Dissertations / Theses: 'Eddy currents testing'

1

Pipis, Konstantinos. "Eddy-current testing modeling of axisymmetric pieces with discontinuities along the axis by means of an integral equation approach." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS176/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Le contrôle non destructif (CND) de pièces pour des applications dans l'industrie a mené au besoin de modèles rapides et précises. Tels modèles servent au développement des méthodes d'inspection, à l'optimisation des capteurs utilisés aux essais, à l'évaluation des courbes de Probabilité de Detection (POD) ainsi qu'à la caractérisation de défauts. Cette thèse se focalise au CND par Courants de Foucault (CF) de pièces cylindriques avec des discontinuités selon z et contenant un défaut fin. Un modèle pour l'inspection de telles pièces a été développé afin de traiter des applications comme l'inspection des pièces alésées trouvées en aéronautique et des tubes des générateurs de vapeur utilisés dans l'industrie nucléaire. Ce modèle est basé sur une formulation d'équation intégrale. Plus précisément, la variation de l'impédance du capteur, dit signal CF, est calculée à partir d'une équation intégrale sur la surface du défaut. La formulation suivie est basée sur la méthode d'intégration surfacique (SIM). Cette formulation nécessite, d'un côté, le calcul du champ électrique en absence du défaut et, de l'autre côté, l'expression d'une fonction de Green qui correspond à la géométrie de la pièce sans défaut. Les deux problèmes électromagnétiques sont résolus en utilisant la méthode Truncation Region Eigenfunction Expansion (TREE). La méthode TREE est un outil performant pour la résolution des problèmes électromagnétiques qui prend en compte la décroissance rapide de l'intensité du champ afin de tronquer le domaine d'intérêt à une distance, où le champ est négligeable.Le modèle est validé en comparant le signal CF calculé avec des résultats obtenues par une approche combinant la méthode d'intégration volumique (VIM) et SIM, dite l'approche VIM-SIM (implémentée dans la plateforme CIVA) ainsi qu'avec le modèle d'éléments finis (FEM). Nous avons traité trois configurations différentes : un demi-espace conducteur alésé avec un défaut fin, une plaque conductrice avec un alésage et un défaut, et un tube semi-infini avec un défaut fin à la proximité de son bord. La comparaison des résultats montre un très bon accord entre les trois modèles. Le temps de calcul avec le modèle SIM est considérablement inférieur aux temps de calcul des autres modèles. En outre, le modèle SIM donne la possibilité d'effectuer le balayage du capteur dans le tube ou l'alésage dans le cas des pièces alésées
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) of parts for industrial applications such as in nuclear and aeronautical industry has led to the need for fast and precise models. Such models are useful for the development of the inspection methods, the optimisation of probes, the evaluation of the Probability of Detection (POD) curves or for the flaw characterisation.This PhD thesis focuses on the eddy-current NDT of layered cylindrical pieces with discontinuities in the z direction and containing a narrow crack. A model for the inspection of such pieces is developed in order to be applied on the inspection of fastener holes met in aeronautics and of steam generator tubes in nuclear sector.The model is based on an integral equation formalism. More precisely, for the calculation of the impedance change one needs to solve an integral equation over the surface of the narrow crack, which is represented by a surface electric dipole distribution. This is the method known as surface integration method (SIM). This formulation requires, on the one hand, the calculation of the electric field in the absence of the flaw, the so-called primary field, and, on the other hand, the Green's function expression corresponding to the geometry of the flawless piece. Both electromagnetic problems are solved by means of the Truncation Region Eigenfunction Expansion (TREE) method. The TREE method is a powerful tool for the solution of electromagnetic problems which uses the rapid decrease of the field in order to truncate the region of interest at a distance where the field is negligible.The model is validated by comparing the results of the coil impedance variation with those obtained by an approach that combines the volume integral method (VIM) with SIM, known as VIM-SIM method, implemented in the commercial software CIVA and the finite element method (FEM) implementation in COMSOL software. Three different configurations have treated. The more general geometry of a conducting half-space with a borehole, a conducting plate with a borehole and a crack and a conducting semi-infinite tube with a crack near the edge. The results of the three models show good agreement between them. The computational time of the SIM model is significantly lower compared to previous models. Furthermore, another advantage of the SIM model is that it provides the possibility of a scan inside the borehole

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Chebbi, Houssem. "Méthode des coordonnées curvilignes pour la modélisation électromagnétique des matériaux complexes : application au contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault des matériaux composites The fast computation of eddy current distribution and probe response in homogenized composite material based on semi-analytical approach Investigation of layer interface model of multi-layer structure using semi-analytical and FEM analysis for eddy current pulsed thermography." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST004.

Full text

Abstract:

Ce travail de thèse de doctorat, effectué au sein de Laboratoire de Simulation et Modélisation Électromagnétique (LSME) du CEA List, s’intègre dans le cadre du projet européen « NDTonAir » financé sous l'action « H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016- GRANT 722134 ». Le principal objectif est le développement d’un outil de simulation rapide et précis dédié au contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault des matériaux composites homogénéisés. Comme cas d’application, on s’intéresse particulièrement à l’orientation des fibres d’une part, et d’autre part, à des défauts de type délaminage et ondulation des fibres qui se manifestent par une déformation géométrique locale des interfaces. Les méthodes semi-analytiques existantes dans la littérature, basées sur le formalisme des Dyades de Green, sont limitées jusqu’au là à des structures planes multicouches. Pour introduire des variations locales de géométrie aux interfaces, nous proposons une approche innovante basée sur un changement de coordonnées adapté au profil de la pièce et des interfaces. On propose un modèle numérique performant basé sur le formalisme covariant des équations de Maxwell. Ce formalisme unificateur englobe l'anisotropie du spécimen et les déformations locales des interfaces. La méthode de coordonnées curvilignes est usuellement utilisée pour résoudre des problèmes de diffraction sur des surfaces rugueuses dans le domaine des hautes fréquences (diffraction sur des réseaux). Ce travail de thèse s’inspire des méthodes de Fourier modale et propose de nouveaux outils adaptés au domaine des courants de Foucault. L’extension de la méthode des coordonnées curvilignes au domaine du contrôle des composites par courants de Foucault constitue l’innovation de ce travail. Deux modèles numériques ont été développés pour le calcul de l’interaction du champ émis par un capteur à courants de Foucault avec un matériau composite multicouches. Le modèle numérique développé pour le contrôle des composites plans exploite les structures particulières des matrices creuses pour réduire le temps de calcul sans limitation de nombre de modes utilisés pour la représentation du champ. Dans le cas des profils curvilignes des interfaces, le modèle permet de traiter des interfaces parallèles et quelques cas particuliers des profils non parallèles. Ce cas général présente quelques limitations qui nécessitent le développement des outils numériques complémentaires. Enfin, plusieurs configurations de contrôle ont été envisagées et les résultats numériques produits par les modèles ont été confrontés à des données de simulation par éléments finis. Quelques expérimentations ont été effectuées dans des laboratoires partenaires étrangers pour accroître notre expérience sur la validation expérimentale
This doctoral thesis work, carried out within the Laboratory of Simulation and Modeling for Electromagnetics (LSME) of CEA List, is part of the “NDTonAir” European project funded under the action “H2020-MSCA-ITN -2016- GRANT 722134”. The main goal of the project is the development of a fast and accurate simulation tool for the non-destructive eddy current testing of homogenized composite materials. As an application case, we are particularly interested in the orientation of the fibers on the one hand, and on the other hand, in defects as delamination which are manifested by a local geometrical deformation of the interfaces. The semi-analytical methods existing in the literature, based on Green's Dyad formalism, have been limited so far to multilayered and planar structures. To introduce local variations in geometry at the interfaces, we propose an innovative approach based on a change of coordinates adapted to the profile of the local perturbation. We propose a powerful numerical model based on the covariant formalism of Maxwell's equations. This unifying formalism takes in the anisotropy of specimen and the local deformations of the interfaces. The curvilinear coordinate method is usually used to solve diffraction problems on rough interfaces in the high frequency domain (diffraction on gratings). This thesis work is inspired by Fourier Modal Methods and proposes new tools which have been adapted to the field of eddy currents. The extension of the curvilinear coordinate method to the field of eddy currents non-destructive testing technique of composites constitutes the innovation of this work. Two numerical models have been developed to calculate the interaction of the field emitted by an eddy current probe with a multilayered composite material. The numerical model developed for the evaluation of planar composite exploits the particular structures of sparse matrices to reduce the computation time without limiting the number of modes used for the modal expansion of the field. In the case of the curvilinear profiles of the interfaces, the model makes it possible to treat parallel interfaces and some particular cases of non-parallel profiles. The general case of non-identical profiles presents some limitations which require the development of complementary numerical tools. Finally, several testing configurations were considered and the numerical results produced by the models were compared to finite element simulated data. Some experiments were carried out in foreign partner laboratories to increase our experience on experimental validation

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Ingabire, Annick, and Robin Olsson. "Standardization of Eddy Current Testing Calibration for Valve Spring Wire." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232712.

Full text

Abstract:

Elektromagnetisk provning (ECT) har blivit en av de mest använda metoderna för attkvalitetssäkra produkter där icke-destruktiv testning av material krävs. Vid provning av ståltrådinteragerar utrustningen med det testade materialet och upptäcker ytdefekter och, i vissomfattning, om strukturen skiljer sig från det kalibrerade provet. Om produkten befinner sigutanför specifikationen, skrotas den eller ombearbetas. Denna Mastersuppsats undersökerkalibreringsförfarandet för elektromagnetisk provning som utförs av Suzuki Garphyttan, som är enav de största tillverkarna i världen av ventil- och transmissionsfjädrar för bilindustrin. Genom deslutsatser som framgår av denna rapport, som baseras på undersökningar gjorda i vetenskapligaartiklar och genom att analysera den data som inhämtats från produktionen, presenteras enstandardisering av kalibreringsförfarandet. Detta är nödvändigt för att säkerställa såväl testernastillförlitlighet, såväl som minimering av risken för att skrota ut material på grund av felaktigainställningar, till exempel på grund av otillräckligt signal-brus (S/N)-förhållande. Fokus ligger påsond-baserad, roterande testning, i denna avhandling kallad circografen, eftersom den är manuelltkalibrerad.Några av de konstaterade resultaten i rapporten är:● Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)-baserade instruktioner implementeras i företagetskvalitetssystem. Detta för att minska variationer i kvalitet mellan olika operatörer ochmaskiner.● Ett förslag på intervaller för värden (fasvinkel, förstärkning, korrigering av filter och såvidare) presenteras. Detta är baserat på insamlad unik produktionsdata från operatöreroch utförda test.● Fasvinklarna som används varierar inom specifika intervaller och bestäms av materialval iallmänhet och frekvensval i synnerhet.● Konduktivitets- och permeabilitetsvärdena för oljehärdad tråd, liksom penetrationsdjupetför tre olika frekvenser presenteras.● Härdningsfel kan inte detekteras i roterande provning● Ökat kolinnehåll minskar den elektriska ledningsförmågan och ger ökad resistivitet, vilketgör att fasen flyttar sig och resulterar i ett minskande gap mellan brussignal ochspricksignal.
Eddy current testing (ECT) has become one of the most extensively used methods to secure theproducts and constructions when non-destructive testing is required. In typical cases of steel wiretesting, the equipment interacts with the tested material and discovers surface defects and, to alimited extent, if the inner structure is differing from the calibration sample. If the product isfound to be outside specification, it is either scrapped or reworked. This master thesis investigatesthe Eddy current testing calibration procedures performed by steel wire manufacturer SuzukiGarphyttan, which is one of the largest producers in the world of valve and transmission springwire for the automotive industry. By the research shown in this thesis, based on the investigationmade in scientific papers and by analyzing data extracted from production, a standardization ofthe calibration procedure is being presented. This is to secure both the testing reliability, andminimizing the risk of scrapping material due to inaccurate settings, for example due toinsufficient signal to noise (S/N) ratio. The focus is on probe-based, rotating testing, in this thesiscalled the circograph, since it is manually calibrated.Some of the findings established in the report: Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) based instructions is being implemented in thecompany's Quality system. This is to decrease the process variations between differentoperators and machines. Suggestions of intervals for values (Phase angle, gain, filter correction and so forth) arepresented. These values are based on collected unique production data from operators andmachines, as well as performed tests. The phase angles used are ranging between specific value intervals, and set by materialchoice in general and choice of frequency in particular. The conductivity and permeability values for oil-tempered wire, as well as penetrationdepth for three different frequencies, are presented. Hardening error cannot be detected in the circograph. Increased carbon content is decreasing conductivity and increasing resistivity, causing thephase to move slightly and decreasing the gap between noise signal and crack signal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Delabre, Benjamin. "Développement de capteurs flexibles à courants de Foucault : applications à la caractérisation des propriétés électromagnétiques des matériaux et à la détection de défauts par imagerie statique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS415/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement et l’optimisation de capteurs dans le cadre du contrôle non destructif (CND) par courants de Foucault (CF). Le manuscrit présente plusieurs réalisations de capteurs CF souples gravés sur film Kapton. Un premier volet décrit l’évaluation des paramètres électromagnétiques (conductivité électrique σ et perméabilité magnétique µ) des matériaux typiquement rencontrés en CND par CF. Des méthodes conventionnelles pour estimer σ et µ ont été investiguées et mises en œuvre : il s’agit de la méthode à quatre pointes et du perméamètre. Néanmoins, ces méthodes présentent des difficultés pratiques au regard de l’état de surface (peinture, corrosion,…) et de la géométrie de l’échantillon. Deux capteurs ont donc été conçus : le premier composé d’une bobine d’émission et d’une bobine de réception afin d’évaluer la conductivité des matériaux purement conducteurs, puis le second composé d’un bobinage émetteur et d’une GMR pour évaluer la perméabilité magnétique. La conception des motifs et des résultats expérimentaux sont présentés dans le manuscrit. Le second volet décrit le développement d’un imageur CF flexible statique. L’imageur est un capteur multiélément composé de 576 récepteurs disposés en matrice permettant d’inspecter la surface d’une pièce sans déplacement du capteur par rapport à cette dernière. Le contrôle par l’imageur statique permet d’obtenir une image pixélisée de la surface sous le capteur. L’imageur a été optimisé de manière à détecter un défaut surfacique d’au moins 1 mm de long et d’orientation donnée quel que soit son emplacement vis-à-vis des bobines réceptrices. La conception du capteur et son évaluation expérimentale sont donnés dans le manuscrit
The work of this thesis focuses on the development and the optimization of probes for non-destructive testing (NDT) by Eddy Currents (EC). The manuscript presents several achievements of flexible EC probes engraved on Kapton film. The first part describes the evaluation of the electromagnetic parameters (electrical conductivity σ and magnetic permeability µ) of materials typically encountered in NDT by EC. Conventional methods to estimate σ and μ have been investigated and implemented: it is the four-point probe and the permeameter. However, these methods present practical difficulties relating to the surface condition (paint, corrosion,…) and the sample geometry. Two probes have therefore been designed: the first is composed of a transmitting and a receiving coil in order to evaluate the conductivity of purely conductive materials, and the second is composed of a transmitter coil and a GMR for evaluate the magnetic permeability. Design patterns and experimental results are presented in the manuscript. The second part describes the development of a flexible static EC imager. The imager is a multielement probe composed of 576 receivers arranged in a matrix allowing to inspect the surface of a structure under test without moving the probe relative to the sample surface. The inspection by the static imager provides a pixelated image of the surface under the probe. The imager has been optimized to detect a surface defect of at least 1 mm long of given orientation regardless of its location relative to the receiver coils. The design of the probe and its experimental evaluation are given in the manuscript

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Adewale, Ibukun Dapo. "Multiple parameters based pulsed eddy current non-destructive testing and evaluation." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2766.

