Academic literature on the topic 'Ectrodactylie'

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the triad of ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia and facial clefting of lip or palate or both along with some systemic manifestations. Although each defect that comprises the syndrome has been known to occur as a separate entity, the congregation of all three anomalies in a single individual appears to be an extremely rare occurrence, with incidence being approximately 1.5/100 million population. Early diagnosis and management of clinical manifestations associated with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome present a unique challenge. We report a case of this rare disorder in an 11-year-old male patient along with its dental management using a multidisciplinary approach.

Ectrodactyly or split hand and foot malformations (SHFMs) are rare malformations of the limbs, characterized by median clefts of the hands and feet, syndactyly, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the phalanges. They represent a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, with both sporadic and familial cases. Most of the genomic rearrangements identified to date in some forms of SHFM are autosomal dominant traits, involving various chromosome regions. Bilateral radial ray defects comprise also a large heterogenous group of disorders, including trisomy 18, Fanconi anemia, and thrombocytopenia-absent-radius syndrome, not commonly associated with ectrodactyly. The present paper describes a case of ectrodactyly associated with bilateral radial ray defects, diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, in a fetus affected by trisomy 10. Only four cases of sporadic and isolated ectrodactyly, diagnosed by ultrasonography between 14 and 22 weeks’ gestation, have been reported. To our knowledge, the present case is the first report of mosaic trisomy 10 associated with SHFM and radial aplasia. Trisomy 10 is a rare lethal chromosomal abnormality, most frequently found in abortion products. Only six liveborn mosaic trisomy 10 infants, with severe malformations, dead in early infancy, have been reported. A severe clinical syndrome can be defined, comprising ear abnormalities, cleft lip/palate, malformations of eyes, heart, and kidneys, and deformity of hands and feet and most often associated with death neonatally or in early infancy.

Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare congenital malformation of the limbs with median clefts of the hands and feet and aplasia/hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals and metatarsals. When present as an isolated anomaly, it is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant form. We report a case of nonsyndromic form of ectrodactyly because of its rarity. Key words: Split-hand/split-foot malformation; Nonsyndromic ectrodactyly DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v31i3.4429 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2011;31(3): 235-237

Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM), also known as ectrodactyly or lobster claw hand is a congenital limb malformation, characterized by a deep median cleft of the hand and/or foot due to the absence of the central rays of the autopod. It may occur singly or in association with syndromes, former being mostly autosomal dominant but autosomal recessive variety is rare. We are reporting a case of ectrodactyly with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.10018 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(1) 2015 122-123

