Academic literature on the topic 'ED-LSTM'

This paper presents spectrum sensing as a classification problem, and uses a spectrum-sensing algorithm based on a signal covariance matrix and long short-term memory network (CM-LSTM). We jointly exploited the spatial cross-correlation of multiple signals received by the antenna array and the temporal autocorrelation of single signals; we used the long short-term memory network (LSTM), which is good at extracting temporal correlation features, as the classification model; we then input the covariance matrix of the signals received by the array into the LSTM classification model to achieve the fusion learning of spatial correlation features and temporal correlation features of the signals, thus significantly improving the performance of spectrum sensing. Simulation analysis shows that the CM-LSTM-based spectrum-sensing algorithm shows better performance compared with support vector machine (SVM), gradient boosting machine (GBM), random forest (RF), and energy detection (ED) algorithm-based spectrum-sensing algorithms for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and different numbers of secondary users (SUs). Among them, SVM is a classical machine-learning algorithm, GBM and RF are two integrated learning methods with better generalization capability, and ED is a classical, traditional, and spectrum-sensing algorithm.

Background Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of mental illnesses that have an adverse effect on both mental and physical health. As social media platforms (eg, Twitter) have become an important data source for public health research, some studies have qualitatively explored the ways in which EDs are discussed on these platforms. Initial results suggest that such research offers a promising method for further understanding this group of diseases. Nevertheless, an efficient computational method is needed to further identify and analyze tweets relevant to EDs on a larger scale. Objective This study aims to develop and validate a machine learning–based classifier to identify tweets related to EDs and to explore factors (ie, topics) related to EDs using a topic modeling method. Methods We collected potential ED-relevant tweets using keywords from previous studies and annotated these tweets into different groups (ie, ED relevant vs irrelevant and then promotional information vs laypeople discussion). Several supervised machine learning methods, such as convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), support vector machine, and naïve Bayes, were developed and evaluated using annotated data. We used the classifier with the best performance to identify ED-relevant tweets and applied a topic modeling method—Correlation Explanation (CorEx)—to analyze the content of the identified tweets. To validate these machine learning results, we also collected a cohort of ED-relevant tweets on the basis of manually curated rules. Results A total of 123,977 tweets were collected during the set period. We randomly annotated 2219 tweets for developing the machine learning classifiers. We developed a CNN-LSTM classifier to identify ED-relevant tweets published by laypeople in 2 steps: first relevant versus irrelevant (F1 score=0.89) and then promotional versus published by laypeople (F1 score=0.90). A total of 40,790 ED-relevant tweets were identified using the CNN-LSTM classifier. We also identified another set of tweets (ie, 17,632 ED-relevant and 83,557 ED-irrelevant tweets) posted by laypeople using manually specified rules. Using CorEx on all ED-relevant tweets, the topic model identified 162 topics. Overall, the coherence rate for topic modeling was 77.07% (1264/1640), indicating a high quality of the produced topics. The topics were further reviewed and analyzed by a domain expert. Conclusions A developed CNN-LSTM classifier could improve the efficiency of identifying ED-relevant tweets compared with the traditional manual-based method. The CorEx topic model was applied on the tweets identified by the machine learning–based classifier and the traditional manual approach separately. Highly overlapping topics were observed between the 2 cohorts of tweets. The produced topics were further reviewed by a domain expert. Some of the topics identified by the potential ED tweets may provide new avenues for understanding this serious set of disorders.

In this study, we aimed to develop and assess a hydrological model using a deep learning algorithm for improved water management. Single-output long short-term memory (LSTM SO) and encoder-decoder long short-term memory (LSTM ED) models were developed, and their performances were compared using different input variables. We used water-level and rainfall data from 2018 to 2020 in the Takayama Reservoir (Nara Prefecture, Japan) to train, test, and assess both models. The root-mean-squared error and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were estimated to compare the model performances. The results showed that the LSTM ED model had better accuracy. Analysis of water levels and water-level changes presented better results than the analysis of water levels. However, the accuracy of the model was significantly lower when predicting water levels outside the range of the training datasets. Within this range, the developed model could be used for water management to reduce the risk of downstream flooding, while ensuring sufficient water storage for irrigation, because of its ability to determine an appropriate amount of water for release from the reservoir before rainfall events.

