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Journal articles on the topic 'Eddy covariance (EC)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Eugster, W., and L. Merbold. "Eddy covariance for quantifying trace gas fluxes from soils." SOIL 1, no. 1 (2015): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-187-2015.

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Abstract. Soils are highly complex physical and biological systems, and hence measuring soil gas exchange fluxes with high accuracy and adequate spatial representativity remains a challenge. A technique which has become increasingly popular is the eddy covariance (EC) method. This method takes advantage of the fact that surface fluxes are mixed into the near-surface atmosphere via turbulence. As a consequence, measurements with an EC system can be done at some distance above the surface, providing accurate and spatially integrated flux density estimates. In this paper we provide a basic overvi
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2

Eugster, W., and L. Merbold. "Eddy covariance for quantifying trace gas fluxes from soils." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (2014): 541–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-541-2014.

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Abstract. Soils are highly complex physical and biological systems, and hence measuring soil gas exchange fluxes with high accuracy and adequate spatial representativity remains a challenge. A technique which has become increasingly popular is the eddy covariance (EC) method. This method takes advantage of the fact that surface fluxes are mixed into the near-surface atmosphere via turbulence. As a consequence, measurement with an EC system can be done at some distance above the surface, providing accurate and spatially integrated flux density estimates. In this paper we provide a basic overvie
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3

Turnipseed, A. A., S. N. Pressley, T. Karl, et al. "The use of disjunct eddy sampling methods for the determination of ecosystem level fluxes of trace gases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 4 (2008): 13413–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-13413-2008.

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Abstract. The concept of disjunct eddy sampling (DES) for use in measuring ecosystem-level micrometeorological fluxes is re-examined. The governing equations are discussed as well as other practical considerations and guidelines concerning this sampling method as it is applied to either the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) or disjunct eddy accumulation (DEA) techniques. A disjunct eddy sampling system was constructed that could either be combined with relatively slow sensors (response time of 2 to 40 s) to measure fluxes using DEC, or could also be used to accumulate samples in stable reservoirs
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Turnipseed, A. A., S. N. Pressley, T. Karl, et al. "The use of disjunct eddy sampling methods for the determination of ecosystem level fluxes of trace gases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 3 (2009): 981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-981-2009.

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Abstract. The concept of disjunct eddy sampling (DES) for use in measuring ecosystem-level micrometeorological fluxes is re-examined. The governing equations are discussed as well as other practical considerations and guidelines concerning this sampling method as it is applied to either the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) or disjunct eddy accumulation (DEA) techniques. A disjunct eddy sampling system was constructed that could either be combined with relatively slow sensors (response time of 2 to 40 s) to measure fluxes using DEC, or could also be used to accumulate samples in stable reservoirs
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5

van Ramshorst, Justus G. V., Alexander Knohl, José Ángel Callejas-Rodelas, et al. "Lower-cost eddy covariance for CO2 and H2O fluxes over grassland and agroforestry." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17, no. 20 (2024): 6047–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6047-2024.

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Abstract. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements can provide direct and non-invasive ecosystem measurements of the exchange of energy, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). However, conventional eddy covariance (CON-EC) setups (ultrasonic anemometer and infrared gas analyser) can be expensive, which recently led to the development of lower-cost eddy covariance (LC-EC) setups (University of Exeter). In the current study, we tested the performance of an LC-EC setup for CO2 and H2O flux measurements at an agroforestry and adjacent grassland site in a temperate ecosystem in northern Germany. The closed
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Markwitz, Christian, and Lukas Siebicke. "Low-cost eddy covariance: a case study of evapotranspiration over agroforestry in Germany." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 9 (2019): 4677–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4677-2019.

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Abstract. Heterogeneous land surfaces require multiple measurement units for spatially adequate sampling and representative fluxes. The complexity and cost of traditional eddy covariance (EC) set-ups typically limits the feasible number of sampling units. Therefore, new low-cost eddy covariance systems provide ideal opportunities for spatially replicated sampling. The aim of this study was to test the performance of a compact, low-cost pressure, temperature and relative humidity sensor for the application of evapotranspiration measurements by eddy covariance over agroforestry and conventional
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7

Moorhead, Jerry, Gary Marek, Prasanna Gowda, et al. "Evaluation of Evapotranspiration from Eddy Covariance Using Large Weighing Lysimeters." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020099.