Full text

Abstract:

Eddy current sensing technique is widely used primarily because of its high tolerance to harsh environments, low cost, broad bandwidth and ease of automation. And its variant, pulsed eddy current offers richer information of target materials. However, accurate detection and characterisation of defects remains a major challenge in the petro-chemical industry using this technique which leads to spurious detection and false alarm. A number of parameters are contributory, amongst which is the inhomogeneity of the materials, coupling variation effect and relatively large lift-off effect due to coating layers. These sometimes concurrently affect the response signal. For instance, harsh and dynamic operating conditions cause variation in the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of materials. Also, there is the increased need to detect defects and simultaneously measure the coating layer. In practice therefore, multi-sensing modalities are employed for a comprehensive assessment which is often capital intensive. In contrast to this, multiple parameter delineation and estimation from a single transient response which is cost-effective becomes essential. The research concludes that multiple parameter delineation helps in mitigating the effect of a parameter of interest to improve the accuracy of the PEC technique for defect detection and characterisation on the one hand and for multi-parameter estimation on the other. This research, partly funded by the Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF), proposes use of a novel multiple parameter based pulsed eddy current NDT technique to address the challenges posed by these factors. Numerical modelling and experimental approaches were employed. The study used a 3D finite element model to understand, predict and delineate the effect of varying EM properties of test materials on PEC response; which was experimentally validated. Also, experimental studies have been carried out to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed to estimate multiple parameters vis-à-vis defect depth (invariant of lift-off effects) and lift-off. The major contributions of the research can be summarised thus: (1) numerical simulation to understand and separate the effect of material magnetic permeability and electrical conductivity in pulsed eddy current measurements and experimental validation; (2) proposed the lift-off point of intersection (LOI) feature for defect estimation invariant of lift-off effects for ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic samples; a feature which is hitherto not apparent in ferromagnetic materials (a primary material used in the oil and gas industry); (3) separation and estimation of defect and the lift-off effects in magnetic sensor based pulsed eddy current response; and (4) application of the LOI feature and demonstration of increased defect sensitivity of the PEC technique with the proposed feature in both ferrous and non-ferrous conductive materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Varonis, Orestes J. "Eddy Current Characterization of Stressed Steel and the Development of a Shaft Torque Eddy Current System." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1221065617.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Hughes, Robert Rhys. "High-sensitivity eddy-current testing technology for defect detection in aerospace superalloys." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79695/.

Full text

Abstract:

Industrial eddy-current testing (ECT) inspections of aerospace superalloys, such as Titanium 6Al-4V, must reliably detect sub-millimetre surface breaking defects. The sensitivity of such measurements is hindered by the materials' low conductivity and high coherent background material noise, making the high sensitivity standards required by industry harder to achieve. It is demonstrated herein that using eddy-current array (ECA) technology also introduces inspection "blind-spots", whereby small defects could be missed. This supports the motivation to develop techniques for enhancing the sensitivity of typical ECT and ECA measurements. The early stage research and development of a novel ECT measurement method is presented, and shown to improve the standard measurement sensitivity of industrial ECT inspections. A defect signal enhancement phenomenon within a band of frequencies close to the electrical resonance of an ECT probe, termed near electrical resonance signal enhancement (NERSE), was observed and characterised. This phenomenon was demonstrated to be a direct result of the shifting resonant frequency of the probe in the presence of material discontinuities. Frequency sweeping chirp signals were used to generate electrical resonance traversing frequency spectra measurements of the inspection probe in the presence of material discontinuities. Critical feature analysis of the results demonstrated a correlation between defect dimensions and peak NERSE amplitude, but failed to draw any conclusive trends between discontinuity dimensions and the resonant frequency shift. This was attributed to the relatively small defect sample set used and the size of many of the machined defects being smaller than the diameter of the inspection coil. An ECT probe was excited at a single frequency carefully selected to correspond to the NERSE peak frequency. A study was performed to statistically analysis the sensitivity of this NERSE measurement compared to a standard excitation frequency measurement used in industry. The results demonstrated that a NERSE frequency inspection was able to reliably detect a defect size of 0.82mm, compared to 1.09mm achieved by a standard operating frequency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Li, Xin. "Eddy current techniques for non-destructive testing of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/eddy-current-techniques-for-nondestructive-testing-of-carbon-fibre-reinforced-plastic-cfrp(e8aa9a3f-108d-49a4-9f32-2e6118195898).html.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis thesis describes research on the use of eddy current techniques for nondestructivetesting of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). The research hasinvolved bulk conductivity testing, fibre direction characterization and 3D FEMmodeling of the CFPR and eddy current probes geometry. In the conductivity testing,how the sample thickness, fibre volume content and fibre conductivity affects thesignal from the eddy current has been evaluated. Eddy current testing shows gooddirectionality as CFRP is an anisotropic material, thus is very suitable to characterizethe fibre orientation. Direction sensitive probes have been developed and tested toreveal information about the fibre direction and layer. Computer FEM software hasbeen used to analyze the magnetic field inside the sample and probes. Specific probegeometries have been designed depending on the electrical properties of thecomposites and testing requirement. The experiment, simulation and analysis resultsshow very good agreement. However, when the measuring frequency increases, noisesand parasitic capacitance inevitably become significant and have a negative influenceon the results. Improvements and further research are proposed which are believed tomake eddy-current techniques a more feasible and efficient measurement method, willcontribute to the development and maintenance of light weight CFRP composites.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Deng, Xiaodong. "Nondestructive evaluation of thermal sprayed coating by acoustic microscopy and Eddy current testing." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0030/document.

Full text

Abstract:

La thèse a mis en œuvre deux méthodes inverses pour l’évaluation non destructive d’un milieu multicouche anisotrope : la microscopie acoustique et les courants de Foucault. Pour la microscopie acoustique, nous avons adapté un modèle de propagation de l'onde acoustique dans un milieu multicouche, en calculant les coefficients de réflexion et de transmission d’un revêtement multicouche sur un substrat et en modélisant la réponse acoustique V(z) propre à la microscopie acoustique. Une méthode inverse utilisant l’algorithme de Levenberg-Marquardt donne accès à l’épaisseur, au module de Young et à la densité du revêtement. Pour les courants de Foucault, une méthode inverse similaire basée sur le formalisme de Tree a été mise au point, qui donne accès à l’épaisseur, à la conductivité électrique et à la perméabilité magnétique du revêtement. Après des vérifications de l’algorithme sur des matériaux massifs de référence, nous avons appliqué ces méthodes à un métal revêtu pour tuyauteries de centrale thermique : de l’acier inoxydable austénitique type 304 revêtu par pulvérisation thermique de superalliage Hastelloy C22 à base de nickel. La corrosion sèche sous l’effet des gaz chauds (air contenant du gaz SO2) amincit graduellement la paroi des tubes, ce qui peut les rendre dangereux. Il a fallu tenir compte de l’effet du grenaillage préalable à la pulvérisation, qui crée une mince couche de martensite à laquelle les courants de Foucault sont très sensibles : un modèle à trois couches substrat / martensite / revêtement a été utilisé. Nous avons caractérisé des échantillons de métal avant et après exposition à l’air avec ou sans SO2 à 650°C. Les deux méthodes d’évaluation non destructive permettent une détermination très satisfaisante de l’épaisseur de revêtement et se complètent bien. L’évaluation des caractéristiques physiques (acoustiques et électromagnétiques) met en évidence des hétérogénités du revêtement liées à son mode d’élaboration et des évolutions au cours du temps. Des pistes d’amélioration des méthodes sont proposées
In the current work, we investigate the nondestructive evaluation of a thermal sprayed coating (Hastelloy C22 Ni-based alloy) on substrate (type 304 austenitic stainless steel) using acoustic microscopy and ECT method. Two models were built for the evaluation of this kind of material: one is for acoustic V(z) measurement and the other is for swept eddy current measurement. The implementation of these two models is used for the evaluation and properties measurement of the thermal sprayed coatings, such as elastic properties, electromagnetic properties. In particular, the main achievements and results are as follows: 1. Acoustic wave propagation in an anisotropic multilayered medium was investigated. The formula for calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients of the multilayered medium on or without a substrate were derived, which is necessary for the modeling of acoustic V(z) measurement of the thermal sprayed coating on substrate. 2. A model was built for the acoustic V(z) measurement of the thermal sprayed coatings on substrate, which can deal with anisotropic multilayered media. Specifically, we used a model of multilayered coatings with graded properties on substrate to calculate the acoustic reflection coefficient of our sample. Treating the thermal sprayed coating, deposited on a 304 steel substrate, as FGMs, we evaluated the coating thickness and the Young’s modulus evolution along the depth of the coating. 3. A model was built for the swept eddy current measurement of the thermal sprayed coatings. Since before the spraying process, the surface of the substrate is usually shot-peened (SP), the coated material is considered as a three-layer medium. The coating thickness and electromagnetic properties of each of the 3 layers were determined by an effective reverse process. 4. The thermal sprayed coated material after exposure in different conditions, i.e., as-received, heat-treated in air and heat-treated in SO2 environment, and after different exposure time was evaluated by the integrity of acoustic microscopy and ECT method. The coating thickness and the electromagnetic properties of the coated material under different conditions were measured

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Matarezi, João Carlos. "Aplicação do ensaio de Eddy Current Phased Array em componentes aeroespaciais." Universidade de Taubaté, 2009. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=329.

Full text

Abstract:

Na área de Ensaios Não Destrutivos, o ensaio por eddy current (correntes parasitas) é uma técnica eletromagnética largamente utilizada nas indústrias aeroespacial, nuclear e petroquímica. Esse ensaio detecta descontinuidades superficiais e subsuperficiais, prevenindo acidentes. A técnica phased array surgiu para suprir carências, como o enorme tempo gasto para execução do ensaio em materiais de geometria complexa e falta de registro do ensaio. Essa técnica, já bastante utilizada em outros países, ainda é pouco utilizada no Brasil, por não haver estudos que comprovem a viabilidade econômica, os níveis de detectabilidade de descontinuidades e a confiabilidade dos resultados. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar as técnicas do ensaio por Correntes Parasitas convencional com a técnica por phased array, em materiais e peças especificamente utilizados no setor aeronáutico e espacial. Foram selecionadas amostras de materiais e peças, para que pudessem ser aplicadas ambas as técnicas e comparados os resultados. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico das principais normas e especificações utilizadas neste segmento, para verificar a compatibilidade dos métodos. Para atender ao objetivo deste trabalho, foram realizados sete experimentos, variando o material e as técnicas. Após a realização dos ensaios, observou-se uma grande redução de tempo na execução do ensaio, com consequente redução de custos e maior detectabilidade das descontinuidades, com o uso da técnica por phased array. Portanto, baseado nos resultados encontrados, pode-se afirmar que a técnica por phased array pode ser utilizada neste segmento, com vantagens sobre a técnica convencional.
In the area of nondestructive testing, eddy current testing is an electromagnetic technique widely used in aerospace, nuclear and petrochemical industries. This test detects surface and subsurface discontinuities, preventing accidents. Phased array technique has emerged to fill in the gaps, as the enormous time spent implementing the test of large parts or complex geometry and lack of trial registration. This technique, already widely used in others countries, is not used in Brazil, there is no studies proving the economic viability, levels of detectability of discontinuities and reliability of the results. This study aims to compare the conventional technique by eddy current testing with phased array technique, in particular materials and parts used in aeronautics and space sector. Samples of materials and parts were prepared, so that could be applied both techniques and compared the results. A literature survey of the main standards and specifications for this segment was conducted to verify the compatibility of the methods. To meet the objective of this work, seven experiments were performed, varying the material and techniques. After the tests, there was a significant time reduction with the use of phased array technique, costs reduction and increased detectability of discontinuities. Based on the results, it can be said that phased array technique can be used in this segment, with advantages over the conventional technique.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Fletcher, Adam. "Non-destructive testing of the graphite core within an advanced gas-cooled reactor." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nondestructive-testing-of-the-graphite-core-within-an-advanced-gascooled-reactor(3ca5c904-6860-46b8-8538-4136cb2aedcd).html.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this work has been to apply the techniques of non-destructive testing and evaluation to the graphite fuel channel bricks which form the core of an Advanced Gas-Cooled reactor. Two modes of graphite degradation have been studied: subsurface cracks originating from the keyway corners of the bricks and the reduction in material density caused by radiolytic oxidation. This work has focused on electromagnetic inspection techniques. Brick cracking has been studied using a multi-frequency eddy current technique with the aim of determining quantitative information. In order to accurately control the crack dimensions this work has used radially machined slots as an analogue. Two sensor geometries were studied and it was determined that slots of at least 10 mm through-wall extent could be located. A novel, empirical method of determining the slot size is presented using a brick machined with a series of reference slots. Machined slots originating from a keyway could be sized to within 2 mm using this method. A parametric 3D finite element study was also carried out on this problem. These simulations could distinguish the location of the slots and had some sensitivity to their size, however, the model was found to be overly sensitive to the specific mesh used. Two new contributions to the inverse problem are presented. The first is a minor extension to the usual adjoint problem in which one system now contains a gradiometer. The second is a proposed solution to the ambiguous nature of the inner product required by the sensitivity formulation. This solution has been validated with finite element modelling. Density reduction has been studied via its relationship with electrical conductivity using a technique based on impedance spectroscopy. An inverse eddy current problem has been solved using the regularised Gauss-Newton method to determine the conductivity of the brick over its cross section. The associated forward problem has been solved using the finite element method on a simplified geometry. Tikhonov regularisation has been employed to overcome the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. This method has been applied to a range of sample and sensor geometries and found to produce excellent results from laboratory data provided the finite element model is well calibrated. Bore or surface conductivity values can be reproduced to better than 1% with the accuracy reducing with distance from the sensor. The sensitivity of the algorithm to the regularisation parameter has been studied using the L-curve method and the effect of two regularisation operators has also been examined. A new method of choosing the regularisation parameter a priori is proposed and tested. Data taken during reactor outages produces physically realistic profiles although the results appear off-set from electrical resistivity values measured using the four-point method. The focus of future work should be to remove this effect which will likely require improvements to the forward model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Ashigwuike, Evans Chinemezu. "Coupled finite element modelling and transduction analysis of a novel EMAT configuration operating on pipe steel materials." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10497.