This paper proposes a non-cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) signal detection strategy based on a multichannel control signal with an energy detector (ED), wherein the sampling point of the control signal on each subchannel is adjusted with environmental signal-to-noise (SNR) in a semi-adaptive manner. In order to estimate the SNR in the environment, not only is a convolutional neural network (CNN) applied in the proposed signal detection strategy, but a long shor-term memory network (LSTM) network is also included; in terms of features, it combines deep features and time-dimension features. The numbers of layers of the CNN and LSTM impact the performance of the algorithm. The decision on the presence or absence of a control signal is made at the fusion center (FC) based on the majority voting rule. This paper shows that the network with a two-layer CNN and a two-layer LSTM can achieve high estimation accuracy of environmental SNR. Simultaneously, the detection accuracy is improved by about 1 dB compared with the classical multichannel detection schemes.

Emergency departments (EDs) play a vital role in the whole healthcare system as they are the first point of care in hospitals for urgent and critically ill patients. Therefore, effective management of hospital’s ED is crucial in improving the quality of the healthcare service. The effectiveness depends on how efficiently the hospital resources are used, particularly under budget constraints. Simulation modeling is one of the best methods to optimize resources and needs inputs such as patients’ arrival time, patient’s length of stay (LOS), and the route of patients in the ED. This study develops a simulation model to determine the optimum number of beds in an ED by minimizing the patients’ LOS. The hospital data are analyzed, and patients’ LOS and the route of patients in the ED are determined. To determine patients’ arrival times, the features associated with patients’ arrivals at ED are identified. Mean arrival rate is used as a feature in addition to climatic and temporal variables. The exhaustive feature-selection method has been used to determine the best subset of the features, and the mean arrival rate is determined as one of the most significant features. This study is executed using the one-year ED arrival data together with five-year (43.824 study hours) ED arrival data to improve the accuracy of predictions. Furthermore, ten different machine learning (ML) algorithms are used utilizing the same best subset of these features. After a tenfold cross-validation experiment, based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the stateful long short-term memory (LSTM) model performed better than other models with an accuracy of 47%, followed by the decision tree and random forest methods. Using the simulation method, the LOS has been minimized by 7% and the number of beds at the ED has been optimized.

Abstract Objective We learn contextual embeddings for emergency department (ED) chief complaints using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), a state-of-the-art language model, to derive a compact and computationally useful representation for free-text chief complaints. Materials and methods Retrospective data on 2.1 million adult and pediatric ED visits was obtained from a large healthcare system covering the period of March 2013 to July 2019. A total of 355 497 (16.4%) visits from 65 737 (8.9%) patients were removed for absence of either a structured or unstructured chief complaint. To ensure adequate training set size, chief complaint labels that comprised less than 0.01%, or 1 in 10 000, of all visits were excluded. The cutoff threshold was incremented on a log scale to create seven datasets of decreasing sparsity. The classification task was to predict the provider-assigned label from the free-text chief complaint using BERT, with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) as baselines. Performance was measured as the Top-k accuracy from k = 1:5 on a hold-out test set comprising 5% of the samples. The embedding for each free-text chief complaint was extracted as the final 768-dimensional layer of the BERT model and visualized using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Results The models achieved increasing performance with datasets of decreasing sparsity, with BERT outperforming both LSTM and ELMo. The BERT model yielded Top-1 accuracies of 0.65 and 0.69, Top-3 accuracies of 0.87 and 0.90, and Top-5 accuracies of 0.92 and 0.94 on datasets comprised of 434 and 188 labels, respectively. Visualization using t-SNE mapped the learned embeddings in a clinically meaningful way, with related concepts embedded close to each other and broader types of chief complaints clustered together. Discussion Despite the inherent noise in the chief complaint label space, the model was able to learn a rich representation of chief complaints and generate reasonable predictions of their labels. The learned embeddings accurately predict provider-assigned chief complaint labels and map semantically similar chief complaints to nearby points in vector space. Conclusion Such a model may be used to automatically map free-text chief complaints to structured fields and to assist the development of a standardized, data-driven ontology of chief complaints for healthcare institutions.

