sequences determined in different laboratories and those from closely related taxa agree well, but evidence is presented suggesting that one published phoronid sequence (GenBank accession UO12648) is a brachiopod–phoronid chimaera, and this sequence is excluded from the analyses. The chiton, Acanthopleura , is identified as the phenetically proximal outgroup; other selected outgroups were chosen to allow comparison with recent, non–molecular analyses of brachiopod phylogeny. The different outgroups and methods of phylogenetic reconstruction lead to similar results, with differences mainly in the resolution of weakly supported ancient and recent nodes, including the divergence of inarticulate brachiopod sub–phyla, the position of the rhynchonellids in relation to long– and short–looped articulate brachiopod clades and the relationships of some articulate brachiopod genera and species. Attention is drawn to the problem presented by nodes that are strongly supported by non–molecular evidence but receive only low bootstrap resampling support. Overall, the gene trees agree with morphology–based brachiopod taxonomy, but novel relationships are tentatively suggested for thecideidine and megathyrid brachiopods. Articulate brachiopods are found to be monophyletic in all reconstructions, but monophyly of inarticulate brachiopods and the possible inclusion of phoronids in the inarticulate brachiopod clade are less strongly established. Phoronids are clearly excluded from a sister–group relationship with articulate brachiopods, this proposed relationship being due to the rejected, chimaeric sequence (GenBank UO12648). Lineage relative rate tests show no heterogeneity of evolutionary rate among articulate brachiopod sequences, but indicate that inarticulate brachiopod plus phoronid sequences evolve somewhat more slowly. Both brachiopods and phoronids evolve slowly by comparison with other invertebrates. A number of palaeontologically dated times of earliest appearance are used to make upper and lower estimates of the global rate of brachiopod SSU rDNA evolution, and these estimates are used to infer the likely divergence times of other nodes in the gene tree. There is reasonable agreement between most inferred molecular and palaeontological ages. The estimated rates of SSU rDNA sequence evolution suggest that the last common ancestor of brachiopods, chitons and other protostome invertebrates (Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa) lived deep in Precambrian time. Results of this first DNA–based, taxonomically representative analysis of brachiopod phylogeny are in broad agreement with current morphology–based classification and systematics and are largely consistent with the hypothesis that brachiopod shell ontogeny and morphology are a good guide to phylogeny.

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BAI, HAIYAN, YU CHANG, CHUNGKUN SHIH, DONG REN, and YONGJIE WANG. "New silky lacewings from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae)." Zootaxa 4661, no. 1 (2019): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4661.1.10.

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A new genus with a new species, Lasiopsychops impunctatus gen. et sp. nov., and a new species, Electropsychops oligophlebius sp. nov., of silky lacewings in Psychopsidae are described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Lasiopsychops gen. nov. has typical characters of the extant Psychopsidae, i.e., broad triangular forewing, broad costal space, presence of the vena triplica and the paired ectoprocts and gonocoxites 9 of female genitalia, implying its close affinity with the extant lineages of Psychopsidae. The new findings of the Cretaceous psychopsids enhance our knowledge on the diversity and evolution of Psychopsidae during the Mesozoic.

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MAKARKIN, VLADIMIR N., EVGENY E. PERKOVSKY, and CARSTEN GRÖHN. "Neotype designation and re-description of Prolachlanius resinatus (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) from Baltic amber, with the first record of the species from Rovno amber." Zootaxa 4688, no. 1 (2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4688.1.2.

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Prolachlanius resinatus (Hagen) is re-described, based on five specimens from late Eocene Baltic amber (including the neotype designated herein) and the first recorded specimen from contemporaneous Rovno amber (Klesov locality). This is the most common species of Hemerobiidae in Baltic amber. The forewing venation of Prolachlanius is most similar to that of Sympherobius, and, therefore, its assignment to Sympherobiinae is confirmed. The genus differs from other Sympherobiinae by the distal branch of RP being not deeply forked, and the presence of crossvein 4r-m in the forewing. The male genitalia of Prolachlanius are sufficiently dissimilar from those of other Sympherobiinae to distinguish it as a separate genus, particularly by the structure of the ectoprocts, and the 8th and 9th sternites. The extremely short eighth sternite of Prolachlanius is especially noteworthy.

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KRIVOKHATSKY, VICTOR, ROLAND DOBOSZ, and LEVENTE ÁBRAHÁM. "The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species, Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)." Zootaxa 5196, no. 1 (2022): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4.

