Academic literature on the topic 'Edit wars'

Die Wikipedia ist im Jahr 2002 angetreten, um den bereits etablierten Internet-Enzyklopädien etwas völlig Neues entgegenzusetzen, ja die bislang geübte Praxis der Enzyklopädistik zu revolutionieren. Vor allem in zwei wesentlichen Punkten weicht die Wikipedia von konventionellen Lexika ab: Zum einen stehen ihre Inhalte vollständig unter freier Lizenz, was bedeutet, dass sie auch wörtlich weiterverwendet und weiterverarbeitet werden dürfen. Zum anderen ist der Autorenkreis nicht auf einige wenige Experten beschränkt. Ziel der Wikipedia ist es, dass sich jeder an der Erstellung und Aktualisierung von Artikeln beteiligen kann. Jeder soll unmittelbar und ohne Vorkontrolle zum Gesamtbestand des Wissens beitragen können.

The Milan Edict (313), the Nuntian Edict (1598) and its abolition (1685), the Declaration of Tolerance (1689), adopted in England, became peculiar milestones, which reflected the concern of secular and religious-ecclesiastical authorities with large-scale and long-standing religious conflicts that from time to time grew into religious wars that destabilized states and societies. The abolition of the Nantes' edict, in particular, which at one time tried to consolidate certain rules of tolerance, equality of religious beliefs, signaled a new surge of religious persecution in France and other countries, the introduction of repressive and discriminatory measures in the religious sphere.

The French wars of religion, 1562–1629. By Mack P. Holt. (New Approaches to European History, 8.) Pp. xiv+239 incl. 9 maps and 7 figs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. £30 (cloth), £10.95 (paper). 0 521 35359 9; 0 521 35873 6Reformation in La Rochelle. Tradition and change in early modern Europe, 1500–1568. By Judith Pugh Meyer. (Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 298). Pp. 182 incl. frontispiece, 9 figs and 21 tables. Geneva: Droz, 1996. 2 600 00115 8A city in conflict. Troyes during the French wars of religion. By Penny Roberts. (Studies in Early Modern European History.) Pp. xi+228. Manchester–New York: Manchester University Press, 1996. £40. 0 7190 4694 7One king, one faith. The Parlement of Paris and the religious reformations of the sixteenth century. By Nancy Lyman Roelker. (A Centennial Book.) Pp. xiii+543. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London: University of California Press, 1996. £50 ($65). 0 520 08626 0When the French king Henri III appeared before the Parlement of Paris to enregister the Edict of Nemours on 18 July 1585, he was greeted with a eulogistic harangue from the first president of the parlement, Achille de Harlay. This was, he told the king, a true lit de justice, in which the king was united and reconciled with his people within a godly union around the one, true and Catholic religion. He went on to remind the king that it was twenty-five years ago to the month that the first edict of Catholicity had been promulgated. In the intervening period, the parlement had never accepted the principle behind the adventure of religious pluralism attempted in the various edicts of pacification with the Protestant minority. They had only enregistered them under the duress of ‘the explicit command of the king’ and the ‘urgent necessity of the times’, judging all such measures ‘contrary to the tranquility of your state’, and against the law of God. One observer recorded that the king wept during this speech. But these were not tears of joy, for this edict (which obliged the Protestant minority to abjure or depart the realm within months) had been forced upon him by the duke of Guise and the Catholic League. At a stroke it unwound the painfully slow efforts of the French monarchy to rebuild its authority on the basis of a royally imposed religious pluralism. The king appeared before his parlement to reap what rewards he could from a measure that also advertised his faiblesse. Like the more recent tear for the decommissioning of a royal yacht, these were the ways a monarch used to express the politically impossible. For us they are an important reminder of the passions that gripped French politics during its painful and bloody reformation and how sophisticated we must be in their interpretation. The four works under consideration here are very disparate – a socio-institutional study, an up-to-date, interpretative textbook, and two case-studies in the urban reformation. Their only common thread is that they represent the variety of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ (in the French denomination) scholarship on the wars of religion.