No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos estudos genético-moleculares em três famílias com três síndromes distintas de defeitos dos membros. A ectrodactilia ou SHFM (split-hand/split-foot malformation) é uma malformação congênita da extremidade dos membros caracterizada por fenda mediana profunda das mãos e/ou pés devido à ausência dos raios centrais. A hemimelia tibial é um defeito caracterizado por hipoplasia, aplasia ou agenesia de tíbia, em que a fíbula permanece intacta. A síndrome da hemimelia tibial associada à ectrodactilia é uma condição rara de herança dominante. Em uma publicação do nosso grupo foi mapeado um novo loco (SHFLD3 OMIM #612576) de hemimelia tibial associada à ectrodactilia (Lezirovitz e col. 2008. Am J Hum Genet 123:625-31) na região 17q13.1-17p13.3 em uma família com nove indivíduos afetados por essa síndrome. Nesse estudo foram sequenciados seis genes localizados na região candidata, mas nenhuma mutação patogênica foi encontrada. Em pesquisa colaborativa com grupo no exterior identificou-se uma duplicação de cerca de 114 Kb nessa região cromossômica. Ela estava presente em todos os indivíduos afetados e por meio de PCR de longo alcance e seqüenciamento foi possível identificar os pontos de quebra da duplicação. Os resultados indicaram que essa é a provável causa da síndrome na família. A agenesia/hipoplasia fibular é um defeito que ocorre ao longo do desenvolvimento e extensão da fíbula. Ela é encontrada isolada ou associada com outros sinais clínicos como malformações em membros superiores, como a ectrodactilia, e defeitos na ulna e fêmur. Em uma família em que segrega uma nova síndrome, uma forma de agenesia ou hipoplasia fibular associada à ectrodactilia de aparente herança autossômica dominante (Santos e col. 2008. Am J Med Genet A. 146A: 3126-31) foram realizados estudos de mapeamento por meio de marcadores de microssatélites e sequenciamento dos genes nas regiões candidatas. Após a exclusão de ligação com algumas regiões já conhecidas associadas a defeitos de membros, foram sequenciados alguns genes candidatos selecionados a partir da literatura sobre defeitos de membros (SHH, ZRS, WNT7a, WNT10b, GREM1). Dado que mutações não foram identificadas nesses genes, foi realizada a varredura genômica com o kit Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Mapping 50K Array. Foi observado que em quatro cromossomos (5, 6, 10 e 11) não foi possível a exclusão completa de ligação. Nesses cromossomos foram utilizados marcadores de microssatélites próximos às regiões que apresentaram lod score sugestivo de ligação. As análises dos cromossomos 6 e 10 não confirmaram evidências de ligação. No cromossomo 5 e no cromossomo 11 não foi possível a exclusão completa de ligação. A terceira família é composta por três indivíduos afetados por um quadro variável de defeitos de membros, entre eles, polissindactilia, sindactilia, camptodactilia e defeitos ungueais. O heredograma sugere um padrão de herança do defeito compatível com herança autossômica dominante e penetrância completa. Realizaram-se estudos preliminares de ligação com microssatélites próximos as regiões cromossômicas já conhecidas associadas a malformações de membros. Na região candidata 17p13.1-17p13.3 não foi possível a exclusão completa de ligação, já que os lod scores chegaram a mostrar valores positivos e sugestivos. Também foram sequenciados alguns genes candidatos (SHH, ZRS, WNT7a, WNT10b, GREM1). Dado que mutações não foram identificadas, foi realizada a varredura genômica com o kit Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Mapping 50K Array. A análise dos SNPs dos cromossomos 19, 20 e 21 permitiu a exclusão completa de ligação com esses cromossomos. Já em relação aos demais cromossomos, não se pode excluir completamente a ligação, já que vários deles apresentaram lod scores muito próximos do lod máximo possível calculado para a família. A dificuldade decorre do fato da família ser pequena e possuir somente duas gerações com indivíduos afetados. As regiões mais interessantes para aprofundar a investigação seriam as do cromossomo 17, pois houve sugestão de ligação também na análise de microssatélites. O gene YWHAE no cromossomo 17 foi sequenciado por se mostrar um bom candidato. No entanto, nenhuma mutação foi encontrada.
Here we report our genetic and molecular studies performed on three different families affected by three different syndromes with limb defects. Ectrodactyly or SHFM (Split Hand/Foot Malformation) is a congenital limb malformation characterized by median cleft of hands or feet (absence of the central rays). Tibial Hemimelia is a malformation characterized by tibial hypoplasia, aplasia or agenesis without fibular involvement. Ectrodactyly associated with tibial hemimelia is a rare autosomal dominant condition. In a previous publication of our team, we reported the mapping of a novel locus (SHFLD3 OMIM #612576) for ectrodactyly associated with tibial hemimelia (Lezirovitz e col. 2008. Am J Hum Genet 123:625-31) to chromosome region 17q13.1-17p13.3 in a large family with nine affected individuals. Six genes in the candidate region were sequenced, but no pathogenic mutation was found. In a collaborative study with another Center, a 114 Kb duplication, detected in all affected individuals, was found in this same region. Duplication breakpoints were identified after long range PCR and sequencing. Our results indicated indicating that this is the causative mutation in the family. Fibular agenesis/hypoplasia is a fibular developmental defect, occurring either as an isolated defect or associated with other clinical signs, such as hand ectrodactyly, ulnar and femoral defects. Mapping studies with microsatellite markers were performed on a family with some affected individuals presenting fibular agenesis or fibular hypoplasia associated with ectrodactyly, a novel defect that segregates with a possible autosomal dominant mode of inheritance (Santos e col. 2008. Am J Med Genet A. 146A:3126-31). Linkage with markers mapped to some well known chromosome regions related with limb malformations was excluded. Some candidates genes possibly related to limb malformations were selected from the literature for sequencing (SHH, ZRS, WNT7a, WNT10b, GREM1). Since no mutation was found, we proceeded to genomic scanning with Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 50k Array. Linkage with markers from four chromosomes (5, 6, 10 and 11) could not be completely excluded. Microsatellite markers were used to confirm linkage to regions presenting the higher lod scores and markers on chromosomes 6 and 10 did not confirm linkage. Analyses with markers on chromosomes 5 and 11 (in which there are no good candidate genes reported in the literature) were inconclusive and linkage could not be completely ruled out. There are three affected individuals in the third family here reported, each one of them presenting with a different set of distal limb defects (such as syndactyly, polysyndactyly, camptodactyly, or nail malformation); the defect is transmitted with an autosomal dominant mode and complete penetrance. Linkage studies with microsatellite markers close to well-known limb malformation related regions were performed. Linkage with region 17p13.1-17p.13.3 could not be ruled out since some of the lod scores were positive and suggestive. Some candidates genes have been selected for sequencing (SHH, ZRS, WNT7a, WNT10b, GREM1). Since no mutation was found, genomic scanning was performed with the Afflymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 50k Array. SNP analysis of chromosomes 19, 20 and 21 allowed us to rule out linkage completely. However, linkage could not be excluded for some regions on other chromosomes, since their lod scores were close to the maximum possible score estimated for this small-sized family. The most interesting regions are located in chromosome 17, in which the gene YWHAE, which seemed to be a good candidate, was sequenced, but no mutation was found.

Chapter 168 covers ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia - cleft lip/palate syndrome and isolated ectrodactyly (MIM 129900, 604292, 119100, 313350, 605289, 603273, 225300), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.