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Journal articles on the topic 'Edge zones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bolt, Laura M., Dorian G. Russell, Elizabeth M. C. Coggeshall, Zachary S. Jacobson, Carrie Merrigan-Johnson, and Amy L. Schreier. "Howling by the river: howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) communication in an anthropogenically-altered riparian forest in Costa Rica." Behaviour 157, no. 1 (2019): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003582.

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Abstract The ways that forest edges may affect animal vocalization behaviour are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of various types of edge habitat on the loud calls (howls) of a folivorous-frugivorous primate species, Alouatta palliata, with reference to the ecological resource defence hypothesis, which predicts that males howl to defend vegetation resources. We tested this hypothesis across four forest zones — interior, riparian, anthropogenic, and combined forest edges — in a riparian forest fragment in Costa Rica. We predicted vegetation and howling would differ between forest

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RASILAINEN, TIINA, ANNA KIRVESLAHTI, PAULIINA NEVALAINEN, MIKA SUVANTO, and TAPANI A. PAKKANEN. "CONTROLLING THE MOVEMENT OF WATER DROPLETS WITH MICRO- AND HIERARCHICAL MICRO/NANOSTRUCTURES." Surface Review and Letters 18, no. 05 (2011): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x11014679.

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Anisotropic surfaces with micropillar- or micropillar/nanobump structures and anisotropic wetting behavior were fabricated. Structures were arranged as three parallel zones where the structure of the middle zone differed from that of the edge zones. The widths of the middle zones were increased systematically, and the effects of the middle zone structures and widths on the contact and sliding angles of water were investigated. Structures were fabricated on PP by injection molding. Microstructured mold inserts for injection molding were obtained by structuring aluminum foils with a microworking

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Nishimura, Toshihiko. "Plastic Zone Coalescence and Edge Break Conditions of Internal Cracks in a Semi-infinite Sheet." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 1 (2006): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2389031.

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The problem of two cracks in a semi-infinite sheet is analyzed. The critical conditions when adjacent plastic zones just coalesced are obtained. Also, the conditions when a plastic zone just reached the sheet edge are obtained. Assuming the crack and plastic zones as a fictitious crack, the integral equations are formulated in terms of surface traction, nonsingular stress, and zero crack face displacement at the coalescent point or at the sheet edge. By solving the equations, critical remote stress, plastic zone sizes, and crack tip opening displacements are obtained. Numerical results are pre

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4

Knapp, R. W. "Fresnel zones in the light of broadband data." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 3 (1991): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443049.

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The investigation of zero‐offset response to circular reflectors of increasing Fresnel zone size shows that reflection response is a constant and is independent of reflector size, except when the reflector diameter is so small that the diffractions interfere with the primary reflection. The extent of this effect is dependent upon vertical resolution and the time separation of the primary reflector and the diffraction. Interference occurs for reflectors smaller in diameter than the first Fresnel zone. Migration removes this interference. For broadband data the Fresnel zone solution breaks into

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Irani, Mazda, and Ian Gates. "Drained/Undrained-Zones Boundary in Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage Process." SPE Journal 21, no. 05 (2016): 1721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174417-pa.

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Summary Li et al. (2004) described three zones at the edge of steam chambers on the basis of drainage conditions: drained, partially drained, and undrained. In the drained zone, the pore pressure is controlled by injection pressure, and fluid mobility within this region is sufficient to drain additional pore pressures because of shear dilation and pore-fluid thermal expansion. The undrained zone lies beyond the partially drained zone and extends to virgin reservoir far beyond the chamber. In this zone shearing behaves under undrained conditions; by this, Li et al. (2004) mean no volume change

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Bowering, Michael, Valerie LeMay, and Peter Marshall. "Effects of forest roads on the growth of adjacent lodgepole pine trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 4 (2006): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-300.

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The effects of roads on growth of adjacent lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees were studied in an area near Williams Lake, British Columbia. Plots were established in a range of stand ages, site qualities, stand densities (stems/ha), stand basal areas (m2/ha), edge aspects, and adjacent road widths. Plots were divided into five zones beginning at the road edge: 0–5 m (zone 1), 5–10 m, 10–20 m, 20–30 m, and 30–40 m (zone 5) from the edge. When the 5 years prior to road establishment were used to scale growth rates, relative tree basal growth rates for zo

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7

Baroiu, Nicușor, Doina Boazu, Silviu Berbinschi, and Virgil Teodor. "Modeling and Experimental Research Regarding the Temperature Distribution along Curved Cutting Edges." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.259.