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The genus Dominikon Dobosz, Krivokhatsky & Ábrahám gen. nov. is separated from the genus Nedroledon Navás, 1914, along with two previously described species: Dominikon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894) and Dominikon iranensis (Hölzel, 1972) comb. nov. A new species, Dominikon aspoecki Dobosz, Ábrahám & Krivokhatsky sp. nov. is described from Iran and Turkmenistan. The new genus is characterized by the presence of a prominent postventral processus of the ectoproct. The genus Nedroledon includes two valid Western Palaearctic species (Nedroledon anatolicus Navás, 1914 and N. maculatus Zakharenko, 1990). The paper contains a key for both genera, Nedroledon and Dominikon, and a key for the species of the new genus Dominikon. The taxonomic features and habitus of each species are illustrated. New data on the distribution of species of the two related genera Dominikon gen. nov. and Nedroledon Navás, 1914 are also given.

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43

Riisgård, HU, and P. Manríquez. "Filter-feeding in fifteen marine ectoprocts (Bryozoa):particle capture and water pumping." Marine Ecology Progress Series 154 (1997): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps154223.

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44

Ramalho, Laís V., Paul D. Taylor, Fernando Coreixas Moraes, Rodrigo Moura, Gilberto M. Amado-Filho, and Alex C. Bastos. "Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology." Zootaxa 4483, no. 1 (2018): 155–86. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.6.

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Ramalho, Laís V., Taylor, Paul D., Moraes, Fernando Coreixas, Moura, Rodrigo, Amado-Filho, Gilberto M., Bastos, Alex C. (2018): Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology. Zootaxa 4483 (1): 155-186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.6

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45

Frey, Robert C. "The paleoecology of a Late Ordovician shale unit from southwest Ohio and southeastern Indiana." Journal of Paleontology 61, no. 2 (1987): 242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000028444.

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The Treptoceras duseri shale unit within the Waynesville Formation of Late Ordovician (early Richmondian) age in southwest Ohio and the equivalent Trilobite shale unit in the same formation exposed in adjacent portions of Indiana represent an Ordovician shallow marine mud-bottom epeiric sea facies. These fine-grained elastics contain a moderately diverse mollusk-trilobite assemblage dominated by vagrant epifaunal detritus-feeding calymenid and asaphid trilobites, large endobyssate and infaunal filter-feeding pelecypods, and nektonic nautiloids. Articulate brachiopods, ectoprocts, and pelmatozoan echinoderms form only minor elements of this fauna.This mollusk-trilobite assemblage was common in Late Ordovician shallow marine clastic environments where mobility was an asset and there was an abundance of oxygen and food resources. Such assemblages are characteristic of the Lorraine Fauna of Late Ordovician (Edenian to Richmondian) age that occurs from the Ohio Valley north and east into New York, Ontario, Quebec, and Ireland. These early Paleozoic mud-bottom assemblages were considerably modified by the Late Ordovician extinction event and were replaced in the Silurian and Devonian by distinctly different assemblages dominated by large epifaunal strophomenid and spiriferid brachiopods, crinoids, and phacopid trilobites.

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46

Zhang, Zhiliang, Zhifei Zhang, Junye Ma, et al. "Fossil evidence unveils an early Cambrian origin for Bryozoa." Nature 599, no. 7884 (2021): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04033-w.

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AbstractBryozoans (also known as ectoprocts or moss animals) are aquatic, dominantly sessile, filter-feeding lophophorates that construct an organic or calcareous modular colonial (clonal) exoskeleton1–3. The presence of six major orders of bryozoans with advanced polymorphisms in lower Ordovician rocks strongly suggests a Cambrian origin for the largest and most diverse lophophorate phylum2,4–8. However, a lack of convincing bryozoan fossils from the Cambrian period has hampered resolution of the true origins and character assembly of the earliest members of the group. Here we interpret the millimetric, erect, bilaminate, secondarily phosphatized fossil Protomelission gatehousei9 from the early Cambrian of Australia and South China as a potential stem-group bryozoan. The monomorphic zooid capsules, modular construction, organic composition and simple linear budding growth geometry represent a mixture of organic Gymnolaemata and biomineralized Stenolaemata character traits, with phylogenetic analyses identifying P. gatehousei as a stem-group bryozoan. This aligns the origin of phylum Bryozoa with all other skeletonized phyla in Cambrian Age 3, pushing back its first occurrence by approximately 35 million years. It also reconciles the fossil record with molecular clock estimations of an early Cambrian origination and subsequent Ordovician radiation of Bryozoa following the acquisition of a carbonate skeleton10–13.

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47

Cao, Chengquan, Pei Yu, and Fumio Hayashi. "Allometry and morphological trait relationship in the sexually dimorphic Chinese dobsonfly, Acanthacorydalis asiatica (Wood-Mason, 1884) (Megaloptera, Corydalidae)." ZooKeys 854 (June 10, 2019): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.854.32897.