Advances in signal processing techniques have provided effective tools for quantitative research in traditional Chinese pulse diagnosis. However, because of the inevitable intraclass variations of pulse patterns, the automatic classification of pulse waveforms has remained a difficult problem. Utilizing the new elastic metric, that is, time wrap edit distance (TWED), this paper proposes to address the problem under the support vector machines (SVM) framework by using the Gaussian TWED kernel function. The proposed method, SVM with GTWED kernel (GTWED-SVM), is evaluated on a dataset including 2470 pulse waveforms of five distinct patterns. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a lower average error rate than current pulse waveform classification methods.

This document synthesizes information about the warm season cover crop sunn hemp. The question-and-answer format addresses frequently asked questions for growers with answers that summarize the growing body of sunn hemp research. The information is provided so that growers in Florida can learn about up-to-date cultivation and management options for sunn hemp as well as better understand its practical uses. This document is a follow-up to the following:
 Wang, Qingren, Yuncong Li, Waldemar Klassen, and Edward Hanlon. 2015. “Sunn Hemp : A Promising Cover Crop in Florida”. EDIS 2015 (7), 4. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-tr003-2015.
 Wang, K., and Robert McSorley. 2004. “Management of Nematodes and Soil Fertility With Sunn Hemp Cover Crop”. EDIS 2004 (18). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/114109.

The French Loire valley was one of the main attractions on the Dutch Grand Tour in the 17th century. It had prestigious academies, private tutors of aristocratic skills such as fencing and formal dancing, and religious communities of Huguenots. This article examines how Protestant Dutch elite travellers expressed their interest, empathy, and connection to these groups of like-minded individuals. Travellers reflected both on past events of the 16th-century French Wars of Religion and on current difficulties. Focusing on the years leading up to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which drastically changed France’s religious situation in 1685, this article discusses how travellers presented the Huguenots’ troubles.

Begreppet ”fan edits” betecknar filmer som klipps om av fans, vilka är missnöjda med hur en adaption för vita duken som gjorts. I min uppsats vill jag påvisa dels hur samspelet mellan fans och filmmakare/filmbolag sett och ser ut, dels försöka klargöra varför copyright/fair use är så knepigt att applicera på området.

Objectivity and neutrality of current makers of online maps is hampered by the fact that the most important of them who form the public opinion are largely commercial giants. Sensitivity of approaches is desirable especially in specific situations involving territorial disputes. The textual part of the thesis brings theoretical insights to the problematics of map makers policies and their preservation or violation. At the same time is describes critical cartography as a current opposition against governmental and cooperative mapping, of which counter-mapping processes are regularly used in art, too. Practical outcome attempts to reflect specific approaches of map makers depending on particular territorial disputes. It takes place mostly in online environment, using the functions of Google Street View or Google Earth and forms of counter-mapping on the OSM platform. The goal is to bring alternative realities complicating map makers policies and governing apparatus to map projects with the international coverage.

This thesis argues that Edith Wharton’s assessment of American ways and their meaning in her post-war fiction has been widely misread. Its title derives from French Ways and Their Meaning (1919), which she wrote to educate her countrymen about French culture and society. Making sense of America was as great a challenge to Wharton. Much of her later fiction was for a long time dismissed by critics on the grounds that she had failed to ‘make sense’ of America. Wharton was troubled by American materialism and optimism, yet she believed in a culturally significant future for her nation. She advocated – and wrote – an American fiction that looked critically at society and acknowledged the nation’s ties to Europe. Sometimes her assessment of American ways is reductive, and presented in a tone that her critics, then and since, found off- putting and snobbish. But her skepticism about American modernity was penetrating and prophetic, and has not been given its due. In criticism over the last two decades, a case for the place of Wharton’s post-war fiction in canons of feminism and modernism has been persuasively made. The thesis responds to these positions, but makes its own argument that the post-war writing reflects broader shift in American identity and ideology. The thesis is broadly historicist in its strategy, opening with a discussionofthereputationofthesetextsandthatoftheauthormoregenerally. Afterthat entry-point, it is organized thematically, with four chapters covering topics that are seen as key components of American ideology in Wharton’s post-war writing. These include modernity, gender equality, the American Dream of social mobility, and American exceptionalism. The thesis concludes with an assessment of Wharton’s prognostications in the context of twenty-first century America.