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The curved cutting edge determines a variable chip thickness that leads to various may energetically load along the cutting edge. For twist drill with curved cutting edges, the machining speed variation along the major cutting edge is significant. The points belong to the drills periphery work with an increased machining speed. The thick of the detached chip by these cutting zones downwards to the periphery, versus the thick corresponding to the zones at the drills axis, may leads, in some conditions, to the evenness of the energetically load along the cutting edge, with direct influence regar

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Nishimura, Toshihiko. "Strip Yield Analysis of Plastic Zone Coalescence for Collinear Edge Crack and Internal Crack in a Semi-Infinite Sheet." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 1 (1999): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556144.

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The coalescence conditions of plastic zones are calculated for an edge crack and an internal crack in a semi-infinite sheet. The cracks and their plastic zones are treated as a fictitious crack, and integral equations are formulated on equilibrium of surface traction, no stress singularity at the crack tip, and zero crack face displacement at the coalesced point of plastic zones. The integral equations are iteratively solved, and critical values of remote stress, plastic zone sizes, and crack tip opening displacements are determined. Numerical results for an edge crack and an internal crack du

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9

Matthes-Sears, U., and D. W. Larson. "Environmental controls of carbon uptake in two woody species with contrasting distributions at the edge of cliffs." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 11 (1990): 2371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-302.

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Thuja occidentalis L. and Acer saccharum Marsh, show mutually exclusive distribution patterns along forested cliff edges of the Niagara Escarpment; T. occidentalis occurs at the cliff edge and on the cliff face, whereas A. saccharum occurs with increasing frequency away from the cliff edge. To reveal the controls of such patterns, seasonal and diurnal courses of net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and xylem water potential were measured in situ and related to fluctuations in light, temperature, and moisture. For each species, saplings growing in the cedar zone near the cliff ed

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Silva, Mércia P. P., and Kátia C. Pôrto. "Bryophyte communities along horizontal and vertical gradients in a human-modified Atlantic Forest remnant." Botany 91, no. 3 (2013): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0194.

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We compared the richness, diversity, and composition of epiphytic bryophytes in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest remnant along zones of height within host trees (vertical gradient) and edge to interior (horizontal gradient). We established five classes of edge distance, and within each one, three host trees were selected (15 in total). Samples were collected in five height zones within host trees from the base to the top. The highest average values of richness and diversity were found in the trunk zone. There was no significant difference of bryophyte total richness and diversity along edge distanc

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Gonsalves, Leroy, Bradley Law, Cameron Webb, and Vaughan Monamy. "Are vegetation interfaces important to foraging insectivorous bats in endangered coastal saltmarsh on the Central Coast of New South Wales?" Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 4 (2012): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc120282.

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Conservation of insectivorous bats and their habitats is of increasing concern in Australia and linear elements in the landscape form important foraging habitats for many species. Only recently has use of endangered coastal saltmarsh habitat by bats been documented. Vegetation adjoining saltmarsh provides echolocating bats with linear elements that may be used while foraging and commuting to patches of high insect abundance. We used acoustic detectors to investigate whether individual species and total bat activity along seaward and landward saltmarsh edges was different to the interior of the

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12

He, Jin Ping, Jian Sheng Chen, and Guang Da Su. "No-Reference Blur Assessment Based on Entropy and PCNN for Restoration Images." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 1599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1599.

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In practical problems, there are usually no clear counterparts as reference to evaluate restoration results. So no-reference blur assessment is very important and necessary. In this paper, we proposed an objective measure named as Edge Factor (EF) to appraise image blurring. The fundamental rationale was that blurring effect was much more perceptible in edge transition zones. The pixel number of edge transition zones would decrease when blurring occured. We defined the pixel number ratio of the edge transition zones to the whole image as EF. Experimental results show the monotonic consistency

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13

Myers, Matthew R., and E. J. Kerschen. "Influence of incidence angle on sound generation by airfoils interacting with high-frequency gusts." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 292 (June 10, 1995): 271–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095001522.

