Academic literature on the topic 'Ecuador, economic conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ecuador, economic conditions"
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Calle, Emilio José. "The sleeves of Dollarization’s straitjacket over Ecuador." Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de investigación 3, no. 27 (April 3, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31876/er.v3i27.557.
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IntroductionEcuador's inflation is not converging towards that of the United States; that the drop in Ecuador's inflation is due to the domino effect of the fall in interest rates on public debt, that is, the "price" of money for using a hard currency, which in turn is due to the dollarization which is a commitment tool that guarantees that the country will not devalue. Objective tries to demonstrate that this elimination of the senora has direct repercussions on all aspects of the economy of the country, and that when eliminated requires these variables to be reorganized to fill such a gap. Materials and methods will summarize the ideas of Solow's economic convergence model, followed by the market model of human capital and endogenous growth through the technology proposed by Romer Result. This re-organization of the variables of the Ecuadorian economic model will result in Ecuador's economic growth rate is a reflection. Discussion Dollarization creates the necessary conditions for projects aimed at improving industries Conclusions This study also shows that social mobility in Ecuador will almost stagnate.
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Flores-Chamba, Jorge, Ronny Correa-Quezada, José Álvarez-García, and María Río-Rama. "Spatial Economic Convergence and Public Expenditure in Ecuador." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020130.
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In Ecuador, the sectorial policies, public policies and state investment, increase the presence of polarized and polycentric territories with very heterogeneous characteristics and with asymmetric levels of economic growth and development. The explanation for the unequal growth of regions in Ecuador is determined by the existence of different types of asymmetries; that determine economic dynamics and non-convergent development processes. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of an increase in public spending on physical infrastructure and education, on the improvement of productive conditions and on the process of reducing disparities (convergence) at the regional level in Ecuador. To do this, the hypothesis of beta convergence will be tested, which is conditioned by the proxy variables of public expenditure or investment in infrastructure and education at provincial level, for the 2001–2015 period. The results show the existence of a "slight" process of convergence per capita and productivity, although with a significant level of territorial "segregation". In the same way, it is observed that public investment made in this period did not increase the productivity of small and medium-sized provinces significantly, severely conditioning the sustainability of the process of reducing disparities at regional level.
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Ulloa-de Souza, Raúl Clemente, Luis Adrián González-Quiñonez, Luis Jheovanny Reyna-Tenorio, Patricia Janella Salgado-Ortiz, and Byron Fernando Chere-Quiñónez. "Renewable Energy Development and Employment in Ecuador’s Rural Sector: An Economic Impact Analysis." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 14, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 464–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15297.
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The article provides an empirical analysis on the impact of renewable energy development on the unemployment rate, agricultural output and relative rural population in Ecuador. Using an empirical approach, the study examined how the production and consumption of this energy affects the labor market in rural regions. To this end, relevant data on the development of renewable energies in the context of Ecuador were collected, and statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the relationships between these and the variables of interest. The results obtained indicate that the development of renewable energies has can reduce the unemployment rate and has a positive effect on the relative population of rural regions, however, it does not seem to significantly affect agricultural production. These findings support the idea that the production and consumption of renewable energies can generate jobs directly, due to the need for workers for the construction and maintenance of these technologies, and indirectly, through cheaper energy, increased productive efficiency and better conditions for the expansion of companies. The study offers a significant contribution to the field of energy economics in developing countries and highlights the importance of the adoption of renewable energy sources for rural regions.
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Sanchez, Marcos. "Ecuador: Revisión a las principales características del recurso forestal y de la deforestación." Revista Científica y Tecnológica UPSE 3, no. 1 (December 18, 2015): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26423/rctu.v3i1.70.
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El presente trabajo pretende ubicar al lector sobre las principales características del recurso forestal en el Ecuador, ya que al poseer condiciones climatológicas innatas que favorecen el crecimiento de especies forestales, dispone de amplias zonas para su aprovechamiento; sin embargo, el incremento de la actividad económica ha ocasionado un considerable deterioro ambiental, que ha dado como consecuencia una modificación de la cobertura boscosa y el uso de los suelos. Adicionalmente, se analiza los patrones históricos causantes de la deforestación y la evolución que experimenta la tasa de deforestación. En este contexto, el diseño de una adecuada política ambiental, que promueva equilibrio entre el crecimiento económico y la sustentabilidad de los recursos naturales, le permitiría al sector maderero desarrollarse y mejorar las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales del País. AbstractThis paper seeks to place the reader on the main characteristics of forest resources in Ecuador, as it has innate weather conditions that favor the growth of forest species, having large areas for exploitation; however, the increase in economic activity has caused considerable environmental deterioration, producing a change in the forest cover and land use in the country as a consequence. Additionally, historical patterns of deforestation and the evolution of deforestation rate are analyzed. In this context, the design of an adequate environmental policy, which promotes a balance between economic growth and the sustainability of natural resources, will allow the timber industry to develop and improve social, economic and environmental conditions of the country.
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Mullo, Héctor, Ismael Sánchez-Borrego, and Sara Pasadas-del-Amo. "Respondent-Driven Sampling for Surveying Ethnic Minorities in Ecuador." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 9102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219102.
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In this work, we consider the problem of surveying a population of young Indigenous, Montubios and Afro-Ecuadorians to study their living conditions and socioeconomic issues. We conducted a Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey in the canton of Riobamba, Ecuador. RDS is a network-based sampling method intended to survey hidden or hard-to-reach populations. We have obtained RDS estimates and confidence intervals of these characteristics. We have illustrated and discussed some of the assumptions of the method using some available diagnostic tools. Our results suggest that RDS is an effective methodology for studying social and economic issues of this ethnic minority in Ecuador. This technique is relatively easy to implement and has the potential to be applied to survey other hidden populations in other settings.