Medicina i guerra a l’Europa baix-medieval és un estudi del procés de creació i desenvolupament del nou sistema mèdic, que va aparèixer a l’Occident llatí a partir de la darreria del segle XIII, centrat en l’anàlisi de la conjuntura bèl·lica. — Objectius i hipòtesi.— La guerra, tan present al context europeu medieval, proporciona un observatori privilegiat per a estudiar com, en aquella societat urbana renascuda dels últims segles medievals, la salut, tant la de les persones com la dels animals útils, va ser objecte d’un interès prioritari; un interès que va determinar la posada en marxa d’un nou sistema mèdic, amb un nou model de metge i de medicina (universitaris), amb un cos doctrinal renovat (galenisme), i amb estratègies de control i tot d’iniciatives per a incorporar els sectors extrauniversitaris (cirurgians, barbers, apotecaris i menescals) a aquesta nova manera d’entendre la gestió de la salut. El resultat fou una professionalització gradual dels diversos sectors sanitaris i una medicalització creixent de la societat, visible en diversos àmbits, des de les decisions governamentals fins al lèxic o els textos de tota mena que es van generar. La creació i desenvolupament d’aquest nou sistema mèdic és reconeixible, amb diversos tempos, arreu de l’Europa llatina occidental, però l’àrea de l’antiga Corona d’Aragó (Aragó, Catalunya, València, Balears, Sicília i Sardenya) ofereix unes oportunitats d’estudi excepcionals, en particular per la quantitat i la qualitat de les fonts conservades, per les interrelacions i les influències que va tenir i pel compromís actiu dels seus governants. La tesi vol verificar que en una conjuntura tan delicada per als equilibris establerts com és la guerra aquest procés no tan sols no es va interrompre o posar en dubte sinó que es va activar molt més encara. — Fonts d’informació. — L’estudi es fonamenta en l’explotació de l’extraordinari patrimoni documental conservat a l’àrea cultural catalana. S’ha fet una recerca sistemàtica, per als períodes cronològics seleccionats, en alguns dels arxius històrics més importants del país: l’antic arxiu reial, amb documentació relativa a tota la Corona d’Aragó (Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó), i els tres principals arxius de Barcelona (Arxiu de la Catedral de Barcelona, Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona i Arxiu Històric de Protocols de Barcelona). Aquesta recerca ha proporcionat uns 2.800 documents útils per al tema, que s’han classificat amb els mitjans informàtics a l’abast. A part d’aquestes fonts principals, s’ha fet ús de diplomataris publicats, ordinacions, cròniques, fonts narratives i tractats mèdics, i d’una extensa bibliografia secundària. — Metodologia i estructura. — La metodologia emprada és la pròpia de la recerca en història medieval. Després d’una Introducció (pàg. xviii-xxxvi), s’analitzen a fons, en una Primera part de la tesi (pàg. 1-431), tots els aspectes sanitaris de quatre conflictes militars, seleccionats després d’una exploració documental que en confirmés les possibilitats de recerca. Aquests conflictes militars són els següents: la campanya d’Almeria de Jaume II (1309-1310), l’expedició de conquesta de Sardenya dirigida per l’infant Alfons [el Benigne] (1323-1324), la guerra dita de ‘reintegració’ del regne de Mallorca (1343-1344) i l’expedició de Pere III el Cerimoniós a Sardenya (1354-1355). Per a cadascun d’aquests conflictes es fa una descripció dels fets històrics, de l’allistament dels professionals sanitaris, del seu origen geogràfic i de les funcions sanitàries documentades (físics, cirurgians, barbers, apotecaris i menescals, cristians, jueus i musulmans), de les característiques de l’activitat professional i de la seva gestió, de les altres formes de participació tant dels sanitaris allistats com dels que les van exercir des de la rereguarda, de la incidència de les malalties epidèmiques i de la interacció amb els sanitaris del territori afectat (en els casos de Sardenya i del regne de Mallorca). A continuació, en una Segona part (pàg. 432-594), s’aprofundeix l’anàlisi en alguns aspectes clau, que són la gènesi d’un sistema organitzat d’assistència sanitària als exèrcits i a les armades navals (amb notes sobre els castells, la participació de les dones i la navegació comercial i corsària), les formes de retribució professional dels sanitaris militars, la implicació del monarca en la promoció del nou sistema mèdic en el context bèl·lic, els orígens dels hospitals de campanya, el paper dels ordes militars, l’abast social de l’activitat professional dels sanitaris militars i la significació de les altres formes de participació que van tenir en la guerra (econòmica, diplomàtica, etc.). En aquesta Segona part s’amplia el ventall cronològic amb dades anteriors i posteriors als conflictes analitzats prèviament (sobre la guerra de les Vespres Sicilianes i altres conflictes de finals del segle XIII, i sobre la guerra de Castella, dita dels Dos Peres, de 1356-1369) i, amb perspectiva comparada, amb les dades que es coneixen d’algunes altres àrees d’Europa occidental (Anglaterra, Països Baixos, França, Castella i Itàlia). El text del treball acaba amb unes Conclusions (pàg. 595-601) en les quals es recapitula l’argument i es dona per verificada la hipòtesi inicial. Tot seguit, es presenten dos complements: un Apèndix documental (pàg. 602-847), en el qual es transcriuen els 321 documents arxivístics més significatius, i la llista sistemàtica de Fonts i bibliografia emprades. D’altra banda, el text s’acompanya de 33 taules, 13 mapes i 21 gràfics que permeten una millor comprensió de la matèria. El contingut de la tesi es distribueix en tres volums, amb paginació correlativa. Els dos primers (pàg. i-xxxvi+1-325 i 326-601) en contenen el text, mentre que el tercer (pàg. 602-920) inclou l’Apèndix documental i la llista de Fonts i bibliografia.