Full text

Abstract:

Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) are advanced ultrasonic transducers that generate and detect acoustic waves in an electrically conducting material without making physical contact with the material unlike its counterpart, the piezoelectric transducers (PZT). The conventional EMAT consists of copper coil that generates the dynamic field when excited with a sinusoidal current, a permanent or electromagnet that provides the bias field and the conducting material specimen. The complex interaction between the bias field and the Eddy current induced within the skin depth of the conducting material by the dynamic field gives rise to the acoustic wave that then propagates within the surface of the material. Within the research a finite element EMAT model was developed using commercial software Comsol Multiphysics, to study and compare the Eddy current density and Lorentz force density generated by three EMAT configurations: The Meander-line, Spiral and Key Type EMAT configuration respectively. It was observed that apart from the ease of fabrication and simplicity of connectivity when stacked in layers, the Key Type coil EMAT showed a high tendency to generate higher amplitude of Eddy current and Lorentz force test materials especially when stacked in layers. Also, the effect of varying some key EMAT parameters was investigated to determine the optimal performance of Key Type EMAT configuration on CS70 pipe steel plate. The research further developed a coupled finite element model using the same software, Comsol Multiphysics to account for the generation, propagation and detection of acoustic wave by the Key Type EMAT configuration on CS70 grade of pipe steel. The model can solve the magnetostatic, electrodynamic and elastic equations that give rise to acoustic wave generation, propagation and detection on the test material. The developed coupled finite element model was validated both analytically and experimentally to establish the validity of the finite element model. The analytical and experimental results obtained were consistent with the numerical result with an average discrepancy less than 9 % percent. Finally, the research developed a novel modelling strategy to decouple and quantify the various transduction forces in operation when normally-biased EMAT and magnetostrictive EMAT configurations are used on various grades of pipe steel materials. The strategy established the value of the critical excitation current beyond which acoustic wave is generated solely by the dynamic Lorentz force mechanism. The critical excitation currents when Magnetostrictive EMAT configurations are used to generate acoustic wave was found to be; 268A, 274A, 279A, 290A and 305A for CS70, L80SS, L80A, TN80Cr3 and J55 respectively. While for Normally-Biased EMAT configurations, the critical excitation current was found to be 190A, 205A, 240A, 160A and 200A respectively. This work also compared the critical excitation current of the two EMAT configurations studied and established that normally-biased EMATs are more efficient in the generation of acoustic waves than their magnetostrictive counterpart due to their lower value of critical excitation current.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Jiang, Zixian. "Some inversion methods applied to non-destructive testings of steam generator via eddy current probe." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/94/36/13/PDF/Thesis.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de proposer et de tester quelques méthodes de l'optimisation de forme afin d'identifier et de reconstruire des dépôts qui couvrent la paroi extérieure d'un tube conducteur dans un générateur de vapeurs en utilisant des signaux courant de Foucault. Ce problème est motivé par des applications industrielles en contrôle non-destructive dans le secteur de l'énergie nucléaire. En fait, des dépôts peuvent obstruer le passage de circuit de refroidissement entre les tubes et les plaques entretoises qui les soutiennent, ce qui entraînerait une baisse de productivité et mettrait la structure en danger. On considère dans un premier temps un cas axisymétrique dans le cadre duquel on construit un modèle 2-D par des équations aux dérivées partielles pour le courant de Foucault, ce qui nous permet ensuite de reproduire des mesures d'impédances qui correspondent en réalité les signaux courants de Foucault. Pour réduire le coût de calculs de la simulation numérique, on tronque le domaine du problème en posant des conditions aux bords artificielles basées sur des études sur le comportement de la solution, notamment sur un calcul semi-analytique de l'opérateur Dirichlet-to-Neumann dans la direction axiale. Pour la partie identification et reconstruction, on distingue deux sortes de dépôts et établit pour chacun une méthode d'inversion spécifique. Le premier cas concernent des dépôts dont la conductivité est relativement faible (d'environs 1. E4 S/m). On utilise la méthode d'optimisation de forme qui consiste à exprimer explicitement la dérivée des mesures d'impédance par rapport au domaine du dépôt en fonction d'une déformation et à représenter le gradient d'un fonctionnel de coût à minimiser par l'intermédiaire d'un état adjoint proprement défini. Motivée par la présence des dépôts et des plaques de maintient non-axisymétriques, on fait aussi une extension en 3-D des méthodes précédentes. Pour le deuxième cas, des dépôts sont fortement conducteurs et sous forme de couche mince d'une épaisseur de l'ordre de micron. La méthode adaptée à la première sorte de dépôts devient ici trop coûteuse à cause du degré de liberté très élevé des éléments finis sur un maillage extrêmement raffiné à l'échelle de la couche mince. Pour relever cette difficulté, les études sont portées sur plusieurs modèles asymptotiques qui remplace la couche mince par des conditions d'interface sur la surface du tube portante du dépôt. Le nom de modèle asymptotique vient du fait que les conditions d'interface effectives sont obtenues par le développement asymptotique de la solution en fonction d'un paramètre caractérisant la conductivité et l'épaisseur de la couche mince. La validation numérique a permis de retenir un modèle asymptotique qui est à la fois suffisamment précis et simple à inverser. L'inversion (recherche de l'épaisseur du dépôt) consiste alors à rechercher des paramètres dans les conditions d'interface (non standard). Pour les deux cas, la validation et des exemples numériques sont proposés pour le modèle direct et l'inversion
The main objective of this thesis is to propose and test some shape optimization techniques to identify and reconstruct deposits at the shell side of conductive tubes in steam generators using signals from eddy current coils. This problem is motivated by non-destructive testing applications in the nuclear power industry where the deposit clogging the cooling circuit may affect power productivity and structural safety. We consider in a first part an axisymmetric case for which we set the model by establishing a 2-D differential equation describing the eddy current phenomenon, which enable us to simulate the impedance measurements as the observed signals to be used in the inversion. To speed up numerical simulations, we discuss the behavior of the solution of the eddy current problem and build artificial boundary conditions, in particular by explicitly constructing DtN operators, to truncate the domain of the problem. In the deposit reconstruction, we adapt two different methods according to two distinct kinds of deposits. The first kind of deposit has relatively low conductivity (about 1e4 S/m). We apply the shape optimization method which consists in expliciting the signal derivative due to a shape perturbation of the deposit domain and to build the gradient by using the adjoint state with respect to the derivative and the cost functional. While for the second kind of deposit with high conductivity (5. 8e7 S/m) but in the form of thin layer (in micrometers), the previous method encounter a high numerical cost due to the tiny size of the mesh used to model the layer. To overcome this difficulty, we build an adapted asymptotic model by appropriately selecting the the family of effective transmissions conditions on the interface between the deposit and the tube. The name of the asymptotic model is due to the fact that the effective transmissions conditions are derived from the asymptotic expansion of the solution with respect to a small parameter "delta" characterizing the thickness of the thin layer and the conductivity behavior. Then the inverse problem consists in reconstructing the parameters representing the layer thickness of the deposit. For both of the two approaches, we validate numerically the direct and inverse problems. In a second part we complement this work by extending the above methods to the 3-D case for a non-axisymmetric configuration. This is motivated by either non axisymmetric deposits or the existence of non axisymmetric components like support plates of steam generator tubes

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Weise, Konstantin [Verfasser], Hannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Töpfer, Stanislaw [Gutachter] Gratkowski, and Ivo [Gutachter] Dolezel. "Advanced modeling in Lorentz force eddy current testing / Konstantin Weise ; Gutachter: Stanislaw Gratkowski, Ivo Dolezel ; Betreuer: Hannes Töpfer." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1178174875/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Gustafsson, Joakim. "AUTOMATIC BRAKING DISC ANALYSIS SYSTEM." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28217.

Full text

Abstract:

Volvo Group Truck Technology has the ambition to automate parts of their routine service. Therefore a project was launched to investigate which parts of the routine that could be automated. The idea of this project is to lower the time spent on the service and also improve the working environment for the personnel. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and build a conceptional prototype for a low-cost crack detecting sensor. This thesis is a part of a larger proof of concept project which Volvo GTT runs in cooperation with Robotdalen and Robot Application Center (RAC). The work done in this thesis has been based on literature studies, interviews and company visits. The gathered knowledge and observations was translated into what would be required to fit the needs. This thesis covers different techniques that could be used to detect flaws in braking discs. However, this thesis is mostly focused on one non-destructive method technique based on induced eddy currents. Several non-destructive techniques and conceptual designs has been tested and evaluated with varying results during this project. The result of this thesis was a design that reacts to discontinuities in conductive materials, such as the grey cast iron material used in the Volvo trucks braking discs. The results are represented as a voltage drop change and can be visualized by an oscilloscope. This study shows that the method of choice has the potential to be used as a crack detecting system and that the system can be built reliable with rather cheap components. Further development should aim towards making the design even cheaper and the components should be assembled on a PCB instead of a breadboard in order to make the system less sensitive to noise and easier to assemble alongside the trucks braking discs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Zec, Mladen [Verfasser], Hannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Töpfer, Oszkar [Gutachter] Biro, and Stanislaw [Gutachter] Gratkowski. "Theory and Numerical Modelling of Lorentz Force Eddy Current Testing / Mladen Zec ; Gutachter: Oszkar Biro, Stanislaw Gratkowski ; Betreuer: Hannes Töpfer." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1178184412/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

LOPEZ, LUIZ A. N. M. "Transformadas de Wavelets e logica Fuzzi na inspecao por Eddy-Current em tubos de geradores de vapor de centrais nucleares." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11012.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09057.pdf: 12808764 bytes, checksum: 970b3a8c12068b9ea0e88948bbcda318 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

ALENCAR, DONIZETE A. de. "Avaliacao de integridade de revestimentos de combustiveis de reatores de pesquisa e teste de materiais utilizando o ensaio de correntes parasitas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11236.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09810.pdf: 7314670 bytes, checksum: 5232e1c4a6554def247601f9a049ba1f (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Carlstedt, Matthias Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] [Zimmermann, Hannes [Gutachter] Töpfer, and Hendrik [Gutachter] Rothe. "A contribution to the experimental validation in Lorentz force eddy current testing / Matthias Carlstedt ; Gutachter: Hannes Töpfer, Hendrik Rothe ; Betreuer: Klaus Zimmermann." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1178142191/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Carlstedt, Matthias [Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann, Hannes [Gutachter] Töpfer, and Hendrik [Gutachter] Rothe. "A contribution to the experimental validation in Lorentz force eddy current testing / Matthias Carlstedt ; Gutachter: Hannes Töpfer, Hendrik Rothe ; Betreuer: Klaus Zimmermann." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1178142191/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

FORMIGONI, ANDRE L. "Análise de defeitos em tubos de geradores de vapor de usinas nucleares utilizando a transformada de Hilbert-Huang em sinais de inspeção por correntes parasitas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10135.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Dahia, Abla. "Contribution à la caractérisation non destructive de matériaux magnétiques sous contraintes par méthode électromagnétique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112391.