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Romero Cardenas, Erika, Mario Fernandez Ronquillo, Jessica Macias Onofre, and Katherine Zuñiga Gurumendi. "Producción y comercialización del cacao y su incidencia en el desarrollo socioeconómico del cantón Milagro / Production and marketing of cocoa and its impact in the socio-economic development of Milagro canton." Ciencia Unemi 9, no. 17 (June 7, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol9iss17.2016pp56-64p.
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El cultivo del cacao en Ecuador es fuente de ingreso para muchos hogares de distintas ciudades del país. Se considera al sector cacaotero de gran importancia ya que el rol que desempeña el agricultor como el comerciante es esencial para el desarrollo socioeconómico, no sólo del Cantón Milagro sino también de Ecuador. La participación del sector en relación a la producción provincial y nacional no es muy alta, sin embargo si representa un aporte a la matriz productiva del país. Además, se ve afectado por las condiciones en las cuales se encuentran los caminos vecinales. A través de encuestas realizadas a comerciantes y productores, se levantó la información necesaria para establecer su situación real, conocer y analizar la forma de comercialización del cacao y su incidencia en el desarrollo socioeconómico de Ecuador, con la finalidad de conocer los diferentes problemas que tiene este sector y que no le permite interactuar adecuadamente en el mercado nacional e internacional. Abstract Cocoa cultivation in Ecuador is a source of income for many households in different cities of the country. Cocoa sector is considered of great importance since the role played by farmers and traders is essential for the socio-economic development, not only of Milagro Canton but also of Ecuador. The share of this sector in relation to the provincial and national production is not high; however, it does represent a contribution to the productive matrix of the country. In addition, it is affected by the conditions in which the country roads are. Through surveys applied to traders and producers, the information needed to establish their real situation was collected, as well as to know and analyze the way of marketing for cocoa and its impact on the socio-economic development of Ecuador in order to identify the different problems that this sector has, which does not allow it to interact appropriately in the national and international market.
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Jarrín-V., Pablo Santiago, Luis Tapia Carrillo, and Giannina Zamora. "Demografía y transformación territorial: medio siglo de cambio en la región amazónica de Ecuador/ Demography and territorial transformation: half a century of change in the Amazonian Region of Ecuador." Eutopía, Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/eutopia.12.2017.2913.
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Una población numerosa puede favorecer el crecimiento económico (un bebé puede ser un futuro aportador de impuestos), generar oportunidades para la innovación tecnológica (un bebé puede ser un futuro genio e innovador) y dinamizar la economía (más consumidores y más costos compartidos). Pero esto solo puede ser posible si el tejido social y económico de una sociedad es el propicio. ¿Será el crecimiento poblacional amazónico en Ecuador lo suficientemente elevado para garantizar más pobreza y conflicto social a corto y largo plazo, o será un factor de desarrollo? La región amazónica posee la tasa más alta de natalidad en Ecuador. En 60 años, la población se ha multiplicado 16 veces. La ausencia de servicios básicos y educación promueve tasas de natalidad elevadas, especialmente en los indígenas. Existe evidencia de que el crecimiento poblacional (natalidad y migración) promueve la deforestación en la región amazónica. El presente ensayo es una síntesis del cambio demográfico y sus efectos sobre la deforestación, frontera agrícola, urbanización y las estrategias indígenas frente al cambio. Una población en rápido crecimiento puede contribuir a la economía y estabilidad social, solamente si se cumplen las condiciones necesarias de educación y oportunidades laborales. Estas últimas características particularmente ausentes de forma histórica para la región amazónica de Ecuador.
Abstract
A large population can promote economic growth (a baby could be a future tax payer), can generate new opportunities for technological innovation (a baby can be a future genius and innovator), and can contribute to a dynamic economy (more consumers and more shared costs). However, this is possible only if the social and economic conditions of a society are the necessarily required. Would the population growth in Amazonian Ecuador be sufficiently large as to guarantee more poverty and social conflict in the short and long term, or will it be a factor for development?. The Amazonian region has the highest birth rate in Ecuador. The population has grown 16 times over the last 60 years. The absence of basic services and education promotes high birth rates, especially on indigenous people. There is evidence that population growth (births and migration) promotes deforestation in the Amazonian region. The present essay is a synthesis of demographic change and its effects on deforestation, the agricultural frontier, urbanization and the indigenous strategies to confront this change. A population under rapid growth can contribute to the economy and social stability, only if the necessary conditions for education and available employment are met. These last characteristics have been particularly absent in the history of Amazonian Ecuador.
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Goyes Balladares, Andrea Cristina, Ingrid Dennise Pardo Jara, and Roberto Carlos Moya Jiménez. "A Novel Proposal for an Adapted Vehicle for Informal Waste Pickers in Ambato – Ecuador." INGENIO 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2024): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29166/ingenio.v7i2.6738.
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Solid waste management represents a challenge for contemporary cities because it involves various levels of management and processing. At the base of the recycling pyramid, the crucial role of informal recyclers stands out, whose work improves the environmental conditions of cities. Despite its valuable contribution, informality has marked this profession, with deplorable working conditions at a social and economic level and low occupational safety. Recyclers roam the city in search of as much recyclable material as possible, so they can later sell it and continue the chain. However, the operational process of the recyclers is striking due to the inadequate conditions, in terms of personal protection and mobilization. Traditionally, they move with a cart, a product intended for transporting heavy loads over short distances. However, it is used by waste pickers to travel long distances during the daily working day. Through the methodology of early and continuous validation for product design, a vehicle adapted for the work of informal recyclers in the city of Ambato is proposed. It shows a valuable vision of addressing management in an inclusive, effective way for the city, with adequate working conditions at the operational level for waste pickers.
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Valverde-Arias, Omar Roberto, Paloma Esteve, Ana María Tarquis, and Alberto Garrido. "Remote sensing in an index-based insurance design for hedging economic impacts on rice cultivation." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-345-2020.