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A theoretical model is developed for the sound generated when a convected vortical or entropic gust encounters an airfoil at non-zero angle of attack. The theory is based on a linearization of the Euler equations about the steady subsonic flow past the airfoil. High-frequency gusts, whose wavelengths are short compared to the airfoil chord, but long compared to the displacement of the mean-flow stagnation point from the leading edge, are considered. The analysis utilizes singular-perturbation techniques and involves four asymptotic regions. Local regions, which scale on the gust wavelength, ar

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14

Shang, Yan, Song Cen, and Wengen Ouyan. "New hybrid-Trefftz Mindlin–Reissner plate elements for efficiently modeling the edge zones near free/SS1 edges." Engineering Computations 35, no. 1 (2018): 136–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-04-2017-0123.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a new finite element method (FEM) solving strategy for efficient analysis of the challenging edge effect problem in plate structures. Its main ideas are to develop special-purpose plate element models to effectively simulate the behaviors in the plate’s edge zones near free/SS1 edges. Design/methodology/approach These new elements are developed based on the hybrid-Trefftz element method. During their construction procedures, the analytical solutions of the edge effect problem, which are in exponential forms, are used to enhance the interior displ

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Pavani, PNL, CLVRSV Prasad, K. Ramji, and SV Ramana. "Characterization of wear and prediction of wear zone locations on the rake face using Mamdani fuzzy inference system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 1 (2016): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415624632.

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In order to improve the performance of the cutting tool, third-generation tools with multi-layered nanocoatings on the rake face are used. During machining, the chip–tool interactions depict that although the tool wear on the rake face is located in the close proximity of the cutting edge, that is, within 800 µm, all the commercially available cutting tools have the coatings on the entire rake face. Taking into account the tribological properties required by the rake face close to the cutting edge, that is, high wear resistance and low friction, this study makes an attempt to identify, charact

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16

Swalwell, Melanie. "Contact Zones: Edge in ‘Portable Cities’ and ‘Fragmental Storm." MEDIANZ: Media Studies Journal of Aotearoa New Zealand 9, no. 1 (2006): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/medianz-vol9iss1id92.

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17

Liu, Zhigao, Jiayi Zhang, and Oleg Golubchikov. "Edge-Urbanization: Land Policy, Development Zones, and Urban Expansion in Tianjin." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (2019): 2538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092538.

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Fast-paced urban growth in China has produced a specific, transient form of urban periphery, which continuously shifts outwards as the city expands. Seeing this process as a distinctive type of (sub)urbanization, this paper encapsulates it under the notion of edge-urbanization. The paper argues that edge-urbanization in China is fueled by deliberate government policies, which seek to mobilize peripheral land for high-growth strategies. The relationships between urban expansions and spatial economic policy are analyzed more closely in the case of Tianjin. Geospatial analysis derived from satell

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18

Allen, M. R., P. A. Griffiths, J. Craig, W. R. Fitches, and R. J. Whittington. "Halokinetic initiation of Mesozoic tectonics in the southern North Sea: a regional model." Geological Magazine 131, no. 4 (1994): 559–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012164.

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AbstractThe North Dogger Fault Zone is located at the northern margin of the UK Southern North Sea Basin, at the edge of the mobile Zechstein Supergroup, and was particularly active during late Triassic and early Jurassic times. It resembles geometrically, and is related tectonically to, the Dowsing Fault Zone which was initiated in late Scythian time along the southwestern edge of the mobile salt. It is proposed that both of these basin-bounding fault systems were initiated in response to the buoyant growth of salt swells in the centre of the Southern North Sea Basin. Passive folding of the T

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Olejnik, E., M. Górny, T. Tokarski, B. Grabowska, A. Kmita, and G. Sikora. "Composite Zones Produced in Iron Castings by In-Situ Synthesis of Tic Carbides." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (2013): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0019.

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The study discusses a method of producing composite zones at the edge of castings made of ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron. Composite zones were produced in castings made of ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron at the casting edge. The reinforcing phase for the composite zone was TiC carbide, obtained by in-situ synthesis of substrates introduced into the mould in the form of compacts. The composition of the substrates of the reaction of the TiC synthesis was next enriched with an Fe filler added in an amount of 10 and 50 wt. % to investigate the possibility of changing the hardness of the composite

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Johnson, Adam B., Nina S. Fogel, and J. David Lambert. "Growth and morphogenesis of the gastropod shell." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 14 (2019): 6878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816089116.