Malnutrition is common, morbid, and often correctable, but subject to missed and delayed diagnosis. Better screening and prediction could improve clinical, functional, and economic outcomes. This study aimed to assess the predictability of malnutrition from longitudinal patient records, and the external generalizability of a predictive model. Predictive models were developed and validated on statewide emergency department (ED) and hospital admission databases for California, Florida and New York, including visits from October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018. Visit features included patient demographics, diagnosis codes, and procedure categories. Models included long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks trained on longitudinal trajectories, and gradient-boosted tree and logistic regression models trained on cross-sectional patient data. The dataset used for model training and internal validation (California and Florida) included 62,811 patient trajectories (266,951 visits). Test sets included 63,997 (California), 63,112 (Florida), and 62,472 (New York) trajectories, such that each cohort’s composition was proportional to the prevalence of malnutrition in that state. Trajectories contained seven patient characteristics and up to 2,008 diagnosis categories. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) and precision-recall curves (AUPRC) were used to characterize prediction of first malnutrition diagnoses in the test sets. Data analysis was performed from September 2020 to May 2021. Between 4.0% (New York) and 6.2% (California) of patients received malnutrition diagnoses. The longitudinal LSTM model produced the most accurate predictions of malnutrition, with comparable predictive performance in California (AUROC 0.854, AUPRC 0.258), Florida (AUROC 0.869, AUPRC 0.234), and New York (AUROC 0.869, AUPRC 0.190). Deep learning models can reliably predict malnutrition from existing longitudinal patient records, with better predictive performance and lower data-collection requirements than existing instruments. This approach may facilitate early nutritional intervention via automated screening at the point of care.

Emotion detection (ED) and sentiment analysis (SA) play a vital role in identifying an individual’s level of interest in any given field. Humans use facial expressions, voice pitch, gestures, and words to convey their emotions. Emotion detection and sentiment analysis in English and Chinese have received much attention in the last decade. Still, poor-resource languages such as Urdu have been mostly disregarded, which is the primary focus of this research. Roman Urdu should also be investigated like other languages because social media platforms are frequently used for communication. Roman Urdu faces a significant challenge in the absence of corpus for emotion detection and sentiment analysis because linguistic resources are vital for natural language processing. In this study, we create a corpus of 1021 sentences for emotion detection and 20,251 sentences for sentiment analysis, both obtained from various areas, and annotate it with the aid of human annotators from six and three classes, respectively. In order to train large-scale unlabeled data, the bag-of-word, term frequency-inverse document frequency, and Skip-gram models are employed, and the learned word vector is then fed into the CNN-LSTM model. In addition to our proposed approach, we also use other fundamental algorithms, including a convolutional neural network, long short-term memory, artificial neural networks, and recurrent neural networks for comparison. The result indicates that the CNN-LSTM proposed method paired with Word2Vec is more effective than other approaches regarding emotion detection and evaluating sentiment analysis in Roman Urdu. Furthermore, we compare our based model with some previous work. Both emotion detection and sentiment analysis have seen significant improvements, jumping from an accuracy of 85% to 95% and from 89% to 93.3%, respectively.

PurposeTo build machine learning models for predicting the risk of in-hospital death in patients with sepsis within 48 h, using only dynamic changes in the patient's vital signs.MethodsThis retrospective observational cohort study enrolled septic patients from five emergency departments (ED) in Taiwan. We adopted seven variables, i.e., age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature.ResultsAmong all 353,253 visits, after excluding 159,607 visits (45%), the study group consisted of 193,646 ED visits. With a leading time of 6 h, the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), and random forest (RF) had accuracy rates of 0.905, 0.817, and 0.835, respectively, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.840, 0.761, and 0.770, respectively. With a leading time of 48 h, the CNN, LSTM, and RF achieved accuracy rates of 0.828, 0759, and 0.805, respectively, and an AUC of 0.811, 0.734, and 0.776, respectively.ConclusionBy analyzing dynamic vital sign data, machine learning models can predict mortality in septic patients within 6 to 48 h of admission. The performance of the testing models is more accurate if the lead time is closer to the event.