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Abstract. Rice production in Ecuador is steadily affected by extreme climatic events that make it difficult for farmers to cope with production risk, threatening rural livelihoods and food security in the country. Developing agricultural insurance is a policy option that has gained traction in the last decade. Index-based agricultural insurance has become a promising alternative that allows insurance companies to ascertain and quantify losses without verifying a catastrophic event in situ, lowering operative costs and easing implementation. But its development can be hindered by basis risk, which occurs when real losses in farms do not fit accurately with the selected index. Avoiding basis risk requires assessing the variability within the insurance application area and considering it for representative index selection. In this context, we have designed an index-based insurance (IBI) that uses a vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index – NDVI) as an indicator of drought and flood impact on rice in the canton of Babahoyo (Ecuador). Babahoyo was divided in two agro-ecological homogeneous zones (AHZs) to account for variability, and two NDVI threshold values were defined to consider, first, the event impact on crops (physiological threshold) and, second, its impact on the gross margin (economic threshold). This design allows us to set up accurate insurance premiums and compensation that fit the particular conditions of each AHZ, reducing basis risk.
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Forero, Jorge Enrique. "State, Illegality, and Territorial Control." Latin American Perspectives 43, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x15571274.
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The inevitable incursion of Colombian armed groups into Ecuador remained at low levels for decades, but in the late 1990s the United States increased its level of engagement in the conflict and the Colombian government permitted the expansion of paramilitaries into the South of the country. While Rafael Correa’s Plan Ecuador privileged economic development in the border region as a way of promoting peace there, the massacre by the Colombian military in Angostura (Sucumbíos) in March 2008 led to an increase in military spending and increasing violations of the human rights of the region’s people. Socioeconomic conditions remain favorable to the expansion of the paramilitary organizations, linked to drug trafficking, gasoline smuggling, and other illegal activities. Without the resurrection of Plan Ecuador, their presence will continue to threaten the sovereignty of the state and the consolidation of its progressive national project. La incursión inevitable de los grupos armados colombianos en Ecuador se mantuvo en niveles bajos durante décadas, pero a finales de los 90s los Estados Unidos aumentaron su nivel de participación en el conflicto y el gobierno colombiano permitió la expansión de los paramilitares en el sur del país. Si bien el Plan Ecuador de Rafael Correa privilegió el desarrollo económico en la región fronteriza como una forma de promover la paz allí, la masacre por el ejército colombiano en Angostura (Sucumbíos) en marzo de 2008 generó un incremento en el gasto militar y el aumento de violaciones de los derechos humanos de la gente de la región. Las condiciones socioeconómicas siguen siendo favorables a la expansión de las organizaciones paramilitares, vinculadas al tráfico de drogas, contrabando de gasolina, y otras actividades ilegales. Sin la resurrección del Plan Ecuador, su presencia seguirá amenazando la soberanía del Estado y la consolidación de su proyecto nacional progresista.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecuador, economic conditions"
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Paucar, Ivan Asaquibay. "Agro-socio-economic evaluation of three rural communities in the Colta Canton of the Chimborazo Province." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2000. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5418.
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The faculty of natural resources, School of Agricultural Engineering of ESPOCH, with an agreement since 1992 with the Benson Institute of Brigham Young University has been working with the development of small scale production before its diffusion it is necessary to know the real social- economic conditions and the technological levels of the most important harvests of the communities, that when this model is involved in the aspects that affect the production. For this reason this investigation was made necessary in which the following objectives were raised: 1. Evaluate the social-economic conditions of the communities of San Lorenzo of Cahuiña, Guiñatus Chico and Cunambay. 2. Determine the technological levels of the harvest of barley, potatoes of the communities in study. The universe constituted the whole of families from the three communities. The sample size was 50% of the total of families taken at random in each community. The investigation was accomplished based on the observations, personal interviews, direct surveys of farmers, analysis of gathered information and secondary information. This information was analyzed based on the following statistical techniques: percentages and frequency histograms, arithmetic mean, ranges, maximum and minimum values.
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Macdonald, Barbara A. "Socio-economic correlates of rural women's nutrition : the special case of re-introducing quinoa in Ecuador." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35910.
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A cross-sectional study with repeated measures was conducted in the Ecuadorian Highlands to determine whether quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) production was associated with improved nutrition among women. Agricultural production systems, income, socio-economic status, morbidity, diet and protein-energy status were compared between a group of quinoa-producers and a randomly sampled quasi-control group of non-quinoa-producers (total n = 90 households) over four study rounds (pre- and post-quinoa-harvest).Seasonal and age-related variability in nutrient intakes as well as anthropometric status provided evidence of nutritional vulnerability in this population. Post-menopausal women (50+ years of age) consumed less energy (300 calories), less protein (11 g) and maintained a lower mean body weight (3.66 kg) compared to their younger counterparts. Seasonal changes in dietary quality and anthropometric status were apparent for women of all ages with less protein and micronutrients consumed post-harvest and mean arm circumference 6 cm smaller. Marked prevalences of inadequate intakes of many of these same nutrients (including iron, niacin, and vitamin B12) were demonstrated with the Probability Method.
Correlates of diet quantity (energy), quality (animal protein adjusted for energy) and anthropometric status were established. By means of a Principal Components analysis, socio-economic status was shown to be comprised of two unique constructs: modern lifestyle and farming wealth. Both factors were related to diet quality but neither was related to diet quantity. Diet quality, in turn, was significantly related to anthropometric status in multivariate models.
Women in quinoa-producing households consumed higher amounts of most nutrients and maintained larger arm protein-energy stores than those in non-quinoa-producing families. Trends were similar in children with no evidence of a difference in anthropometric status. However, quinoa-producers scored higher on both scales of socio-economic status, demonstrating self-selection bias. In multivariate models, quinoa production was related to increased intakes of energy, iron, zinc and folate but effects on animal protein intake and anthropometric status were confounded by the socio-economic effects. Therefore, while quinoa production was associated with positive nutritional impacts, the most impoverished households were left virtually untouched by this agricultural opportunity.