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Gastropod shell morphologies are famously diverse but generally share a common geometry, the logarithmic coil. Variations on this morphology have been modeled mathematically and computationally but the developmental biology of shell morphogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we characterize the organization and growth patterns of the shell-secreting epithelium of the larval shell of the basket whelkTritia(also known asIlyanassa). Despite the larval shell’s relative simplicity, we find a surprisingly complex organization of the shell margin in terms of rows and zones of cells. We examined ce

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Cunningham, Susan J. "Birds of the arid zones: living life on the edge." Ostrich 89, no. 4 (2018): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2018.1560179.

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Fontenas, Laura, and Sarah Kucenas. "Livin’ On The Edge: glia shape nervous system transition zones." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 47 (December 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.008.

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Zhao, Zhe, Wei Li, Philippe Ciais, et al. "Fire enhances forest degradation within forest edge zones in Africa." Nature Geoscience 14, no. 7 (2021): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00763-8.

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Skidmore, Amanda R., Clancy A. Short, Chasity Dills, Karen Goodell, and Ricardo T. Bessin. "Preference of Peponapis pruinosa (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) for Tilled Soils Regardless of Soil Management System." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 4 (2019): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz052.

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Abstract Concerns about global pollinator declines have placed a growing focus on understanding the impact of agriculture practices on valuable native pollinators in these systems. Cultivation practices such as tillage disturb agroecosystems and can have negative impacts on ground-nesting pollinators. The squash bee, Peponapis pruinosa (Say), is a ground-nesting specialist pollinator of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) crops (i.e., pumpkins and squash) that often nests in agricultural fields and thus may be vulnerable to these practices. We investigated the impact of tillage on nesting behavior of P.

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BOOTH, R. J. S. "On the growth of the mixing zone in miscible viscous fingering." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 655 (June 16, 2010): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010001734.

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We investigate the growth of a mixing zone in the displacement of oil by a solvent. Such a zone usually takes the form of long thin fingers of solvent which protrude into the oil. However, despite the existence of reasonably good empirical models for the evolution of mixing zones, there is limited theoretical understanding of the observed growth. Of particular interest is the rate at which the leading edge of the mixing zone grows. In this paper we establish the structure of the mixing zone, and reveal a critical mechanism that plays a role in the growth of the leading edge of the mixing zone.

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Zhao, Ai Qun, Dong Yu Zhang, and Xiao Fei Xu. "Video Text Localization and Extraction Based on Variance Projection and Morphology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.1143.

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The text of the video can provide important information for video description and retrieval. First,the paper adopts Maximum Gradient algorithm which is based on the Sobel Gradient operator to detect the edge of the text. Second, with regards to the rich information of the edge of text, variance projection is employed to detect text zones and to filtrate false text zones by calculating the Regional Density. Finally, Image Morphology is employed to treat the edge of the text. It is to get position and color information of pixels of original image and extract text from complex background. A large

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Yang, Jing, and Kun Zhou. "On Elastic-Plastic Fracture Behavior of a Half-Space Under Prescribed Loading." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 09, no. 03 (2017): 1750036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825117500363.

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The plastic zones at crack tips play a significant role in fracture behaviors of materials. In this paper, a semi-analytic solution is proposed for the plastic zone size of cracks in an elastic-perfectly plastic half-space under prescribed loading. This solution also considers the subsurface stress distribution influenced by the plastic zones at crack tips. The cracks can be treated as a distribution of edge dislocations with unknown densities by using the distributed dislocation technique. In order to calculate the plastic zone sizes of crack tips, two stripes ahead of crack tips are introduc

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Kutorga, Ernestas, Reda Iršėnaitė, Tatjana Iznova, Jonas Kasparavičius, Svetlana Markovskaja, and Jurga Motiejūnaitė. "Species diversity and composition of fungal communities in a Scots pine forest affected by the great cormorant colony." Acta Mycologica 48, no. 2 (2013): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2013.019.

