Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ecumenical Councils

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ecumenical Councils'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ecumenical Councils"

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Chadwick, Henry. "Book Reviews : Ecumenical Councils." Expository Times 104, no. 2 (November 1992): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001452469210400216.

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Foster, Paul. "The Seven Ecumenical Councils." Expository Times 120, no. 2 (November 2008): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00145246081200020702.

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Tanner, Norman. "How Novel Was Vatican II?" Ecclesiastical Law Journal 15, no. 2 (April 10, 2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x13000367.

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The Second Vatican Council is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as the twenty-first ecumenical council. The largest in terms of participants and one of the longest-running, it also covered the widest range of topics and produced the largest volume of documents and decrees. This article, based on the text of the ninth Lyndwood Lecture, examines a number of characteristics of Vatican II in comparison with previous councils, arguing that, while in many ways Vatican II was novel, in its composition, agenda, influence and reception one can discern parallels with past councils back as far as the first ecumenical council at Nicea in 325.1
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Lukovtsev, Ilya N. "St. Gregory Palamas’s gnoseology in light of the dogma of the incarnation of Christ." Issues of Theology 3, no. 1 (2021): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2021.102.

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This article is devoted to the problem of correspondence between the gnoseology of St. Gregory Palamas and the teachings of the Orthodox Church. His gnoseology contains two theses that caused a significant controversy in the 14th century in the Byzantine Empire. These are the uncreated nature of the Tabor Light and the possibility to know God by His uncreated energies, but not by His essence. The author turns directly to the Christological confessions and other dogmatic texts of the Ecumenical Councils to solve the problem. This method has not been largely used. As a general rule, the “palamites” and “antipalamites” used to refer to some particular father or plunged into a strictly philosophical discourse. At the same time, it was not fully taken into the account the fact that the Acts of the Ecumenical Councils contain information to adequately assess St. Gregory’s gnoseology. The article concisely presents the main theses of St. Gregory Palamas’s gnoseology, approved by the local Council of 1351 held in Constantinople. The theses are compared to the confession of the Council of Chalcedon. The texts of the subsequent Ecumenical Councils are considered to be as clarifying as the Chalcedonian confession. The views of St. Gregory’s main opponents are also analyzed in the article. Particular attention is paid to the meaning of key terms in the considered dogmatic texts. The article also takes into account the philosophical aspect of the problem, and expounds one of the arguments of St. Gregory in favor of the uncreated nature of the Tabor Light, which is based on the idea of the inability of human nature to emit light. As a result of the research, it was established that both theses of St. Gregory contradict the doctrine of the Ecumenical Councils about Christ. Instead of St. Gregory’s dubious gnoseology, the Ecumenical Councils offer to cognize the divinity of the Trinity inseparably from the flesh of Christ, and not only in energy, but also essence and hypostasis. As for the natural science argument of St. Gregory, it is refuted by the data of modern science, which proved the existence of biophotons. This discovery, according to the author, does not contradict, but only confirms the Christology of the Ecumenical Councils.
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Yarotskiy, Petro. ""Holy and Great Cathedral" of the Orthodox Church." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 79 (August 30, 2016): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2016.79.671.

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An important event of the Orthodox world of the last year was the Cathedral, which took place on June 19-28 on. Mole. The extraordinary nature of this council is that it was convened 1229 years after the last (seventh) Ecumenical Council in 787, which was not yet split into Orthodoxy and Catholicism (which occurred in 1054) of a single Christian Church. The Catholic Church then independently held its 22 councils, the last of which - the Second Vatican Council was held in 1962-1965. In Orthodoxy, extraterrestrial silence prevailed, since its hierarchs believed that for the "fullness and maturity" of the Christian Church there was enough canonical work of the seven Ecumenical Councils that took place during 325-787 years.
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Wessling, Jordan. "Crisp on Conciliar Authority." Philosophia Christi 23, no. 1 (2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pc20212316.