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Paucar, Ivan Asaquibay. "Evaluacion Agro-socio-economica de tres comunidades rurales del Canton Colta Provincia de Chimborazo." Diss., Riobamba, Ecuador, 2000. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/Benson,4188.
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Carrick, Oliver James. "Project management and participation in Ecuadorean development." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42961.
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Lane, Lucille Richards. "Hazard Vulnerability in Socio-Economic Context: An Example from Ecuador." [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000076.
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Bryja, Malgorzata Anna. "An evaluation of the potential for implementing adaptive co-management in the Waodani social-ecological system in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018192.
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Adaptive co-management (ACM), one of the most prominent management approaches to emerge in the recent years, combines iterative learning, flexibility, and adaptation promoted by adaptive management with the principles of nurturing diversity and fostering collaboration among different partners that underpin co-management philosophy. ACM has been proposed as an approach to address the deficiencies of centralized management in ensuring sustainability of social-ecological systems (SESs) in face of future uncertainties. This thesis aims to evaluate the readiness of resource users (the Waodani) as well as external actors (the Ecuadorian State and NGOs) for future implementation of ACM and thus enhancing the long-term social-ecological sustainability of the Waodani SES located in the Yasuni Biosphere Reserve in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Qualitative data obtained by means of focus groups with the Waodani and individual interviews with external actors and Waodani leaders revealed different levels of readiness for ACM. Firstly, in the case of the Waodani, the insufficient fulfillment of some conditions required for successful ACM as well as intercommunity differences in regards to these conditions can complicate the implementation of ACM, unless sufficient external assistance is offered to the SES. The analysis of NGOs demonstrated, on the other hand, a relative readiness for ACM, providing that such aspects as sufficient funding, long-term commitment to collaboration, and inter-institutional linkages are strengthened. The study also found that the Ecuadorian government’s potential to contribute to ACM is hindered by the lack of readiness to work with the indigenous society as well as by funding and communication challenges. Furthermore, the resource based economy supported by the State limits the scope of innovation and adaptation. Still, as in the case of other actors, overcoming the challenges and transitioning towards adaptive governance and thus ACM could be possible in the long-term, if recent legal and political changes are truly implemented.
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Ocana, Juan Carlos. "Theoretical perspectives on Latin American indigenous development, with reference to a case study of Cebadas, Ecuador." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28304.
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This thesis presents a discussion of the main materialistic theories proposed to
explain the process of development among the indigenous population of Latin America.
Four theoretical approaches are presented and discussed. The first one deals with the
social group referred to as peasants. The second one explains the process of economic
development at the global level. The third one deals with agroecology and its
implications. The fourth and final one refers to ethnicity studies. These four theories are
related to the case study of the Indian peasants of Cebadas, Ecuador. These people have
experienced and continue to experience processes of economic development and ethnic
revitalization, thus providing a good example of how all the theories discussed interplay
in a local setting.
The element that brings all pieces together is an agroforestry development project
carried out in Cebadas by an Ecuadorian non-governmental organization. The rejection by
the Indian peasants of the agroecological orientation of the agroforestry project, in the
context of the historical and current sociocultural processes of the area represent a choice
for a special kind of modernization. The modernization that the Indian peasants want does
not create loss of ethnic specificity, but rather reinforces their self-organization and
increases their economic opportunities. Results show a relationship between use of exotic
tree species and modern technology and the emergence of an incipient Indian ethnic
movement.Graduation date: 1996
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Stifter, Rachel Catherine. "Low-income mestiza and Black women's organizations and NGOs in Quito, Ecuador: a micro-level analysis of the impact of neoliberal policy." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1267.
Full textBooks on the topic "Ecuador, economic conditions"
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Marco, Lara Guzmán, ed. Ecuador: Realidad socioeconómica. [Ecuador]: Ediciones Aymesa, 1992.
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Projects, LatinFinance Special, ed. New horizons in Ecuador =: Nuevos horizontes en Ecuador. Coral Gables, Fla: LatinFinance Special Projects, 1995.
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Germánico, Salgado Peñaherrera, Farrell Gilda, and Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales., eds. La Investigación económica en el Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: ILDIS, 1989.
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Izquierdo, Leonardo Vicuña. La crisis económica del Ecuador. [Guayaquil, Ecuador]: Departamento de Publicaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, 1992.
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Alberto, Acosta. Breve historia económica del Ecuador. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional, 1995.
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Izquierdo, Leonardo Vicuña. La crisis económica del Ecuador. [Guayaquil, Ecuador]: Departamento de Publicaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, 1992.
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Fiess, Norbert M. Intersectoral dynamics and economic growth in Ecuador. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Economic Policy Sector Unit, 2001.
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Dávila, Violeta Jaramillo de. Atlas geográfico del Ecuador. 4th ed. [Ecuador: s.n., 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ecuador, economic conditions"
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Minteguiaga, Analía, and Valerie Carmel. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Ecuador." In IMISCOE Research Series, 109–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_6.
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AbstractFormal labour and affiliation to Ecuador’s social security system is the main gateway for access to social protection benefits, especially in the case of migrants. However, a large informal labour market and low levels on inclusion in the social security system forces large sectors of society to rely on family and community arrangements for the management of risk and economic uncertainty. The state provides some non-contributory benefits through cash transfer programs but, with the exception of health care, these only cover people living in conditions of extreme poverty. Universal, non-means tested programs are limited to the public health and education systems. Overall, migrants face several obstacles to access social protection benefits. Gaining the right to work legally is mostly reserved for white-collar and highly educated immigrants, excluding impoverished immigrants. Paired to the inability to access labour-related benefits and government programs for the so-called poor, immigrants lack the safety nets provided by extended family and a community setting. Nationals residing abroad have restricted access to social benefits, having access only to the contributory pension system on a voluntary basis. This chapter discusses the social protection system in Ecuador and focuses on eligibility criteria to show the extent of migrants’ access to the social benefits.
