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Journal articles on the topic 'Eddy Covariance Methods'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Schaller, Carsten, Mathias Göckede, and Thomas Foken. "Flux calculation of short turbulent events – comparison of three methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (2017): 869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-869-2017.

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Abstract. The eddy covariance method is commonly used to calculate vertical turbulent exchange fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Besides other assumptions, it requires steady-state flow conditions. If this requirement is not fulfilled over the averaging interval of, for example, 30 min, the fluxes might be miscalculated. Here two further calculation methods, conditional sampling and wavelet analysis, which do not need the steady-state assumption, were implemented and compared to eddy covariance. All fluxes were calculated for 30 min averaging periods, while the wavelet method – usi

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2

Kenion, Helen C., Kenneth J. Davis, Natasha L. Miles, Vanessa C. Monteiro, Scott J. Richardson, and Jason P. Horne. "Estimation of Urban Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Mole Fraction Measurements Using Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 41, no. 9 (2024): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-23-0164.1.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine whether urban greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes can be quantified from tower-based mole fraction measurements using Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). Tower-based GHG mole fraction networks are used in many cities to quantify whole-city GHG emissions. Local-scale, micrometeorological flux estimates would complement whole-city estimates from atmospheric inversions. CO2 mole fraction and eddy-covariance flux data at an urban site in Indianapolis, Indiana, from October 2020 through January 2022 are analyzed. Using MOST flux–variance and flux–gradi

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3

Rocha, Adolpho Emanuel Quintela da, José Leonaldo de Souza, Guilherme Bastos Lyra, et al. "Micrometeorological methods to estimate sugarcane evapotranspiration in coastal northeastern region of Brazil." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 13(09):2019 (September 20, 2019): 1422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.09.p1257.

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The aim of the present work was to evaluate the performance of Bowen ratio-energy balance method, as well as the energy balance closure by Eddy covariance technique for a sugarcane crop in Brazilian northeastern region. Micrometeorological measurements were carried out between June 7th and November 17th, 2013. Latent and sensible heat fluxes were determined through Eddy covariance technique (EC) and by the Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB), considering two approaches. The first, estimated the air temperature and water vapour pressure gradient in two levels above the canopy. The second m

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4

Turnipseed, A. A., S. N. Pressley, T. Karl, et al. "The use of disjunct eddy sampling methods for the determination of ecosystem level fluxes of trace gases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 4 (2008): 13413–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-13413-2008.

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Abstract. The concept of disjunct eddy sampling (DES) for use in measuring ecosystem-level micrometeorological fluxes is re-examined. The governing equations are discussed as well as other practical considerations and guidelines concerning this sampling method as it is applied to either the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) or disjunct eddy accumulation (DEA) techniques. A disjunct eddy sampling system was constructed that could either be combined with relatively slow sensors (response time of 2 to 40 s) to measure fluxes using DEC, or could also be used to accumulate samples in stable reservoirs

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Turnipseed, A. A., S. N. Pressley, T. Karl, et al. "The use of disjunct eddy sampling methods for the determination of ecosystem level fluxes of trace gases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 3 (2009): 981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-981-2009.

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Abstract. The concept of disjunct eddy sampling (DES) for use in measuring ecosystem-level micrometeorological fluxes is re-examined. The governing equations are discussed as well as other practical considerations and guidelines concerning this sampling method as it is applied to either the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) or disjunct eddy accumulation (DEA) techniques. A disjunct eddy sampling system was constructed that could either be combined with relatively slow sensors (response time of 2 to 40 s) to measure fluxes using DEC, or could also be used to accumulate samples in stable reservoirs

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Yoo, Chulsang, Sunguk Song, Munseok Lee, and Soeun Kim. "Comparison of Actual Evapotranspiration Amounts Estimated Using Water Balance and Eddy-Covariance Methods: Applications to Seolmacheon and Cheongmicheon Basins." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 2 (2021): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.2.171.