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Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component in the water budget and used extensively in water resources management such as water planning and irrigation scheduling. In semi-arid regions, irrigation is used to supplement limited and erratic growing season rainfall to meet crop water demand. Although lysimetery is considered the most accurate method for crop water use measurements, high-precision weighing lysimeters are expensive to build and operate. Alternatively, other measurement systems such as eddy covariance (EC) are being used to estimate crop water use. However, due to numerous ex
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8

Reimers, Clare E., H. Tuba Özkan-Haller, Andrea T. Albright, and Peter Berg. "Microelectrode Velocity Effects and Aquatic Eddy Covariance Measurements under Waves." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 2 (2016): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0041.1.

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AbstractInterest in validating the eddy covariance (EC) technique under wave-induced flows led to a series of experiments in a 104-m-long large wave flume (LWF) using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and two oxygen microelectrodes (tips ~2 mm apart) mounted on a sturdy tripod. Four additional ADVs positioned within the flume provided comparative near-bed velocity measurements during experiments with irregular waves over a sand bed. These measurements revealed that modifications of local turbulence by the tripod frame were insignificant. However, errors in velocity measurements were at tim
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9

Lan, Changxing, Matthias Mauder, Stavros Stagakis, et al. "Intercomparison of eddy-covariance software for urban tall-tower sites." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17, no. 9 (2024): 2649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2649-2024.

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Abstract. Long-term tall-tower eddy-covariance (EC) measurements have been recently established in three European pilot cities as part of the ICOS-Cities project. We conducted a comparison of EC software to ensure a reliable generation of interoperable flux estimates, which is the prerequisite for avoiding methodological biases and improving the comparability of the results. We analyzed datasets covering 5 months collected from EC tall-tower installations located in urbanized areas of Munich, Zurich, and Paris. Fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 were calculated using three software
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10

Buttar, Noman Ali, Hu Yongguang, Josef Tanny, et al. "Estimation of Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes Using Flux Variance Method under Unstable Conditions: A Case Study of Tea Plants." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (2022): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101545.

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Evapotranspiration is essential for precise irrigation and water resource management. Previous literature suggested that eddy covariance (EC) systems could directly measure evapotranspiration in agricultural fields. However, the eddy covariance method remains difficult for routine use, due to its high cost, operational complexity, and relatively multifaceted raw data processing. An alternative method is the flux variance (FV) method, which can estimate the sensible heat flux using high-frequency air temperature measurements by fine-wire thermocouples, at relatively low-cost and with less compl
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11

Thornton, Brett F., John Prytherch, Kristian Andersson, et al. "Shipborne eddy covariance observations of methane fluxes constrain Arctic sea emissions." Science Advances 6, no. 5 (2020): eaay7934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay7934.

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We demonstrate direct eddy covariance (EC) observations of methane (CH4) fluxes between the sea and atmosphere from an icebreaker in the eastern Arctic Ocean. EC-derived CH4 emissions averaged 4.58, 1.74, and 0.14 mg m−2 day−1 in the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas, respectively, corresponding to annual sea-wide fluxes of 0.83, 0.62, and 0.03 Tg year−1. These EC results answer concerns that previous diffusive emission estimates, which excluded bubbling, may underestimate total emissions. We assert that bubbling dominates sea-air CH4 fluxes in only small constrained areas: A ~100-m2 are
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12

Tang, Xin Ying, Lin Han, and Ge Wang. "Progress in Preliminary Processing of Eddy Covariance Flux Data." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1909.

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The eddy covariance (EC) technique of observation is a standard method for direct measurement of CO2, H2O and energy flux between vegetation and the atmosphere, the calculation formula of which is based on a series of assumptions. In reality, the assumed conditions are usually not satisfied, and the flux data is subject to significant deviation, thus the measured result should be corrected. The difference in data processing may lead to obvious difference in the calculated results of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, while the universality of existing flux processing software is not veri
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13

Vitale, Domenico, Gerardo Fratini, Massimo Bilancia, Giacomo Nicolini, Simone Sabbatini, and Dario Papale. "A robust data cleaning procedure for eddy covariance flux measurements." Biogeosciences 17, no. 6 (2020): 1367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1367-2020.