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Sánchez Bautista, Consuelo. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Ecuadorian Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 127–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_7.
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AbstractThis chapter provides a general overview of the main characteristics of Ecuadorian emigration and describes the general institutional framework whereby Ecuadorian authorities interact with nationals abroad. It then presents a general review of the main engagement policies with the Ecuadorian diaspora. Lastly, it presents the central social protection-oriented diaspora engagement policies and services currently in force to protect nationals abroad, specifically those who live overseas permanently and those in vulnerable conditions. A particular focus is put on policies in the areas of unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. Overall, the chapter shows that Ecuador’s policy towards citizens abroad is connected to a political shift in the country and to the new political discourse that appeared as of 2006.
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Naranjo-Mendoza, Carlos, Jesús López-Villada, Patricia Otero, and Sebastián Casco. "Energy and Economical Study of Different Renewable Energy Technologies for Domestic Hot Water Production Under the Climatic Conditions of the Main Cities in Ecuador." In Congress on Research, Development and Innovation in Renewable Energies, 163–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97862-4_12.
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Calvert, Julia. "Ecuador." In The Politics of Investment Treaties in Latin America, 123–59. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870890.003.0005.
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Abstract Ecuador has faced twenty-five legal claims under international investment agreements (IIAs). Yet, policymakers did not strengthen their compliance. Instead, Ecuador withdrew from the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and terminated investment treaties. This chapter asks: why would a country infringe repeatedly on its IIA commitments despite rising costs? And what drove Ecuador to terminate IIAs despite its dependence on foreign investment? The chapter traces infringement and reform preferences to the programmatic beliefs of the Correa administration. Policymakers espoused a commitment to buen vivir and twenty-first-century socialism. While they embraced the private sector, they placed social objectives above the profit motive of corporate actors. In the oil sector, policymakers prioritized wealth redistribution over the potential costs of infringement and restructured the terms upon which investors operated in the market. Their ability to advance similar policies in mining was eroded by weak bargaining power and capital flight. These conditions did not prevent treaty terminations. Policymakers believed that, as it stood, there was no room to advance social and economic transformations under investment treaties. Social opposition to privatization and Correa’s political popularity provided conducive conditions for treaty exit. Still, institutional and diplomatic hurdles slowed the pace of reform.
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Manosalvas, Margarita. "Persistence of Chronic Childhood Undernutrition in Ecuador during a Period of Economic Growth: Exploring the Contributing Factors to This Paradox." In Selected Topics on Infant Feeding. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104896.
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Between 2004 and 2014 the rate of reduction of chronic childhood undernutrition (CCU) prevalence in Ecuador was about 0.2% per year, while since 1999 it was reduced to an average higher than 0.83% per year. In the same period, Ecuador experienced an economic growth of more than 4% of GDP per year on average. Commonly, child undernutrition has been assumed as the effect of a combination of a set of factors related to deprivation situations. Therefore, we are facing a paradox. The objective of this investigation is to explore this paradox. To accomplish this aim, a mixed research strategy is presented: the children’s undernutrition key indicators are compared using the Surveys of Living Conditions (SLC) for the years 1999, 2006, and 2014. Changes and continuities in the relevant indicators are identified, in the next phase; the analysis of those indicators is deepened with qualitative research. Results are integrated and a plausible explanation is constructed.
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Almeida, Paul. "Protest Waves in Latin America." In The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Social Movements, 143–61. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190870362.013.13.
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Abstract This chapter examines the basic dynamics of protest waves in Latin America—periods of widespread popular mobilization by multiple sectors across the national territory. Protest waves are relatively rate events, but when they do erupt, they result in profound social change as recently witnessed in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, and Panama. Special attention is given to the facilitating conditions associated with the outbreak of protest cycles. These conditions include elaborate organizational infrastructures, political liberalization, economic threats, repressive threats, and unifying frames. Some of the most common outcomes of protest waves are considered in terms of repression, political reforms, electoral success, radicalization, and revolution.
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Chiliquinga, Vanessa Estefania Merino, Cristina Raluca Gh Popescu, and Arturo Luque González. "The Impact of Cooperative Control Regulations for the Assessment of Environmental and Social Risk." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 198–214. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0794-6.ch008.
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Cooperative financial institutions operate under general cooperative principles, with a vision for economic, social, and environmental balance. In Ecuador, this model of finance gained momentum in 2012 with the creation of the superintendence of the social and solidarity economy, which regulates the country's cooperative sector. This research focuses on segment one, institutions with assets greater than $80 million. Currently, developments in the environmental area, or green finance, fall under the control standard for the management of environmental and social risk in savings and credit cooperatives and mutualists. The regulation provides the guidelines for implementing the social environmental risk management system (SARAS), which classifies risk based on the environmental impact of economic activities. It also includes a list of activities of activities excluded from financial services due to their negative implications for the social and environmental areas. This research analyzes and critiques the aspects, requirements, and conditions of the implementation of these regulations.
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Robles-Bykbaev, Yaroslava, Nina Naula, Javier Cornejo-Reyes, Ana Parra, Vladimir Robles-Bykbaev, Blas Garzón, and Jorge Galán. "Planning Methods in Ecuador’s Indigenous People." In Family Planning and Reproductive Health. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92714.