<br>Medicine and War in Late Medieval Europe is a study of the process by which the new medical system, which appeared in the Latin West from the late thirteenth century onwards, was created and developed, focused on the analysis of warfare. — Goals and hypothesis. — War, omnipresent in medieval Europe, provides an excellent observatory for studying how health, of both people and useful animals, became a prime object of interest in urban society, which flourished anew in the latter centuries of the Middle Ages. It was an interest that determined the introduction of a new medical system, with a new kind doctor and medicine (trained and taught in the universities), with a renewed doctrinal corpus (Galenism), and with strategies of control and a series of initiatives for incorporating the non-university trained sectors (surgeons, barbers, apothecaries and marshals) in this new way of understanding the administration of health. The result was a gradual professionalization of the different areas of health care and a growing medicalization of society, visible in various spheres, from the decisions of government to the lexis or the texts of all kinds that were generated. The creation and development of this new medical system can be seen, at different rates, all over Latin Western Europe, but the area of the old Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia) offers exceptional opportunities for study, in particular for the quantity and the quality of the surviving sources, for the interrelationships and the influences that it had and for the active commitment of its rulers. The thesis sets out to confirm that in a context of warfare, so delicate for the established equilibriums, not only was this process not interrupted or placed in doubt, but it was activated a great deal more. — Sources of information. — The study is based on the exploitation of the extraordinary documentary heritage conserved in the Catalan cultural area. A systematic search has been carried out, for the selected chronological periods, in some of the country’s most important historical archives: the old royal archive, with documentation relative to the whole of the Crown of Aragon (Archive of the Crown of Aragon), and the three main archives of Barcelona (Archive of Barcelona Cathedral, City of Barcelona Historical Archive, and Historical Archive of Notarial Protocols of Barcelona). This search has produced about 2,800 documents relevant to the subject matter, which have been classified with the available digital means. Besides these principal sources, use has been made of published collections of diplomas, ordinances, chronicles, narrative sources and medical treatises, and an extensive secondary bibliography. — Methodology and structure. — The methodology used is that pertaining to medieval historical research. After an Introduction (pp. xviii-xxxvi), in Part one of the thesis (pp. 1-431), there is a detailed analysis of all the medical aspects of four military conflicts, selected after an exploration of the documents that confirmed their research potential. These are the following: James II’s Almeria campaign (1309-1310), the expedition to conquer Sardinia led by Prince Alfonso [the Benign] (1323-1324), the ‘war of reintegration’ of the kingdom of Majorca (1343-1344), and Peter III the Ceremonious’ expedition to Sardinia (1354-1355). For each of these campaigns a description is made of the historical events, the enlistment of health care professionals, their geographical origins and recorded health care functions (Christian, Jewish and Muslim physicians, surgeons, barbers, apothecaries and marshals), the nature of their professional activity and its administration, the other forms of participation of both the enlisted medics and those who worked from the rearguard, the impact of epidemic diseases and interaction with health care workers in the affected territory (in the cases of Sardinia and the kingdom of Majorca). In Part two (pp. 432-594), there is a more in-depth analysis of some key aspects: the beginnings of an organized system of medical care for armies and navies (with notes on castles, the participation of women, and commercial and corsair maritime activity), the ways in which the salaries of military health care professionals were paid, the involvement of the king in the promotion of the new medical system in a context of warfare, the origins of field hospitals, the role of the military orders, the social scope of the professional activity of military health care professionals and the significance of the other ways in which they took part in warfare (economic, diplomatic, etc.). In this Second part the timeframe is extended with data from before and after the wars previously analysed (about the War of the Sicilian Vespers and other conflicts from the late thirteenth century, and the war with Castile, or ‘of the Two Peters’, 1356-1369) and, from a comparative perspective, with the information that is known about some other parts of Western Europe (England, the Low Countries, France, Castile and Italy). The text of the thesis ends with Conclusions (pp. 595-601) in which the argument is recapitulated and the initial hypothesis is confirmed. After that there are two complementary sections: a Documentary appendix (pp. 602-847), in which the 321 most important archive documents are transcribed, and the systematic list of Sources and bibliography used. The text is also accompanied by 33 tables, 13 maps and 21 diagrams that contribute to a greater understanding of the subject. The contents of the thesis are distributed in three volumes, whose pages are numbered correlatively. The first two (pp. i-xxxvi + 1-325, and 326-601) contain the text, while the third (pp. 602-920) includes the Documentary appendix and the list of Sources and bibliography.