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Abstract. The sources of systematic error responsible for introducing significant biases in the eddy covariance (EC) flux computation are manifold, and their correct identification is made difficult by the lack of reference values, by the complex stochastic dynamics, and by the high level of noise characterizing raw data. This work contributes to overcoming such challenges by introducing an innovative strategy for EC data cleaning. The proposed strategy includes a set of tests aimed at detecting the presence of specific sources of systematic error, as well as an outlier detection procedure aim
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14

Wehr, Richard, and Scott R. Saleska. "Calculating canopy stomatal conductance from eddy covariance measurements, in light of the energy budget closure problem." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-13-2021.

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Abstract. Canopy stomatal conductance is commonly estimated from eddy covariance measurements of the latent heat flux (LE) by inverting the Penman–Monteith equation. That method ignores eddy covariance measurements of the sensible heat flux (H) and instead calculates H implicitly as the residual of all other terms in the site energy budget. Here we show that canopy stomatal conductance is more accurately calculated from eddy covariance (EC) measurements of both H and LE using the flux–gradient equations that define conductance and underlie the Penman–Monteith equation, especially when the site
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15

Chaichana, Nongpat, Sonoko Bellingrath-Kimura, Shujiro Komiya, et al. "Comparison of Closed Chamber and Eddy Covariance Methods to Improve the Understanding of Methane Fluxes from Rice Paddy Fields in Japan." Atmosphere 9, no. 9 (2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090356.

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Greenhouse gas flux monitoring in ecosystems is mostly conducted by closed chamber and eddy covariance techniques. To determine the relevance of the two methods in rice paddy fields at different growing stages, closed chamber (CC) and eddy covariance (EC) methods were used to measure the methane (CH4) fluxes in a flooded rice paddy field. Intensive monitoring using the CC method was conducted at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT) and after harvest (AHV). An EC tower was installed at the centre of the experimental site to provide continuous measurements during the rice cropping season
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16

Buttar, Noman Ali, Hu Yongguang, Josef Tanny, M. Waqar Akram, and Abdul Shabbir. "Fetch Effect on Flux-Variance Estimations of Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes of Camellia Sinensis." Atmosphere 10, no. 6 (2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10060299.

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Precise estimation of surface-atmosphere exchange is a major challenge in micrometeorology. Previous literature presented the eddy covariance (EC) as the most reliable method for the measurements of such fluxes. Nevertheless, the EC technique is quite expensive and complex, hence other simpler methods are sought. One of these methods is Flux-Variance (FV). The FV method estimates sensible heat flux (H) using high frequency (~10Hz) air temperature measurements by a fine wire thermocouple. Additional measurements of net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flux (G) allow the derivation of latent heat fl
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17

Paulus, Sinikka J., Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, et al. "Interpretability of negative latent heat fluxes from eddy covariance measurements in dry conditions." Biogeosciences 21, no. 8 (2024): 2051–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024.

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Abstract. It is known from arid and semi-arid ecosystems that atmospheric water vapor can directly be adsorbed by the soil matrix. Soil water vapor adsorption was typically neglected and only recently received attention because of improvements in measurement techniques. One technique rarely explored for the measurement of soil water vapor adsorption is eddy covariance (EC). Soil water vapor adsorption may be detectable as downwardly directed (i.e., negative) EC latent heat (λE) flux measurements under dry conditions, but a systematic assessment of the use of negative λE fluxes from EC flux sta
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18

Smeets, C. J. P. P., R. Holzinger, I. Vigano, A. H. Goldstein, and T. Röckmann. "Eddy covariance methane measurements at a Ponderosa pine plantation in California." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 21 (2009): 8365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8365-2009.

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Abstract. Long term methane flux measurements have been mostly performed with plant or soil enclosure techniques on specific components of an ecosystem. New fast response methane analyzers make it possible to use the eddy covariance (EC) technique instead. The EC technique is advantageous because it allows continuous flux measurements integrating over a larger and more representative area including the complete ecosystem, and allows fluxes to be observed as environmental conditions change naturally without disturbance. We deployed the closed-path Fast Methane analyzer (FMA) from Los Gatos Rese
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19

Wolf, A., and E. A. Laca. "Cospectral analysis of high frequency signal loss in eddy covariance measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 5 (2007): 13151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-13151-2007.

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Abstract. The cospectra of momentum (M), sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE), and carbon dioxide (Fc) fluxes measured by eddy covariance (EC) over a shortgrass steppe are calculated for over 800 time intervals spanning a range of wind, surface heating, evaporative, and photosynthetic conditions. The power spectrum of the vertical wind clearly shows that the inertial subrange is not sufficiently captured. The cospectra of the different fluxes show that the lack of measurement resolution in the high frequency results in a loss of flux, especially as stability approaches neutral. A procedure is o
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20

Smeets, C. J. P. P., R. Holzinger, I. Vigano, A. H. Goldstein, and T. Röckmann. "Eddy covariance methane measurements at a Ponderosa pine plantation in California." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (2009): 5201–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-5201-2009.