Full text

Abstract:

La technique du contrôle non destructif (CND) par courants de Foucault (CF) est une solution envisageable pour caractériser l’état de contraintes dans un matériau magnétique. En effet, les propriétés magnétiques d’un matériau magnétique dépendent sensiblement de l’état de contraintes et, par ailleurs, les CF dépendent de la perméabilité magnétique. La technique des CF est potentiellement intéressante comparée à d’autres méthodes de CND, telles que la diffraction des rayons X, car elle est simple à mettre en œuvre, automatisable et peu coûteuse. Dans l'objectif de permettre in fine l’identification inverse de l’état de contraintes, un modèle prédisant l'évolution du signal fourni par un capteur à CF en fonction de l’état de contraintes du matériau ferromagnétique contrôlé a été élaboré dans cette thèse. Ceci implique la mise en place d’une double modélisation. D’une part, l’effet des contraintes sur la perméabilité magnétique a été modélisé par un modèle de comportement magnéto-élastique simplifié dérivé d'une approche multi-échelle. Cette approche permet de décrire la perméabilité magnétique d’un matériau soumis à un chargement multiaxial, en incluant notamment les effets d'anisotropie induite. D’autre part, un modèle reposant sur la méthode des éléments finis a été développé afin de prédire le signal fourni par un capteur à CF en fonction de la perméabilité anisotrope du matériau inspecté. Afin de valider la démarche de modélisation, un protocole expérimental de caractérisation magnétique et par CF a été mis en place. Les résultats de mesure obtenus présentent un bon accord qualitatif avec la modélisation, en l’absence de tout étalonnage. Une procédure d’étalonnage s'appuyant sur une mesure sous contraintes est nécessaire pour atteindre un accord quantitatif. Le modèle développé pourrait être utilisé pour concevoir des sondes à CF idoines et identifier les conditions opératoires optimales pour l'estimation de contraintes dans les matériaux magnétiques. Les procédures d'inversion à mettre en œuvre restent cependant un défi à relever
The non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique by eddy current (EC) is a conceivable solution to characterize the stress state in magnetic materials. The approach relies on the high sensitivity of eddy current (EC) signals to the magnetic permeability, itself highly dependent on stress. The EC technique is potentially attractive compared to other NDE methods such as X-ray diffraction, due to its simple practical implementation, easiness of automation and low cost. In order to allow eventually the inverse identification of stress states in magnetic materials, a predictive model for the evolution of an EC probe signal as a function of stress has been developed during this thesis. The modelling is done in two steps. First, the effect of stress on the magnetic permeability is described using a simplified version of a multiscale model for magneto-elastic behaviour. This approach allows describing the effect of multiaxial mechanical loadings on the magnetic behaviour of materials including induced anisotropy effects. Then, the EC probe signal is determined as a function of the anisotropic permeability of the stressed material using the finite element method (FEM). In order to validate the modelling approach, an experimental setup for magnetic characterisation and EC measurements was developed. The measurements show a good qualitative accordance with the modelling results, in absence of any calibration. A calibration procedure based on a measurement under stress is necessary to obtain a quantitative agreement. The proposed model can be used to design efficient EC probes and to define optimal operating conditions to evaluate stress in magnetic materials. The development of inversion procedures, however, remains a challenge

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

MESQUITA, ROBERTO N. de. "Classificação de defeitos em tubos de gerador de vapor de plantas nucleares utilizando mapas auto-organizáveis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11640.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12432.pdf: 12974191 bytes, checksum: ddfc093df6afa20374e446cb5c994b88 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Escola Politecnica, Universidade de São Paulo - POLI/USP

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Uhlig, Robert Peter [Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann, Hendrik [Akademischer Betreuer] Rothe, and Hannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Töpfer. "Identiﬁcation of Material Defects in Metallic Materials Using Lorentz Force Eddy Current Testing / Robert Peter Uhlig. Gutachter: Hendrik Rothe ; Hannes Töpfer. Betreuer: Klaus Zimmermann." Ilmenau : Universitätsbibliothek Ilmenau, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034527754/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Petković, Bojana [Verfasser], Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Haueisen, Hannes [Gutachter] Töpfer, and Rienzo Luca [Gutachter] Di. "Assessment of Linear Inverse Problems in Magnetocardiography and Lorentz Force Eddy Current Testing / Bojana Petkovic ; Gutachter: Hannes Töpfer, Luca Di Rienzo ; Betreuer: Jens Haueisen." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1178183599/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Westin, Tommy. "Induktiv provning av ferritiskt rostfritt stå." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Materialvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-10039.

Full text

Abstract:

The report examines the factors which may be a contributing cause to the problems that are present when ferritic stainless steel are eddy current tested in a warm condition. The work is carried out at Fagersta Stainless AB in Fagersta which manufactures stainless steel wire. In the rolling mill there is an eddy current equipment for detection of surface defects on the wire. The ferritic stainless steels cause a noise when testing and this noise complicates the detection of defects.Because of this, a study was made of how the noise related to factors such as steel grade, temperature, size and velocity. By observing the signal and with the possibilities to change the equipment settings the capability to let a signal filter reduce the noise level were evaluated. Theories about the material's physical properties have also been included, mainly the magnetic properties, electrical conductivity and the material's tendency to oxidize.Results from the tests show that a number of factors do not affect the inductive test significantly and to use a filter to reduce the noise level does not seem to be a viable option. The level of noise does not relate to the presence of superficial particles in form of oxides.The ferritic stainless steels showed some difference in noise level. Which noise level there was did match well with the steels probability for a precipitation of a second phase, and precipitation of austenite may in this case contribute to noise when using an eddy current instrument.The noise is probably due to some physical material property that varies within the thread.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Zaidi, Houda. "Méthodologies pour la modélisation des couches fines et du déplacement en contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault : application aux capteurs souples." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00776931.

Full text

Abstract:

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement d'outils de modélisation pour le contrôle non destructif (CND) par courants de Foucault (CF). Il existe actuellement une tendance à la mise en œuvre de capteurs souples qui représentent une solution pertinente pour inspecter des pièces ayant une surface complexe. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l'élaboration de techniques permettant la modélisation de ce type de capteurs au sein de la méthode des éléments finis (MEF).Lors de la modélisation d'un capteur souple avec la MEF, trois problématiques se manifestent. La première concerne le maillage des milieux fins qui apparaissent dans ce type de configuration (distance capteur-pièce contrôlée, bobine plate, revêtement fin...). Le maillage de ces régions par des éléments simpliciaux peut poser des problèmes numériques (éléments déformés quand un maillage grossier est considéré et grand nombre d'inconnues quand un maillage fin est utilisé). La deuxième problématique concerne le déplacement du capteur. Si les différents sous-domaines géométriques (air, pièce, capteur...) sont convenablement remaillés pour chaque position du capteur, le temps total pourra être pénalisant. La troisième problématique relative à la modélisation d'un capteur souple porte sur l'imposition du courant dans des bobines déformées.Une comparaison de différentes approches nous a conduit à retenir la méthode overlapping, qui permet de considérer simultanément des milieux fins avec maillages non-conformes. Cette méthode permet d'effectuer le recollement de deux surfaces non planes et/ou de géométries différentes. La méthode overlapping a été implantée dans deux formulations duales (magnétique et électrique) en 2D et 3D intégrées dans le code de calcul DOLMEN (C++) du LGEP. La méthode overlapping a été validée pour la prise en compte de plusieurs types de régions minces (air, milieux conducteurs, milieux magnétiques, bobines plates...). La modélisation des capteurs souples nécessite aussi l'implantation d'une technique permettant d'imposer correctement les courants dans un inducteur de forme arbitraire. Une technique a été sélectionnée et programmée, d'abord pour des bobines classiques (volumiques) déformées puis pour des bobines plates flexibles. Afin de valider les développements réalisés, différentes configurations de test ont été traitées et les résultats comparés avec des solutions de référence analytiques ou expérimentales.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Alongi, Riccardo. "Controlli non distruttivi con correnti parassite e magnetoscopia su Cessna F172E." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

Find full text

Abstract:

In un programma di manutenzione di un velivolo, è importante esaminare diverse tipologie di danno meccanico, come cricche e segni di corrosione, in modo efficiente attraverso i controlli non distruttivi. I controlli non distruttivi hanno la peculiarità di individuare difetti nelle parti senza l’introduzione di danneggiamenti o preclusione della funzionalità delle stesse. La tesi è composta essenzialmente da due parti. Nella prima si analizzano i due controlli utilizzati, ovvero le correnti indotte e la magnetoscopia, mettendo in luce il loro principio di funzionamento e i fattori che favoriscono o contrastano una corretta ispezione. La conoscenza di queste tecniche è di base per le sezioni successive dell’elaborato. Successivamente sono presentati il fenomeno della fatica e della corrosione, poiché sono le principali cause di danneggiamento sull’aeromobile. La seconda parte del lavoro presenta prove sperimentali con le correnti indotte e con la magnetoscopia su diversi componenti del velivolo, ovvero quelli in cui le sollecitazioni sono tali da compromettere l’integrità e la sicurezza dell’aereo durante il volo. Ogni controllo è stato effettuato seguendo il programma di manutenzione fornito dalla Cessna.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Bardl, Georg. "Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur zerstörungsfreien Messung der Faserorientierung in mehrlagigen 3D-Carbonfaserpreforms und CFK mit robotergeführter Hochfrequenz-Wirbelstromprüftechnik." Verlag Dr. Hut GmbH, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33892.

Full text

Abstract:

Carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) erzielen ihre herausragende Festigkeit und Steifigkeit durch exakte Anpassung der Faserverläufe im Bauteil an die im Einsatz wirkenden Belastungen. Für eine Qualitätskontrolle und eine Optimierung der Fertigungsverfahren ist daher ein Verfahren notwendig, das in der Lage ist, die Faserorientierung in 3D-Preforms (mehrlagigen, drapierten Vorformlingen aus trockenen Carbonfasern) und 3D-CFK zerstörungsfrei zu messen und mit der Soll-Faserorientierung zu vergleichen. Die derzeit für die Faserorientierungsmessung eingesetzten optischen bzw. Röntgen-CT-Verfahren sind hierfür nur beschränkt geeignet, da optische Verfahren auf die oberste Lage und Röntgen-CT-Verfahren auf Kleinproben beschränkt sind. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein Verfahren entwickelt, das die Faserorientierung in mehrlagigen 3D-Carbonfaserpreforms und -CFK zerstörungsfrei messen kann. Grundlage hierfür ist die Hochfre-quenz-Wirbelstromprüfung, die eine Darstellung der Verläufe der leitfähigen Carbonfäden in den einzelnen, übereinander gestapelten Lagen des CFK erlaubt. Um hierauf aufbauend eine vollauto-matische Faserorientierungsmessung zu schaffen, wird in einem ersten Schritt ein Roboter-Bahnplanungsverfahren zur vollständigen Erfassung komplex geformter 3D-Oberflächen entwi-ckelt. Aus dem erhaltenen 3D-Wirbelstrombild der Oberfläche wird anschließend über einen auf lokaler Abwicklung und Fouriertransformation beruhenden Algorithmus die lokale Faserorientie-rung in den einzelnen Lagen gemessen und die 3D-Verläufe einzelner Fäden werden rekonstruiert. Die Messunsicherheit des Verfahrens wird anhand systematischer experimenteller Untersuchungen an 2-, 4-, 6- und 8-lagigen 2D-Gelegestapeln quantifiziert. Untersucht wird hierbei auch der Einfluss der Materialparameter (Gelegetyp) sowie der Messparameter (Spulenanordnung, Spulendurch-messer, Sensororientierung, Messfrequenz) auf die sich ergebende Messunsicherheit, woraus Empfehlungen für die Wahl von Sensor und Messfrequenz abgeleitet werden. Das entwickelte Messverfahren wird anschließend an zwei 3D-Anwendungsfällen validiert. Als erster Anwendungsfall wird ein vierlagiges, komplex geformtes CFK-Bauteil betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, wie mithilfe des entwickelten Messverfahrens die Faserorientierung aller vier Lagen zerstörungsfrei erfasst werden kann. Verschiedene Exemplare desselben Bauteils werden hinsicht-lich der Faserorientierung verglichen. Anschließend wird im zweiten Anwendungsfall ein automati-scher Drapierprozess zu einer Halbkugel betrachtet, bei dem verschiedene, ein-, zwei und vierlagi-ge textile Halbzeuge hinsichtlich der sich ausbildenden Faserorientierung nach der Drapierung verglichen werden, mit dem Ziel, das Verformungsverhalten mehrlagiger Strukturen besser zu verstehen und Empfehlungen für die Halbzeugauswahl abzuleiten. In einem abschließenden Schritt werden Schnittstellen geschaffen, um die Faserorientierungsmes-sung in den CFK-Entwicklungsprozess zu integrieren. Zum einen wird durch eine Schnittstelle zur Drapiersimulation ein quantitativer Vergleich zwischen vorausgesagter und Ist-Faserorientierung möglich, zum anderen wird gezeigt, wie die gemessenen Faserorientierungen der Einzellagen direkt zur Parametrierung von Struktursimulationen verwendet werden können. Das entwickelte Verfah-ren ermöglicht damit eine fundierte Festigkeits- und Steifigkeitsanalyse mit den zerstörungsfrei gemessenen Faserorientierungen nach dem Umformprozess.:1 Einleitung 2 Grenzen bestehender Verfahren zur Faserorientierungsmessung bei der CFK-Herstellung 3 Stand der Technik zur Wirbelstromprüfung von Carbonfasermaterialien 4 Entwicklung einer Roboter-Bahnplanung zur vollständigen Erfassung einer 3D-Oberfläche 5 Entwicklung einer Faserorientierungsmessung aus 3D-Wirbelstromdaten 6 Experimentelle Untersuchung der Messunsicherheit an 2D-Gelegestapeln 7 Verfahrenserprobung an mehrlagigen 3D-Preforms und CFK 8 Integration der Faserorientierungsmessung in den CFK-Entwicklungsprozess 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick
The superior strength and stiffness of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) results from an exact adaptation of the component’s fiber orientation to the external loads during service. Quality control, as well as development and optimization of the production processes, thus require a method to non-destructively measure the fiber orientation in 3D preforms (draped multilayer stacks made of dry carbon fibers) and CFRP. Currently, this fiber orientation measurement is done by optical or X-ray computer tomography methods, which are limited, however to the uppermost, optical visible fabric layer (optical methods) or to small sample sizes (X-ray computer tomography). Therefore, this thesis develops a method to non-destructively measure the 3D fiber orientation in multi-layer 3D preforms and CFRP. The starting point for this development is the technique of high-frequency eddy current testing, which allows an imaging of the individual carbon yarn courses in multiple stacked textile layers. In order to develop a fully-automated fiber orientation measure-ment process with this technique, in a first step a robot path planning is developed that allows the complete scanning of a complexly-shaped 3D surface with an eddy current sensor. From the resulting 3D eddy current image of the surface, the local fiber orientation of the individual layers is measured by local development (flattening) of the surface and a Fourier transformation. The uncertainty of measurement for this method is quantified from experiments with 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-layer 2D non-crimp fabric stacks. The influence of the material parameters (type of fabric) as well as of the measurement parameters (sensor type, coil diameter, sensor orientation, measure-ment frequency) is evaluated. Recommendations for the choice of sensor and measurement frequency are derived. The developed measurement method is subsequently validated with two different 3D application cases. As a first application case, a four-layer, complexly-shaped CFRP component is analyzed. It is shown how the developed measurement method can be used to non-destructively measure the fiber orientation of all four layers. Different specimen of the same CFRP component are compared regarding fiber orientation. The second application case is an automated draping process to a hemispherical shape, for which one-, two- and four-layer textile fabrics are compared regarding the fiber orientation after draping, in order to better understand the forming properties of multi-layer structures and derive recommendations for the choice of textile. In the final step, software interfaces are developed to integrate the fiber orientation measurement into the CFRP design and development process. It is integrated with a draping simulation, to allow a quantitative comparison of the predicted and the measured fiber orientations. Furthermore, it is shown how the measured fiber orientation of the individual fabric layers can be used for the parametrization of finite element structural simulations. The developed measurement method thus lays the base for a substantiated strength and stiffness analysis based on the component’s actual as-is fiber orientation after the draping process.:1 Einleitung 2 Grenzen bestehender Verfahren zur Faserorientierungsmessung bei der CFK-Herstellung 3 Stand der Technik zur Wirbelstromprüfung von Carbonfasermaterialien 4 Entwicklung einer Roboter-Bahnplanung zur vollständigen Erfassung einer 3D-Oberfläche 5 Entwicklung einer Faserorientierungsmessung aus 3D-Wirbelstromdaten 6 Experimentelle Untersuchung der Messunsicherheit an 2D-Gelegestapeln 7 Verfahrenserprobung an mehrlagigen 3D-Preforms und CFK 8 Integration der Faserorientierungsmessung in den CFK-Entwicklungsprozess 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Formigoni, André Luiz. "Análise de defeitos em tubos de geradores de vapor de usinas nucleares utilizando a transformada de Hilbert-Huang em sinais de inspeção por correntes parasitas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85133/tde-24082012-134522/.