Thesis (M. A.)--Florida State University, 2005.<br>Advisor: Dr. Leigh H. Edwards, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of English. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 15, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 49 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

My thesis examines relations among practitioners of various religions, especially Christians and Jews, during the era when Jesus’ project went from being a Galilean sect, to a persecuted minority, to religio licita status, and eventually to imperial favor, all happening between the first century resurrection of Jesus and the fourth century rise of Constantine. There is an abiding image of the Church in wider public consciousness that it is unwittingly and in some cases antagonistically exclusionist. This is not a late-developing image. I trace it to the period that the church developed into a formal organization with the establishment of canons and creeds defined by Church councils. This notion is so pervasive that an historical retrospective of Christianity of any period, from the sect that became a movement, to the Reformation, to the present day’s multiple Christian iterations, is framed by the late Patristic era. The conflicts and solutions reached in that period provided enduring definition to the Church while silencing dissent. I refer here to such actions as the destruction of books and letters and the banishment of bishops. Before there emerged the urgent perceived need for doctrinal uniformity, the presence of Christianity provided a resilient non-militant opponent to and an increasing intellectual critique of all religious traditions, including that of the official gods that were seen to hold the empire together. When glaringly manifest cleavages in the empire persisted, the Emperor Constantine sought to use the church to help bring political unity. He called for church councils, starting with Nicaea in 325 CE that took no account for churches outside the Roman Empire, and many within, even though councils were called “Ecumenical.” The presumption that the church was fully representative without asking for permission from a broader field of constituents is just that: a presumption. This thesis studies the ancient world of Christianity’s growth to explore whether, in that age of new and untested toleration, there was a more advisable way of responding to the invitation to the political table. The answer to this can help us formulate, and perhaps revise, some of our conduct today, especially for Christians who obtain a voice in powerful places.<br>Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology<br>D. Th. (Church History)

Chapter 2 discusses the ways in which Wharton’s prolific, if short-lived, output of World War I writing changed in reaction to external forces. Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort and French Ways and their Meaning were influenced by the military authorities, while The Book of the Homeless was spurred on by the need to raise funds for Wharton’s charities. A comparison between The Marne and A Son at the Front, however, reveals that, after the war, Wharton’s perspective shifted, as she came to doubt the moral efficacy of the war effort that she had so intently supported in her writing and philanthropic work.