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Abstract. Long term methane flux measurements have been mostly performed with plant or soil enclosure techniques on specific components of an ecosystem. New fast response methane analyzers make it possible to use the eddy covariance (EC) technique instead. The EC technique is advantageous because it allows continuous flux measurements integrating over a larger and more representative area including the complete ecosystem, and allows fluxes to be observed as environmental conditions change naturally without disturbance. We deployed the closed-path Fast Methane Analyser (FMA) from Los Gatos Rese
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21

Rocha, Adolpho Emanuel Quintela da, José Leonaldo de Souza, Guilherme Bastos Lyra, et al. "Micrometeorological methods to estimate sugarcane evapotranspiration in coastal northeastern region of Brazil." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 13(09):2019 (September 20, 2019): 1422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.09.p1257.

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The aim of the present work was to evaluate the performance of Bowen ratio-energy balance method, as well as the energy balance closure by Eddy covariance technique for a sugarcane crop in Brazilian northeastern region. Micrometeorological measurements were carried out between June 7th and November 17th, 2013. Latent and sensible heat fluxes were determined through Eddy covariance technique (EC) and by the Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB), considering two approaches. The first, estimated the air temperature and water vapour pressure gradient in two levels above the canopy. The second m
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Vong, R. J., I. J. Vong, D. Vickers, and D. S. Covert. "Size-dependent aerosol deposition velocities during BEARPEX'07." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 2 (2010): 4649–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-4649-2010.

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Abstract. Aerosol concentrations and 3-D winds were measured from 9 to 25 September 2007 above a pine forest in California. The measurements were combined using the eddy covariance (EC) technique to determine aerosol eddy fluxes as a function of particle diameter within the accumulation mode size range (0.25 μm< dia <1μm here). Measured heat and water vapor fluxes were utilized to correct the aerosol eddy fluxes for aerosol hygroscopic growth. The hygroscopic growth correction was necessary despite the low RH and relatively hygrophobic nature of the particles. Uncertainties associated wi
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Vong, R. J., I. J. Vong, D. Vickers, and D. S. Covert. "Size-dependent aerosol deposition velocities during BEARPEX'07." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 12 (2010): 5749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5749-2010.

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Abstract. Aerosol concentrations and 3-D winds were measured from 9 to 25 September 2007, above a pine forest in California. The measurements were combined using the eddy covariance (EC) technique to determine aerosol eddy fluxes as a function of particle diameter within the accumulation mode size range (0.25 μm≤Dp≤1 μm here). Measured heat and water vapor fluxes were utilized to correct the aerosol eddy fluxes for aerosol hygroscopic growth. The hygroscopic growth correction was necessary despite the low RH and relatively hygrophobic nature of the particles. Uncertainties associated with part
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24

Butterworth, Brian J., and Brent G. T. Else. "Dried, closed-path eddy covariance method for measuring carbon dioxide flux over sea ice." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 11 (2018): 6075–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6075-2018.

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Abstract. The Arctic marine environment plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, there remain large uncertainties in how sea ice affects air–sea fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), partially due to disagreement between the two main methods (enclosure and eddy covariance) for measuring CO2 flux (FCO2). The enclosure method has appeared to produce more credible FCO2 than eddy covariance (EC), but is not suited for collecting long-term, ecosystem-scale flux datasets in such remote regions. Here we describe the design and performance of an EC system to measure FCO2 over landfast se
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Hirschi, Martin, Dominik Michel, Irene Lehner, and Sonia I. Seneviratne. "A site-level comparison of lysimeter and eddy covariance flux measurements of evapotranspiration." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 3 (2017): 1809–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1809-2017.

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Abstract. Accurate measurements of evapotranspiration are required for many meteorological, climatological, ecological, and hydrological research applications and developments. Here we examine and compare two well-established methods to determine evapotranspiration at the site level: lysimeter-based measurements (EL) and eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements (EEC). The analyses are based on parallel measurements carried out with these two methods at the research catchment Rietholzbach in northeastern Switzerland, and cover the time period of June 2009 to December 2015. The measurements are co
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26

Budishchev, A., Y. Mi, J. van Huissteden, et al. "Evaluation of a plot-scale methane emission model using eddy covariance observations and footprint modelling." Biogeosciences 11, no. 17 (2014): 4651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4651-2014.