Full text

Abstract:

Os tubos de Geradores de Vapor em Reatores Nucleares do tipo PWR são submetidos a diferentes níveis de tensões e carregamento em altas temperaturas, reduzindo sua vida útil devido o surgimento de defeitos e corrosão. A inspeção por Correntes Parasitas é um ensaio não destrutivo usado para diagnosticar defeitos de corrosão e descontinuidades na superfície externa e interna em tubos de trocadores de calor. Esses tubos estão sujeitos a danos por diferentes mecanismos de degradação mecânica e química, tais como trincas por fadiga e corrosão sob tensão. Os sinais de inspeção por Correntes Parasitas são afetados por diferentes ruídos dificultando sua análise pelo inspetor. Esse trabalho apresenta os resultados da análise dos sinais de Correntes Parasitas usando a Transformada de Hilbert-Huang (THH) funcionando como filtro de ruídos (De-noising), como uma técnica alternativa de processamento e análise de sinais. A Transformada de Hilbert-Huang teve esse nome atribuído pela agência espacial norte-americana (NASA) para o resultado da reunião de dois processos, um método de decomposição empiricamente modal (Empirical Mode Decomposition EMD), seguido da análise espectral de Hilbert (Hilbert Spectral Analysis HSA). Os sinais de inspeção por correntes parasitas possuem características de transiente, não estacionário e não linear. A transformada de Hilbert-Huang aplicada neste trabalho forneceu dois recursos alternativos em processamento de sinais; o pré-processamento que funcionou como filtro de ruídos, e outro de análise de sinais, responsável pela identificação das características tempo-frequência-energia do sinal.
The nuclear power plant steam generator tubes are subjected to different levels of stress and loading at high temperatures, reducing its lifetime due to the development of defects and corrosion. The Eddy Current Testing (ECT) is a nondestructive testing used to diagnose defects of corrosion and discontinuities in the inner and outer surface of heat exchanger tubes. These tubes are subject to failure by different mechanisms of chemical and mechanical degradation such as fatigue and stress corrosion crack. The ECT signals are affected by different noises making the analysis a difficult task to the inspector. This dissertation presents the results of the main characteristics from the ECT signals using the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) as an alternative method for the processing and signal analysis. The Hilbert-Huang Transform has its name given by the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, as the result of Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert Spectral Analysis (HSA) methods. The Eddy Current signals are transient, nonstationary and nonlinear. The Hilbert-Huang Transform applied in this work provided two alternative proceedings in signal processing, one in signal pre-processing acting as noise filter (De-noising) and another as signal analysis, which identifies the characteristics of signal time-frequency-energy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Ao, Wai Kei. "Electromagnetic damping for control of vibration in civil structures." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31145.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis investigates an alternative solution to deal with the civil structure vibration. Non-contact electromagnetic or Eddy current damping is selected as a score of vibration suppression. Electromagnetic damping relies on the interaction between a permanent magnet and conductor. An electromagnetic damper (EMD) is applied both to a laboratory footbridge structure and 6-storey model-scale aluminium moment resisting frame (AMRF). In this first study the EMD is connected in series with an electronic shunt circuit to construct an electromagnetic shunt damper (EMSD). A robust optimisation method is applied to develop the corresponding optimal design formula of the EMSD. The principle of an EMSD is to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. Hence, the induced electromotive force (emf) is generated by electromagnetic induction. This emf induces an amount of shunt damping, which is fedback to the structure to achieve vibration suppression. It was found that when the impedance was applied, the shunt damping feature was of a similar nature to viscous dampers. In contrast, when an RLC (resistance-inductance-capacitance) circuit is connected, the shunt damping is analogous to a tuned mass damper. A second form of EMD is Eddy current damper (ECD), which relies on a geometrical arrangement of permanent magnets and conductors to produce damping forces. The vertical and horizontal orientation of the magnet, unidirectional and alternative pole projection and moving different direction of the conductor are investigated. A theoretical study involving the infinite boundary and finite boundary (the method of images current) is carried out to obtain an analytical calculation of the damping force. On the basis of this analysis, one type of ECD prototype was physically built. A performance test was carried out to determine the damping characteristics of the ECD, which agreed with the results of the numerical analysis. In addition, the ECD was applied to control the dynamics of the 6-storey AMRF. It was found that, the ECD can effectively increase system damping and have a satisfactory control effect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Gäbler, Simone. "Untersuchung des Anwendungspotenzials der Hochfrequenzwirbelstrommesstechnik zur Charakterisierung dielektrischer Eigenschaften von Epoxidharzen und Faserverbundmaterialien." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-230419.

Full text

Abstract:

Die dielektrischen Eigenschaften, also die Interaktion mit elektrischen Feldern, sind ein wichtiger Qualitätsparameter der Matrix in Faserverbundmaterialien und allgemein in Harzen. Sie werden bisher mit Hilfe von kapazitiven Verfahren oder Hochfrequenzverfahren wie z. B. der Mikrowellentechnik gemessen. Allerdings können beide Verfahren nicht an elektrisch leitfähigen Materialien wie Kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) eingesetzt werden und auch bei der Anwendung der Methoden an Kunststoffen oder elektrisch isolierenden Faserverbundmaterialien gibt es Nachteile. So benötigt die kapazitive Messtechnik meist eine spezielle Probenpräparation für quantitative Messungen und erreicht eine vergleichsweise schlechte Ortsauflösung beim Permittivitätsmapping. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich daher der Untersuchung einer alternativen, in diesem Kontext neuen Methode zur Charakterisierung dielektrischer Eigenschaften: Die Hochfrequenzwirbelstrommesstechnik, welche bisher zur Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und magnetischen Permeabilität genutzt wird, wird theoretisch und praktisch hinsichtlich ihres Anwendungspotentials zur Permittivitätsmessung an Epoxidharzen und Faserverbundwerkstoffen diskutiert. Dabei werden zuerst Grundlagen wie Anwendungsfelder für die Nutzung dielektrischer Eigenschaften von Harzen und Verbundwerkstoffen zur Qualitätssicherung bzw. gängige Messverfahren erläutert. Anschließend wird theoretisch gezeigt, warum dielektrische Eigenschaften auf das Hochfrequenzwirbelstrom (HFWS)-Signal wirken. Dabei werden sowohl die Maxwell-Gleichungen genutzt, als auch Finite Elemente (FE)-Simulationen. Der Schwerpunkt der Forschungsarbeit liegt dann auf der experimentellen Untersuchung der Permittivitätsmessung mittels HFWS. Es werden verschiedene Anwendungsfälle betrachtet: von zeitlich kontinuierlichen Permittitivitätsänderungen (am Beispiel der Aushärtung von Epoxidharzen), über lokale Permittivitätsabweichungen (in Folge von Defekten, Textureigenschaften oder thermischen Überlasten) bis hin zu quantitativen Permittivitätsmessungen (zur Materialcharakterisierung bzw. Alterungsuntersuchung). Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass es möglich ist, die Permittivität von Faserverbundwerkstoffen und Epoxidharzen mittels HFWS zu charakterisieren, selbst wenn das zu prüfende Material elektrisch nicht leitfähig ist.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Miorelli, Roberto. "Modélisation du contrôle par méthodes électromagnétiques de défauts réalistes de type fissuration." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112302.

Full text

Abstract:

Le contrôle non destructif (CND) par Courants de Foucault (CF) de défauts de fissuration est l’une des techniques les plus répandues dans de nombreux secteurs industriels. L’utilisation d’outils de modélisation adaptés permet d’améliorer les procédés de contrôle et la compréhension des données expérimentales observées. Ce travail de thèse, réalisé au CEA LIST et sous la direction de D. Lesselier (Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes), a pour objectif de proposer une approche de modélisation semi-analytique dédiée à la simulation du CND CF de défauts fins ou très fins dans une pièce plane conductrice composée de plusieurs couches. Il a fait l’objet d’une collaboration, dans le cadre du projet CIVAMONT, avec l’équipe Meander de l’University of Western Macedonia (Grèce), dirigée par le professeur T. Theodoulidis.Du point de vue de la simulation, la complexité du problème à traiter est liée aux particularités des défauts de fissuration : une ouverture très fine, un profil complexe et la possibilité d’avoir des ponts de conductivité entre les deux faces latérales du défaut. Ces caractéristiques expliquent la difficulté qu’ont les méthodes de simulation classiques, semi-analytiques ou purement numériques, à traiter efficacement ce type de configuration. Pour ces raisons, une approche dédiée aux défauts fins, fondée sur la méthode des éléments de frontière, a été développée. Elle présente l’avantage majeur de ne requérir qu’une discrétisation surfacique du défaut, en traitant analytiquement le calcul dans la direction de son ouverture. Après la résolution, avec la Méthode des Moments, de l’équation intégrale décrivant les interactions entre le champ d’excitation et le défaut, la réponse de la sonde est calculée en appliquant le théorème de réciprocité. Les développements théoriques réalisés dans cette thèse ont abouti à la mise en place d’une formulation générale permettant la prise en compte d’un nombre quelconque de défauts fins, d’orientations et des géométries différentes, pouvant être situés dans des couches différentes de la pièce. Par la suite, cette méthode innovante a été implémentée au sein de la plateforme de simulation CIVA, développée au CEA LIST, et a été validée expérimentalement à plusieurs reprises. Une extension de cette méthode a également permis la mise en place d’une approche la couplant à une modélisation volumique standard pour la simulation de configurations complexes comme le contrôle de fissures au voisinage d’un alésage. Ce travail, qui a fait l’objet d’une diffusion internationale affirmée, a permis de lever avec succès un certain nombre de difficultés théoriques et pratiques liées à la modélisation du CND CF de défauts fins
Non Destructive Testing (NDT) with Eddy Current (EC) techniques are is widely employed in several industrial sectors for cracks detection. Numerical simulation tools are largely used in order to design sensors, understand the signals collected during the measurements process and to provide a support in expertise. This work has been accomplished inside CEA LIST in collaboration with L2S-Supélec. It is also a part of the CIVAMONT 2012 project, with the active participation of MEANDER laboratory members from University of Western Macedonia (Greece) and Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia (Greece). The main goal of our work has consisted in to developing a semi-analytical modeling approach, devoted to Eddy Current Testing (ECT) of multiple narrow cracks in planar multilayered structures. From the numerical point of view, simulation of multiple narrow cracks problems is a difficult task for classical methods, like for example the Volume Integral Method (VIM) or the Finite Element Method (FEM). The main issues reside in geometrical characteristics of narrow crack themselves. Indeed, a narrow crack presents a small opening as well as complex profile and a complex shape, with possible electrical contacts inside it. All these features increase enormously, with classical methods, the difficulty to simulate in rapid and/or precise way problems involving narrow cracks. We have tackled the narrow crack issue by developing a Boundary Element Method (BEM) dedicated to ECT signal modeling, starting from an approach presented in literature. Then, we have extended its capability to more realistic and challenging cases, such as the ECT of multilayered structures affected by complex narrow cracks. The principle of this method is to introduce additional assumptions, leading to the description of the crack perturbation as the effect of a dipole distribution, oriented toward the crack opening. Numerically speaking, such a description makes it possible to largely reduce, compared to the VIM, the number of unknowns that one needs to properly solve the problem. A particular attention has been devoted to the analytical formulation, in order to achieve generality, accuracy and efficiency. A precise derivation of the spectral-domain Dyadic Green Function (DGF) associated to our problem has first been developed. In this work, analytical expressions of the spectral-domain DGF have been obtained via the Discrete Complex Image Method (DCIM). Then, an accurate approximation of the spectral-domain DGF has been achieved via the Generalized Pencil of Function (GPOF) method. Therefore, the closed-form of the spectral-domain DGF, expressed under the form of Sommerfeld Integrals (SIs), has been calculated analytically. Finally, the integral equation(s) associate to the electromagnetic problem is solved by applying the Method of Moments (MoM).Validations with respect to experiments and commercial simulation software have been performed to test the model. A large set of configurations have been chosen in order to address realistic configurations involving multiple narrow cracks embedded in different layers of a given multilayered structure. The model proposed has shown its promising performance in terms of computational time compared with the VIM and the FEM. Moreover, a very good agreement with respect to the experimental data has always been observed. In the last and very recent part of our work, a coupled approach between BEM and VIM has been studied and developed in order to address, in a efficient way, problems where narrow cracks appear in the vicinity of with volumetric flaws (for example the simulation of fastener sites inspections). Comparisons with experimental measures have shown that the coupled approach is capable to achieve, overall, better results than the VIM and saves a lot of computational time

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Taram, Abdoulaye. "Détection et caractérisation de défauts sous-jacents à la surface dans des bandes d’acier décapées par thermographie infrarouge stimulée." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS008.