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A Scots pine forest, affected by the great cormorant colony, was studied by plot-based fungal survey method during the years 2010-2012 in Lithuania. Diversity and composition of fungal communities were investigated at five zones that had been influenced by different stages of breeding colony establishment: starting-point and almost abandoned cormorant colony part (zones A and B), active part (zones C and D), and the edge of the colony (zone E). The control zone G in undamaged by cormorants pine stand was assessed too. A total of 257 fungal species of ascomycetes including anamorphic fungi, bas

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Takao, Yuya, Hidenori Genda, Miyuki Wakida, and Yutaka Abe. "The Complete Evaporation Limit of Land Planets." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S293 (2012): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313013124.

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AbstractPlanets with very little amount of water on their surface, called “land planets”, have wider habitable zones than that of Earth-like “aqua planets” (Abe et al. 2011). We investigated complete evaporation of surface liquid water for land planets using 1D energy balance model (EBM). We found that complete evaporation occurs when the planetary flux at the dry edge, which is defined as the boundary between the dry zone and the wet zone, exceeds the critical radiation flux of water saturated atmosphere. We define “complete evaporation limit” as the minimum insolation for complete evaporatio

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Tovar-Ávila, Javier, Christopher Izzo, Terence I. Walker, J. Matias Braccini, and Robert W. Day. "Dorsal-fin spine growth of Heterodontus portusjacksoni: a general model that applies to dorsal-fin spines of chondrichthyans?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 1 (2008): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-146.

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A prospective model of dorsal-fin spine growth in chondrichthyans is devised by studying the growth of spines from captive and wild Heterodontus portusjacksoni injected with several fluorochromes. Evidence was found for only two dentine layers in the spine trunk of H. portusjacksoni, contrasting with conjectures about the presence of a third middle dentine layer in some squalids. The spines have three simultaneous growth zones. The first growth zone is along the internal edge of the inner trunk dentine layer, where growth bands are deposited towards the centre (centripetally), increasing spine

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Marley, S. K., K. M. Lyons, and K. A. Watson. "Leading-Edge Reaction Zones in Lifted-Jet Gas and Spray Flames." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion formerly `Applied Scientific Research' 72, no. 1 (2004): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:appl.0000014906.91990.4e.

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Wang, Z., and H. Kao. "The Significance of Tomographic Edge Zones for Large Earthquakes in Taiwan." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, no. 11 (2019): 11822–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jb017875.

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Kirsanov, V. V., and T. E. Turkebaev. "Zones of spontaneous absorption of point defects by the edge dislocation." Journal of Nuclear Materials 140, no. 3 (1986): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(86)90209-6.

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Jotikapukkana, Sukanda, Åke Berg, and Anak Pattanavibool. "Wildlife and human use of buffer-zone areas in a wildlife sanctuary." Wildlife Research 37, no. 6 (2010): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09132.

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Context. Buffer zones are supposed to serve the dual purpose of ‘extension buffering’, or an extension of core habitat areas, and ‘socio buffering’ to provide goods and services to humans; however, few studies have evaluated both human use of buffer zones and the occurrence of wildlife. Aims. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effects of human disturbance on wildlife by recording the use of the 4-km-wide buffer zone of Huai Kha Kaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (HKKWS), Thailand, by humans and domestic animals. Methods. Occurrence of signs of large mammals were recorded along 37 transects

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Fujimoto, Masakazu, Susumu Ohishi, Ryosuke Hinaga, and Yuki Kubo. "Wheel Working Surface Topography and Grinding Force Distributions in Creep Feed Grinding." International Journal of Automation Technology 12, no. 2 (2018): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0223.

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This paper discusses the topographic features of wheel working surfaces and the grinding force distributions in wheel-work contact zones of creep feed grinding. Grain cutting edge wear is observed by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and quantitatively evaluated in terms of attritious wear flat percentage, which is able to characterize the wear behavior. By measuring the normal and tangential grinding force distribution in the grinding zone, the distribution form of grinding forces can be approximated to be triangular and the grinding forces increased rapidly due to workpiece burn. It is sh

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Kraus, Richard T., Carey T. Knight, Troy M. Farmer, et al. "Dynamic hypoxic zones in Lake Erie compress fish habitat, altering vulnerability to fishing gears." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 6 (2015): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0517.