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Abstract. Most plot-scale methane emission models – of which many have been developed in the recent past – are validated using data collected with the closed-chamber technique. This method, however, suffers from a low spatial representativeness and a poor temporal resolution. Also, during a chamber-flux measurement the air within a chamber is separated from the ambient atmosphere, which negates the influence of wind on emissions. Additionally, some methane models are validated by upscaling fluxes based on the area-weighted averages of modelled fluxes, and by comparing those to the eddy covaria
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Velasco, E., S. Pressley, R. Grivicke, et al. "Eddy covariance flux measurements of pollutant gases in urban Mexico City." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (2009): 7991–8034. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-7991-2009.

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Abstract. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of the atmosphere/surface exchange of gases over an urban area are a direct way to improve and evaluate emissions inventories, and, in turn, to better understand urban atmospheric chemistry and the role that cities play in regional and global chemical cycles. As part of the MCMA-2003 study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using eddy covariance techniques to measure fluxes of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 from a residential district of Mexico City (Velasco et al., 2005a, b). During the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign, a s
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Velasco, E., S. Pressley, R. Grivicke, et al. "Eddy covariance flux measurements of pollutant gases in urban Mexico City." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 19 (2009): 7325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7325-2009.

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Abstract. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of the atmosphere/surface exchange of gases over an urban area are a direct way to improve and evaluate emissions inventories, and, in turn, to better understand urban atmospheric chemistry and the role that cities play in regional and global chemical cycles. As part of the MCMA-2003 study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using eddy covariance techniques to measure fluxes of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 from a residential district of Mexico City (Velasco et al., 2005a, b). During the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign, a s
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Gerdel, Katharina, Felix Maximilian Spielmann, Albin Hammerle, and Georg Wohlfahrt. "Eddy covariance carbonyl sulfide flux measurements with a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 9 (2017): 3525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3525-2017.

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Abstract. The trace gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) has lately received growing interest from the eddy covariance (EC) community due to its potential to serve as an independent approach for constraining gross primary production and canopy stomatal conductance. Thanks to recent developments of fast-response high-precision trace gas analysers (e.g. quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometers, QCLAS), a handful of EC COS flux measurements have been published since 2013. To date, however, a thorough methodological characterisation of QCLAS with regard to the requirements of the EC technique and the
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Were, A., P. Serrano-Ortiz, C. Moreno de Jong, L. Villagarcía, F. Domingo, and A. S. Kowalski. "Ventilation of subterranean CO<sub>2</sub> and Eddy covariance incongruities over carbonaceous ecosystems." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (2009): 10911–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-10911-2009.

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Abstract. Measurements of CO2 fluxes with Eddy Covariance (EC) systems are ongoing over different ecosystems around the world, through different measuring networks, in order to assess the carbon balance of these ecosystems. In carbonaceous ecosystems, characterized by the presence of subterranean pores and cavities, ventilation of the CO2 accumulated in these cavities and pores can act as an extra source of CO2 exchange between the ecosystem and the atmosphere. In this work we analyse the effect of the subterranean heterogeneity of a carbonaceous ecosystem on measurements of CO2 fluxes by comp
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Were, A., P. Serrano-Ortiz, C. Moreno de Jong, L. Villagarcía, F. Domingo, and A. S. Kowalski. "Ventilation of subterranean CO<sub>2</sub> and Eddy covariance incongruities over carbonate ecosystems." Biogeosciences 7, no. 3 (2010): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-859-2010.

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Abstract. Measurements of CO2 fluxes with Eddy Covariance (EC) systems are ongoing over different ecosystems around the world, through different measuring networks, in order to assess the carbon balance of these ecosystems. In carbonate ecosystems, characterized by the presence of subterranean pores and cavities, ventilation of the CO2 accumulated in these cavities and pores can act as an extra source of CO2 exchange between the ecosystem and the atmosphere. In this work we analyse the effect of the subterranean heterogeneity of a carbonate ecosystem on measurements of CO2 fluxes by comparing
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Joy, Stuart L., and José L. Chávez. "Correction of Eddy Covariance Based Crop ET Considering the Heat Flux Source Area." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020281.