Full text

Abstract:

Dans le contexte actuel d’ouverture des marchés, le contrôle qualité est primordial dans le domaine de la production sidérurgique où qualité se conjugue avec réduction de coûts de fabrication. Ce contrôle peut être décrit comme un ensemble de systèmes déployés pour vérifier et maintenir le niveau de qualité souhaité. Cela implique une inspection minutieuse, accompagnée le plus souvent d’actions correctives. Cette inspection se traduit par l’utilisation, à différentes étapes de la production, d’outils de Contrôle Non-Destructif (CND) pour détecter des défauts. Etant donné que la détection au stade le plus en amont possible de la production est essentielle pour réduire le coût de la qualité et améliorer la production, des systèmes d’inspection à ultrasons sont utilisés au stade du décapage pour détecter certains défauts internes sans ralentir la cadence de production. Toutefois, le besoin de disposer d’une technique de CND sensible aux défauts sub-surfaciques très proches de la surface pouvant se transformer en défauts surfaciques demeure.Parmi les techniques courantes de CND, la thermographie infrarouge stimulée a été identifiée comme ayant un fort potentiel pour la détection des défauts internes très proches de la surface. En outre, cette technique présente des avantages remarquables : elle est sans contact, relativement rapide et adaptable. Son principe est relativement simple : il consiste à créer un transitoire thermique dans un échantillon et à surveiller la réponse de sa surface avec une caméra infrarouge (IR). La présence d’éventuel défaut interne créerait un contraste sous forme de motifs thermiques irréguliers dans la séquence thermique enregistrée. Cette technique, bien qu’attractive n’est pas encore déployée en ligne de production pour détecter des défauts dans les bandes d’aciers décapées. C’est ce qui constitue d’ailleurs l’innovation majeure de cette thèse.La thèse explore les limites théoriques et expérimentales de la thermographie infrarouge stimulée pour la détection de défauts internes dans des métaux. Elle a abouti aux développements d'outils de laboratoire capables de détecter des défauts très proches de la surface, tant dans des configurations statiques qu’en défilement. Ces développements se sont appuyés sur des simulations numériques en 3D qui ont permis d’évaluer le potentiel de la technique ; gagner en expertise ; obtenir des indications pour optimiser et concevoir les dispositifs expérimentaux. Les connaissances acquises à la suite des développements des outils de laboratoire ont montré qu’il est possible d’implémenter la technique directement dans la chaîne de production, particulièrement au stade de décapage où la bande se déplace généralement à 5 m / s. Par conséquent, un système d’inspection a été construit et déployé avec succès pour l’inspection d’une fraction de bande d’acier en milieu industriel. Les résultats obtenus et présentés dans cette thèse sont très encourageants. Des points d’améliorations sont mis en évidence et leur prise en compte permettra d’aboutir sur un système industriel finalisé, robuste et efficient
In today’s competitive market, the quality control is vital in steelmaking industry where high quality product must pair with cost reduction. This control can be described as a system used for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality. It implies careful inspection and corrective action if needed. The inspection can be performed with several Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques to detect defects. Since the detection at the earliest possible stage is vital for the reduction of the quality cost, the ultrasonic systems have been used at pickling stage to detect internal defects without slowing down the production paces. However, there is still a need of a sensitive NDT technique to detect near subsurface defects which may turn into surface defects at downstream stages or even worse, at the customers during forming.Amongst the common NDT techniques, Active Infrared Thermography (AIRT) was identified as having a great potential for the detection of near surface internal defects. As an attractive NDT technique, AIRT has remarkable: it is contactless, relatively fast and versatile. Its principle is relatively simple: it consists in heating the sample and monitoring the surface response with an Infrared (IR) camera. The presence of any subsurface defect appears as specific thermal patterns in the recorded thermal sequence. Despite being an attractive technique, AIRT is not deployed yet to detect subsurface defects in steel strip at pickling stage on an industrial production line which is the innovative part of this thesis.The work provided in the thesis investigates the theoretical and experimental limits of AIRT for the detection of subsurface defects in steel samples. First, the investigation led to the development of laboratory tools capable of detecting near subsurface defects in static as well as moving samples. These developments are supported by 3D simulations which allowed evaluating the potential of the technique; gaining comprehensive knowledge; getting guidance for and/or optimize experimental designs. Then, the knowledge developed in laboratory has allowed outlining that the technique can be implemented directly in production line; especially at pickling stage where the strip travels at typically 5 m/s. Therefore, an inspection system was built and successfully implemented for the inspection of a reduced width of the moving strip in industrial environment. The thesis presents encouraging results and some keys identified points that should be considered for the design of full-integrated industrial AIRT inspection system

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Heideklang, René. "Data Fusion for Multi-Sensor Nondestructive Detection of Surface Cracks in Ferromagnetic Materials." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19586.

Full text

Abstract:

Ermüdungsrissbildung ist ein gefährliches und kostenintensives Phänomen, welches frühzeitig erkannt werden muss. Weil kleine Fehlstellen jedoch hohe Testempfindlichkeit erfordern, wird die Prüfzuverlässigkeit durch Falschanzeigen vermindert. Diese Arbeit macht sich deshalb die Diversität unterschiedlicher zerstörungsfreier Oberflächenprüfmethoden zu Nutze, um mittels Datenfusion die Zuverlässigkeit der Fehlererkennung zu erhöhen. Der erste Beitrag dieser Arbeit in neuartigen Ansätzen zur Fusion von Prüfbildern. Diese werden durch Oberflächenabtastung mittels Wirbelstromprüfung, thermischer Prüfung und magnetischer Streuflussprüfung gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass schon einfache algebraische Fusionsregeln gute Ergebnisse liefern, sofern die Daten adäquat vorverarbeitet wurden. So übertrifft Datenfusion den besten Einzelsensor in der pixelbasierten Falscherkennungsrate um den Faktor sechs bei einer Nutentiefe von 10 μm. Weiterhin wird die Fusion im Bildtransformationsbereich untersucht. Jedoch werden die theoretischen Vorteile solcher richtungsempfindlichen Transformationen in der Praxis mit den vorliegenden Daten nicht erreicht. Nichtsdestotrotz wird der Vorteil der Fusion gegenüber Einzelsensorprüfung auch hier bestätigt. Darüber hinaus liefert diese Arbeit neuartige Techniken zur Fusion auch auf höheren Ebenen der Signalabstraktion. Ein Ansatz, der auf Kerndichtefunktionen beruht, wird eingeführt, um örtlich verteilte Detektionshypothesen zu integrieren. Er ermöglicht, die praktisch unvermeidbaren Registrierungsfehler explizit zu modellieren. Oberflächenunstetigkeiten von 30 μm Tiefe können zuverlässig durch Fusion gefunden werden, wogegen das beste Einzelverfahren erst Tiefen ab 40–50 μm erfolgreich auffindet. Das Experiment wird auf einem zweiten Prüfkörper bestätigt. Am Ende der Arbeit werden Richtlinien für den Einsatz von Datenfusion gegeben, und die Notwendigkeit einer Initiative zum Teilen von Messdaten wird betont, um zukünftige Forschung zu fördern.
Fatigue cracking is a dangerous and cost-intensive phenomenon that requires early detection. But at high test sensitivity, the abundance of false indications limits the reliability of conventional materials testing. This thesis exploits the diversity of physical principles that different nondestructive surface inspection methods offer, by applying data fusion techniques to increase the reliability of defect detection. The first main contribution are novel approaches for the fusion of NDT images. These surface scans are obtained from state-of-the-art inspection procedures in Eddy Current Testing, Thermal Testing and Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing. The implemented image fusion strategy demonstrates that simple algebraic fusion rules are sufficient for high performance, given adequate signal normalization. Data fusion reduces the rate of false positives is reduced by a factor of six over the best individual sensor at a 10 μm deep groove. Moreover, the utility of state-of-the-art image representations, like the Shearlet domain, are explored. However, the theoretical advantages of such directional transforms are not attained in practice with the given data. Nevertheless, the benefit of fusion over single-sensor inspection is confirmed a second time. Furthermore, this work proposes novel techniques for fusion at a high level of signal abstraction. A kernel-based approach is introduced to integrate spatially scattered detection hypotheses. This method explicitly deals with registration errors that are unavoidable in practice. Surface discontinuities as shallow as 30 μm are reliably found by fusion, whereas the best individual sensor requires depths of 40–50 μm for successful detection. The experiment is replicated on a similar second test specimen. Practical guidelines are given at the end of the thesis, and the need for a data sharing initiative is stressed to promote future research on this topic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Caire, François. "Les équations de Maxwell covariantes pour le calcul rapide des champs diffractés par des conducteurs complexes. Application au Contrôle Non Destructif par courants de Foucault." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112284/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de fournir un outil de modélisation rapide de l'interaction d'une source électromagnétique 3D avec une pièce de géométrie ou de propriétés physiques complexes dans le domaine des basses fréquences (régime quasi-statique). La principale application est la simulation d'un procédé de Contrôle Non Destructif (CND) d'une pièce conductrice présentant une surface ou des propriétés physiques perturbées. La plateforme logicielle CIVA, comportant un module dédié à la simulation des procédés de CND par courants de Foucault intègre à l’heure actuelle des modèles semi-analytiques limités aux géométries canoniques : pièces planes, cylindriques. Afin de lever ce verrou, le formalisme des équations de Maxwell covariantes, déjà très utilisé dans le domaine optique pour la caractérisation des réseaux de diffraction (méthode des coordonnées curvilignes) est étendu au régime quasi-statique. L’utilisation d’un nouveau système de coordonnées curvilignes non-orthogonal associé à la géométrie de la pièce conduit à écrire très facilement et de manière analytique les conditions de passage aux interfaces de formes complexes. La résolution numérique des équations de Maxwell sous leur forme covariante est abordée par une approche modale qui repose sur le calcul préalable de solutions propres d’un système d’équations différentielles en absence de source. La représentation des composantes du champ électromagnétique à partir de deux fonctions de potentiels du second ordre (SOVP) ou potentiels de Hertz dans des systèmes de coordonnées canoniques est d’abord étendue au système de coordonnées curvilignes. On obtient alors les expansions modales des composantes covariantes et contra-variantes du champ électromagnétique. Les coefficients de ces expansions modales sont déterminés ensuite en introduisant le champ d’excitation et en imposant les conditions de passage adéquates entre les différents milieux. Cette approche est ensuite couplée d'une part à un algorithme récursif (les paramètres S) afin de prendre en compte la présence d'interfaces internes complexes dans la pièce, et d'autre part à une méthode numérique d'ordre élevé (Méthode pseudo-Spectrale) afin de prendre en compte de façon rigoureuse des variations des propriétés physiques (perméabilité magnétique et/ou conductivité électrique...) du matériau avec la profondeur. La validation de la méthode numérique proposée s’appuie sur des comparaisons avec des données simulées à l'aide d'un logiciel commercial de calcul par éléments finis et des données expérimentales obtenues au laboratoire. En outre, les codes développés ont été intégrés à une version de développement de la plateforme CIVA afin de répondre aux besoins des partenaires dans le cadre du projet européen SIMPOSIUM
This PhD work concerns the development of fast numerical tools, dedicated to the computation of the electromagnetic interaction between a low frequency 3D current source and a complex conductor, presenting rough interfaces and/or conductivity (and/or permeability) variations. The main application is the simulation of the Eddy Current non-destructive testing process applied to complex specimens. Indeed, the existing semi-analytical models currently available in the CIVA simulation platform are limited to canonical geometries. The method we propose here is based on the covariant Maxwell equations, which allow us to consider the physical equations and relationships in a non-orthogonal coordinate system depending on the geometry of the specimen. Historically, this method (cf. C-method) has been developed in the framework of optical applications, particularly for the characterization of diffraction gratings. Here, we transpose this formalism into the quasi-static regime and we thus develop an innovative formulation of the Second Order Vector Potential formalism, widely used for the computation of the quasi-static fields in canonical geometries. Then, we determine numerically a set of modal solutions of the source-free Maxwell equations in the coordinate system introduced, and this allows us to represent the unknown fields as modal expansions in source-free domains. Then, the coefficients of these expansions are computed by introducing the source fields and enforcing the boundary conditions that the total fields must verify at the interfaces between media. In order to tackle the case of a layered conductor presenting rough interfaces, the generalized SOVP formalism is coupled with a recursive algorithm called the S-matrices. On the other hand, the application case of a complex shape specimen with depth-varying physical properties is treated by coupling the modal method we developed with a high-order numerical method: pseudo-spectral method. The validation of these codes is carried out numerically by comparison with a commercial finite element software in some particular configurations. Besides, the homogeneous case is also validated by comparison with experimental data

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Baradi, Divyank. "Control strategies and inspection methods for welded part." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-16383.