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In this study, actual evapotranspiration data estimated using the water balance and eddy-covariance methods were compared. Two different basins, i.e., the Seolmacheon and Cheongmicheon basins, were selected, and the actual evapotranspiration was observed using the eddy-covariance method. The rainfall, runoff depth, and actual evapotranspiration data between 2010 and 2018 were collected and analyzed. Daily evapotranspiration data and 10-minute rainfall and runoff data were then accumulated to analyze the annual data. The results showed that the annual actual evapotranspiration amount obtained u

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7

You, Yuan, Ralf M. Staebler, Samar G. Moussa, James Beck, and Richard L. Mittermeier. "Methane emissions from an oil sands tailings pond: a quantitative comparison of fluxes derived by different methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 3 (2021): 1879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1879-2021.

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Abstract. Tailings ponds in the Alberta oil sands region are significant sources of fugitive emissions of methane to the atmosphere, but detailed knowledge on spatial and temporal variabilities is lacking due to limitations of the methods deployed under current regulatory compliance monitoring programs. To develop more robust and representative methods for quantifying fugitive emissions, three micrometeorological flux methods (eddy covariance, gradient, and inverse dispersion) were applied along with traditional flux chambers to determine fluxes over a 5-week period. Eddy covariance flux measu

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Meredith, L. K., R. Commane, J. W. Munger, et al. "Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen: a comparison of flux-gradient methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 9 (2014): 2787–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2787-2014.

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Abstract. Our understanding of biosphere–atmosphere exchange has been considerably enhanced by eddy covariance measurements. However, there remain many trace gases, such as molecular hydrogen (H2), that lack suitable analytical methods to measure their fluxes by eddy covariance. In such cases, flux-gradient methods can be used to calculate ecosystem-scale fluxes from vertical concentration gradients. The budget of atmospheric H2 is poorly constrained by the limited available observations, and thus the ability to quantify and characterize the sources and sinks of H2 by flux-gradient methods in

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9

Meredith, L. K., R. Commane, J. W. Munger, et al. "Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen: a comparison of flux-gradient methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 3 (2014): 2879–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-2879-2014.

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Abstract. Our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere exchange has been considerably enhanced by eddy-covariance measurements, however there remain many trace gases, such as molecular hydrogen (H2), for which there are no suitable analytical methods to measure their fluxes by eddy covariance. In such cases, flux-gradient methods can be used to calculate ecosystem-scale fluxes from vertical concentration gradients. The budget of atmospheric H2 is poorly constrained by the limited available observations, thus the ability to quantify and characterize the sources and sinks of H2 by flux-gradient met

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10

Jocher, Georg, Alexander Schulz, Christoph Ritter, Roland Neuber, Klaus Dethloff, and Thomas Foken. "The Sensible Heat Flux in the Course of the Year at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard: Characteristics of Eddy Covariance Data and Corresponding Model Results." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/852108.

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In this paper we present one year of meteorological and flux measurements obtained near Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. Fluxes are derived by the eddy covariance method and by a hydrodynamic model approach (HMA) as well. Both methods are compared and analyzed with respect to season and mean wind direction. Concerning the wind field we find a clear distinction between 3 prevailing regimes (which have influence on the flux behavior) mainly caused by the topography at the measurement site. Concerning the fluxes we find a good agreement between the HMA and the eddy covariance method in cases of turbulent

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Clement, Robert J., and John B. Moncrieff. "A Functional Approach to Vertical Turbulent Transport of Scalars in the Atmospheric Surface Layer." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 173, no. 3 (2019): 373–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00474-z.

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Abstract Eddy covariance has been the de facto method of analyzing scalar turbulent transport data. To refine the information available from these data, we derive a simplified version of the turbulent scalar-transport equation for the surface layer, which employs a more explicit form of signal decomposition and dispenses with Reynolds averaging in favour of an averaging operator based on the relevant scalar-flux driving variables. The resulting method, termed functional covariance, provides five areas of improvement in flux estimation: (i) Better representation of surface fluxes through closer

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Zhuravlev, Ruslan, Andrey Dara, André Luís Diniz dos Santos, Oleg Demidov, and George Burba. "Globally Scalable Approach to Estimate Net Ecosystem Exchange Based on Remote Sensing, Meteorological Data, and Direct Measurements of Eddy Covariance Sites." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (2022): 5529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215529.