Abstract We present, a novel solution to focused ion beam (FIB) circuit edit, performed through the back and front surfaces of the same semiconductor device under test (DUT). This complementary dual-side FIB modification was performed at wafer level test, on a wafer piece, utilizing a coaxial photon-ion focused ion beam system. The DUT was found to have excessive Iddq leakage current due to a fault in a tri-state driver circuit, and was determined that two FIB edits were required to validate the proposed correction. Wafer level editing provides a more flexible approach to access the edit sites. We accessed one site via the front side circuitry of the DUT and the other through the backside silicon. A wafer piece was used for this dual-side edit to demonstrate relatively uncomplicated sample preparation for FIB access, and still allow wafer level probing afterward. The silicon was locally thinned by mechanical means over the specific die for backside FIB editing. Following the backside edit, the front side edit was performed, with minimal sample preparation. The modifications were validated following these edits, where Iddq and emission measurement were nominal.

Abstract This paper offers an alternative solution in dealing with Focused Ion Beam (FIB) circuit edit debug of RF products that often required soldering the device onto a test board to enable sensitive RF characterization. Performing FIB circuit edit while the device is soldered on a test board not only eliminates signal degradation and inconsistency caused by a socket; but also, it allows for adding additional FIB edits on the same device. The conventional way of RF product debug of devices in a wire bond package was to characterize the device in a socket, perform the FIB circuit edit, encapsulate the cavity to protect the device from physical &amp; thermal damage, solder the device onto the test board, and then perform post-FIB characterization. This is a very long, one-way process and needs multiple devices for design debug. For RF products in flip chip package, this approach was extremely difficult to almost impossible, because thermal stress of soldering device would significantly deform thinned die. All characterization had to be done with a socket, which often introduced changes of the same magnitude of the parameters of interest as well as repeatability issues. The purpose of this paper is to outline steps to allow for the RF FIB and characterization cycle to be done in a way to decrease throughput time and increase measurement accuracy. True characterization of highly sensitive RF circuit modifications is achieved through: soldering the device to the test board, performing sample preparation, preforming pre-FIB characterization, preforming FIB, and finally preforming post FIB characterization. Elimination of the need to solder a thinned device to a test board allows for the edit location to remain open enabling additional FIB edits to be performed on the same device. This eliminates redundant steps in the device sample preparation and enables quicker throughput times.

Abstract To help solve the navigational problem, i.e., being able to successfully locate a circuit for probing or editing without destroying chip functionality, a near-infrared (NIR), near-ultraviolet (NUV), and visible spectrum camera system was developed that attaches to most focused ion beam (FIB) or scanning electron microscope vacuum chambers. This paper reviews the details of the design and implementation of the NIR/NUV camera system, as instantiated upon the FEI FIB 200, with a particular focus on its use for the visualization of buried structures, and also for non-destructive real time area of interest location and end point detection. It specifically considers the use of the micro-optical camera system for its benefit in assisting with frontside and backside circuit edit, as well as other typical FIB milling activities. The quality of the image obtained by the IR camera rivals or exceeds traditional optical based imaging microscopy techniques.

Abstract Backside circuit edit techniques on integrated circuits (ICs) are becoming common due to increase number of metal layers and flip chip type packaging. However, a thorough study of the effects of these modifications has not been published. This in spite of the fact that the IC engineers have sometimes wondered about the effects of backside circuit edit on IC behavior. The IC industry was well aware that modifications can lead to an alteration of the intrinsic behavior of a circuit after a FIB edit [1]. However, because alterations can be controlled [2], they have not stopped the IC industry from using the FIB to successfully reconfigure ICs to produce working “silicon” to prove design and mask changes. Reliability of silicon device structures, transistors and diodes, are investigated by monitoring intrinsic parameters before and after various steps of modification.

Abstract This article presents two cases to demonstrate the application of focused ion beam (FIB) circuit edit in analysis of memory failure of silicon on insulator (SOI) devices using XTEM and EDX analyses. The first case was a single bit failure of SRAM units manufactured with 90 nm technology in SOI wafer. The second case was the whole column failure with a single bit pass for a SRAM unit. From the results, it was concluded that FIB circuit edit and electrical characterization is a good methodology for further narrowing down the defective location of memory failure, especially for SOI technology, where contact-level passive voltage contrast is not suitable.