Full text

Abstract:

Present and future demonstrator designs were used to demonstrate the quality assurance of welds. The NDT methods tested on prototype demonstrator parts are: visual inspection, radius gauges, throat size gauge, liquid-penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing and ultrasonics with pulse echo and phased array. The other methods like eddy current, time of flight diffraction, radiography, impression test, macro test and infrared thermographs are currently being analyzed along with their inspection costs. The control plans for present and future designs with corresponding present and future NDT methods are suggested to minimize a shift in process. Magnetic particle testing revealed a lack of fusion and cracks for fillet welds, whereas ultrasonic pulse echo and phased array identified an internal lack of fusion, inner pores/slag inclusions on butt welds. Ultrasonic PAUT & TOFD could be used for accurate defect identification and thermography for online identification of lack of penetration, depth of penetration and weld parameters.
Weight reduction by improved weld quality (WIQ)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Larsson, Niklas. "Kartläggning av OFP och defektrelaterade parametrar : Inriktning på termisk utmattning." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-447.

Full text

Abstract:

I både kvalitets- och kontrollarbete finns det behov att kunskapsmässigt komma så nära verkligheten som möjligt vid fastställande av defektparametrar för oförstörande provning (OFP). Orsaken är att olika acceptanskrav och bedömningsgränser är svåra att klarlägga när man inte kan förlita sig på att uppgifter är realistiska. I projektet har olika erfarenheter använts för att få en bättre helhetsbild i området för defektparametrar och oförstörande provning.

Denna rapport redovisar den inledande delen av forskning och utvecklingsprojektet PLANT 2, där olika defektparametrar kartlagts och en teoretisk bedömning utförts med avseende på hur signalsvaret påverkas för OFP-metoderna virvelström (ET) och ultraljudsprovning (UT) i form av puls-eko (PE) och ”time-of-flight-diffraction” (TOFD).

Definitionen av redovisade defektparametrar följer i stort SKI-rapport 95:70 [1]. Defektparametrar i denna rapport redovisas i bilaga 1.

Vid bedömningen av defektparametrarnas inverkan på OFP-tekniker, har drift¬inducerande defekter och tillverkningsdefekter hanterats separat. För de driftinducerande defekterna delades bedömningen upp i en generell och en specifik bedömning. De defektparametrar som bedöms specifikt och klassats att påverka signalsvaret betydligt bör vara av mest intresse i nästkommande etapp. Följande defektparametrar bedömdes påverka signalsvaret betydligt:

• Form i ytan, antal sprickor och avstånd i gatstensmönster

(vid termisk ut¬mattning)

• Form i djupled

• Sprickbredd vid sprickspets och sprickspetsradie

För tillverkningsdefekter bedömdes defektparametrarnas form i djupled och geometri påverka signalsvaret betydligt för defekttyperna slagg och bindfel.

Vid utvärdering av UT-PE och UT-TOFD teknikerna överensstämde resultatet helt med den teoretiska bedömningen. För ET-tekniken stämde endast en av tre defektparametrar överens med den teoretiska bedömningen.

In quality control of defect parameters for Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) it’s essential to have good knowledge about the defects. The reason is that different acceptance criteria and assessments must be based on defects that correspond to real defects. In this project different experience has been analyzed to get a better overview between defect parameters and non-destructive testing.

This report shows the beginning of the research & development project PLANT 2. There are different flaw parameters that have been mapped and a theoretical assessment has been performed with regard to how the signal response is influenced by the NDT techniques eddy current, ultrasonic pulse echo and ultrasonic time-of-flight-diffraction.

The definition of the reported flaw parameters does in general follow the one presented in SKI-report 95:70 [1]. The actual flaw parameters in this report are presented in appendix 1.

In the assessment of the influences on the NDT techniques with regard to flaw parameters, service-induced flaws and manufactured flaws have been separated in to two categories. The service-induced flaws have further on been separated in a general and a specific assessment. Those flaw parameters that have been assessed to be specific and classified to influence the signal response considerably should be the ones of most interest in future studies. The following flaw parameters were assessed to affect the signal response considerably:

• Macroscopic shape in the surface direction, number of cracks

and cobblestone stone pattern distance (for thermal fatigue)

• Macroscopic shape in the through thickness direction

• Crack width at the crack tip and the crack tip radius

For flaws caused by the manufacturing process, type slag and lack of fusion, the flaw parameters “Macroscopic shape in the through thickness direction” and “the geometry” were influenced by the signal response considerably.

In the evaluation of signal response with the UT pulse echo and UT TOFD techniques, the result corresponded to the theoretical assessment. For the eddy current technique only one of three flaw parameters corresponded to the theoretical assessment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Ratsakou, Almpion. "Multi-physical modeling of thermographic inspection methods and fast imaging Fast models dedicated to simulation of eddy current thermography Fast simulation approach dedicated to infrared thermographic inspection of delaminated planar pieces Model based characterisation of delamination by means of thermographic inspection." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS002.

Full text

Abstract:

L’inspection thermographique est une technique populaire de contrôle non destructif qui fournit des images de distributions de température sur de grandes étendues aux surfaces des pièces testées. Détecter les délaminations entre couches métalliques est le sujet ici. La simulation de ces inspections contribue en effet à compléter les études expérimentales, à évaluer les performances en termes de détection, et à être support d'algorithmes basés sur modèles. On se focalise sur un modèle semi-analytique basé sur un développement tronqué en fonctions propres par région. Le problème est résolu dans le domaine de Laplace en temps, et la distribution de température approximée par un développement sur une base produit tensoriel. Les sources considérées sont des lampes flash, mais aussi des sources courants de Foucault (conduisant à un couplage électromagnétisme et chaleur). La description des délaminages sous forme de minces couches d'air se révèle équivalente à l'introduction d'une résistance superficielle au flux de chaleur permettant le traitement via l'approche modale sans discrétisation supplémentaire. Des calculs complémentaires par des codes commercial (méthode des éléments finis) et interne (technique d'intégration finie) confirment l'exactitude. Puis une grande attention est donnée à l'imagerie et la détection. Une procédure en deux étapes est conçue : débruitage des signaux bruts et détection de tout éventuel défaut en utilisant une reconstruction de signal thermographique conduisant à une haute résolution spatiale et temporelle dans le plan transverse, complété par une détection de frontière, puis optimisation itérative, les résultats de la première étape étant utilisées pour la régularisation d'un schéma moindres carrés afin de caractériser épaisseurs et profondeurs. Tout ce qui précède est illustré par de nombreuses simulations numériques dans des conditions proches de l'application
Thermographic inspection is a popular nondestructive testing (NdT) technique that provides images of temperature distribution over large areas at surfaces of tested workpieces. Detecting delaminations between metallic layers is the matter here. Simulation of these inspections indeed helps to complement experimental studies, evaluate performance in terms of detection and support model-based algorithms. A semi-analytical model based on a truncated region eigenfunction expansion for simulation of thermographic inspection is focused onto. The problem is solved in the Laplace domain w.r.t time, and the temperature distribution approximated by expanding it on a tensor product basis. Considered sources are lamps providing thermal excitation but may also be eddy current sources (leading to a coupled electromagnetic and heat problem). The description of the delaminations as thin air gaps between the workpiece layers proves to be equivalent with introduction of a surface resistance to the heat flow, enabling treatment via the applied modal approach without additional discretisation. Complementary computations by industry (Finite Element Method) and in-house (Finite Integration Technique) codes confirm the accuracy of the developments. Then, much attention is put on imaging and detection. A two-step procedure is devised, first denoising of raw signals and detection of any possible defect using a thermographic signal reconstruction leading to high spatial and temporal resolution in the transverse plane, completed by proper edge detection, second an iterative optimization being employed, with results of the first step used for regularization of a least-square scheme to characterize thicknesses and depths. All the above is illustrated by comprehensive numerical simulations in conditions close to practice

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Christophe-Argenvillier, Alexandra. "Méthode des éléments finis avec joints en recouvrement non-conforme de maillages : application au contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112341/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette thèse vise à développer et à évaluer une méthode de décomposition de domaine avec recouvrement dans le cadre de la modélisation du contrôle non destructif (CND) par courants de Foucault (CF). L'objectif d'une telle approche consiste à éviter le remaillage systématique de l'intégralité du domaine d'étude lors du déplacement de l'un de ses éléments constitutifs(par exemple, déplacement de la sonde CF au dessus de la pièce contrôlée). Plus précisément, il s'agit de concevoir une méthode de décomposition de domaine avec recouvrement qui s'appuie sur la théorie apportée par la méthode des éléments finis avec joints. En plus de s'affranchir de la contrainte d'une interface d'échange invariante avec le mouvement, la technique décrite dans ce travail réalise des transferts d'information réciproques entre les domaines. Cette étude présente les résultats théoriques ainsi que numériques liés à la simulation magnétodynamique. Par ailleurs, l'intérêt d'une telle méthode est illustré par des applications sur des configurations bidimensionnelles de CND par CF
This thesis aims at studying and developing a domain decomposition method with overlapping subdomains for the modeling in eddy current (EC) non-Destructive testing (NDT). The idea behind such an approach is the possibility to avoid the systematic remeshes of the whole studying domain when some of its components are modified (for example the displacement of the coil above the conductor). More precisely, this work aims at designing a domain decomposition method with overlapping based on the theory of the mortar finite element method. In addition to remove the constraint owing to an coupling interface which is invariant with the displacement, the technique described, in this work, realizes reciprocal transfers of information between subdomains. This study presents the theoretical and numerical results attached to the magnetodynamic simulation. Moreover, the interest of such a method is illustrated by applications in some 2D modeling cases of EC NDT

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Harmouche, Jinane. "Statistical Incipient Fault Detection and Diagnosis with Kullback-Leibler Divergence : from Theory to Applications." Thesis, Supélec, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014SUPL0022/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la détection et le diagnostic des défauts naissants dans les systèmes d’ingénierie et industriels, par des approches statistiques non-paramétriques. Un défaut naissant est censé provoquer comme tout défaut un changement anormal dans les mesures des variables du système. Ce changement est imperceptible mais aussi imprévisible dû à l’important rapport signal-sur défaut, et le faible rapport défaut-sur-bruit caractérisant le défaut naissant. La détection et l’identification d’un changement général nécessite une approche globale qui prend en compte la totalité de la signature des défauts. Dans ce cadre, la divergence de Kullback-Leibler est proposée comme indicateur général de défauts, sensible aux petites variations anormales cachées dans les variations du bruit. Une approche d’analyse spectrale globale est également proposée pour le diagnostic de défauts ayant une signature fréquentielle. L’application de l’approche statistique globale est illustrée sur deux études différentes. La première concerne la détection et la caractérisation, par courants de Foucault, des fissures dans les structures conductrices. La deuxième application concerne le diagnostic des défauts de roulements dans les machines électriques tournantes. En outre, ce travail traite le problème d’estimation de l’amplitude des défauts naissants. Une analyse théorique menée dans le cadre d’une modélisation par analyse en composantes principales, conduit à un modèle analytique de la divergence ne dépendant que des paramètres du défaut
This phD dissertation deals with the detection and diagnosis of incipient faults in engineering and industrial systems by non-parametric statistical approaches. An incipient fault is supposed to provoke an abnormal change in the measurements of the system variables. However, this change is imperceptible and also unpredictable due to the large signal-to-fault ratio and the low fault-to-noise ratio characterizing the incipient fault. The detection and identification of a global change require a ’global’ approach that takes into account the total faults signature. In this context, the Kullback-Leibler divergence is considered to be a ’global’ fault indicator, which is recommended sensitive to abnormal small variations hidden in noise. A ’global’ spectral analysis approach is also proposed for the diagnosis of faults with a frequency signature. The ’global’ statistical approach is proved on two application studies. The first one concerns the detection and characterization of minor cracks in conductive structures. The second application concerns the diagnosis of bearing faults in electrical rotating machines. In addition, the fault estimation problem is addressed in this work. A theoretical study is conducted to obtain an analytical model of the KL divergence, from which an estimate of the amplitude of the incipient fault is derived

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Mercklé, Jean. "Stratégies de détection de rupture de modèle appliquées à la recherche et à la localisation des défauts sur des produits sidérurgiques." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10047.

Full text

Abstract:

Élaboration de deux stratégies de "détection-localisation" de défauts dans les signaux issus du contrôle par courants de Foulcault des produits sidérurgiques. Validation de ces stratégies dans le contrôle qualité de trois procédés : élaboration de brames de coulée continue, élaboration de blooms de coulée continue et de tubes

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Odložilík, Daniel. "Zařízení pro testování diferenciálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445172.

Full text

Abstract:

This master’s thesis deals with the design of equipment for testing differentials. The aim of the thesis is therefore the design of a special device that will be able to measure the steady and transient characteristics of differentials. Master’s thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter points out the disadvantages of fully open and closed differentials, the second deals with a basic overview of the structures and design of self-locking differentials. The third chapter deals with research of existing devices that test and measure the characteristics of differentials. The fourth chapter then discusses the possible drives of the tested unit. The fifth chapter focuses on the actual construction design of the test equipment. The subsequent sixth chapter then solves the strength calculations of the chosen structural elements of this device.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Hetti, Mimi. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Magnetic Nanocomposites for Damage-Free Structural Health Monitoring of High Performance Composites." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-211082.