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Seasonal degradation of aquatic habitats from hypoxia occurs in numerous freshwater and coastal marine systems and can result in direct mortality or displacement of fish. Yet, fishery landings from these systems are frequently unresponsive to changes in the severity and extent of hypoxia, and population-scale effects have been difficult to measure except in extreme hypoxic conditions with hypoxia-sensitive species. We investigated fine-scale temporal and spatial variability in dissolved oxygen in Lake Erie as it related to fish distribution and catch efficiencies of both active (bottom trawls)

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Brühl, Matthias, Gijs J. O. Vermeer, and Michael Kiehn. "Fresnel zones for broadband data." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 2 (1996): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443986.

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For monochromatic waves, the term “Fresnel zone” is well‐defined even though different authors use different terminology. Most authors use the definition originating from optics. There, the first Fresnel zone is defined as the area of a circular hole in a screen between a light source and an observation point that produces maximum light intensity in the observation point (Figure 1). If the radius of the hole is enlarged, minima and maxima in light intensity alternate. The first maximum is reached if the raypath difference between the direct ray and the ray traveling via the edge of the hole eq

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Chen, Yu Hua, Li Ming Ke, Ying Liu, and Shi Long Xu. "Study on the Microstructure of Micro Laser Welded Joint of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy Sheet." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3936–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3936.

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Butt welding of 0.2mm thick TiNi shape memory alloy sheet was successfully realized by using micro impulse laser whose average power is 80W and the microstructure of welded joint was study in this paper. The results show that, the welded joint of micro laser welding can be divided into four zones according to grain size and microstructure. The microstructure in base metal zone is rolled structure and the grains are coarse and heterogeneous. The microstructures of welded seam center zone are fine equiaxed crystals and the microstructures of both lower surface and upper surface edge zone are col

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MENG, XINGWEI, XIAOHU LI, FENGYOU CHU, et al. "Multi-stage growth and fluid evolution of a hydrothermal sulphide chimney in the East Pacific Ridge 1–2° S hydrothermal field: constraints from in situ sulphur isotopes." Geological Magazine 156, no. 06 (2018): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000316.

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AbstractSulphur isotopes can be used as a powerful tool to trace fluid evolution and explore the formation of chimneys. To clarify the in situ S isotopic variations of sulphides at the micro-scale, we analyzed a sulphide chimney collected from the hydrothermal field in the East Pacific Rise 1–2° S using a sensitive high-mass-resolution ion micro-probe for stable isotopes (SHRIMP SI). Three mineral zones can be identified in the chimney: an external outer wall of porous anhydrite and colloform pyrite, an internal middle zone of sub-euhedral pyrite and massive chalcopyrite, and an inner zone of

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Zhang, Chi, Hong Zhang, Xiongying Ma, Min Zhang, and Shiwei Wang. "Driving Risk Assessment in Work Zones Using Cloud Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (August 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8759580.

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Work zones are prone to traffic accidents. They are considered as dangerous parts of expressways not only for drivers but also for highway construction workers, as they face a higher risk of traffic accidents in work zones. In order to identify the driving risks and to provide guidance to detect traffic risks in work zone, a comprehensive risk assessment method based on cloud model is developed to examine the driving risks in work zones. The proposed model relies on three parameters to determine the driving risks in work zones, namely, coefficient of variation of speed, deceleration, and minim

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Liang, Yongshi, Cliff Y. Guo, Xianglong Zhao, Qiang Qin, Yi Cheng, and Lixin He. "CPFD simulation on particle behaviour in an entrained-flow gasifier." Clean Energy 4, no. 1 (2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkz032.

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Abstract A computational particle fluid dynamics simulation model for entrained-flow gasification was established in this study. The simulation results agree with the experimental data. The detailed particle information and residence-time distribution were obtained by injecting particle tracers in the simulation. The results show that the particles in the gasifier can be classified into three flowing zones, i.e. a fast-flowing zone, a recirculation zone and a spreading zone. The criterion for this classification was also provided. The rapid gas expansion caused by the fast reactions plays a si

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Ledley, Tamara Shapiro. "Meridional Sea-Ice Transport and its Impact on Climate." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500008442.

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Sea ice is an important factor in controlling the ocean–atmosphere energy exchange in polar regions, and has an important impact on climate. This is because sea ice insulates the relatively warm ocean from the cold winter atmosphere, and has a higher surface albedo than the ocean. In this study the effect of sea-ice transport on the energy exchange between the atmosphere and ocean, and thus on climate, is examined using a coupled energy-balance climate–thermodynamic sea-ice model. Transport of sea ice produces a thinning of the zonally annually-averaged sea ice in the poleward-most zones, and

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Ledley, Tamara Shapiro. "Meridional Sea-Ice Transport and its Impact on Climate." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500008442.