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Eddy covariance (EC) systems are being used to measure sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes in order to determine crop water use or evapotranspiration (ET). The reliability of EC measurements depends on meeting certain meteorological assumptions; the most important of such are horizontal homogeneity, stationarity, and non-advective conditions. Over heterogeneous surfaces, the spatial context of the measurement must be known in order to properly interpret the magnitude of the heat flux measurement results. Over the past decades, there has been a proliferation of ‘heat flux source area’
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Pallandt, Martijn M. T. A., Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, et al. "Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy covariance site network and optimized future enhancements." Biogeosciences 19, no. 3 (2022): 559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022.

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Abstract. Large changes in the Arctic carbon balance are expected as warming linked to climate change threatens to destabilize ancient permafrost carbon stocks. The eddy covariance (EC) method is an established technique to quantify net losses and gains of carbon between the biosphere and atmosphere at high spatiotemporal resolution. Over the past decades, a growing network of terrestrial EC tower sites has been established across the Arctic, but a comprehensive assessment of the network's representativeness within the heterogeneous Arctic region is still lacking. This creates additional uncer
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Pihlatie, M., J. Rinne, P. Ambus, et al. "Nitrous oxide emissions from a beech forest floor measured by eddy covariance and soil enclosure techniques." Biogeosciences Discussions 2, no. 3 (2005): 581–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-2-581-2005.

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Abstract. Spring time soil nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were measured in an old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest with eddy covariance (EC) and chamber techniques. The aim was to compare the two techniques and to test whether EC can be used in the trunk-space of the forest to measure N2O. Mean N2O fluxes over the five week measurement period were 5, 10 and 16 μg N m-2h-1 from EC, automatic chamber and manual chambers, respectively. When data from one hot spot chamber was excluded the mean N2O flux of 8 μg N m-2h-1 from the soil chambers nearly equaled to the mean flux of 7 μg N m-2h-1 measured w
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35

Fratini, G., and M. Mauder. "Towards a consistent eddy-covariance processing: an intercomparison of EddyPro and TK3." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 3 (2014): 2107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-2107-2014.

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Abstract. A comparison of two popular eddy-covariance (EC) software packages is presented, namely EddyPro and TK3. Two about one-month long test datasets were processed, representing typical instrumental setups, i.e. CSAT3/LI-7500 above grassland and Solent R3/LI-6262 above a forest. The resulting fluxes and quality flags were compared. Achieving a satisfying agreement and understanding residual discrepancies required several iterations and interventions of different nature, spanning from simple software reconfiguration to actual code manipulations. In this paper, we document our comparison ex
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Widmoser, Peter, and Dominik Michel. "Partial energy balance closure of eddy covariance evaporation measurements using concurrent lysimeter observations over grassland." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 3 (2021): 1151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1151-2021.

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Abstract. With respect to ongoing discussions about the causes of energy imbalance and approaches to force energy balance closure, a method has been proposed that allows partial latent heat flux closure (Widmoser and Wohlfahrt, 2018). In the present paper, this method is applied to four measurement stations over grassland under humid and semiarid climates, where lysimeter (LY) and eddy covariance (EC) measurements were taken simultaneously. The results differ significantly from the ones reported in the literature. We distinguish between the resulting EC values being weakly and strongly correla
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Järvi, Leena, Üllar Rannik, Tom V. Kokkonen, et al. "Uncertainty of eddy covariance flux measurements over an urban area based on two towers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 10 (2018): 5421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5421-2018.

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Abstract. The eddy covariance (EC) technique is the most direct method for measuring the exchange between the surface and the atmosphere in different ecosystems. Thus, it is commonly used to get information on air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, and on turbulent heat transfer. Typically an ecosystem is monitored by only one single EC measurement station at a time, making the ecosystem-level flux values subject to random and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, in urban ecosystems we often have no choice but to conduct the single-point measurements in non-ideal locations such as close
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38

Sintermann, J., C. Spirig, A. Jordan, U. Kuhn, C. Ammann, and A. Neftel. "Eddy covariance flux measurements of ammonia by electron transfer reaction-mass spectrometry." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 6 (2010): 4707–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-4707-2010.