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Male insects with large weapons such as horns and elongate mandibles would be expected to invest more on such structures than other parts of the body for advantages in male to male competition for mating. In male genitalia, however, intermediate size provides a better fit for more females than small or large sizes, and such a male would leave more offspring regardless of their body size. These predictions were tested using a static allometry analysis between body size and other trait sizes. Acanthacorydalisasiatica is a large dobsonfly (Megalotera) and males have conspicuously large mandibles used as weapons. We examined the hypothesis that the male mandibles of this sexually dimorphic species are sexually selected to enlarge, whereas the male genitalia are stable to be intermediate regardless of a great variation in body size. The results, as predicted, showed positive allometry between male body size and mandible length but negative allometry between male body size and ectoproct length (a male grasping structure). Sperm are transferred through a small spermatophore attached externally to the female genital opening, so it may be evolutionarily unnecessary to develop an enlarged male genital size. In contrast, there may be a trade-off between male mandible size and wing length, because of negative allometry between body size and wing length in males but isometry between them in females.

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48

Cao, Chengquan, Pei Yu, and Fumio Hayashi. "Allometry and morphological trait relationship in the sexually dimorphic Chinese dobsonfly, Acanthacorydalis asiatica (Wood-Mason, 1884) (Megaloptera, Corydalidae)." ZooKeys 854 (June 10, 2019): 119–29. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.854.32897.

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Male insects with large weapons such as horns and elongate mandibles would be expected to invest more on such structures than other parts of the body for advantages in male to male competition for mating. In male genitalia, however, intermediate size provides a better fit for more females than small or large sizes, and such a male would leave more offspring regardless of their body size. These predictions were tested using a static allometry analysis between body size and other trait sizes. Acanthacorydalis asiatica is a large dobsonfly (Megalotera) and males have conspicuously large mandibles used as weapons. We examined the hypothesis that the male mandibles of this sexually dimorphic species are sexually selected to enlarge, whereas the male genitalia are stable to be intermediate regardless of a great variation in body size. The results, as predicted, showed positive allometry between male body size and mandible length but negative allometry between male body size and ectoproct length (a male grasping structure). Sperm are transferred through a small spermatophore attached externally to the female genital opening, so it may be evolutionarily unnecessary to develop an enlarged male genital size. In contrast, there may be a trade-off between male mandible size and wing length, because of negative allometry between body size and wing length in males but isometry between them in females.

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49

Garland, J. A. "IDENTIFICATION OF CHRYSOPIDAE IN CANADA, WITH BIONOMIC NOTES (NEUROPTERA)." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 6 (1985): 737–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117737-6.

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AbstractChrysopidae in Canada comprise 24 species in 9 genera and 2 subfamilies. Additional southern species are mentioned, 1 as a new combination, and other nomenclatorial changes are reviewed in relation to the Canadian fauna. Generic diagnosis of males employs sternum VIII + IX, the arcessus, gonapsis, pseudopenis, and tignum. Generic diagnosis of females is based on the dorsal furrow, ectoprocts, spermatheca, subgenitale, and a non-genitalic trait, the innermost gradate crossvein in the wings. The ecological implications and inherent difficulties in taxonomy are discussed for coloration in Chrysopidae, to develop a practical key to differentiate 26 species using color and other non-genitalic traits. A checklist summarizes maps of the geographic distribution in Canada and notes species in Alaska, based on specimens examined. Patterns of distribution for the Canadian chrysopid fauna are either Holarctic for 1 species or indigenously Nearctic, with eastern, western, or boreal foci. Disjunctions are apparent for species with a more southern, transcontinental distribution, which enter Canada primarily in Ontario and British Columbia. Life-history and bionomic notes are limited to 6 species in Canada, for which synonymies and figures are based on specimens examined. Most data originate from studies performed in Ontario. There are 5 species of parasites from 2 chrysopids. Hosts include 11 species of insects and mites, with 2 cases of hyperpredation. Three insecticides account for the more recent scarcity of chrysopids in the Niagara region. Conclusions relate the following: variable color in the 1 Holarctic species to post-glacial mingling in the northwest; gaps in temporal and spatial distribution to extinctions in progress; and renewed interest in Chrysopidae to earlier research on this group in Canada.

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Riisgård, HU, and A. Goldson. "Minimal scaling of the lophophore filter-pump in ectoprocts (Bryozoa) excludes physiological regulation of filtration rate to nutritional needs. Test of hypothesis." Marine Ecology Progress Series 156 (1997): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps156109.

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