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Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a fundamental human right that implies knowledge and exercise of sexual and reproductive rights (SSR). Among the latter are access to knowledge and use of contraceptive methods; therefore, SSR should be experienced as a constant experience that allows women to achieve full satisfaction and security in their sexual and reproductive sphere through their subjectivity, their body, and their social and cultural life. Knowing about family planning allows having the desired number of children determining the interval between pregnancies and choosing the contraceptive method according to the social, cultural and psychological beliefs, needs and conditions of each woman. However, indigenous women from Canton Cañar (Ecuador) have less access and knowledge to contraceptive methods, mainly due to the influence of social, cultural, religious and economic factors, among others. The lack of information about family planning in indigenous populations of the South of Ecuador has motivated this study; through a medical-anthropological approach, it is intended to determine what is the preference regarding contraceptive methods in indigenous Cañari women in the context of the Cañari culture and what are their perceptions regarding such methods.
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de Casanova, Erynn Masi. "Introduction." In Dust and Dignity, 1–20. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739453.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of domestic work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines domestic work to include housework; caring for children, ill, disabled, or elderly people in private homes; and tasks such as “driving the family car, taking care of the garden, and guarding private houses.” Paid domestic work is an ancient occupation, rooted in feudal economic systems, but it is part of the modern world under capitalism. Historically, domestic workers cooked, cleaned, and cared for children, as they do today. However, this work has shifted from in-kind payment (room and board) to wages, and from most domestic workers living with employers to most living separately. Also, middle- and upper-class women have entered the workforce, relying on domestic workers to take up the slack at home. Based on research conducted between 2010 and 2018, this book explains why domestic work remains an occupation of last resort in Ecuador (and elsewhere) and discusses how these working conditions might be improved. In exploring the experiences of paid domestic workers in Ecuador, it shows how concepts of social reproduction, urban informal employment, and class boundaries can help illuminate the particular forms of exploitation in this work and explain why domestic work continues to be a bad job.
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de Casanova, Erynn Masi. "Epilogue." In Dust and Dignity, 131–32. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739453.003.0008.
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This epilogue looks at several new factors affecting domestic employment in Ecuador today which may change the landscape for workers, employers, and activists. First is the new government. If before, there was worker-friendly rhetoric and praise for humble domestic workers, but little concrete improvement in policies and conditions, today even the rhetoric is gone. The best way to reach and make claims on the new government is still unclear, and it will be difficult to obtain state funding for domestic worker initiatives. Second, there has been a “rupture” in the domestic worker organization Asociación de Trabajadoras Remuneradas del Hogar (ATRH). This situation makes organizing and advocating for domestic workers more difficult and may lead to confusion among policy makers and funders. Third, there has been an uptick in migration to Ecuador from Colombia and Venezuela, as people flee violence, political instability, and economic disaster. Finally, some of the people interviewed in 2018 claim to be witnessing growth in the proportion of live-in, full-time domestic workers. Despite changes in the context of domestic employment, however, workers' status has not changed much since this study began. Social reproduction is still devalued, informal arrangements still prevail, and the class gulf between employers and domestic workers remains.
Conference papers on the topic "Ecuador, economic conditions"
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Alvarez Macias, Dennisse, Jesús Rafael Hechavarría Hernández, and Maria Pin. "Strategic urban planning of the banks of the Daule river: Case study in Guayas, Ecuador." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002356.
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The strategic location of the neighborhood “Entrada a Daule” on the banks of the Daule River has led to a disorderly increase in informal settlements over the past decades as result of its proximity to the city of Guayaquil. This study proposes an urban planning that is oriented towards sustainable, organized, and planned development contemplating conditions for environmental development, economic and social growth that are conceived in the assessed region. Therefore, based on the identified variables, it is sought to meet the following objectives: inclusive and equitable resilient urban planning; strengthen local govern through a real citizen participation by carrying out the “Right to the City”; and characterize the existing natural element of the territory as a limiting factor in the creation of land use regulations. In summary, the urban intervention plan aims to recover the dynamics and landscape environmental characterization of the region to achieve a sustainable and comprehensive future in terms of city projection and construction policies.
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Ayala, Diego Roberto, Wilson Leonardo Padilla, and Silvia Alexandra Ayala. "Energy Efficiency and Secondary Recovery: Two Management Options for a Mature Fields in Ecuador." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212819-ms.
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Abstract The strategies focused on solving the issues of a mature field should consider the declining production in order to stablish future investments, to not fall into costs that could reduce competitiveness and in the worst case reduce profit. The Block 49 (B49) is an oil field with almost 50 year of exploitation with typical mature field related problems as low productivity, reservoir depletion, high rate of water production which requires of a group of mechanism to become a competitive field in the current market conditions. The optimization of the recovery factor and the implementation of an energy efficiency model were the axes to reduce the OPEX and reach a barrel with a production cost of 5.20 USD. The main goal of waterflooding in B49 field is maximizing oil recovery while minimizing water production, in this case, the injected water for the secondary recovery is the formation water from the north and south zones of B49. As consequence, the recovery factor increased from 21% to 26%. For many years in Ecuador, the gas as consider as a waste sub product, for this reason the gas flaring was an accepted practice, however, since 2009 Ecuador’s national oil company, has been executing an ambitious Energy Efficiency Program. This Program, also known as Optimization of Electricity Generation and Energy Efficiency (OGE&EE), is a comprehensive development on generation, distribution and transmission of electricity, as well as the development of facilities for the capture and transportation of Associated Gas (AG). The Program consists of a cluster of projects in an area covering 25,000 sq. km., 17 oil blocks, 56 oil fields and more than 66 facilities. The results of this Program can be summarized as following: Multiple power plants with a combined power of 325 MW, 95 MW of these power plants can use associated gas as fuel. More than 200 km of power transmission and distribution facilities to deliver power based on economic and environmental merits; and, Approximately 17 km of gas gathering and transportation facilities of a total scope of 100 km, bringing deteriorated facilities up to standard and implementing waste heat recovery systems. The OGE&EE Program also had interconnected the oil industry electric grid to the national grid, which helps to optimize national renewable energy (hydropower). In 2015 Ecuador’s national oil company joined the World Bank’s initiative "Zero Routine Flaring by 2030", the Government of Ecuador also joined this initiative on 2018, and as part of Ecuador’s national oil company energy efficiency program, since 2015 it has been working to develop project and financial solutions to increase more Associated Gas Power Generation and to gather Associated Gas from lower scale flares. This approach uses gas production at the well before any flaring, the B49 field uses the production of 12 wells for electricity generation, the average daily demand is 3MW (72MWH each day). The electric generation of B49 meet the targets of efficiency since it uses gas of low-calorific value in high efficiency generator sets, 100% of the energy need of the field is generated, 16MMcf of sweet gas is used monthly, stops the emission of 533 Ton CO2 eq/KWH, and results in 562 M USD of savings due to not diesel consumption. Problems as CO2 emission reduction, gas availability, gas flaring limitations, facilities to maintain the pressure, gas transportation (processing-distribution), depletion of the reservoir, water injection, and increasing of the BSW are issues addressed in this research.
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Lopez, Byron G. "Implications of Reduced Heating of Heavy Crude Pipeline on Pump Lubrication Systems." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90315.
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OCP Ecuador S.A. was designed for transporting heavy crude oil from the Ecuadorian Amazonian forest to the Pacific Ocean, crossing the Andes (highest point @ 4060 masl). OCP have four pumping stations PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4 located across the first 182km. Main pumps were designed with an inherent product circulation from pressure connection via orifice to mechanical seal (API Plan 11) for lubricating and cooling. In order to achieve required viscosity, crude oil from the main line must be heated. Low sulfur crude oil (LSCO) is burned for this purpose. In order to optimize fuel consumption, some efforts were conducted since 2006. The first aim was to increase feed rate of lubricating oil, in order to extend the viscosity within seals up to 700cP. This modification resulted in considerable heat exchange depletion, representing about 50% of costs reduction related to reduce heating of crude oil in the main line. Since 2009, there were some adverse scenarios, which forced the company to seek more and better ways to optimize the fuel oil consumption. These scenarios were: • The continued decline in the quality of crude oil delivered by the shippers quality from shippers. Reduced quality was seen as a threat to the integrity of mechanical seals. • Unavailability of LSCO in the country, • The under-utilization of transport capacity due to low volumes of oil (30% of its capacity). Facing this situation, OCP decided to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of operating without heating oil, in an intermediate pump station (PS3: KP 148 @ 1800 masl). This pump station, at the time of the study, was operated heating crude oil. The greatest difficulty in achieving the goal of reducing heating oil was the maximum viscosity that mechanical seals could withstand, without affecting its integrity. To mitigate this threat, an API plan 32 was designed and implemented in PS3. Simultaneously, the organization was evaluating the possibility of installing a similar system in PS4, where climatic conditions are more adverse than PS3. Based on thermal models and after risk evaluation and cost benefit analysis, OCP decided to run operations accepting the risk of potential damage to the seals in PS4. At the moment, OCP Ecuador S.A. is operated without heating crude oil and API plan 32 was placed on standby, reducing considerably the operating costs. This paper is intended to share the learned lessons, some actions taken; obstacles faced up as well as achieved results in this cost reduction effort.
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Leon, Fernando, Juan Pancho, Ernan Franco, Diego Balseca, Fernando Ruales, Maria Elena Quinzo, Mauricio Perez, and Jorge Villalobos. "A Fit-For-Purpose ESP Technical Solution Enables 17% Production Increase in Complex Reservoirs in Mature Fields in Ecuador." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211331-ms.
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Abstract A fit-for-purpose electrical submersible pump (ESP) technical solution, based on a combination of pump types and an innovative extended gas-handling device resulted a production increase of 17% in four mature fields in Ecuador. The extended gas-handling device enabled a superior performance of ESP systems to decrease downhole parameter fluctuations normally observed in challenging production conditions to improve oil production. Historically, ESP operations in mature fields in Ecuador have posed extremely demanding conditions, where reservoir depletion generates lower static and flowing pressures that are typically associated with an increment in free-gas content in the produced fluid. Low flow rates, high lifting requirements, and high gas content degrade ESP performance and reliability while complying with field economics. This innovative ESP technical approach improves fluid hydraulics through the pump by combining a newly developed extended gas-handling device with proper selection of pump stage models to avoid production losses due to gas blockage, leading to an increase of pressure drawdowns and the maximization of flow rates. Additionally, when the reservoir has had a fracturing job to improve its productivity, the ESP selection process becomes even more challenging. Therefore, this ESP configuration incorporates a robust technology to face abrasive conditions, and flow rates are thoroughly controlled during the well's initial production phase to mitigate excessive migration of proppant into the pump. The technical solution developed has helped to increase production and improve the equipment reliability. On the 47 wells where this technology was successfully adopted, a 17% increase in oil production was observed and was attributed to the system's capacity to maximize reservoir drawdowns, with intake pressures as low as to 150 psi, while maintaining stead operation in gassy conditions. The enhanced equipment performance obtained with this technology contributed to a reduction in the number of ESP failures having as root cause low productivity, which decreased from 34 in 2019–2020 to 16 in 2021–2022 with zero ESP-related failures recorded among the 47 wells where this technology was installed. This innovative ESP configuration has emerged as a pioneering solution in the region to fulfill challenging production conditions in mature fields where a cost-effective solution is required. Furthermore, it opens a new spectrum to maximize oil production in mature fields by expanding the currently understood technical boundaries for ESP operation in low-flow gassy applications.
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Maulidani, Oki, Pedro Escalona, Monica Paredes, Maria Sierra, Christian Bonilla, Jorge Villalobos, Luciano Bravo, et al. "An Integrated and Digitalized Approach to Reduce the Well Failure Index During Covid-19 Global Pandemic in Shushufindi Field." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208028-ms.
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Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented condition to the global economy including the oil & gas industry. The ability to adapt to the imposed changes, requires creativity, innovation, digitalization of processes, and resilience. This work will show a novel integrated approach around four pillars which had improved operation efficiency and brought monetary value during a challenging 2020 in Shushufindi field, Ecuador. The first pillar is new technology adoption. This aims to extend run life of critical equipment resulting in a higher well productive time. Examples of adopted technology: Chrome-enrich tubulars, downhole microcaps chemical deployment, de-sander and multiphase/extended gas handler. The second pillar is the P3 process (Pre-Pulling-Post) to quickly and effectively find the root cause of well failure that leads to definite remedial action. Digital enabler is the third pillar, its value come from reducing operational downtime and risk by using real-time surveillance capability, remote control, and data intelligence. The final pillar is to re-establish an effective communication with all stakeholders. Various dashboards have been developed in order to provide the big picture of actual field condition in quickly manner as well as implementation of ESP real time surveillance & diagnostics, real time multiphase production test, and chemical treatment automation. Workshops, online technical, and service quality meetings are regularly conducted to ensure that recommendations and opportunities can be executed properly including contractual negotiations to enable new technology implementation. Despite all the restrictions during covid-19 pandemic and some force majeures in 2020, this integrated and digitalized approach has resulted an outstanding outcome: Well failure index reduced from 0.62 in 2019 to 0.41 in 2020; Production deferment related to well failure declined significantly from 2,420 bopd in 2019 to 1,259 bopd in 2020, which translate in savings of $16.8 million dollars. In addition to that, there was a reduction on operational cost from $26.3 million dollars in 2019 to $15.2 million dollars in 2020. This proven initiative has been supported and recognized by all stakeholders. Some new technologies and digitalization projects are in the process to be implemented in Shushufindi field as part of Ecuador digital strategy 2022. This successful integrated and digitalized approach can be adopted in other fields and will generate a huge business impact.
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Carrera Rivera, Gabriel, Mayken Espinoza-Andaluz, Brayan Ordóñez-Saca, and Jordy Santana-Villamar. "Evaluation of the Impact of COVID-19 on the Automotive Industry: Analysis of the Effects of Confinement on a Hybrid Vehicle." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-113475.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted several aspects of daily life, including transportation. The transportation sector influences pollutant gas emissions and the economies of society. One solution to reduce emissions is to use hybrid or electric vehicles, which employ clean technologies and improve efficiency. This article analyzes production stoppages, decreased demand due to mobility restrictions, and interruptions in the supply chain for vehicle production during the pandemic. The effects of these variables on sales and production of hybrid vehicles in Ecuador and worldwide are also examined. The article presents a study on the damage caused by the disuse of a vehicle within a high-voltage hybrid charging system. It also proposes an analysis of a high-voltage battery set’s recovery and maintenance processes in a hybrid vehicle. Using test benches to analyze battery cells, categorizes the cells of the high-voltage battery body according to their state of charge. The results show that the vehicle’s high-voltage charging system was affected during the pandemic, with more than 50% of its cells in lousy condition. However, some cells can still undergo balancing and maintenance processes to form another set of cells for a high-voltage battery.
Reports on the topic "Ecuador, economic conditions"
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Li, Francis G. N., Christopher Bataille, and Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Net-Zero Industry: Options for Plastics, Textiles, Automobiles, and Fisheries in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005167.
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This report explores pathways to achieve carbon-neutral industrial production in three major Andean economies: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It examines options for achieving net-zero emissions in plastics, textiles, auto manufacturing, and fisheries four sectors that are likely to play key roles in the economies of the region in the future. The report analyzes the barriers and opportunities to achieve carbon-neutral manufacturing in these countries and sectors in light of existing industrial, energy, and environmental policies, and given the progress that has been achieved so far. The analysis argues that, despite the presence of multiple barriers and challenges to implementation, the prospects for establishing clean manufacturing at scale are promising. Making such transformative changes, however, will require the following conditions: (i) a strategic vision and the underpinning legal authority to champion and achieve a net-zero transition; (ii) vastly increased institutional coordination among diverse government departments to end fragmented policymaking practices; (iii) investments that leverage rapid technological change to build a zero-emissions power grid, and to use low-carbon, synthetic fuels (such as green hydrogen or green ammonia) in industry; (iv) foreign direct investment into the clean-energy-supply sector; (v) regulatory mandates and economic incentives for powerful oil and gas firms to pivot from fossil fuels to synthetic, zero-emission fuels; and (vi) vastly improved waste-management practices to enable a significantly more circular economy that re-uses and recycles materials.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.
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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Afro-descendant Peoples’ Territories in Biodiversity Hotspots across Latin America and the Caribbean: Barriers to Inclusion in Conservation Policies. Rights and Resources Initiative, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/ftmk5991.
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Afro-descendant Peoples are an integral part of the history and the economic, political, and social processes of nation-building and development in Latin America and the Caribbean. In fact, national censuses estimate that 21 percent of the region’s total population—just over 134 million people—are Afro-descendants. Yet, despite significant legislative progress at the international and national levels recognizing cultural and ethnic diversity and the rights of Afro-descendant Peoples, social and economic conditions are still drastically unequal and there are large information and recognition gaps that affect their rights. This study seeks to raise awareness of the territorial presence of Afro-descendant Peoples in 16 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean*. The aim is to progressively identify the presence, titled and untitled lands, and territories of Afro-descendant Peoples and to advocate for the recognition of their collective tenure rights. Although Afro-descendant Peoples in the region have been fighting for a place in international climate and conservation debates, not having defined boundaries for their ancestral lands has been an obstacle to adequately establishing how important their territories are for protecting biodiversity and dealing with complex challenges such as ecosystem degradation, loss of food systems, and other environmental problems. *The 16 countries studied are: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.