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In Analyzing Doctrine: Toward a Systematic eology, Oliver Crisp infers from a general principle concerning God’s providential care for the church that it is implausible that God would allow substantial error on the central theological promulgations of an ecumenical council. is conclusion is then used specifically against contemporary neo-monothelites, who consciously contravene the dyothelite teachings of the third Council of Constantinople. In this paper, I raise several doubts about the inference utilized by Crisp against these neo-monothelites, and I seek to point to a more promising manner of upholding the deliverances of the ecumenical councils.
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Sagan, Oleksandr N. "Two families of Orthodox churches: is it possible to unite?" Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 21 (December 18, 2001): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2002.21.1233.

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The Fourth (Chalcedonian) Ecumenical Council in 451 divided the Ecumenical Orthodoxy into two large parts. The first is Orthodox churches (Chalcedonian, orthodox, "Eastern" (Efsten), which include the four ancient patriarchates (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem), along with the younger recognized and unrecognized autocephalous Orthodox Churches, which today are numbered around the world However, in spite of the later division of Orthodoxy with the national churches (the separation here was usually based on an administrative principle), they all represent a single church community with a common faith nnyam nature and expression of church life. The basis of the true apostolic faith they accept the first, except the Bible, and even the decision of the seven ecumenical councils.
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Tanner, Norman. "The Book of the Councils: Nicaea I to Vatican II." Studies in Church History 38 (2004): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400015692.

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The ecumenical and general councils of the Church have produced arguably the most important documents of Christianity after the Bible. How this ‘book’ of the councils came to be composed is the subject of this paper. In the composition, Christians have had to confront three problems similar to those involved in establishing the book of the Bible. First, which councils are to be considered ecumenical or general, paralleling the question of which books are to be included in the Bible. Secondly, which decrees are to be considered the authentic decrees of a particular council, paralleling the question of which chapters and verses make up a particular book of the Bible. Thirdly, which manuscripts or editions form the best text of a given decree, paralleling the search for the best texts of Scripture. There are, too, the additional issues of establishing some hierarchy in the importance of the councils and their decrees – the great creeds and doctrinal statements outrank, surely, most decrees of a purely disciplinary nature, just as the Gospels have a certain priority within the New Testament or Romans and Galatians outrank in importance the Pastoral Epistles – and secondly the difficulties of translating the original texts into the vernacular languages, alike for the councils as for the Bible. Alongside these similarities between the book of the councils and that of the Bible was the tension between Scripture and Tradition. How far could Tradition, represented cumulatively and retrospectively by the councils, interpret or develop the teaching of Scripture? This tension was never far below the surface, and erupted especially in the Reformation controversies.
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Gazal, Andre A. "’That Ancient and Christian Liberty’: Early Church Councils in Reformation Anglican Thought." Perichoresis 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2019-0029.

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Abstract This article will examine the role the first four ecumenical councils played in the controversial enterprises of John Jewel (1522-71) as well as two later early modern English theologians, Richard Hooker (1553-1600) and George Carleton (1559-1628). In three different polemical contexts, each divine portrays the councils as representing definitive catholic consensus not only for doctrine, but also ecclesiastical order and governance. For all three of these theologians, the manner in which the first four ecumenical councils were summoned and conducted, as well as their enactments touching the Church’s life provided patristic norms for its rightful administration. Jewel, Hooker, and Carleton each argued that the English Protestant national Church as defined by the Elizabethan Settlement exemplified a faithful recovery of patristic conciliar ecclesiastical government as an essential component in England’s overall endeavor to return to the true Church Catholic. Jewel employed these councils in order to impeach the Council of Trent’s (1545-63) status as a general council, and to justify the transfer of the authority of general councils to national and regional synods under the direction of godly princes. Hooker proposes the recovery of general councils as a means of achieving Catholic consensus within a Christendom divided along national and confessional lines while at the same time employing the pronouncements of the first four general councils to uphold the authoritative patristic and catholic warrant for institutions and practices retained by the Elizabethan Church. Finally, amid the controversy surrounding the Oath of Allegiance during the reign of James VI/1 (r. 1603-25), George Carleton devoted his extensive examination of these councils to refute papal claims to coercive authority with which to depose monarchs as an extension of excommunication. In so doing, Carleton relocates this ‘coactive jurisdiction’ in the ecclesiastical authority divinely invested in the monarch, making the ruler the source of conciliar authority, and arguably of catholic consensus itself.
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Price, Richard. "Constantinople III and Constantinople IV: Minorities Posing as the Voice of the Whole Church." Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 49, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890433-04901007.