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Despite a rapid development of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) for carbon removal in recent years, the methods for evaluating NBS still have certain gaps. We propose an approach based on a combination of remote sensing data and meteorological variables to reconstruct the spatiotemporal variation of net ecosystem exchange from eddy-covariance stations. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model was used for upscaling satellite images and flux towers. We trained data-driven models based on kernel methods separately for each selected land-cover class. The results suggest that the proposed approach to qu

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13

Solignac, P. A., A. Brut, J. L. Selves, et al. "Uncertainty analysis of computational methods for deriving sensible heat flux values from scintillometer measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2, no. 2 (2009): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-741-2009.

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Abstract. The use of scintillometers to determine sensible heat fluxes is now common in studies of land-atmosphere interactions. The main interest in these instruments is due to their ability to quantify energy distributions at the landscape scale, as they can calculate sensible heat flux values over long distances, in contrast to Eddy Covariance systems. However, scintillometer data do not provide a direct measure of sensible heat flux, but require additional data, such as the Bowen ratio (β), to provide flux values. The Bowen ratio can either be measured using Eddy Covariance systems or deri

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14

Wang, Xin, Yu Zhou, Hui Huang, et al. "Comparing Four Evapotranspiration Partitioning Methods from Eddy Covariance Considering Turbulent Mixing in a Poplar Plantation." Water 16, no. 11 (2024): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16111548.

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Evapotranspiration is a key link in the water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems, and the partitioning of evapotranspiration is a prerequisite for diagnosing vegetation growth and water use strategies. In this study, we used double-layer eddy covariance (DLEC) measurements within and above the canopy of poplar plantations to divide evapotranspiration into transpiration and evaporation during the growing season. We diagnosed the coupling state of airflows in the canopy vertical layer and found that the daytime coupling state at the half-hourly scale can mask nighttime decoupling. Furthermore, we i

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15

Ellsäßer, Florian, Christian Stiegler, Alexander Röll, Tania June, Alexander Knohl, and Dirk Hölscher. "Predicting evapotranspiration from drone-based thermography – a method comparison in a tropical oil palm plantation." Biogeosciences 18, no. 3 (2021): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-861-2021.

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Abstract. For the assessment of evapotranspiration, near-surface airborne thermography offers new opportunities for studies with high numbers of spatial replicates and in a fine spatial resolution. We tested drone-based thermography and the subsequent application of the DATTUTDUT energy balance model using the widely accepted eddy covariance technique as a reference method. The study site was a mature oil palm plantation in lowland Sumatra, Indonesia. For the 61 flight missions, latent heat flux estimates of the DATTUTDUT (Deriving Atmosphere Turbulent Transport Useful To Dummies Using Tempera

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16

Dolman, A. J., A. Shvidenko, D. Schepaschenko, et al. "An estimate of the terrestrial carbon budget of Russia using inventory-based, eddy covariance and inversion methods." Biogeosciences 9, no. 12 (2012): 5323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5323-2012.

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Abstract. We determine the net land to atmosphere flux of carbon in Russia, including Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, using inventory-based, eddy covariance, and inversion methods. Our high boundary estimate is −342 Tg C yr−1 from the eddy covariance method, and this is close to the upper bounds of the inventory-based Land Ecosystem Assessment and inverse models estimates. A lower boundary estimate is provided at −1350 Tg C yr−1 from the inversion models. The average of the three methods is −613.5 Tg C yr−1. The methane emission is estimated separately at 41.4 Tg C yr−1. These three methods a

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Taipale, R., T. M. Ruuskanen, and J. Rinne. "Lag time determination in DEC measurements with PTR-MS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 4 (2010): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-853-2010.

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Abstract. The disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method has emerged as a popular technique for micrometeorological flux measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It has usually been combined with proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), an online technique for VOC concentration measurements. However, the determination of the lag time between wind and concentration measurements has remained an important challenge. To address this issue, we studied the effect of different lag time methods on DEC fluxes. The analysis was based on both actual DEC measurements with PTR-MS and simul

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18

Rowe, M. D., C. W. Fairall, and J. A. Perlinger. "Chemical sensor resolution requirements for near-surface measurements of turbulent fluxes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 11 (2011): 5263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5263-2011.