An increasingly useful application of machine learning (ML) is in predicting features of human actions. If it can be shown that algorithm inputs related to actual movement mechanics can predict a limb or limb segment’s future trajectory, a range of apparently intractable problems in movement science could be solved. The forecasting of lower limb trajectories can anticipate movement characteristics that may predict the risk of tripping, slipping or balance loss. Particularly in the design of human augmentation technology such as the exoskeleton, human movement prediction will improve the synchronisation between the user and the device greatly enhancing its efficacy. Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural neworks are a subset of ML algoithms that proven a wide success in modelling the human movement data. The aim of this thesis was to examine four LSTM neural nework architectures (Vanilla, Stacked, Bidirectional and Autoencoders) in predicting the future trajectories of lower limb kinematics, i.e. Angular Velocity (AV) and Linear Acceleration (LA). This work also aims to investigate whether linear statistical methods such as the Linear Regression (LR) is enough to predict the trajectories of lower limb kinematics. Kinematics data (LA and AV) of foot, shank and thigh were collected from 13 male and 3 female participants (28 ± 4 years old, 1.72 ± 0.07 m in height, 66 ± 10 kg in mass) who walked for 10 minutes at 4 different walking speeds on a 0% gradient treadmill. Walking -1 -1 speeds included preferred walking speed (PWS 4.34 ± 0.43 km.h ), imposed speed (5km.h , 15.4% ± 7.6% faster), slower speed (-20% PWS 3.59 ± 0.47 km.h-1) and faster speed (+20% PWS 5.26 ± 0.53 km.h-1). The sliding window technique was adopted for training and testing the LSTM models with total kinematics time-series data of 17,638 strides for all trials. The aim and findings of this work were carried out in 3 studies. Study 1 confirmed the possibility of predicting the future trajectories of human lower limb kinematics using LSTM autoencoders (ED-LSTM) and the LR during an imposed walking speed (5km.h-1). Both models achieved satisfactory predicted trajectories up to 0.06s. A prediction horizon of 0.06s can be used to compensate for delays in an exoskeleton’s feed-forward controller to better estimate the human motions and synchronise with intended movement trajectories. Study 2 (Chapter 4) indicated that the LR model is not suitable for the prediction of future lower limb kinematics at PWS. The LSTM perfromace results suggested that the ED-LSTM and the Stacked LSTM are more accurate to predict the future lower limb kinematics up to 0.1s at PWS and imposed walking speed (5km.h-1). The average duration for a gait cycle rages between 0.98-1.07s, and a prediction horizon of 0.1 accounts for about 10% of the gait cycle. Such a forecast may assist users in anticipating a low foot clearance to develop early countermeasures such as slowing down or stopping. Study 3 (Chapter 5) have shown that at +20% PWS the LSTM models’ performance obtained better predictions compared to all tested walking speed conditions (i.e. PWS, -20% PWS and 5km.h-1). While at -20% PWS, results indicated that at slower walking speeds all of the LSTM architectures obtained weaker predictions compared to all tested walking speeds (i.e. PWS, +20% PWS and 5km.h-1). In addition to the applications of a known future trajectories at the PWS mentioned in study 1 and 2, the prediction at fast and slow walking speeds familiarise the developed ML models with changes in human walking speed which are known to have large effects on lower limb kinematics. When intelligent ML methods are familiarised with the degree of kinematic changes due to speed variations, it could be used to improve human-machine interface in bionics design for various walking speeds The key finding of the three studies is that the ED-LSTM was found to be the most accurate -1 model to predict and adapt to the human motion kinematics at PWS, ±20% PWS and 5km.h up to 0.1s. The ability to predict future lower limb motions may have a wide range of applications including the design and control of bionics allowing better human-machine interface and mitigating the risk of tripping and balance loss.