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Abstract Decisions at ecumenical councils required ‘unanimous’ consensus. This paper treats two councils, Constantinople III (680–81) and Constantinople IV (869–70), which issued decrees where the claim to unanimity was particularly contrived. Although the Acts of Constantinople III try to hide the fact, the account in the Liber pontificalis shows that it took imperial pressure and months of debate before the bishops of the patriarchate of Constantinople came over to the ‘orthodox’, dyothelete side. At Constantinople IV the lack of support for its anti-Photian decrees is shown by minimal number of bishops who chose to attend. These two councils are examples of ‘ecumenical’ decisions that, so far from being unanimous, enjoyed the genuine support of only a minority.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecumenical Councils"

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De, Lucia Pierluigi. "The Petrine ministry at the time of the first four ecumenical councils: relations between the Bishop of Rome and the Eastern Bishops as revealed in the canons, process, and reception of the councils." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1852.

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Thesis advisor: Francine Cardman
The Petrine ministry of the bishops of Rome and relations with the eastern bishops at the time of the first four ecumenical councils are the focus of this thesis. It places the Church in the complex historical context marked by the public recognition of Christianity under Constantine (312) and the great novelty of the close interactions of the emperors with the bishops of the major sees in the period, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople. The study examines the structures of the church (local and regional synods and ecumenical councils) and the roles of bishops and emperors in the ecumenical councils of Nicaea (325), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), and Chalcedon (451), including the “robber” council of 449. Attention is given to the most important and sometimes contested canons of those councils regarding the relationship of the eastern bishops and their sees to the bishop of Rome and his claims to exercise a Petrine ministry and authority for the whole Church: canon 6 (Nicaea), canon 3 (Constantinople), canon 7 (Ephesus) and canon 28 (Chalcedon). The method of the study is historical and draws on the contributions of major Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran and Catholic scholars. The concluding synthesis and ecclesiological reflection finds that no Roman bishop was present at these councils, but at all but Constantinople, where there was a western observer, he sent legates. Sometimes the bishop of Rome played an important role in the ecumenical councils, i.e., Leo in relation to Ephesus 449 and Chalcedon; Celestine and recognition of Ephesus 431, and in both cases, the emperor also supported the final decisions. Moreover, the bishops of Rome played a minor role in relation to Nicaea and Constantinople. Finally, in regard to canon 3 of Constantinople and 28 of Chalcedon they consistently asserted that their apostolicity and foundation on Peter was the source of the Roman bishop’s authority and precedence
Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology
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L'Huillier, Peter. "The Church of the ancient councils : the disciplinary work of the first four ecumenical councils /." Crestwood (N.Y.) : St Vladimir's seminary press, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37222409s.

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Kaçar, T. "A study of the early church councils, from the Apostolic council of Jerusalem AD. 52 to the second ecumenical council AD. 381." Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637745.

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The main framework of the study is as follows. The first two chapters are a historical overview of the church councils from the Apostolic council in AD. 52 to the second ecumenical council of Constantinople in 381. The chapters are to be divided as pre-Nicene and post-Nicene. Chapter three focuses on the organisation and protocol of the church councils. As far as the first four centuries are concerned, it will concentrate on finding out who took the first step in holding a council. Then, the communication channels and means of transportation to a fixed council place are examined. The chapter also covers the protocol, the seating arrangement, qualifications for membership, and presidency of the councils. Chapter four examines the transactions of the church councils. Six types of business preoccupied the bishops in the church councils. These were creed and canon making, electing and consecrating bishops, judging ecclesiastical and secular cases, and routine church business. The second part of this chapter examines the recording and dissemination of decisions taken at the councils. Chapter five is an attempt to compare the Latin and Greek traditions of the church councils, particularly in the third century, as the available evidence makes a broad comparison possible between the two milieu. In doing this I will try to identify the structural features of the church councils, that is how meetings were regulated, and how decisions were made in the Latin and Greek tradition. Chapter six is concerned with the politics of summoning and carrying out a council. The central theme of the chapter is to discuss those political activities in the form of factionalism and to identify the foundations of this factionalism. The second part of the chapter looks at the attitudes of the western and eastern bishops in promulgating new creeds and in forming factions in the fourth century.
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Dullea, John Gerard. "The decrees of the ecumenical councils of the Middle Ages regarding jews, muslims and tartars /." Romae, 2007. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253512.

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Viale, Adrián. "La papauté et les institutions politiques et ecclésiastiques de l'Empire byzantin (VIe-VIIIe siècles)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H045.

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Cette thèse analyse le développement de l’identité institutionnelle de la papauté pendant l’époque byzantine, c’est-à-dire la représentation de l’Église romaine dans certaines sources officielles entre l’âge de l’empereur Justinien et la première moitié du huitième siècle. Le dossier des sources se concentre sur les actes des conciles œcuméniques et la production officielle du pouvoir impérial et de la papauté. Le propos est de montrer que loin d’être monolithique, l’identité institutionnelle de la papauté était changeante et fluide, et que les éléments qui la composaient se trouvaient modifiés selon le contexte, les nécessités et les enjeux du pouvoir. L’étude se focalise en particulier sur les disputes ecclésiologiques et les conciles destinés à les résoudre : la controverse des Trois Chapitres et le deuxième concile de Constantinople de l’année 553, la dispute monoénergiste et monothélite qui donne lieu au concile du Latran de l’année 649 et au troisième concile de Constantinople des années 680-681, et le concile quinisexte des années 691-692. Elle incorpore aussi d’autres développements liés à la représentation de la place de l’Église romaine, le rôle des papes, et la réception des conciles œcuméniques
This dissertation analyses the development of the institutional identity of the Papacy during the Byzantine period, that is, the representation of the Roman Church in some official sources between the age of Emperor Justinian and the first half of the eighth century. The main sources are the acts of the ecumenical councils, as well as the official production of the imperial power and the papacy. The purpose is to show that, far from being monolithic, the institutional identity of the papacy was changing, dynamic and fluid, and the elements that composed it were modified according to the context, the necessities and the relations of power. The study focuses in particular on ecclesiological disputes and the councils aimed at resolving them : the Three Chapters controversy and the Second Council of Constantinople of 553, the monothelite dispute, including the Lateran Council of 649 and the Third Council of Constantinople of 680-681, and the Quinisext Council of 691-692. It also incorporates other developments related to the representation of the place of the Roman Church, the role of Popes, and the reception of ecumenical councils
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Kapetanaki, Sophia. "An annotated critical edition of Makarios Makres Life of St Maximos Kausokalyves Encomion on the Fathers of the Seven Ecumenical Councils Consolation to a sick person, or reflections on endurance Verses on the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos Letter to hier." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402489.

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Oxley, Simon. "The World Council of Churches and 'ecumenical consciousness' : how the constitutional responsibility of fostering 'ecumenical consciousness' has been reflected in the World Council of Churches' educational and formational activities from 1948-2006." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-world-council-of-churches-and-ecumenical-consciousness-how-the-constitutional-responsibility-of-fostering-ecumenical-consciousness-has-been-reflected-in-the-world-council-of-churches-educational-and-formational-activities-from-19482006(d25ca1f0-3ade-413f-ad15-dfc20b229f63).html.

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The thesis explores the manner and extent of World Council of Churches activities that reflect the obligation in its original constitution to develop ecumenical consciousness among the members of the churches. The study explores the possible original meaning of ecumenical consciousness and the implications of widening understandings of ecumenism and develops a working definition of ecumenical consciousness. That definition is seen as having particular significance not only for the structures and activities of the WCC but for the ecumenical movement as a whole. Social movement analysis is used to seek to understand better the nature of the ecumenical movement and its relationship to the World Council. Whilst not completely identifying the ecumenical movement as a social movement, it is suggested that an understanding of participation, the framing of issues of contention and the purposes of social movement organisations can all contribute fruitfully to understanding the ecumenical movement. This perspective leads to questions about whose ecumenical consciousness needs to be addressed and about cognitive and emotional mobilisation. These questions provide a framework for engaging with the stated understandings of the educational and formational activity of the World Council from its foundation to the Porto Alegre Assembly in 2006. From the Library and Archives of the World Council, the research draws on the official documents of Assemblies and Central Committee meetings and perhaps, more significantly, on reports of less high profile consultations and papers of staff discussions. Because of the way in which the World Council operates, this historical analysis is divided into the periods between Assemblies. The conclusion reached is that periods of creative thinking about people’s involvement and participation which might lead to the formation of ecumenical consciousness have alternated with reversions to more formal processes of teaching about the ecumenical movement. The expectations of the member churches of the World Council have been directed more towards being supported in their separateness than being challenged ecumenically. The demands of particular issues (ecclesiological and justice/peace) have led to a greater concentration on content rather than process. The value of ecumenical experience has been recognised but not always the necessity of learning through reflection on that experience. It is suggested that these and other tensions have resulted in the World Council being unable to benefit from the potential of an ecumenically conscientised constituency. The thesis concludes with a chapter considering the implications of these conclusions for the future work of the World Council, arguing that, both for its own good and that of the ecumenical movement, it needs to work to develop an ecumenical consciousness in the people of its whole constituency as well as in the institutional churches and their leaders.
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Giakalis, Ambrosios. "The theology of icons at the Seventh Ecumenical Council." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335111.

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Giakalis, Ambrosios. "Images of the divine : the theology of icons at the Seventh Ecumenical Council /." Leiden : Brill, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400613076.

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Giakalis, Ambrosios. "Images of the divine : the theology of icons at the Seventh Ecumenical Council /." Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35619815q.

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Books on the topic "Ecumenical Councils"

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Tanner, N. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. London, England: Sheed & Ward Ltd, 1990.

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Malaty, Tadrous Y. Ecumenical councils and the Trinitarian faith. [Cairo?]: T.Y. Malaty, 1992.

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Michael, Kinnamon, and World Council of Churches, eds. Councils of churches and the ecumenical vision. Geneva: WCC Publications, 2000.

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The General Councils: A History of the Twenty-One General Councils from Nicaea to Vatican II. New York: Paulist Press, 2002.

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1926-, Waller John, ed. Worship in local ecumenical partnerships. Cambridge: Grove Books, 1998.

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Schatz, Klaus. Allgemeine Konzilien--Brennpunkte der Kirchengeschichte: Klaus Schatz. Paderborn: Schöningh, 1997.

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The councils of the church: A short history. New York: Crossroad, 2001.

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Nagypál, Szabolcs. Az ökumenikus és vallásközi párbeszéd útja: Hivatalos egyházi megnyilatkozások. Budapest: L'Harmattan, 2009.

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Rushdoony, Rousas John. The foundations of social order: Studies in the creeds and councils of the early church. 3rd ed. Vallecito, Calif: Ross House Books, 1998.

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L'Huillier, Peter. The church of the ancient councils: The disciplinary work of the first four ecumenical councils. Crestwood, N.Y: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ecumenical Councils"

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Tarusarira, Joram. "The Zimbabwe Council of Churches and ‘Crisis’ Ecumenical Groups." In The Zimbabwe Council of Churches and Development in Zimbabwe, 65–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41603-4_5.

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Bordeianu, Radu. "From Conflict to Communion: Ecclesiology at the Center of Recent Lutheran-Orthodox Dialogues and the 2016 Orthodox Council of Crete." In Ecumenical Perspectives Five Hundred Years After Luther’s Reformation, 139–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68360-3_9.

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Graumann, Thomas. "Assessing and Performing Authenticity." In The Acts of the Early Church Councils, 92–110. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868170.003.0008.

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The desire to assure the authenticity of documents and conciliar acts observed in the councils of the fifth century finds exaggerated expression in the two later ecumenical councils of Constantinople (680–1) and Nicaea II (787). In dramatic style, the necessity to be dealing with ‘correct’ and authentic acts is performed through almost theatrical acting in the council(s). Under the personal supervision of the emperor and based on observations of differently numbered and written quires, at Constantinople the ‘falsifications’ of the acts of the previous ecumenical council are in this way detected, and expunged. At Nicaea, the patriarch and council demonstratively act out the probity of their own procedures—and thus of their theological judgement—by means of philological and codicological scrutiny, described in detail in the acts.
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"Western Theology and the Ecumenical Councils." In Das Christentum im frühen Europa, 339–52. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110643503-016.

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"Article 5: Ecumenism and the Ecumenical Councils." In The Church in Council. I.B. Tauris, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755625581.0023.

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"Chapter 1: Councils and Collegiality in the Early Church: Ecumenical Councils." In The Church in Council. I.B. Tauris, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755625581.0012.

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Pawl, Timothy. "Preliminaries." In In Defense of Extended Conciliar Christology, 13–32. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834144.003.0001.

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This chapter sets the stage for the philosophical argumentation to come in the following chapters. It discusses the importance of the ecumenical councils to many Christian denominations. It then goes on to explicate the teaching of the first seven ecumenical councils concerning Christ. Next, it provides an understanding of the metaphysical terms and concepts employed in the councils, including “nature,” “supposit,” and “person.” This understanding is broadly Thomistic. It differentiates multiple meanings that the term “nature” might have, and it discusses which usage fits best with the conciliar evidence. Finally, it discusses the predicates we might rightly say of the human nature that Christ assumed in the incarnation.
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"Article 2: The Eucharist in the Ecumenical Councils." In The Church in Council. I.B. Tauris, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755625581.0020.

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"Article 7: Ecumenical Councils and Non-Christian Religions." In The Church in Council. I.B. Tauris, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755625581.0025.

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"XIV: On the Seven Holy and Ecumenical Councils." In Treasury, 123–40. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.cct-eb.4.00288.

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Reports on the topic "Ecumenical Councils"

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Investing in youth: Testing community-based approaches for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Population Council, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1999.1019.

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The world is now sustaining the largest number of youth in human history; today there are nearly 900 million 10–19-year-olds and their health and livelihood issues are becoming increasingly important to policymakers worldwide. In Zambia, as in many other countries, young people face severe problems, including limited access to jobs, secondary education, and health care. The social, economic, and peer pressures that youth face often lead to high levels of sexual activity, often with subsequent negative impacts on their sexual and reproductive health. In spite of the magnitude of the reproductive health problems facing youth, they still have limited access to effective programs and services to address these problems. In an effort to address this need, CARE Zambia, in collaboration with the Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia and Makeni Ecumenical Center, with technical assistance and funding from the Population Council’s Africa Operations Research and Technical Assistance Project II, have conducted a study to test community-based approaches for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health. As noted in this report, the study followed a pre-post test design to assess the impact of the interventions and to make comparisons between the different interventions.
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