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Abstract. Businger and Delany (1990) presented an approach to estimate the sensor resolution required to limit the contribution of the uncertainty in the chemical concentration measurement to uncertainty in the flux measurement to 10 % for eddy covariance, gradient, and relaxed eddy accumulation flux measurement methods. We describe an improvement to their approach to estimate required sensor resolution for the covariance method, and include disjunct eddy covariance. In addition, we provide data to support selection of a form for the dimensionless scalar standard deviation similarity function

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19

Bolinius, D. J., A. Jahnke, and M. MacLeod. "Comparison of eddy covariance and modified Bowen ratio methods for measuring gas fluxes and implications for measuring fluxes of persistent organic pollutants." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 22 (2015): 32759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-32759-2015.

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Abstract. Semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cycle between the atmosphere and terrestrial surfaces, however measuring fluxes of POPs between the atmosphere and other media is challenging. Sampling times of hours to days are required to accurately measure trace concentrations of POPs in the atmosphere, which rules out the use of eddy covariance techniques that are used to measure gas fluxes of major air pollutants. An alternative, the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method, has been used instead. In this study we used data from FLUXNET for CO2 and water vapor (H2O) to compare fluxes

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Bolinius, Damien Johann, Annika Jahnke, and Matthew MacLeod. "Comparison of eddy covariance and modified Bowen ratio methods for measuring gas fluxes and implications for measuring fluxes of persistent organic pollutants." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 8 (2016): 5315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5315-2016.

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Abstract. Semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cycle between the atmosphere and terrestrial surfaces; however measuring fluxes of POPs between the atmosphere and other media is challenging. Sampling times of hours to days are required to accurately measure trace concentrations of POPs in the atmosphere, which rules out the use of eddy covariance techniques that are used to measure gas fluxes of major air pollutants. An alternative, the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method, has been used instead. In this study we used data from FLUXNET for CO2 and water vapor (H2O) to compare fluxes

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Maes, Wouter H., Pierre Gentine, Niko E. C. Verhoest, and Diego G. Miralles. "Potential evaporation at eddy-covariance sites across the globe." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 2 (2019): 925–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-925-2019.

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Abstract. Potential evaporation (Ep) is a crucial variable for hydrological forecasting and drought monitoring. However, multiple interpretations of Ep exist, which reflect a diverse range of methods to calculate it. A comparison of the performance of these methods against field observations in different global ecosystems is urgently needed. In this study, potential evaporation was defined as the rate of terrestrial evaporation (or evapotranspiration) that the actual ecosystem would attain if it were to evaporate at maximal rate for the given atmospheric conditions. We use eddy-covariance meas

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Sabbatini, Simone, Ivan Mammarella, Nicola Arriga, et al. "Eddy covariance raw data processing for CO2 and energy fluxes calculation at ICOS ecosystem stations." International Agrophysics 32, no. 4 (2018): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0043.

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Abstract The eddy covariance is a powerful technique to estimate the surface-atmosphere exchange of different scalars at the ecosystem scale. The EC method is central to the ecosystem component of the Integrated Carbon Observation System, a monitoring network for greenhouse gases across the European Continent. The data processing sequence applied to the collected raw data is complex, and multiple robust options for the different steps are often available. For Integrated Carbon Observation System and similar networks, the standardisation of methods is essential to avoid methodological biases an

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Zhao, Xiaosong, Yuanbo Liu, Hiroki Tanaka, and Tetsuya Hiyama. "A Comparison of Flux Variance and Surface Renewal Methods With Eddy Covariance." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 3, no. 3 (2010): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2010.2060473.

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Culf, A. D. "Examples of the effects of different averaging methods on carbon dioxide fluxes calculated using the eddy correlation method." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 1 (2000): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-193-2000.

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Abstract. Three hours of high frequency vertical windspeed and carbon dioxide concentration data recorded over tropical forest in Brazil are presented and discussed in relation to various detrending techniques used in eddy correlation analysis. Running means with time constants 100, 1000 and 1875s and a 30 minute linear detrend, as commonly used to determine fluxes, have been calculated for each case study and are presented. It is shown that, for different trends in the background concentration of carbon dioxide, the different methods can lead to the calculation of radically different fluxes o

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Bautista, Nahuel, Bruno D. V. Marino, and J. William Munger. "Science to Commerce: A Commercial-Scale Protocol for Carbon Trading Applied to a 28-Year Record of Forest Carbon Monitoring at the Harvard Forest." Land 10, no. 2 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020163.