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Sea ice is an important factor in controlling the ocean–atmosphere energy exchange in polar regions, and has an important impact on climate. This is because sea ice insulates the relatively warm ocean from the cold winter atmosphere, and has a higher surface albedo than the ocean. In this study the effect of sea-ice transport on the energy exchange between the atmosphere and ocean, and thus on climate, is examined using a coupled energy-balance climate–thermodynamic sea-ice model.Transport of sea ice produces a thinning of the zonally annually-averaged sea ice in the poleward-most zones, and a

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Schmidt, Martin, Claas Nendel, Roger Funk, Matthew G. E. Mitchell, and Gunnar Lischeid. "Modeling Yields Response to Shading in the Field-to-Forest Transition Zones in Heterogeneous Landscapes." Agriculture 9, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010006.

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In crop modeling and yield predictions, the heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes is usually not accounted for. This heterogeneity often arises from landscape elements like forests, hedges, or single trees and shrubs that cast shadows. Shading from forested areas or shrubs has effects on transpiration, temperature, and soil moisture, all of which affect the crop yield in the adjacent arable land. Transitional gradients of solar irradiance can be described as a function of the distance to the zero line (edge), the cardinal direction, and the height of trees. The magnitude of yield reduction

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Matheson, J. D., and D. W. Larson. "Influence of cliffs on bird community diversity." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 2 (1998): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-195.

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Cliffs along the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario, Canada, support a long, narrow presettlement forest that includes three distinct geomorphic and vegetation zones: cliff edge, cliff face, and talus slope. This unique landform provides an opportunity to evaluate differences in bird communities between the escarpment and adjacent forest relative to habitat features. We sampled forest birds 12 times during the summer of 1994 in plots located in plateau forests, on talus slope, at cliff edges, and on cliff faces. Eleven habitat variables considered important to birds were also sampled in the plots.

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Graham, Eric A., Mark Hansen, William J. Kaiser, Yeung Lam, Eric Yuen, and Philip W. Rundel. "Dynamic Microclimate Boundaries across a Sharp Tropical Rainforest–Clearing Edge." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (2021): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091646.

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As landscapes become increasingly fragmented, research into impacts from disturbance and how edges affect vegetation and community structure has become more important. Descriptive studies on how microclimate changes across sharp transition zones have long existed in the literature and recently more attention has been focused on understanding the dynamic patterns of microclimate associated with forest edges. Increasing concern about forest fragmentation has led to new technologies for modeling forest microclimates. However, forest boundaries pose important challenges to not only microclimate mo

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Jusys, Tomas. "Quantifying avoided deforestation in Pará: Protected areas, buffer zones and edge effects." Journal for Nature Conservation 33 (September 2016): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.05.001.

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Elghamrawy, Tarek, Khaled El-Rayes, Liang Liu, and Ibrahim Odeh. "Performance of Temporary Rumble Strips at the Edge of Highway Construction Zones." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 138, no. 8 (2012): 923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000511.

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Pawar, Sagar, Sachin D. Kore, and Arup Nandy. "Comparison of Sheared Edge Zones Developed in Electromagnetic and Quasistatic Dieless Perforation." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29, no. 2 (2020): 1146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04636-w.

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Fricker, Helen Amanda, Richard Coleman, Laurie Padman, Ted A. Scambos, Jennifer Bohlander, and Kelly M. Brunt. "Mapping the grounding zone of the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica using InSAR, MODIS and ICESat." Antarctic Science 21, no. 5 (2009): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200999023x.

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AbstractWe use a combination of satellite techniques (interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), visible-band imagery, and repeat-track laser altimetry) to develop a benchmark map for the Amery Ice Shelf (AIS) grounding zone (GZ), including its islands and ice rises. The break-in-slope, as an indirect estimate of grounding line location, was mapped for the entire AIS. We have also mapped ∼55% of the landward edge and ∼30% of the seaward edge of the ice shelf flexure boundary for the AIS perimeter. Vertical ice motion from Global Positioning System receivers confirms the location of the

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