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Abstract. A system for fast ammonia (NH3) measurements based on a commercial Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer is presented. It uses electron transfer reaction (eTR) as ionisation pathway and features a drift tube of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and silica-coated steel. Heating the instrumental inlet and the drift tube to 180° C enabled an effective time resolution of ~1 s and made it possible to apply the eTR-MS for eddy covariance (EC) measurements. EC fluxes of NH3 were measured over two agricultural fields in Oensingen, Switzerland, following fertilisations with cattle slurry. Air
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39

Jones, S. K., D. Famulari, C. F. Di Marco, et al. "Nitrous oxide emissions from managed grassland: a comparison of eddy covariance and static chamber measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 10 (2011): 2179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2179-2011.

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Abstract. Managed grasslands are known to be an important source of N2O with estimated global losses of 2.5 Tg N2O-N yr−1. Chambers are to date the most widely used method to measure N2O fluxes, but also micrometeorological methods are successfully applied. In this paper we present a comparison of N2O fluxes measured by non-steady state chambers and eddy covariance (EC) (using an ultra-sonic anemometer coupled with a tunable diode laser) from an intensively grazed and fertilised grassland site in South East Scotland. The measurements were taken after fertilisation events in 2003, 2007 and 2008
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40

Wang, Wei, Jiaping Xu, Yunqiu Gao, et al. "Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Open-Path Eddy Covariance System in a Cold Desert Environment." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 11 (2016): 2385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0149.1.

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AbstractPerformance evaluation of an integrated eddy covariance (EC) instrument called the IRGASON, with a separated EC for reference, was conducted in a desert riparian Populus euphratica stand in the lower Tarim River basin in northwestern China. The separated EC consisted of an open-path gas analyzer and a sonic anemometer separated by 20 cm. The IRGASON integrates an open-path gas analyzer and a sonic anemometer into the same sensing volume, thus eliminating sensor separation in comparison to the traditional open-path EC setup. Integrating the infrared gas analyzer’s sensing head into the
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A., Charan Babu, T. L. Neelima, K. Avil Kumar, and Chandrasekar K. "Assessment of Maize Crop Evapotranspiration Using Eddy Covariance Flux Tower Weather Data." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (2023): 2218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102884.

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The study conducted at the Maize Research Centre, Agriculture Research Institute, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, from November, 2022 to March, 2023 aimed to compute the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of maize crop under two different irrigation treatments using the weather data generated from the Eddy Covariance (EC) flux tower. The two treatments comprise of scheduling irrigation at certain Depletion of Available Soil Moisture (DASM) viz., T1: 20% DASM and T2: 40% DASM. The maize crop was sown and cultivated as per the recommen
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Allouche, Mohammad, Vladislav I. Sevostianov, Einara Zahn, et al. "Estimating scalar turbulent fluxes with slow-response sensors in the stable atmospheric boundary layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 16 (2024): 9697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9697-2024.

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Abstract. Conventional and recently developed approaches for estimating turbulent scalar fluxes under stable atmospheric conditions are evaluated, with a focus on gases for which fast sensors are not readily available. First, the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) classical approach and a recently proposed mixing length parameterization, labeled A22, are tested against eddy-covariance computations. Using high-frequency measurements collected from two contrasting sites (the frozen tundra near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, and a sparsely vegetated grassland in Wendell, Idaho, during winter), it is shown that
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Nilsson, Ernst Douglas, Kim A. H. Hultin, Eva Monica Mårtensson, Piotr Markuszewski, Kai Rosman, and Radovan Krejci. "Baltic Sea Spray Emissions: In Situ Eddy Covariance Fluxes vs. Simulated Tank Sea Spray." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020274.

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We present the first ever evaluation of sea spray aerosol eddy covariance (EC) fluxes at near coastal conditions and with limited fetch, and the first over water with brackish water (on average 7 ppt). The measurements were made on the island of Garpen in the Baltic Sea (56°23′ N, 16°06′ E) in September 2005. We found that wind speed is a major factor that is driving an exponential increase in sea spray sea salt emissions, comparable to previous studies over waters with higher salinity. We were able to show that the inclusion of a thermodenuder in the EC system allowed for the parallel measure
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Pihlatie, M., J. Rinne, P. Ambus, et al. "Nitrous oxide emissions from a beech forest floor measured by eddy covariance and soil enclosure techniques." Biogeosciences 2, no. 4 (2005): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-377-2005.

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Abstract. Spring time nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest were measured with eddy covariance (EC) and chamber techniques. The aim was to obtain information on the spatial and temporal variability in N2O emissions and link the emissions to soil environmental parameters. Mean N2O fluxes over the five week measurement period were 5.6±1.1, 10±1 and 16±11 μg N m−2 h−1 from EC, automatic chamber and manual chambers, respectively. High temporal variability characterized the EC fluxes in the trunk-space. To reduce this variability, resulting mostly from random u
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Huang, Xiaojuan, Shangrong Lin, Xiangqian Li, Mingguo Ma, Chaoyang Wu, and Wenping Yuan. "How Well Can Matching High Spatial Resolution Landsat Data with Flux Tower Footprints Improve Estimates of Vegetation Gross Primary Production." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (2022): 6062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236062.

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Eddy-covariance (EC) measurements are widely used to optimize the terrestrial vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) model because they provide standardized and high-quality flux data within their footprint areas. However, the extent of flux data taken from a tower site within the EC footprint, represented by the satellite-based grid cell between Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the performance of the model derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within the EC footprint at different spatial resolutions (e.g., Landsat and MODIS)
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46

Podgrajsek, E., E. Sahlée, D. Bastviken, et al. "Comparison of floating chamber and eddy covariance measurements of lake greenhouse gas fluxes." Biogeosciences 11, no. 15 (2014): 4225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4225-2014.

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Abstract. Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from lakes may have a large impact on the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Traditionally lake fluxes have been measured using the floating chamber (FC) technique; however, several recent studies use the eddy covariance (EC) method. We present simultaneous flux measurements using both methods at lake Tämnaren in Sweden during field campaigns in 2011 and 2012. Only very few similar studies exist. For CO2 flux, the two methods agree relatively well during some periods, but deviate substantially at other times. The large discrepan
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47

Podgrajsek, E., E. Sahlée, D. Bastviken, et al. "Comparison of floating chamber and eddy covariance measurements of lake greenhouse gas fluxes." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (2013): 18309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-18309-2013.

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Abstract. Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from lakes may have a large impact on the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Traditionally lake fluxes have been measured using the floating chambers (FC) technique, however, several recent studies use the eddy covariance (EC) method. We present simultaneous flux measurements using both methods at the lake Tämnaren in Sweden during field campaigns in 2011 and 2012. Only very few similar studies exist. For CO2 flux, the two methods agree relatively well during some periods, but deviate substantially at other times. The large disc
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48

Jones, S. K., D. Famulari, C. F. Di Marco, et al. "Nitrous oxide emissions from managed grassland: a comparison of eddy covariance and static chamber measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 1 (2011): 1079–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-1079-2011.

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Abstract. Managed grasslands are known to be an important source of N2O with estimated global losses of 2.5 Tg N2O-N yr−1. Chambers are the most widely used method to measure N2O fluxes, but also micrometeorological methods have successfully been applied. In this paper we present a comparison of N2O fluxes measured by non-steady state chambers and eddy covariance (EC) (using an ultra-sonic anemometer coupled with a tunable diode laser) methods from an intensively grazed and fertilised grassland site in South East Scotland. The measurements were taken after fertilisation events in 2003, 2007 an
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49

Peltola, Olli, Toprak Aslan, Andreas Ibrom, Eiko Nemitz, Üllar Rannik, and Ivan Mammarella. "The high-frequency response correction of eddy covariance fluxes – Part 1: An experimental approach and its interdependence with the time-lag estimation." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 7 (2021): 5071–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5071-2021.

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Abstract. The eddy covariance (EC) technique has emerged as the prevailing method to observe the ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of gases, heat and momentum. EC measurements require rigorous data processing to derive the fluxes that can be used to analyse exchange processes at the ecosystem–atmosphere interface. Here we show that two common post-processing steps (time-lag estimation via cross-covariance maximisation and correction for limited frequency response of the EC measurement system) are interrelated, and this should be accounted for when processing EC gas flux data. These findings are ap
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Fratini, Gerardo, Simone Sabbatini, Kevin Ediger, et al. "Eddy covariance flux errors due to random and systematic timing errors during data acquisition." Biogeosciences 15, no. 17 (2018): 5473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5473-2018.

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Abstract. Modern eddy covariance (EC) systems collect high-frequency data (10–20 Hz) via digital outputs of instruments. This is an important evolution with respect to the traditional and widely used mixed analog/digital systems, as fully digital systems help overcome the traditional limitations of transmission reliability, data quality, and completeness of the datasets. However, fully digital acquisition introduces a new problem for guaranteeing data synchronicity when the clocks of the involved devices themselves cannot be synchronized, which is often the case with instruments providing data
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