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Forest carbon sequestration offset protocols have been employed for more than 20 years with limited success in slowing deforestation and increasing forest carbon trading volume. Direct measurement of forest carbon flux improves quantification for trading but has not been applied to forest carbon research projects with more than 600 site installations worldwide. In this study, we apply carbon accounting methods, scaling hours to decades to 28-years of scientific CO2 eddy covariance data for the Harvard Forest (US-Ha1), located in central Massachusetts, USA and establishing commercial carbon tra

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Marino, Bruno D. V., Nahuel Bautista, and Brandt Rousseaux. "Howland Forest, ME, USA: Multi-Gas Flux (CO2, CH4, N2O) Social Cost Product Underscores Limited Carbon Proxies." Land 10, no. 4 (2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040436.

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Forest carbon sequestration is a widely accepted natural climate solution. However, methods to determine net carbon offsets are based on commercial carbon proxies or CO2 eddy covariance research with limited methodological comparisons. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHG) (e.g., CH4, N2O) receive less attention in the context of forests, in part, due to carbon denominated proxies and to the cost for three-gas eddy covariance platforms. Here we describe and analyze results for direct measurement of CO2, CH4, and N2O by eddy covariance and forest carbon estimation protocols at the Howland Forest, ME,

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Hutley, Lindsay B., Ray Leuning, Jason Beringer, and Helen A. Cleugh. "The utility of the eddy covariance techniques as a tool in carbon accounting: tropical savanna as a case study." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 7 (2005): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04147.

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Global concern over rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations has led to a proliferation of studies of carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Associated with this has been widespread adoption of the eddy covariance method to provide direct estimates of mass and energy exchange between vegetation surfaces and the atmosphere. With the eddy covariance method, fast-response instruments (10–20Hz) are typically mounted above plant canopies and the fluxes are calculated by correlating turbulent fluctuations in vertical velocity with fluctuations in various scalars such as CO2, water vapour and tempera

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Berger, A. G., A. Otero, X. Morales, and R. Calistro. "Actual Evapotranspiration Measurement Trough Eddy Covariance in Uruguay." Agrociencia 19, no. 3 (2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.19.240.

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Tough there have been great advances in estimating actual evapotranspiration, achieving accurate estimates at the field level is still a challenge. The characterization of site specific characteristics influencing evapotranspiration like soil properties impose a great challenge to the use of modeling, and the accurate characterization of the variability within a field of crop status may bias estimates. Using remote sensing to estimate crop status and energy balance at a fine scale overcome some of these issues. Nevertheless there is a need to have accurate and precise measurements of evapotran

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Yu, Tao, Qiang Zhang, and Rui Sun. "Comparison of Machine Learning Methods to Up-Scale Gross Primary Production." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (2021): 2448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132448.

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Eddy covariance observation is an applicable way to obtain accurate and continuous carbon flux at flux tower sites, while remote sensing technology could estimate carbon exchange and carbon storage at regional and global scales effectively. However, it is still challenging to up-scale the field-observed carbon flux to a regional scale, due to the heterogeneity and the unstable air conditions at the land surface. In this paper, gross primary production (GPP) from ground eddy covariance systems were up-scaled to a regional scale by using five machine learning methods (Cubist regression tree, ran

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Shevnina, Elena, Miguel Potes, Timo Vihma, Tuomas Naakka, Pankaj Ramji Dhote, and Praveen Kumar Thakur. "Evaporation over a glacial lake in Antarctica." Cryosphere 16, no. 8 (2022): 3101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3101-2022.