Full text

Abstract:

The poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-modified magnetite nanoparticles, Fe3O4-PGMA NPs, were investigated and applied in nondestructive flaw detection of polymeric materials in this research. The Fe3O4 endowed magnetic property to the materials for flaw detection while the PGMA promoted colloidal stability and prevented particle aggregation. The magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were successfully synthesized by coprecipitation and then surface-modified with PGMA to form PGMA-modified Fe3O4 NPs by both grafting-from and grafting-to approaches. For the grafting-from approach, the Fe3O4 NPs were surface-functionalized with α-bromo isobutyryl bromide (BIBB) to form BIB-modified Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-BIB NPs) with covalent linkage. The resultant Fe3O4-BIB NPs were used as surface-initiators to grow PGMA by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). For the grafting-to approach, the Fe3O4 NP were surface-functionalized with (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane (MCTES) to form MCTES-modified Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-MCTES NPs). The PGMA with Br-end group was pre-synthesized by ATRP and then was grafted to the surface of the Fe3O4-MCTES NPs by coupling reaction. Both bare and modified Fe3O4 NPs exhibited superparamagnetism and the existence of iron oxide in the form of Fe3O4 was confirmed. The particle size of individual Fe3O4 NPs was about 8 – 24 nm but they aggregated to form clusters. The PGMA-modified NPs formed stable dispersion in chloroform and had larger cluster sizes than the unmodified ones because of the PGMA polymer layer. However, the uniformity of the NP clusters could be improved with PGMA surface grafting. The PGMA surface layer of the grafting-from (Fe3O4-gf-PGMA) NPs was thin and dense while that of the grafting-to (Fe3O4-gt-PGMA) NPs was thick and loose. The hydrodynamic diameters (Zave) of Fe3O4-gf-PGMA NP clusters could be controlled between 176 to 643 nm, dependent on the PGMA contents and reaction conditions. During SI-ATRP, side reactions happened and caused NP aggregation as well as increase of size of NP clusters. However, the aggregation has been minimized through optimization of reaction conditions. Oppositely, Zave values of Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs had little variation of about 120 – 190 nm. And the PGMA content of the Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs was limited to 12.5% because of the spatial hindrance during grafting process. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the unmodified Fe3O4 NPs was about 77 emu/g, while those of the grafting-from and grafting-to Fe3O4-PGMA NPs were 50 – 66 emu/g and 63 – 70 emu/g, respectively. For Fe3O4-PGMA NPs with similar Fe3O4 contents, the grafting-to NPs had slightly higher Ms than the grafting-from counterparts. In addition, the Ms of both kinds of the Fe3O4-PGMA NPs with higher Fe3O4 content (> 87%) were also higher than that of the fluidMAG-Amine, the commercially available amine-modified MNPs. Besides, both kinds of Fe3O4-PGMA NPs also had much higher Fe3O4 contents and Ms values than most of the reported PGMA-modified MNPs. The magnetic epoxy nanocomposites (MENCs) were prepared by blending the modified Fe3O4 NPs into bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)-based epoxy system and the distributions of both kinds of the PGMA-modified NPs were much better than that of the oleic acid-modified Fe3O4 NPs. Similar to the NPs, the MENCs also exhibited superparamagnetism. By cross-section TEM observation, the grafting-to Fe3O4-PGMA NPs formed more homogeneous distributions with smaller cluster size than the grafting-from counterparts and gave higher Ms of the MENCs. Nondestructive flaw detection of surface and sub-surface defects could be successfully achieved by brightness contrast of images given through eddy current testing (ET) method, which is firstly reported. The mechanical properties of the materials were influenced very slightly when 2.5% or lower Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs were present while the presence of the Fe3O4-gf-PGMA NPs (1 – 2.5 %) gave mild improvement of the storage modulus and increase of the glass-rubber transition temperature(Tg) of the MENCs. Furthermore, the Fe3O4-PGMA NPs could be evenly coated onto the functionalized ultra-high molecular weight poly(ethylene) (UHMWPE) textiles. The Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs were coated on the textile in order to prepare NP-coated textile-reinforced composite. Preliminary result of ET measurement showed that the Fe3O4-gt-PGMA NPs coated on the textiles could visualize the structure of the textile hidden inside and their relative depth. Accordingly, the incorporation of MNPs to polymers opens a new pathway of damage-free structural health monitoring of polymeric materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Zorni, Chiara. "Contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault de milieux ferromagnétiques : de l’expérience au modèle d’interaction." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112031/document.

Full text

Abstract:

La problématique étudiée est le contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault de matériaux ferromagnétiques à l’aide d’un capteur à magnétorésistance géante (GMR). Durant ces travaux deux aspects complémentaires ont été abordés : l’un concerne la mesure expérimentale pour essayer de quantifier et de s’affranchir du bruit de structure et du champ magnétique rémanent, l’autre le développement d’un modèle numérique d’interaction. En ce qui concerne la partie expérimentale plusieurs études avec un capteur GMR qui présente un intérêt particulier en raison de sa bonne sensibilité à basses fréquences, de sa dynamique et de la relative simplicité de mise en œuvre ont été conduites et ont permis d’identifier et quantifier les phénomènes d’artefacts spécifiques aux matériaux ferromagnétiques : le bruit de structure et le champ magnétique rémanent. Une solution basée sur une combinaison linéaire des données expérimentales obtenues à plusieurs fréquences est appliquée pour atténuer le bruit dû à la structure du matériau. Le champ magnétique rémanent a été analysé expérimentalement et un circuit d’asservissement permettant de fixer un point de polarisation dans la zone de fonctionnement linéaire de la GMR et ainsi d’atténuer les perturbations dues aux champs magnétiques rémanents est mis en place. En parallèle et dans l’optique de développer des outils de simulation permettant de mieux comprendre les phénomènes physiques et ainsi d’optimiser les procédés de contrôle, un modèle numérique d’interaction simulant le cas du contrôle d’une pièce plane ferromagnétique d’une ou plusieurs couches pouvant contenir un ou plusieurs défauts est développé. Il étend un modèle déjà existant dans un cas non-ferromagnétique déjà intégré dans la plateforme de simulation CIVA développé par le CEA-LIST et permettant la simulation du Contrôle Non Destructif par Courants de Foucault. Il est basé sur une méthode d’intégrales de volume (VIM) et l’utilisation des tenseurs ou dyades de Green. La solution est obtenue après la discrétisation du volume de calcul et l’application d’une variante de Galerkin de la Méthode des Moments (MoM). La réponse de la sonde est ensuite calculée en appliquant le théorème de réciprocité de Lorentz. Des collaborations avec deux laboratoires universitaires (le Laboratoire de Génie Électrique de Paris (LGEP) et l’Université de Cassino (Italie)) ont permis de comparer les résultats issus des trois différents modèles sur un cas de la littérature. Les résultats se sont révélés satisfaisants et plusieurs études de convergence ont permis d’analyser la stabilité du modèle
The aim of this work is the eddy-current testing (ECT) of ferromagnetic materials within magnetic sensors, such as Giant Magneto-Resistances (GMR). Two complementary aspects have been studied. Experimental measurements have been carried out in order to quantify and minimize the noise coming from the materials structure and residual magnetization. On the other hand, a model has been developed in order to be able to simulate the electromagnetic interactions between a ferromagnetic specimen and the EC probe. The GMR sensors are characterized by high sensitivity at low frequency, large dynamic range and are relatively easy to implement. The studies carried out during this thesis allowed us to identify and analyse the “ghost signals” due to magnetic materials. In order to minimize the noise coming from the materials structure, a linear multi-frequencies combination of experimental signals has been employed successfully and the detection of buried flaws has been improved. The residual magnetization in ferromagnetic materials has been experimentally analyzed and an electronic system has been realized to fix the polarisation point of the sensor in the linear response zone of the GMR. Thus, disturbances caused by residual magnetization are successfully reduced. Beside, in order to develop simulation tools aiming at improving the understanding of experimental signals and optimizing the performances of ECT procedures, a model has been developed to simulate the ECT of planar, stratified and ferromagnetic materials affected with multiple flaws. CEA developed for many years semi-analytical models embedded into the simulation platform CIVA dedicated to non-destructive testing. Following a previous work carried out at the laboratory and already integrated in the simulation platform CIVA, developed at CEA-LIST, the new model extends CIVA functionalities to the ferromagnetic planar case. Simulation results are obtained through the application of the Volume Integral Method (VIM) which involves the dyadic Green’s functions. Two coupled integral equations have to be solved and the numerical resolution of the system is carried out using the classical Galerkin variant of the Method of Moments (MoM). Finally, the probe response is calculated by application of the Lorentz reciprocity theorem. A collaboration with the University of Cassino (Italy) and Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Paris (France) allowed us to compare the three models on experimental and numerical results from literature. Results showed a good agreement between the three models and the model stability has been analyzed

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Miller, Dominique. "Contribution à l'étude et à la réalisation d'une sonde multi-éléments à courants de Foucault et de l'instrumentation associée, destinée à la détection et la reconstruction tomographique de défauts dans les tubes de générateurs de vapeur." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0039.

Full text

Abstract:

Compte-tenu des progrès en matière de modélisation des dispositifs à courants de Foucault, et de résolution des problèmes inverses, on peut espérer pouvoir utiliser bientôt les outils de l'imagerie pour la reconstruction de défauts de pièce métalliques. Encore faut-il disposer d'un capteur approprie, qui échantillonne correctement le champ magnétique et qui soit modélisable. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les pré déterminations nécessaires à la réalisation d'un capteur multiéléments, dans le cadre du contrôle à grande vitesse de tubes de générateurs de vapeurs. Cela conduit en la conception d'une sonde de type microsystème, avec détecteurs sur silicium et électronique de conditionnement embarquée. Par ailleurs, la reconstruction tomographique étant une opération coûteuse en temps de calcul, et elle ne doit être appliquée que sur des zones suspectes. Nous proposons un pré traitement rapide et efficace, base sur l'analyse en composantes principales pour détecter de telles zones, malgré un rapport signal à bruit souvent très mauvais. L'ensemble sonde/pré traitement donne des résultats très satisfaisant en termes de détection, et doit permettre par la suite une reconstruction tomographique des défauts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Machado, Miguel Araújo. "Development of Non-Destructive Testing by Eddy Currents for Highly Demanding Engineering Applications." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/58443.

Full text

Abstract:

Defect detection with Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is essential in accidents prevention, requiring R&TD to generate new scientific and procedural knowledge for new products with high safety requirements. A current challenge lies in the detection of surface and sub-surface micro defects with NDT by Eddy Currents (EC). The main objective of this work was the development of applied research, technological innovation and experimental validation of EC customized systems for three highly demanding inspection scenarios: micro defects in tubular geometries; brazed joints for the automotive industry; and high-speed moving composite materials. This objective implied starting from the scientific fundamentals of NDT by EC to design and simulate EC probes and the prototypes developed were tested in industrial environment, reaching a TRL ≈ 5. Another objective, of a more scientific and disruptive nature, was to test a new technique for the creation of EC in the materials to be inspect, named Magnetic Permeability Pattern Substrate (MPPS). This technique consists on the development of substrates/films with patterns of different magnetic permeabilities rather than the use of excitation bobbin coils or filaments of complex geometry. The experimental results demonstrated that the prototypes developed for the three industrial applications studied outperformed the state of the art, allowing the detection of target defects with a very good signal-to-noise ratio: in tubular geometries defects with depth of 0.5 mm and thickness of 0.2 mm in any scanning position; in the laser brazed weld beads pores with 0.13 mm diameter and internal artificial defects 1 mm from the weld surface; in composite materials defects under 1 mm at speeds up to 4 m/s and 3 mm lift-off. The numerical simulations assisted the probe design, allowing to describe and characterize electrical and magnetic phenomena. The new MPPS concept for the introduction of EC was validated numerically and experimentally.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Rodrigues, Diogo Farias Gonçalves Alexandre. "Plasma nitriding of AA2011 alloy and surface characterization by NDT techniques." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/16443.

Full text

Abstract:

Al-Cu alloys are widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries due to their high specific strength in some tempered conditions. However, due to poor corrosion and wear resistance, they are often anodized and/or painted. Plasma nitriding has been proposed as an alternative, though the developments in this technique are still in a recent stage for Al alloys. Electrical characterization techniques are well implemented NDTs in the industry because of good accuracy associated with lower cost, compared to other methods. Some, like eddy currents and 4-point probe techniques, are often used in coating inspection. The objective of this study was to perform Al nitriding at low temperatures to minimize the tempering initial condition damage and to assess the feasibility of eddy currents technique as a method for evaluating surface properties. The work developed can be divided in two stages. The first one was the process tuning, done at the Shibaura Institute of Technology, in Tokyo; and the second was the electrical characterization done in Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UNL. Low temperature nitriding of AA2011 alloy specimens was successfully achieved. Electrical conductivity results show that lift-off measurements by eddy currents testing can be related to surface properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Liu, Yin-Hsiung, and 劉尹雄. "Design and Application of a Pulsed Eddy-Current Testing System." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83071414621002248163.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系
87
We designed and implemented a PC-based pulsed eddy-current testing system that can be used for nondestructive testing (NDT). This system is controlled witha computer and micro-controller. We carried out the system with pulsed eddy current that contains a broad band of frequencies. This broad band provides information on structure properties at a range of depths with just one pulse. The advantage of this system is that it is much faster than the conventional eddy current testing systems. It records the transient current in a sample and is excited by a step-function change in voltage. Signals are digitized with 12-bit resolution at a sampling rate of 1 MHz, and the excitation is repeated at a rate of 1 kHz. The pulsed eddy current instrument can be used to measure the thickness of coatings, inspect hidden corrosion, and detect the conductivity or permeability of metals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Jeng, Jin-Jhy, and 鄭錦智. "Study on Reducing Evaluation Error of Remote Field Eddy Current Testing." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36350269511788028889.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eddy currents testing'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles