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Journal articles on the topic 'Ecuador-Peru Conflict'

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1

Manrique, Nelson. "Perils of Nationalism: The Peru-Ecuador Conflict." NACLA Report on the Americas 32, no. 4 (1999): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.1999.11722724.

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2

Borzova, Alla Yu, and Vinicio X. Medina Gonzalez. "The Role of Mediation in Resolving Conflicts Between Ecuador and Peru." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 23, no. 2 (2023): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-2-296-306.

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The study deals with the problem of mediation in the settlement of the longest territorial conflict in Latin America between Peru and Ecuador, highlighting its origins. The main goal of conflict resolution is not only the elimination of the conflict itself, but the transformation of a real conflict situation into a peaceful process of social or political change, where mediation is a strategy or a tool to end the conflict. The authors use an integrated approach, where the most appropriate theoretical basis for considering and resolving these conflicts is neoliberalism, as well as the problem-ch
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3

Palmer, David Scott. "Peru-Ecuador Border Conflict: Missed Opportunities, Misplaced Nationalism, and Multilateral Peacekeeping." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, no. 3 (1997): 109–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166487.

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The Peru-Ecuador boundary issue is the oldest continuing border dispute in the Western Hemisphere. Furthermore, [it] has caused more trouble than any other in America .... baffl[ing] repeated attempts at settlement by direct negotiation and repeated efforts at mediation on the part of other friendly nations.... (McBride, 1949: 1).In 1942, four such friendly nations brought Peru and Ecuador together, after a short but bitter war between them, to settle their differences once and for all by signing a treaty of “Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries,” known as the Rio Protocol. These four countries w
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4

Kusumah Anshary, Ahmad Daniel. "Perang Ekuador dan Peru Tahun 1995." Ascarya: Journal of Islamic Science, Culture, and Social Studies 1, no. 2 (2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53754/iscs.v1i2.37.

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This study tries to explain the reasons why Peru and Ecuador went to war with each other in 1995, even though both are democracies. The research was conducted concerning Immanuel Kant's Democratic Peace Theory by examining norms and institutions as essential factors in developing his theory. This study uses qualitative research with literature review and interview methods. The study will focus on the conditions of norms and institutions in Peru and Ecuador in 1995, the year the two countries decided to go to war with each other. Based on the research results, it is known that democratic norms
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5

Iturralde, Miguel Fernando Maya, and Tássio Franchi. "THE HISTORIOGRAPHY SURROUNDING THE LAST WAR IN SOUTH AMERICA: CENEPA 1995." Boletim de Conjuntura (BOCA) 12, no. 36 (2022): 19–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7482519.

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The region of the upper Cenepa river, in the Amazon region, was the scene of the last military confrontation between Ecuador and Peru. The Cenepa War (1995) was the last armed confrontation between the two countries throughout the 20th century. The Ecuadorian state lost significant portions of its territory in previous conflicts, suffering defeats in 1941 and 1981. The result in 1995 was different due to prior preparation and conduct of operations on the ground. This article raises how the conflict was portrayed in historiography by different authors, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and international.
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6

Spencer, David. "Peru‐Ecuador 1995: The evolution of military tactics from the conflict of 1981." Small Wars & Insurgencies 9, no. 3 (1998): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319808423222.

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7

Cui, Shunji. "Conflict Transformation: The East China Sea Dispute and Lessons from the Ecuador-Peru Border Dispute." Asian Perspective 38, no. 2 (2014): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.2014.0012.

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8

Duarte, Samuel Correa. "As relações de paz e guerra entre Peru e Equador no contexto do complexo de segurança regional / The relations of peace and war between Peru and Ecuador in the context of regional security complex." Mural Internacional 7, no. 2 (2017): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2016.24824.

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O presente estudo procura analisar os acontecimentos centrais relativos à Guerra do Cenepa ocorrida em 1995 na fronteira entre Peru e Equador, situando a mesma no contexto da segurança regional do complexo americano. Argumentamos que a Guerra do Cenepa produziu três resultados básicos: apontou para a existência de uma balança de poder entre os dois países; não gerou nenhuma alteração substancial no conteúdo do tratado firmado anteriormente sobre a fronteira na base do Rio Cenepa; nem tampouco implicou em transferência de território. Então, como podemos explicar a dinâmica do conflito entre Per
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9

Bustamante, Fernando. "Ecuador: Putting an End to Ghosts of the Past?" Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34, no. 4 (1992): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165809.

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In 1991, Ecuador's foreign policy had to deal with the revival of its old border conflict with Peru. Nevertheless, this time the situation offered some hope — in contrast to previous occasions, the most recent being the Paquisha incident in 1982 — that the longstanding impasse between the two countries, which had hindered closer cooperation and greater integration for decades, might be nearing some sort of resolution at last.During the first two years of his administration, President Rodrigo Borja and his Foreign Minister Diego Cordovez were primarily concerned with incorporating Ecuador into
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10

Welp, Yanina. "El referéndum contra el status quo Análisis de Ecuador, Venezuela, Perú y Bolivia." Diálogos Latinoamericanos 10, no. 16 (2009): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dl.v10i16.113581.

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In Latin America, the referendum has become a subject ofcontroversy from experiences such as those promoted by AlbertoFujimori in Peru, Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Evo Morales inBolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador. The discussion of itsresults has polarized a debate between those who argue thatdirect consultation to citizenry promotes a deepening ofdemocracy and those who warn against populism and / or theaccumulation of power. Seeking to contribute to this debate, thearticle explores the conditions under which a referendum hasbeen called in those cases and their consequences. The findingsof th
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11

Ikporukpo, Chris, and Ninane Ikporukpo. "Rights of Nature and Environmental Management in the Developing Countries." International Journal of Law and Society 8, no. 2 (2025): 132–39. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250802.16.

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In spite of the fact that Rights of Nature (RoN), the perspective that natural objects, such as trees and rivers, should have legal rights like humans, has its beginnings in the United States of America (USA), it is in developing countries that it blossomed. Its emergence was catalysed by the realization that the human-based philosophy of development, anthropocentrism, has complicated the environmental crisis, and therefore one with nature as its centre, ecocentrism, is needed for effective environmental management. This paper analyses the theoretical and philosophical basis of RoN, its evolut
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12

Alacio-García, Rosa Ynés. "Citizen Participation in the First Constitutional Activation of Direct Democracy Mechanisms in Mexico." Anuario Latinoamericano – Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales 15 (October 13, 2023): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/al.2023.15.79-105.

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The mechanisms of direct democracy involve the participation through voting, from the legal forms of enquiry such as referendum, plebiscite, revocation of mandate, though it can include other graded definitions that go from the minimalist to wider conceptions such as the intervention in fiscal resources and the civic audit. The legal system ensures order. Legal models are the first step to move on to the institutionalized use of DDM as a possibility of influence of the governed ones on public decisions. The ways to influence are different in each country, not only because of the legal model in
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13

Perlingeiro, Ricardo. "A Historical Perspective on Administrative Jurisdiction in Latin America: Continental European Tradition versus U.S. Influence." British Journal of American Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (2016): 241–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjals-2016-0008.

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Abstract From the perspective of U.S. influence, this text analyses the history of administrative jurisdiction, starting from the 19th Century, in the 19 Latin American countries of Iberian origin (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela). The analysis includes the U.S. unified judicial system (generalized courts) and procedural due process of law to decisions by the administrative authorities, the fertile field of primary jurisdiction, which is
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14

Mejia, Christian R., Medally C. Paucar, Jamil Cedillo-Balcázar, et al. "Perception of Academic Impact in Latin American University Students based on the Fear of the Outbreak of a Large-scale War: Cross-sectional Survey." Revista de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias de la Salud 7, no. 2 (2025): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.46634/riics.361.

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Introduction. The military conflict between Ukraine and Russia is causing great concern, as it could potentially escalate into a larger scale war. This has once again put students’ academic activities at risk. Objective. To determine the perceived academic impact based on the fear of a large-scale war among university students in Latin America. Method. A cross-sectional, analytical, and multicenter study was conducted in seven Latin American countries, surveying 1,455 university students. Perceived academic impact was assessed through a categorized questionnaire and analyzed in relation to soc
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15

Rosa da Conceição, Hugo, Jan Börner, and Sven Wunder. "REDD+ as a Public Policy Dilemma: Understanding Conflict and Cooperation in the Design of Conservation Incentives." Forests 9, no. 11 (2018): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110725.

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Command-and-control policies are often criticized as insufficient to tackle tropical deforestation. Over the past two decades, both academics and policy-makers have promoted incentive-based policies, notably REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), as attractive alternatives to curb forest loss, while also potentially contributing to the poverty reduction of forest-dwelling populations. Governments have been the driving force behind the largest incentive-based forest conservation programs in Latin America. Many science-based recommendations on how to design effectiv
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16

KLEPAK, HAL. "Gabriel Marcella and Richard Downes (eds.), Security Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere: Resolving the Ecuador–Peru Conflict (Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999), pp. ix+256, £35.95 hb." Journal of Latin American Studies 33, no. 1 (2001): 157–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00406048.

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17

Hurtado, Fernando Rojas. "Comparação entre as tendências de Serviços Legais na América do Norte, Europa e América Latina (segunda parte)." Caderno Eletrônico de Ciências Sociais 4, no. 2 (2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24305/cadecs.v4i2.2016.17345.

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Trata-se da segunda parte do estudo comparativo das tendências de serviços legais na América do Norte, Europa e América Latina. Com auxílio de pesquisa de campo colaborativa, especialmente realizada por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e de estudos de caso, o autor apresenta um inventário-panorama de serviços legais inovadores e tradicionais em quatro países da América do Sul durante os anos 1980: Chile, Colômbia, Equador e Peru. Ao mesmo tempo, produz uma comparação quanto àforma de atuar, aos fundamentos, aos objetivos e meios de financiamento destes serviços entre si e destes
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18

Friedman, Max Paul. "Security Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere: Resolving the Ecuador-Peru Conflict. Edited by Gabriel Marcella and Richard Downes. (Miami: North-South Center Press, 1999. Pp. ix, 256. Notes. Illustrations. Appendices. Index. $45.00.)." Americas 57, no. 1 (2000): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500030467.

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19

Hernández-Umaña, Bernardo Alfredo, Oliver Mauricio Esguerra Ramírez, and Karen Giovanna Añaños Bedriñana. "Earth jurisprudence in South America: Trends and developments." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 5 (2024): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i5.3515.

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This article aims to present an analysis of the evolution and contributions developed and integrated into the corpus of Earth Jurisprudence from practice in seven (7) South American countries where 135 records were found between 2005 and 2023. The case study was carried out using the methodological approach of the qualitative approach, the hermeneutic method, and the documentary review technique. The unit of analysis was based on the recognition of rights to nature, the data and information organized according to legal/political provisions, the state, the actor that initiated the action, and t
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20

Moncayo Moya, Santiago Vinicio, and Alexandra Anabel Jaramillo León. "Comparative regulation of early inheritance in Ecuador and Peru: regulations and legal challenges." Centro Sur 9, no. 2 (2025): 48–62. https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v9i2.380.

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This article analyzes the regulation of anticipated inheritance in Ecuador and Peru, highlighting the regulatory differences and the associated legal challenges. Among the main findings, it is observed that in Peru there is a clear norm that regulates the anticipated inheritance, while in Ecuador this figure lacks a specific treatment, which generates legal uncertainty and possible conflicts. As a solution, it is proposed to reform the Ecuadorian Civil Code to include a clear definition of anticipated inheritance, to establish formal requirements such as public deed and registry registration,
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21

Howard, Rosaleen, Raquel De Pedro Ricoy, and Luis Andrade Ciudad. "Translation policy and indigenous languages in Hispanic Latin America." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2018, no. 251 (2018): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2018-0002.

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Abstract This article examines the status of translation policy as it relates to public service interfaces between the dominant Spanish-speaking sectors of society and speakers of some of the many indigenous languages of Latin America. The article focuses on Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay, and Peru is used as a case study based on recent first-hand research. Translation policy is inherently bound up with language policy, where the latter exists. However, there is variation from state to state as to whether language rights legislation has been passed, whether it is implemented
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22

Pathak, Professor Bishnu. "A Comparative Study of World’s Truth Commissions —From Madness to Hope." World Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 3 (2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v4n3p192.

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<em>The objective of this paper is to explore the initiatives and practices of different countries in truth seeking. Many countries during the post-conflict, colonial, slavery, anarchical and cultural genocide periods establish the Truth Commissions to respond to the past human wrongdoings: crimes and crimes against humanity. Enforced Disappearances (ED), killings, rapes and inhumane tortures are wrongdoings. Truth Commission applies the method of recovering silences from the victims for structured testimonies. The paper is prepared based on the victim-centric approach. The purpose revea
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23

Hansen, Miles. "Parallel Mediation: Ordering the Chaos of Multiparty Mediation." International Negotiation 17, no. 2 (2012): 237–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180612x651430.

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Abstract The proliferation of actors in the business of making peace has led to an increase in the frequency of multiparty mediations, with both positive and negative consequences. The purpose of this article is to simplify the complexity that often accompanies multiparty mediations by applying the structuralist and social-psychological dichotomy of negotiations to a model of parallel mediation. I propose that coupling structuralist and social-psychological mediations together in a parallel mediation can leverage the respective strengths of each to more effectively find a negotiated solution.
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24

Terneus-Páez, Carlos Francisco, and Oswaldo Viteri-Salazar. "Energy Security in Ecuador: An Analysis Considering the Interrelationships of the WEF Nexus." Energies 16, no. 20 (2023): 7166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16207166.

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The objective of this research was to analyze energy security in Ecuador, which is interconnected with water and food security. As a methodology, 21 indicators grouped into the following dimensions were analyzed: availability, infrastructure, energy prices, efficiency, social impact, environment and governance. For each indicator, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out with the countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, along with a longitudinal analysis from 2011 to 2021. The main contribution of this study is the characterization of the Ecuadorian energy system as available, accessible, af
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Walter, Mariana, Yannick Deniau, and Viviana Herrera. "Mapeo colaborativo de resistencias a los impactos y discursos de la minería para la transición energética en las Américas." Ecología Política. Cuadernos de debate internacional, no. 65 (June 30, 2023): 48–56. https://doi.org/10.53368/ep65teep04.

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Resumen: El Banco Mundial estima que durante los próximos treinta años será necesario extraer 3000 millones de toneladas de metales y otros minerales para impulsar el proceso de transición energética mundial. Entre los principales minerales críticos, se encuentran el cobre, el litio, el grafito, el cobalto, el níquel y las tierras raras. Durante 2021, comunidades afectadas y movilizadas por la creciente presión para extraer algunos de estos metales estratégicos en nueve países de las Américas (Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Panamá, México, Estados Unidos y Canadá) y los equipos del
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26

Jaskoski, Maiah. "In the Wake of War: Democratization and Internal Armed Conflict in Latin America. Edited by Cynthia J. Arnson. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012. 320p. $65.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. - Power, Institutions, and Leadership in War and Peace: Lessons from Peru and Ecuador, 1995–1998. By David R. Mares and David Scott Palmer. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012. 202p. $55.00. - Violence, Coercion, and State-Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Edited by Wil G. Pansters. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012. 400p. $70.00." Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 2 (2013): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592713000790.

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27

Encarnación-Pinedo, Miriam, and Carmen Cazorla-Zen. "La prefectura y las subprefecturas ayacuchanas como artífices del nacionalismo ante el litigio fronterizo entre Perú y Ecuador (1910)." Historia Crítica, no. 95 (January 10, 2025). https://doi.org/10.7440/histcrit95.2025.02.

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Context/objective: The border conflict between Peru and Ecuador (1910) over the definition of their frontiers fueled the Peruvian nationalism that emerged in the nineteenth century. The trigger was a series of clashes at the Consulate and the Legate’s Office of Peru in Ecuador between March and May 1910. In the following pages, we will analyze the role of local and regional political bodies (prefectura and subprefecturas of the Andean region of Ayacucho) in the exaltation of nationalism used to collect resources and the “blood contingent” for the war. Methodology: We use discourse and document
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28

Valdivieso, Cristian, and Jéssica Dos Santos. "Equador E As Novas Ameaças: Uma Leitura A Partir Dos Documentos De Defesa." Revista Neiba, Cadernos Argentina Brasil 9, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/neiba.2020.50549.

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Desde o final da década de 1990, o Equador tem renovado sua política de defesa. Passando pela superação do conflito com o Peru, o setor de defesa incluiu o combate às ‘novas ameaças’ como uma forma de combater os diversos focos de violência provenientes do cenário global e regional. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto das novas ameaças na formulação da política de defesa do Equador compreendida entre o período 2002 e 2018. Para tal efeito, analisam-se documentos oficiais como os Livros Brancos de Defesa (2002, 2006, 2018) e as Agendas Políticas de Defesa (2011, 2014-2017), marcos ge
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29

Jędrzejewski, Włodzimierz, Leonardo Maffei, Santiago Espinosa, and Robert Wallace. "Jaguar conservation status in north-western South America (north-western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Amazonian Bolivia, and Amazonian Brazil)." Cat News, Special Issue 16 (June 5, 2023). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13377006.

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We analysed the current conservation status of the jaguar in north-western South America, including north-western Venezuela, the territories of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, as well as the Amazonian parts of Bolivia and Brazil (7.14 million km² in total). The area is composed of habitats belonging to three eco-regions: the Andes, the Llanos, and the Amazon. Collectively, this is part of the largest well-preserved terrestrial biome complex in the tropics, and important on a global level. Based on a large set of jaguar presence-absence data used with a species distribution model, we estimate
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Valdivieso, Cristian Daniel, and Edwin Bladimir Aldana. "El Proceso de Superación Del Conflicto entre Ecuador Y Peru de 1995." Revista Aurora 10, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/1982-8004.2017.v10n2.04.p49.

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El artículo presenta como objeto de estudio el proceso de resolución del conflicto armadoentre Ecuador y Perú ocurrido a inicios del año de 1995. De este modo, el objetivoesanalizar cómo se desarrolló el proceso de resolucióndel litigio fronterizo e identificar qué elementos fueron empleados para la consolidación de una paz duradera.La metodología a ser aplicada se basa en el análisis documental de fuentes primarias y secundarias, siendo abordadas bajo un lente cualitativo.
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Fontaine, Guillaume. "Las políticas energéticas de cara al desarrollo sostenible en Perú y Ecuador." América Latina Hoy 53 (February 17, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/alh.5941.

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RESUMEN: Perú y Ecuador son dos productores medianos de hidrocarburos, a escala de América Latina: el primero es exportador de gas natural y el segundo de petróleo, lo que genera una renta significativa para el financiamiento de las políticas públicas en ambos casos. Sin embargo, los conflictos ambientales relacionados con la extracción, el transporte y la comercialización de estos recursos naturales evidencian tensiones entre las necesidades de financiamiento para el desarrollo económico y social, por un lado, y para la protección del medio ambiente, por el otro. A partir de esta hipótesis, e
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32

Merino, Roger. "Extractive Constitutions: Constitutional Change and Development Paths in Latin America." Law and Development Review, February 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2021-0127.

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Abstract Under the label “New Latin American Constitutionalism”, scholars have explained the emergence of new constitutions or organic constitutional reforms in the eighties and nineties and, since the 2000s, the constitutions associated with the “Left turn” in the region. Radical constitutional changes, however, have not stopped the expansion of social conflicts associated with internationally-backed extractive and infrastructure projects deemed as crucial for national development. As new processes of constitution building are gaining momentum in the region, it is crucial to investigate the r
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Neves, Angela Nogueira, and Tássio Franchi. "ORÇAMENTO EM DEFESA E CAPACIDADES ESTRATÉGICAS: DISSIMILARIDADES ENTRE OS PAÍSES DA AMÉRICA DO SUL." AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations 10, no. 20 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2238-6912.118036.

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We take into account that interpretations of security complexes, traditions of long peace, and violent peace do not fully explain how South American countries are organized regarding Defense. Given those, we ran a cluster analysis with data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and Military Balance report with economic defense expenditure and capabilities investment from South American countries to identify how they are organized, determining those that are most similar to each other (which would form complexes) and how they differ from the others (dissimilarities).
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Troncoso, Claudia A. "Qhapaq Ñan as World Heritage Site. New Tourist Destinations and Inherited Tensions in Argentina." Tourism Cases, June 11, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/tourism.2024.0064.

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Summary Qhapaq Ñan, or the Andean Road System, was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2014. This inclusion was the result of a process initiated by six South American countries (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina). The process identified the selection of features that distinguished the road and justified the inscription. How was this selection made? Was tourism involved in it? This case study analyzes the details of the Qhapaq Ñan nomination process in Argentina. It especially focuses on the northwestern region of the country, an area with a long (and controversia
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Théodore, Florence L., Regina Durán, Lizbeth Tolentino Mayo, et al. "Public Policies to Restrict Food Marketing to Children in Latin America: Progress and Challenges." Global Policy, March 20, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13470.

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ABSTRACTDespite evidence showcasing the exploitation of children's vulnerability by the food industry through such marketing, only a few countries globally have regulated unhealthy food marketing. This study aims to assess the progress, challenges, and lessons learned in implementing policies restricting unhealthy food marketing to children in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using qualitative methods, including a literature review, online surveys, country selection based on regulatory standards, and in‐depth interviews, the study focuses on five front‐runner countries: Argentina, Chile, Ecuad
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"Dialogues." Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 1, no. 4 (2019): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2019.140006.

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The essays in this Dialogues explore the expression of Latin American visual culture in the context of resource extraction and related conflicts over water, land, and community rights. The contributors to the forum—whose diverse disciplinary and professional backgrounds connect art history, anthropology, photography, and activism—consider how creative work in different media can convey the contradictions, ambiguities, and fluid nature of people's relationship with extractive industries. The essays explore how these forms of representation challenge both popular and academic ideas about resourc
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