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Abstract. The study provides estimates of summertime evaporation over a glacial lake located in the Schirmacher oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Lake Zub (alternately named Lake Priyadarshini and referred to throughout as Lake Zub/Priyadarshini) is the second-largest lake in the oasis, and its maximum depth is 6 m. The lake is also among the warmest glacial lakes in the oasis, and it is free of ice during almost 2 summer months. The summertime evaporation over the ice-free lake was measured using the eddy covariance method and estimated on the basis of five indirect methods (bulk-ae

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АНТОХИН, П. Н., В. Г. АРШИНОВА, М. Ю. АРШИНОВ та ін. "СРАВНЕНИЕ ПОТОКОВ ПАРНИКОВЫХ ГАЗОВ, ИЗМЕРЕННЫХ С ПОМОЩЬЮ КОМПЛЕКСОВ НАУЧНОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ САМОЛЕТА-ЛАБОРАТОРИИ ЯК-40 И ОБСЕРВАТОРИИ «ZOTTO»". Optika atmosfery i okeana 37, № 12(431) (2024): 1028–34. https://doi.org/10.15372/aoo20241206.

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Продолжающееся глобальное потепление климата приводит к необходимости проведения непрерывного мониторинга концентрации парниковых газов и величины их потоков. Газообмен между наземными экосистемами и атмосферой измеряется в основном с помощью метода вихревой ковариации, градиентным и камерным методами. Приводится описание приборных комплексов самолета-лаборатории Як-40 и обсерватории «ZOTTO». Измеренные двумя разными методами потоки СО2 и СН4 на одинаковых высотных уровнях совпадают по знаку, близки по величине для углекислого газа и различаются до двух раз у метана. Полученные результаты пред

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Göckede, Mathias, Fanny Kittler, and Carsten Schaller. "Quantifying the impact of emission outbursts and non-stationary flow on eddy-covariance CH<sub>4</sub> flux measurements using wavelet techniques." Biogeosciences 16, no. 16 (2019): 3113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3113-2019.

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Abstract. Methane flux measurements by the eddy-covariance technique are subject to large uncertainties, particularly linked to the partly highly intermittent nature of methane emissions. Outbursts of high methane emissions, termed event fluxes, hold the potential to introduce systematic biases into derived methane budgets, since under such conditions the assumption of stationarity of the flow is violated. In this study, we investigate the net impact of this effect by comparing eddy-covariance fluxes against a wavelet-derived reference that is not negatively influenced by non-stationarity. Our

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Counillon, F., P. Sakov, and L. Bertino. "Application of a hybrid EnKF-OI to ocean forecasting." Ocean Science 5, no. 4 (2009): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-5-389-2009.

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Abstract. Data assimilation methods often use an ensemble to represent the background error covariance. Two approaches are commonly used; a simple one with a static ensemble, or a more advanced one with a dynamic ensemble. The latter is often non-practical due to its high computational requirements. Some recent studies suggested using a hybrid covariance, which is a linear combination of the covariances represented by a static and a dynamic ensemble. Here, the use of the hybrid covariance is first extensively tested with a quasi-geostrophic model and with different analysis schemes, namely the

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Counillon, F., P. Sakov, and L. Bertino. "Application of a hybrid EnKF-OI to ocean forecasting." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 1 (2009): 653–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-653-2009.

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Abstract. Data assimilation methods often use an ensemble to represent the background error covariance. Two approaches are commonly used; a simple one with a static ensemble, or a more advanced one with a dynamic ensemble. The latter is often non-practical due to its high computational requirements. Some recent studies suggested using a hybrid covariance, which is a linear combination of the covariances represented by a static and a dynamic ensemble. Here, the use of the hybrid covariance is first extensively tested with a quasi-geostrophic model and with different analysis schemes, namely the

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Taipale, R., T. M. Ruuskanen, and J. Rinne. "Lag time determination in DEC measurements with PTR-MS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 1 (2010): 405–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-405-2010.

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Abstract. The disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method has emerged as a popular technique for micrometeorological flux measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It has usually been combined with proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), an online technique for VOC concentration measurements. However, the determination of the lag time between wind and concentration measurements has remained an important challenge. To address this conundrum, we studied the effect of different lag time methods on DEC fluxes. The analysis was based on both actual DEC measurements with PTR-MS and s

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Hilton, T. W., K. J. Davis, K. Keller, and N. M. Urban. "Improving terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> flux diagnosis using spatial structure in land surface model residuals." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 6 (2012): 7073–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-7073-2012.

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Abstract. We evaluate spatial structure in North American CO2 flux observations using a simple diagnostic land surface model. The Vegetation Photosynthesis Respiration Model (VPRM) calculates net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using locally observed temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) along with satellite-derived phenology and moisture. We use observed NEE from a group of 65 North American eddy covariance tower sites spanning North America to estimate VPRM parameters for these sites. We investigate spatial coherence in regional CO2 fluxes at several different time scales by usi

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Mahmoud, Amal, Samar Attaher, and Richard Snyder. "Evaluation of Surface Renewal VS. Eddy Covariance Methods to Estimate Cereal Crops Evapotranspiration." Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering 11, no. 12 (2020): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2020.160929.

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Harder, Phillip, Warren D. Helgason, Bruce Johnson, and John W. Pomeroy. "Crop water use efficiency from eddy covariance methods in cold water-limited regions." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 341 (October 2023): 109657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109657.

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Cammalleri, C., M. C. Anderson, and W. P. Kustas. "Upscaling of evapotranspiration fluxes from instantaneous to daytime scales for thermal remote sensing applications." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (2014): 1885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1885-2014.

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Abstract. Four upscaling methods for estimating daytime actual evapotranspiration (ET) from single time-of-day snapshots, as commonly retrieved using remote sensing, were compared. These methods assume self-preservation of the ratio between ET and a given reference variable over the daytime hours. The analysis was performed using eddy covariance data collected at 12 AmeriFlux towers, sampling a fairly wide range in climatic and land cover conditions. The choice of energy budget closure method significantly impacted performance using different scaling methodologies. Therefore, a statistical eva

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Ludwig, Sarah M., Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane. "Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget." Biogeosciences 21, no. 5 (2024): 1301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024.

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Abstract. Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when interpreting eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when gap-filling and scaling up observations to determine regional carbon budgets. Tundra ecosystems are heterogeneous at multiple scales. Plant functional types, soil moisture, thaw depth, and microtopography, for example, vary across the landscape and influence net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. With warming temperatures, Arctic ecosystems are changing from a net sink to a net source of carbon to the atmosphere in some locatio

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Chaichana, Nongpat, Sonoko Bellingrath-Kimura, Shujiro Komiya, et al. "Comparison of Closed Chamber and Eddy Covariance Methods to Improve the Understanding of Methane Fluxes from Rice Paddy Fields in Japan." Atmosphere 9, no. 9 (2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090356.

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Greenhouse gas flux monitoring in ecosystems is mostly conducted by closed chamber and eddy covariance techniques. To determine the relevance of the two methods in rice paddy fields at different growing stages, closed chamber (CC) and eddy covariance (EC) methods were used to measure the methane (CH4) fluxes in a flooded rice paddy field. Intensive monitoring using the CC method was conducted at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT) and after harvest (AHV). An EC tower was installed at the centre of the experimental site to provide continuous measurements during the rice cropping season

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Eugster, W., and L. Merbold. "Eddy covariance for quantifying trace gas fluxes from soils." SOIL 1, no. 1 (2015): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-187-2015.

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Abstract. Soils are highly complex physical and biological systems, and hence measuring soil gas exchange fluxes with high accuracy and adequate spatial representativity remains a challenge. A technique which has become increasingly popular is the eddy covariance (EC) method. This method takes advantage of the fact that surface fluxes are mixed into the near-surface atmosphere via turbulence. As a consequence, measurements with an EC system can be done at some distance above the surface, providing accurate and spatially integrated flux density estimates. In this paper we provide a basic overvi

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Eugster, W., and L. Merbold. "Eddy covariance for quantifying trace gas fluxes from soils." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (2014): 541–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-541-2014.

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Abstract. Soils are highly complex physical and biological systems, and hence measuring soil gas exchange fluxes with high accuracy and adequate spatial representativity remains a challenge. A technique which has become increasingly popular is the eddy covariance (EC) method. This method takes advantage of the fact that surface fluxes are mixed into the near-surface atmosphere via turbulence. As a consequence, measurement with an EC system can be done at some distance above the surface, providing accurate and spatially integrated flux density estimates. In this paper we provide a basic overvie

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Hilton, T. W., K. J. Davis, K. Keller, and N. M. Urban. "Improving North American terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> flux diagnosis using spatial structure in land surface model residuals." Biogeosciences 10, no. 7 (2013): 4607–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4607-2013.

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Abstract. We evaluate spatial structure in North American CO2 flux observations using a simple diagnostic land surface model. The vegetation photosynthesis respiration model (VPRM) calculates net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using locally observed temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) along with satellite-derived phenology and moisture. We use observed NEE from a group of 65 North American eddy covariance tower sites spanning North America to estimate VPRM parameters for these sites. We investigate spatial coherence in regional CO2 fluxes at several different time scales by usi

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Rodrigues, Carlos Miranda, Madalena Moreira, Rita Cabral Guimarães, and Miguel Potes. "Reservoir evaporation in a Mediterranean climate: comparing direct methods in Alqueva Reservoir, Portugal." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 12 (2020): 5973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5973-2020.

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Abstract. Alqueva Reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in Europe and is a strategic water storage for public supply, irrigation, and energy generation. The reservoir is integrated within the Multipurpose Alqueva Project (MAP), which includes almost 70 reservoirs in a water-scarce region of Portugal. The MAP contributes to sustainability in southern Portugal and has an important impact on the entire country. Evaporation is the key component of water loss from the reservoirs included in the MAP. Evaporation from Alqueva Reservoir has been estimated by indirect methods or pan evaporat

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Kunwor, Sujit, Gregory Starr, Henry W. Loescher, and Christina L. Staudhammer. "Preserving the variance in imputed eddy-covariance measurements: Alternative methods for defensible gap filling." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 232 (January 2017): 635–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.10.018.

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Hogan, Patrick, Borbala Szeles, Gerhard Rab, et al. "Spatial patterns of evaporation in a small catchment." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 72, no. 4 (2024): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2024-0027.

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Abstract In this study a network of three eddy covariance stations rotated between five measurement sites is used to measure evaporation (E) within the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen, Austria for 8 years. Discharge measurements at the tributaries and outlet of the main catchment allow for E to be estimated for 6 subcatchments using the water balance method. Year to year variability in monthly E measured by the eddy covariance stations is found to be driven primarily by net radiation and temperature and annual E by net radiation. Year to year variability in the water b

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Vonta, Linta, Denis Bourras, Saïd Benjeddou, et al. "Imbalance Term in the TKE Budget over Waves." Atmosphere 16, no. 4 (2025): 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040412.

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In an attempt to reconciliate air-sea momentum flux estimates derived from open sea observations, from large eddy simulation output fields, and from wind-wave tank measurements, a series of dedicated experiments were conducted in the wind-wave tank of the Large Air-Sea Facility of Marseille, France. The turbulent friction velocity, upon which the momentum flux depends, was estimated from wind measurements by applying four classical methods including the eddy-covariance method and the inertial-dissipation method. The collected data were used to investigate some characteristics of the wave-influ

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Sievers, J., T. Papakyriakou, S. E. Larsen, et al. "Estimating surface fluxes using eddy covariance and numerical ogive optimization." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 4 (2015): 2081–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2081-2015.

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Abstract. Estimating representative surface fluxes using eddy covariance leads invariably to questions concerning inclusion or exclusion of low-frequency flux contributions. For studies where fluxes are linked to local physical parameters and up-scaled through numerical modelling efforts, low-frequency contributions interfere with our ability to isolate local biogeochemical processes of interest, as represented by turbulent fluxes. No method currently exists to disentangle low-frequency contributions on flux estimates. Here, we present a novel comprehensive numerical scheme to identify and sep

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Wanner, Luise, Marc Calaf, and Matthias Mauder. "Incorporating the effect of heterogeneous surface heating into a semi-empirical model of the surface energy balance closure." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (2022): e0268097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268097.

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It was discovered several decades ago that eddy covariance measurements systematically underestimate sensible and latent heat fluxes, creating an imbalance in the surface energy budget. Since then, many studies have addressed this problem and proposed a variety of solutions to the problem, including improvements to instruments and correction methods applied during data postprocessing. However, none of these measures have led to the complete closure of the energy balance gap. The leading hypothesis is that not only surface-attached turbulent eddies but also sub-mesoscale atmospheric circulation

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